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m
a
n
d
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
f
ea
t
u
r
es
a
n
d
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
in
S
ec
tio
n
4
b
y
illu
s
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
R
R
NS
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
I
n
S
ec
tio
n
5
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
,
an
d
in
S
ec
tio
n
6
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
ev
al
u
atio
n
ar
e
g
iv
en
.
I
n
S
ec
tio
n
7
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
ll
y
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
i
s
g
iv
e
n
in
S
ec
tio
n
8
.
2.
F
O
RWARD
E
R
RO
R
CO
R
RE
C
T
I
O
N
T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
S
Fo
r
w
ar
d
E
r
r
o
r
C
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
FEC)
ar
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
c
h
a
n
n
el
ca
p
ac
it
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
d
in
g
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
d
at
a
to
th
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
i
n
a
w
a
y
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
r
esto
r
ed
at
t
h
e
r
e
ce
iv
i
n
g
s
id
e
e
v
en
i
f
th
er
e
ar
e
a
er
r
o
r
s
p
r
esen
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
d
ata
allo
w
r
ec
eiv
er
to
d
etec
t
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
t
er
r
o
r
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
n
ee
d
in
g
to
r
etr
an
s
m
it
t
h
e
m
es
s
ag
e
a
g
ain
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
a
h
an
d
s
h
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
et
w
ee
n
T
r
an
s
m
it
/R
ec
ei
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
FEC
s
c
h
e
m
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
r
ea
t
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
i
n
n
o
is
y
ch
a
n
n
el
s
w
h
er
e
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
etr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
w
o
u
ld
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
a
p
ac
k
et
is
r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
r
ee
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
.
I
t
is
also
u
s
ed
in
ca
s
e
s
w
h
er
e
n
o
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ex
i
s
ts
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
.
T
h
e
en
co
d
ed
m
ess
a
g
e
co
u
ld
b
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
co
d
ed
if
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
r
ese
m
b
lin
g
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
r
n
o
n
-
s
y
s
te
m
atic
co
d
ed
if
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
a
m
o
d
i
f
ied
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
h
u
f
f
li
n
g
o
r
ig
in
al
m
es
s
ag
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ev
er
al
co
d
e
u
s
in
g
an
i
n
ter
leav
er
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
FE
C
co
d
es,
an
d
th
u
s
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
h
av
e
a
m
o
r
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
m
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
in
FEC
s
c
h
e
m
es
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
to
B
lo
ck
E
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es,
an
d
C
o
n
v
o
lu
t
io
n
al
E
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
es
a
r
e
as
Ha
m
m
in
g
,
B
C
H,
R
ee
d
-
So
lo
m
o
n
,
an
d
t
u
r
b
o
co
d
es,
w
h
i
le
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
es a
r
e
as Viter
b
i,
an
d
L
o
w
Den
s
it
y
P
ar
it
y
C
h
ec
k
C
o
d
e
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
3.
RE
S
I
DU
E
NUM
B
E
R
SYST
E
M
RE
VIE
W
T
h
e
R
NS
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
o
f
lar
g
e
in
te
g
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
e
t
o
f
s
m
aller
o
n
es,
s
u
ch
th
a
t
ar
ith
m
etic
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
a
n
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
atter
.
T
h
e
R
esid
u
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
h
as
u
n
i
q
u
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
as
it
is
a
ca
r
r
y
-
f
r
ee
ar
ith
m
et
ic,
w
h
ic
h
i
m
p
lie
s
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
esid
u
e
d
ig
its
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
u
li
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
.
A
s
w
el
l
as
th
e
r
esid
u
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
ca
r
r
y
n
o
w
e
ig
h
t
-
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
h
en
ce
an
er
r
o
r
in
an
y
d
ig
it
-
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
a
g
iv
e
n
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
d
o
es n
o
t
af
f
ec
t o
th
er
d
ig
it
-
p
o
s
itio
n
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
R
NS
is
d
ef
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elec
ti
n
g
v
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
air
-
w
i
s
e
r
elativ
e
p
r
im
e
s
m
i
(i
=
1
,
2
,
3
…
v
)
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
m
o
d
u
li,
s
u
ch
t
h
at
an
y
i
n
te
g
er
N,
d
escr
ib
in
g
a
m
es
s
ag
e,
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
(
r
1
,
r
2
.
.
.r
v
)
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
0
<N
<M
I
in
a
u
n
iq
u
e
m
atter
,
w
h
er
e;
r
i
=
N
(
m
o
d
m
i
)
; T
h
e
r
esid
u
e
d
ig
it o
f
N
u
p
o
n
d
iv
i
s
io
n
b
y
m
i
(
1
)
W
h
er
e;
r
i
is
least p
o
s
iti
v
e
r
e
m
ai
n
d
er
w
h
en
N
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
m
o
d
u
lu
s
m
i
M
I
=
m
i
; i
s
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
m
b
o
ls
’
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
a
n
g
e
(
2
)
T
h
en
;
to
b
e
ab
le
to
r
ec
o
v
er
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
t
w
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le;
eit
h
er
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
R
e
m
in
d
er
T
h
eo
r
em
(
C
R
T
)
w
h
ich
is
a
p
ar
al
lel
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
o
r
Mix
ed
R
ad
ix
C
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
(
MR
C
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
is
a
n
i
n
h
er
en
tl
y
s
eq
u
e
n
tial a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
th
e
co
m
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
a
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
b
o
th
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
9
0
2
–
39
1
2
3904
3
.
1
.
Chin
ese
re
m
a
ind
er
t
heo
re
m
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
r
elies
o
n
a
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
id
ea
t
h
at
w
as
g
i
v
en
i
n
th
e
4
th
ce
n
t
u
r
y
A
D
in
c
h
i
n
a
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
;
w
h
er
e
f
o
r
an
y
g
iv
e
n
v
-
t
u
p
le
(
r
1
,
r
2
..r
v
)
s
u
ch
th
a
t
0
≤
r
i
<m
i
;
t
h
e
r
e
ex
is
t
s
o
n
e
an
d
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
in
t
eg
er
N
s
u
ch
t
h
at
0
≤
N
<
M
i
a
n
d
r
i
=
N
(
m
o
d
m
i
)
t
h
at
al
lo
w
u
s
to
r
ec
o
v
er
t
h
e
m
es
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ica
l
v
alu
e
o
f
N
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
:
N
=
r
i
T
i
M
i
(
m
o
d
M)
;
f
o
r
i: 1
to
n
(
3
)
W
h
er
e;
i =
1
to
v;
M
i
=
M/
m
i
; M
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
a
n
g
e
T
i
= M
i
-
1
=
in
v
er
s
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
M
i
;
(
4
)
W
h
er
e;
|
M
i
x
M
i
-
1
|
mi
= 1
3
.
2
.
M
ix
ed
ra
dix
co
nv
er
s
io
n
m
et
ho
d
Fo
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
s
e
t
o
f
p
air
-
w
i
s
e
r
elativ
el
y
p
r
i
m
e
m
o
d
u
li
{
m
1
,
m
2
,…
,m
n
}
a
n
d
a
r
es
id
u
e
s
tate
{r
1
,
r
2
…
r
n
}
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
er
X,
th
at
n
u
m
b
er
ca
n
b
e
u
n
iq
u
el
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
ted
in
m
i
x
ed
-
r
ad
ix
f
o
r
m
as
s
ee
n
i
n
n
ex
t [
1
1
]
:
X
=
{z
1
, z
2
,
…,
z
n
}
(
5
)
An
d
;
X
=
z
1
+ z
2
m
1
+ z
3
m
2
m
1
+
….
.
+
z
n
m
n
-
1
m
n
-
2
….
m
1
; 0
z
i
r
i
(
6
)
So
,
all
w
h
at
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
is
t
o
o
b
tain
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
z
i
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
X.
W
h
er
e
ea
c
h
v
al
u
e
o
f
z
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
li a
n
d
r
esi
d
u
e
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
s
as
s
ee
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
;
T
ab
le
1
.
R
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
z
i
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
R
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
z
1
= r
1
z
2
=
|
|
m
1
-
1
|
m
2
(r
2
-
z
1
)|
m2
z
3
=
|
|
(
m
2
m
1
)
-
1
|
m
3
(r
3
–
(z
2
m
1
+
z
1
)|
m3
z
n
=
|
|
(
m
n
……
m
2
m
1
)
-
1
|
m
n
(r
n
-
r
n
-
1
m
n
-
2
…
.
.
z
2
m
1
+ z
1
)|
mn
An
d
as
s
ee
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
th
e
MRC
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
eq
u
en
t
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
w
h
er
e
o
b
tain
i
n
g
z
i
r
eq
u
ir
es
g
en
er
ati
n
g
z
i
-
1
f
ir
s
t.
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
E
R
RO
R
DE
T
E
CT
I
O
N
AN
D
CO
RRE
CT
I
O
N
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
E
r
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
ti
o
n
s
ch
e
m
e
in
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
s
et
o
f
R
NS
m
o
d
u
li
a
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
m
b
o
ls
a
n
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
R
NS
m
o
d
u
li
as
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
w
h
ic
h
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
as
R
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
R
esid
u
e
Nu
m
b
er
S
y
s
te
m
(
R
R
NS)
.
I
n
th
is
s
ch
e
m
e
ea
c
h
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
o
d
u
li
is
s
elec
ted
to
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
an
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
th
er
c
h
o
s
en
m
o
d
u
li
s
et
an
d
d
o
n
’
t
p
la
y
a
n
y
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e.
So
,
an
R
R
N
S
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
ap
p
en
d
in
g
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
(
u
− v
)
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
d
u
li
m
v
+1
;m
v
+2
;
….
.
;
m
u
,
w
h
er
e
m
v
+
j
ma
x{m
1
;m
2
;
……
;
m
v
}
is
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
a
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
m
o
d
u
l
u
s
,
to
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
R
NS,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
m
a
n
R
R
NS
o
f
u
p
o
s
itiv
e,
p
air
w
i
s
e
r
elativ
e
p
r
i
m
e
m
o
d
u
li
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
No
w
a
n
i
n
te
g
er
N
i
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
[
0
;
M
I
]
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
a
u
-
t
u
p
le
r
esid
u
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
,
(
r
1
;
r
2
;
…….
;
r
u
)
w
it
h
r
e
s
p
ec
t
to
th
e
u
m
o
d
u
li.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
t
h
e
R
NS
i
n
d
icate
d
in
s
ec
t
io
n
3
a
n
d
s
p
ec
i
all
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
its
allo
w
r
ec
o
v
er
in
g
th
e
i
n
te
g
er
N
b
y
an
y
v
o
u
t
o
f
u
r
esid
u
e
d
ig
it
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
eir
r
elate
d
m
o
d
u
li,
a
n
d
th
u
s
en
ab
le
t
h
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
r
e
s
id
u
e
n
u
m
b
er
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
e
lf
-
c
h
ec
k
in
g
,
e
r
r
o
r
-
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
E
n
h
a
n
c
eme
n
t o
f
MIMO
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OF
DM u
s
in
g
R
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t R
esid
u
e
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u
mb
er S
ystem
(
M
.
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u
s
s
ef
)
3905
co
r
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ec
tio
n
in
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
R
R
NS
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
th
a
t
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ar
it
h
m
e
tic
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
b
o
th
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
ar
t
an
d
th
e
p
ar
it
y
p
ar
t o
f
a
R
R
NS c
o
d
e
w
o
r
d
[
7
]
.
S
a
me
v
a
l
u
e
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
in
cip
le
o
f
er
r
o
r
d
et
ec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
ee
n
ab
o
v
e;
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
s
y
m
b
o
ls
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ted
b
ac
k
to
b
in
ar
y
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
o
n
es,
an
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
o
u
ld
d
etec
t
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
a
n
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
m
es
s
a
g
e.
T
h
en
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
er
r
o
r
,
th
e
m
o
d
u
lu
s
th
at
g
en
er
a
ted
th
e
er
r
o
r
m
u
s
t
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ie
d
eith
er
in
m
3
,
o
r
m
2
o
r
m
1
.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
MRC
m
e
th
o
d
[
1
1
]
,
a
test
o
n
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
u
li
w
it
h
t
h
e
t
w
o
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
o
d
u
l
i
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
test
w
e
ar
e
ab
le
to
id
en
ti
f
y
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
b
it
w
h
ic
h
g
en
er
ated
th
e
er
r
o
r
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
w
o
u
ld
b
e
d
etec
ted
an
d
co
r
r
ec
ted
w
it
h
o
u
t th
e
n
ee
d
to
r
e
-
tr
an
s
m
it a
g
ai
n
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
5.
SYST
E
M
M
O
DE
L
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
in
i
tia
lized
w
it
h
a
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
r
an
d
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
h
ic
h
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
r
esid
u
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
e
r
r
o
r
s
b
y
ad
d
in
g
p
ar
it
y
r
esid
u
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
R
R
N
S
en
co
d
in
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
n
s
tead
o
f
t
h
e
DVB
-
S2
L
DP
C
en
co
d
er
,
th
en
t
h
e
p
a
ck
et
i
s
m
o
d
u
lated
,
co
d
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
Sp
ac
e
-
T
im
e
B
lo
c
k
C
o
d
in
g
(
ST
B
C
)
en
co
d
er
,
p
ass
ed
to
a
Ser
ial
-
To
-
P
ar
allel
(
S/P
)
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
ar
allel
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
th
e
n
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
I
FF
T
b
lo
ck
th
en
to
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
ten
n
a.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
MI
MO
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
B
ef
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
C
y
clic
p
r
ef
ix
(
C
P
)
is
ad
d
ed
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
n
ter
Sy
m
b
o
l
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
I
SI)
an
d
I
n
ter
C
ar
r
ier
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
I
C
I
)
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
m
u
ltip
ath
ch
an
n
el
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
C
P
is
a
co
p
y
o
f
th
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
OF
DM
s
y
m
b
o
l
th
at
is
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
f
r
o
n
t o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
OFDM
s
y
m
b
o
l.
T
o
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
s
atellite
ch
an
n
el
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
s
ev
er
al
ch
an
n
el
f
ad
in
g
ar
e
g
iv
en
;
s
tar
tin
g
w
ith
A
d
d
itiv
e
W
h
ite
Gau
s
s
ian
No
is
e
(
A
W
GN)
ch
an
n
el,
an
d
th
en
ad
d
in
g
m
u
ltip
ath
f
ad
in
g
S
e
l
e
c
t
C
o
mm
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
C
o
mp
a
r
i
n
g
r
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
sy
mb
o
l
s
(
R
x
v
s.
T
x
)
R
e
si
d
u
e
-
to
-
B
i
n
a
r
y
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
R
R
N
S
N
O
Er
r
o
r
M
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
V
o
t
i
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n
v
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r
se
t
h
e
r
e
su
l
t
u
si
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g
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
mo
d
u
l
i
T
x
D
a
t
a
R
N
S
En
c
o
d
i
n
g
Mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
S
p
a
c
e
-
T
i
me
En
c
o
d
i
n
g
S
u
b
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c
h
a
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n
e
l
i
z
a
t
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I
F
F
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A
d
d
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A
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A
r
r
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D
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c
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De
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M
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l
a
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S
p
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T
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me
D
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o
d
i
n
g
De
-
S
u
b
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
FFT
R
e
m
o
v
e
CP
R
x
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
A
r
r
a
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
9
0
2
–
39
1
2
3906
f
ac
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
R
ice
-
L
o
g
-
No
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
R
L
N)
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ad
in
g
m
o
d
el
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
b
lo
ck
s
ar
e
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
.
6.
E
VA
L
UA
T
I
O
N
M
E
T
H
O
DS
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
R
R
NS
-
b
ased
MI
MO
-
O
FDM
s
y
s
te
m
is
e
v
al
u
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
ef
in
ed
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
6
.
1
.
B
it
er
ro
r
r
a
t
e
(
B
E
R)
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
er
r
o
r
f
o
r
MP
SK
m
o
d
u
lated
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
A
W
GN
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
P
ERR
=
∑
√
(
)
)
)
*
+
)
(
7
)
=
)
(
8
)
W
h
er
e;
M
is
t
h
e
co
n
s
tel
latio
n
s
ize,
i
s
th
e
SN
R
p
er
s
y
m
b
o
l
x
is
a
ch
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
a
n
d
o
m
v
ar
iab
le
6
.
2
.
P
AP
R
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
e
v
al
u
ated
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
P
ea
k
-
to
-
A
v
er
ag
e
P
o
w
er
R
atio
(
P
A
P
R
)
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
x(
t
)
[
1
7
]
,
as seen
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
9
)
;
P
A
P
R
=
1
0
lo
g
(
m
a
x
|
x
k
|
2
/ E
[
|
x
k
|
2
]
)
,
in
d
B
.
(
9
)
W
h
er
e;
E
=
E
x
p
ec
tatio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
6
.
3
.
Cha
nn
el
ca
pa
cit
y
An
o
th
er
w
a
y
to
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MI
MO
c
h
an
n
el
is
t
h
e
S
h
a
n
n
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
el
ca
p
ac
it
y
m
etr
ic.
S
h
a
n
n
o
n
i
n
[
1
8
]
d
ef
i
n
ed
ca
p
a
cit
y
as
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
ata
r
ate
a
ch
a
n
n
el
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
at
an
ar
b
itra
r
il
y
lo
w
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
MI
MO
s
y
s
te
m
is
g
iv
e
n
in
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
1
0
)
as;
C
=
lo
g
2
[
d
et(
I
n
+
H
H
H
)
]
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e;
I
n
:
n
×
n
id
en
tit
y
m
atr
i
x
N
:
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
t a
n
ten
n
a
s
H
H
:
C
o
n
j
u
g
ate
tr
an
s
p
o
s
e
o
f
H
7.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
a
s
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
to
o
l,
w
h
ich
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
FE
C
co
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
w
h
o
s
e
in
te
g
r
it
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
O
FDM
w
i
th
5
1
2
-
ar
y
QA
M
a
n
d
C
y
clic
P
r
ef
i
x
(
C
P
)
:1
/8
,
o
v
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ad
in
g
ch
a
n
n
els
.
T
h
e
ex
a
m
in
at
io
n
is
f
o
c
u
s
ed
th
e
u
til
izatio
n
o
f
eith
er
eq
u
a
lizer
s
o
r
co
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
es
as
an
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
a
n
d
an
al
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
u
c
h
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
w
it
h
th
at
u
s
i
n
g
R
N
S
w
it
h
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
o
d
u
li
’
s
a
s
an
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
MI
MO
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
s
t
u
d
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
B
E
R
an
d
P
A
P
R
o
v
e
r
A
W
GN,
R
a
y
lei
g
h
an
d
R
ician
L
o
g
n
o
r
m
al
(
R
L
N)
f
ad
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
7
.
1
.
Us
ing
equa
lizer
s
a
s
er
ro
r
co
rr
ec
t
io
n sche
m
e
T
h
e
B
E
R
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
s
ee
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
s
e
v
er
a
l
t
y
p
es
o
f
eq
u
alize
r
s
t
h
at
ar
e
u
til
ized
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
cl
u
d
e
lin
ea
r
eq
u
alize
r
,
a
Dec
is
io
n
Feed
b
ac
k
E
q
u
alize
r
(
DFE)
,
an
d
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
L
i
k
eli
h
o
o
d
Seq
u
en
ce
E
s
ti
m
a
tio
n
(
M
L
SE)
eq
u
alize
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
E
n
h
a
n
c
eme
n
t o
f
MIMO
-
OF
DM u
s
in
g
R
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t R
esid
u
e
N
u
mb
er S
ystem
(
M
.
I
.
Yo
u
s
s
ef
)
3907
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
E
R
v
s
.
E
b
/N
o
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t E
q
u
alize
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
w
e
co
u
ld
s
ee
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
M
L
SE
o
v
er
DFE
a
n
d
li
n
ea
r
eq
u
alize
r
,
an
d
th
u
s
w
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
an
a
l
y
zin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
MI
MO
-
O
FDM
w
it
h
R
NS
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
M
L
SE
eq
u
alize
r
o
v
er
th
e
R
L
N
+
A
W
GN
c
h
an
n
el,
a
s
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
W
ith
E
q
u
aliza
tio
n
W
ith
o
u
t E
q
u
al
izatio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
MI
MO
-
OFDM
R
NS
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
/
w
it
h
o
u
t E
q
u
al
ize
r
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
w
e
co
u
ld
n
o
tic
e
th
at
at
SN
R
=
1
5
,
th
e
B
E
R
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
is
1
*
1
0
-
3
w
h
ile
it r
e
ac
h
es 5
*
1
0
-
2
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
o
u
t e
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
7
.
2
.
B
E
R
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
w
it
h
curr
ent
co
din
g
co
rr
ec
t
io
n sche
mes
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
v
er
A
W
G
N
ch
a
n
n
els
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
es
th
at
u
til
ize
co
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
s
ee
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
Go
la
y
co
d
e
(
w
h
ic
h
is
a
B
lo
ck
E
r
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
t
y
p
e
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
b
est er
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
co
d
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
lin
ea
r
b
lo
ck
co
d
es
u
s
es
L
DP
C
co
d
er
s
w
h
ic
h
u
ti
lize
h
i
g
h
m
u
ltip
lex
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
an
d
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
tia
ted
f
r
o
m
Go
la
y
co
d
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
w
a
y
th
e
y
ar
e
d
ec
o
d
ed
.
So
,
w
h
ile
b
i
n
ar
y
Go
la
y
co
d
es
ar
e
d
ec
o
d
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lg
eb
r
aic
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
L
DP
C
co
d
es
ar
e
iter
ativ
e
l
y
d
ec
o
d
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
th
e
n
e
x
t
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
w
ill b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
L
DP
C
co
d
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
3
9
0
2
–
39
1
2
3908
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
E
R
v
s
.
E
b
/N
o
f
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
7
.
3
.
Usi
ng
co
din
g
t
ec
hn
i
qu
es a
s
e
rr
o
r
co
rr
ec
t
io
n sche
m
e
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
a
n
MI
MO
-
OF
D
M
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
e
n
c
o
n
v
er
ti
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
b
its
to
r
esid
u
e
co
d
in
g
(
R
NS
-
O
FDM)
,
an
d
ag
ain
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
L
DP
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
s
FEC
Sc
h
e
m
e
(
FEC
-
R
NS
-
O
FDM)
.
Ov
er
a
R
icia
n
+
A
W
GN
ch
a
n
n
el
Ov
er
a
R
L
N
+
A
W
GN
ch
a
n
n
e
l
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
MI
MO
-
OFDM
R
NS
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
FEC co
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
es
W
h
er
e;
w
e
co
u
ld
s
ee
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
d
o
n
e
g
o
in
g
f
r
o
m
OFD
M
to
R
NS
-
OFDM
th
e
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
an
FEC
-
L
DP
C
s
ch
e
m
e.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
v
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
h
an
n
e
ls
(
s
m
a
ll
an
d
d
ee
p
f
ad
in
g
)
h
a
s
b
ee
n
an
al
y
ze
d
.
7
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n bet
w
ee
n diff
er
ent
E
rr
o
r
co
rr
ec
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
es
Af
ter
an
a
l
y
zi
n
g
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
t
h
e
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
eq
u
alize
r
s
an
d
co
d
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
as
a
n
er
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
s
; b
o
th
tech
n
iq
u
es a
r
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
v
er
R
L
N
+
A
W
GN
c
h
a
n
n
el
a
s
s
e
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
E
n
h
a
n
c
eme
n
t o
f
MIMO
-
OF
DM u
s
in
g
R
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t R
esid
u
e
N
u
mb
er S
ystem
(
M
.
I
.
Yo
u
s
s
ef
)
3909
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
MI
MO
-
OFDM
R
NS
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
FEC s
c
h
e
m
es
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
ab
o
v
e,
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
L
DP
C
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
en
h
an
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
v
er
ML
SE
eq
u
alize
r
as a
n
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
SNR
.
7
.
5
.
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
f
o
r
R
RN
S a
s
F
E
C
s
che
m
e
in M
I
M
O
-
O
F
DM
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
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w
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r
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t
m
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F
ig
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r
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8
.
MI
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OFDM
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te
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er
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r
m
a
n
ce
Fro
m
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v
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Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
w
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h
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ed
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n
d
an
t
R
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m
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ar
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s
ed
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te
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s
.
7
.
6
.
B
E
R
f
o
r
RNS
v
s
.
RRNS
s
che
m
e
s
in M
I
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Usi
n
g
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N
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m
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li
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n
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a
n
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et
in
itial
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h
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li
{1
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en
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t
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li
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s
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ati
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e
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y
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te
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er
f
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r
m
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ce
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d
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ith
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t
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o
d
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li
’
s
a
s
s
ee
n
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n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Vo
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u
r
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R
R
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s
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R
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ar
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Fro
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Fig
u
r
e
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,
it
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o
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SNR
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1
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u
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d
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d
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w
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2
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d
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u
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7
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7
.
P
AP
R
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m
a
nce
f
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r
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D
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em
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it
h RR
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s
F
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a
MI
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AP
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f
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m
itted
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g
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al
is
a
s
s
h
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w
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in
Fi
g
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r
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1
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
P
A
P
R
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ea
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r
e
m
e
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t f
o
r
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s
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m
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r
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s
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a
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n
Fig
u
r
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a
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a
n
n
el
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
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m
o
d
u
li se
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
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3911
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u
r
e
1
1
.
C
h
an
n
el
C
ap
ac
it
y
f
o
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v
ar
io
u
s
R
N
S
m
o
d
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l
i sets
W
h
er
e,
w
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ld
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ee
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r
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m
Fi
g
u
r
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1
1
th
at
th
e
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n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
NS
m
o
d
u
li
v
al
u
e
lead
s
to
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
ch
a
n
n
el
ca
p
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it
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d
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e
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cr
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n
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s
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etter
to
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t a
lo
w
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
u
li set to
b
e
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le
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
8.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
R
NS
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
w
ith
p
ar
allel
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ar
ith
m
etic
an
d
w
ith
n
o
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ar
ith
m
etic
b
lo
ck
s
w
o
u
ld
s
im
p
lif
y
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
esig
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
ch
em
e
u
s
in
g
R
R
NS.
W
h
er
e
a
f
o
u
r
an
d
th
en
a
s
ix
-
len
g
th
m
o
d
u
li
s
et
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
;
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
th
r
ee
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
w
er
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
u
li
an
d
o
n
e
w
as
a
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
o
d
u
li,
an
d
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
u
li
s
et
is
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
u
li
an
d
th
e
last
tw
o
is
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
o
d
u
li
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
o
n
e
an
d
ag
ain
tw
o
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
o
d
u
li’
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
s
it
w
as
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
th
is
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
e
less
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
th
e
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ca
r
r
y
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
ar
ith
m
etic
b
lo
ck
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
w
er
b
y
ab
o
u
t
2
0
%
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
s
m
all
ar
ith
m
etic
u
n
its
,
an
d
f
in
ally
en
h
an
ce
d
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es,
w
h
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
as
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
m
o
d
u
li
in
cr
ea
s
e
tak
in
g
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
ea
tu
r
e;
w
h
er
e
an
er
r
o
r
in
o
n
e
s
u
b
-
ch
an
n
el
in
R
NS
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
in
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
u
b
-
ch
an
n
els
an
d
th
u
s
is
o
latin
g
th
e
f
au
lty
r
esid
u
a
ls
an
d
as
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
allo
w
f
o
r
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
er
r
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
,
b
u
t
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
th
is
co
m
es
o
n
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
av
ailab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
ch
an
n
el
ca
p
ac
ity
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
H.
Bo
lcs
k
e
i,
“
M
IM
O
-
OFDM
W
irele
ss
S
y
ste
m
s:
Ba
sic
s,
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s,
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s”
,
in
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
3
7
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
6
.
[2
]
A
.
J.
P
a
u
lraj,
e
t
a
l
.
,
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
S
p
a
c
e
-
T
i
m
e
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,
UK
:
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
.
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
3
.
[3
]
J
a
ti
n
d
e
r
S
in
g
h
a
n
d
Ja
g
e
t
S
in
g
h
,
“
A
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
Err
o
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
A
n
d
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
Co
d
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s”
,
2
0
1
2
S
e
c
o
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
&
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
[4
]
B.
Vu
c
e
ti
c
a
n
d
J
.
Yu
a
n
,
T
u
rb
o
Co
d
e
s:
P
rin
c
i
p
les
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
S
p
rin
g
e
r
V
e
rlag
,
2
0
0
0
.
[5
]
DV
B
-
S
.
EN
3
0
0
4
2
1
V
1
.
1
.
2
(0
8
/
9
7
),
“
Dig
it
a
l
V
i
d
e
o
Br
o
a
d
c
a
stin
g
(DV
B);
F
ra
m
in
g
S
tru
c
tu
re
,
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
Co
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
M
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
1
1
/
1
2
G
Hz
S
a
telli
te S
e
rv
ice
s
”,
ET
S
I,
1
9
9
7
.
[6
]
DV
B
-
S
2
.
EN
3
0
2
3
0
7
V
1
.
1
.
2
(0
6
/0
6
),
“
Dig
it
a
l
V
i
d
e
o
Br
o
a
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c
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stin
g
(DV
B);
S
e
c
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e
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ra
m
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g
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tru
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o
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w
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p
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”
,
ET
S
,
2
0
0
6
.
[7
]
M
.
Ro
s
h
a
n
z
a
d
e
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Us
in
g
Re
sid
u
e
Nu
m
b
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
Im
p
ro
v
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Qo
S
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n
d
Err
o
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
&
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rre
c
ti
o
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i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,
Co
m
m
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n
ica
ti
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
r
k
s
(ICCS
N)
”
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
1
IE
EE
3
rd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
.
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