Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
490
2
~
491
1
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
490
2
-
491
1
4902
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A Sub
-
R
eg
i
on
B
ased Sp
ac
e Vect
or M
odulat
ion
S
chem
e for
D
ual
2
-
L
evel
I
nvert
er
S
yste
m
R.
Pal
an
isa
m
y
1
,
A.
Velu
2
,
K.
Sel
vakum
ar
3
, D.
K
arthi
k
eyan
4
, D.
Selv
ab
h
ar
at
hi
5
,
S.
Vidyas
agar
6
1,3,4,5,6
As
st.
P
rof,
Depa
rtment
of
EE
E
,
SR
M Insti
t
ute
of
Sci
enc
e
a
nd
Technol
og
y
,
India
2
As
st.
Prof,
D
ep
art
m
ent
of
E
EE,
Navoda
y
a Instit
ute
of
T
ec
hnolo
g
y
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
16
, 201
7
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
3
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
9
, 2
01
8
T
his
pap
er
d
ea
ls
the
implement
a
ti
on
of
3
-
le
v
el
o
utput
vol
ta
g
e
us
ing
dua
l
2
-
le
ve
l
inve
r
te
r
w
it
h
cont
ro
l
of
sub
-
reg
ion
base
d
Space
Vec
tor
Modulat
ion
(SR
-
SV
M).
S
witc
hing
loss a
nd
v
olt
ag
e
stress a
re the
m
ost i
m
portant
issues i
n
m
ult
il
evel
inv
erte
rs,
for
ke
ep
aw
a
y
from
the
se
pr
oble
m
s
dual
inv
ert
er
s
y
stem
exe
cu
te
d
.
Us
ing
thi
s
proposed
s
y
stem,
the
con
vent
ion
al
3
-
l
evel
inve
rt
er
volt
ag
e
ve
ct
ors
and
sw
itching
vectors
c
an
b
e
lo
ca
t
ed.
In
n
eut
ra
l
poin
t
cl
amped
m
ultilevel
inv
erter,
it
c
arr
ie
s
m
ore
loa
d
cur
r
en
t
flu
ct
ua
t
ions
due
to
the
DC
li
nk
c
ap
ac
i
tors
and
it
r
e
quire
s
la
rg
e
c
ap
ac
i
tors.
Based
o
n
the
sub
-
reg
ion
SV
M
used
to
cont
rol
I
GBT
sw
it
che
s
pla
c
ed
in
the
d
ual
inv
erter
s
y
stem.
Th
e
pr
oposed
s
y
stem
improves
the
o
utput
voltage
w
it
h
red
u
ce
d
har
m
onic
con
te
n
t
wit
h
improved
dc
vol
ta
g
e
ut
il
i
sati
on.
The
sim
ula
ti
on
an
d
har
dware
r
esul
ts
are
v
eri
f
ied
using
m
at
l
ab/
sim
uli
nk
an
d
dsP
IC
m
ic
roc
ontroller
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
ds
P
IC m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
Du
al
2
-
le
vel in
ver
te
r
Neu
t
ral
p
oin
t
c
lam
ped
in
ver
te
r
(N
PC
I)
Sub
-
reg
i
on
s
pa
ce
v
ect
or
m
od
ulati
on
(SR
-
SV
M
)
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
R. Palanisam
y
,
Asst.
pro
f,
De
pa
rtm
ent o
f
EE
E,
SRM
I
nst
it
ute o
f
Science
and
Tech
no
l
og
y,
Katt
ankulat
hur
,
Che
nnai
, In
di
a.
E
-
m
ail:
kr
s
planai@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
days
,
m
ultilevel
inv
erter
s
play
a
n
im
po
rtant
r
ole
in
in
dustri
al
app
li
cat
ions
,
re
new
a
ble
energy
syst
em
s
an
d
var
i
ou
s
FA
CTS
com
pen
sat
ors
[1
]
.
Th
e
m
ult
il
evel
inv
erter
(ML
I)
ha
s
m
any
adv
a
nt
ages
li
ke
re
du
ce
d
har
m
on
ic
le
ve
l,
i
m
pr
ove
d
outp
ut
volt
age
,
low
EMI
pr
ob
le
m
s
and
outp
ut
volt
age
near
ly
sinu
s
oid
al
.
M
LI
was
int
rod
uced
t
o
disc
over
the
so
l
ution
to
i
m
pr
ove
volt
age
ra
ng
e
s
of
c
onve
ntion
a
l
se
m
i
-
cond
ucto
rs.
Bu
t
the
m
ai
n
disadv
a
ntage
s
are
capaci
tor
balan
ci
ng
,
CM
V
pr
ob
le
m
and
loa
d
cu
rr
e
nt
fluct
uations
[2
]
.
Ge
ne
rall
y
for
high
po
wer
app
li
cat
ion
s
l
ow
s
witc
hing
f
reque
ncy
is
prepare
d
to
av
oi
d
the
switc
hi
ng
losses
in
the
syst
e
m
.
The
m
ai
n
dr
a
w
back
in
NP
CI
is
dc
vo
lt
age
fluctu
at
ion
s
an
d
vo
lt
age
stress
in
each
switc
hing
de
vices.
Ma
ny
P
W
M
m
et
ho
dolo
gies
are
i
m
ple
m
ented
to
co
ntr
ol
the
po
wer
s
witc
hes
place
in
t
he
m
ultilevel
inv
e
rters
[3
]
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
P
WM
m
et
ho
d
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
of
the
pa
rtic
ular
syst
em
ca
n
be
increa
sed
.
W
hile
us
in
g
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
erte
rs,
t
he
num
ber
of
s
witc
hes
placed
in
a
le
g
incre
ases
due
to
in
creasin
g
the
le
vel.
S
o
that
switc
hi
ng
pu
lse
ge
ner
at
io
n
beco
m
es
m
or
e
com
plica
te
d,
w
he
n
num
ber
of
switc
he
s
in
creases
in
a
le
g.
T
he
syst
e
m
[4
]
us
e
d
N
PC
m
ultile
vel
inv
e
rters
t
o
re
duce
the
ha
rm
on
ic
le
vel
and
re
du
ce
t
he
capaci
tor
bala
ncin
g
pro
blem
s.
The
nu
m
ber
of
swi
tc
h
es
us
ed
in
t
he
bo
t
h
2
-
le
vel
dual
in
ver
te
r
s
is
sam
e
as
in
the
c
orres
ponding
3
-
le
vel
inv
erter
.
And
the
ad
diti
on
al
di
od
es
use
d
in
the
NP
C
inv
erter
is
no
t
need
ed
in
th
e
VS
I
in
ver
te
r
,
so
it
savin
g
the
num
ber
of
com
po
ne
nts
use
d
in
the
syst
e
m
[5
]
.
Also
the
NPC
in
ver
te
r
has
prob
le
m
of
capaci
t
or
balancin
g,
but
it
do
es
not
e
xi
st
in
the
tw
o
le
vel
VSI
in
ve
rter.
T
he
im
ple
m
entat
ion
co
st
of
t
he
syst
e
m
a
lso
reduce
d,
wh
e
n
com
par
ed
t
o
oth
e
r
co
nventi
on
al
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rters.
The
m
a
in
adv
a
nta
ge
of
gr
i
d
c
onnecte
d
topolo
gy
is
g
re
at
ly
enh
ance
d
fau
lt
acce
pta
nc
e,
in
case
any
colla
ps
e
in
on
e
inv
erte
r
syst
em
it
can
disco
ntinu
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Su
b
-
Re
gion
Base
d Space
V
ect
or
M
odula
ti
on S
c
he
me
fo
r
Dual
2
-
L
evel
Invert
er
System
(R. P
alanisa
m
y)
4903
and
the
op
e
rat
ion
can
pr
ese
r
ve
us
i
ng
oth
er
inv
erter
syst
e
m
.
Wh
en
the
nu
m
ber
of
le
ve
ls
in
the
inve
rter
increases
, th
e
dc l
ink
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
b
al
a
nc
i
ng
bec
om
e
s ex
tra
dem
and
ing [
6],
[7
]
.
Am
on
gs
t
var
i
ou
s
P
WM
m
et
hods
for
a
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inve
rter,
SV
M
is
su
it
able
due
to
var
i
ous
adv
a
ntage
s
li
ke
it
directl
y
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
em
,
identifie
s
the
vo
lt
age
an
d
switc
hing
vect
or
s
a
nd
c
o
-
ordinate
s
trans
form
ation
.
The
sp
ace
ve
ct
or
di
ag
ram
fo
r
a
ny
le
ve
l
inv
e
rter
c
onta
ins
si
x
sect
ors
[8
]
,
[9
]
.
Each
sect
or
con
ta
in
s
num
ber
of
tria
ngle
s
and
sub
re
gi
on
s
.
T
he
re
fere
nce
can
be
pl
aced
in
a
ny
of
t
he
sub
-
re
gi
on
or
tria
ng
le
s,
base
d
on
the
act
ual
and
re
fer
e
nce
vo
lt
age
s.
Ba
se
d
on
this
SV
M
the
switc
hin
g
tim
e
cal
culat
ion
an
d
switc
hing
vect
or ide
ntific
at
ion
ca
n be
done [
10
]
.
This
propose
d
syst
e
m
exp
la
in
s,
sub
-
re
gion
-
ba
sed
S
pace
Ve
ct
or
M
odulati
on
(
SR
-
S
VM)
s
chem
e
fo
r
du
al
2
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
syst
em
.
The
SR
-
S
VM
is
i
m
p
lem
ent
ed
to
con
t
ro
l
the
two
-
le
vel
dual
in
ver
te
r
syst
e
m
base
d
on
co
nv
entional
tw
o
s
pace
vect
or
m
odulati
on.
T
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
ag
e
and
reduce
d
vo
lt
age
st
ress
of
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
can
be
im
pr
ov
e
d
base
d
on the
ref
e
re
nce
volt
age
va
riat
io
n
with sub
-
re
gio
n
c
oncept.
By
us
in
g
du
al
2
-
le
vel
i
nverter
,
w
hich
m
i
ni
m
ise
s
the
loa
d
c
urren
t
f
luctuat
io
ns
,
s
witc
hing
l
os
s
and
re
duces
t
he
total
har
m
on
ic
co
nt
ent
in
the
syst
e
m
.
The
si
m
ulatio
n
a
nd
ha
rdw
are
res
ults
are
ver
ifie
d
usi
ng
m
at
la
b/si
m
ul
ink
an
d
ds
P
IC m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller.
2.
TWO LE
VEL
DUA
L
IN
VE
RTER
SYST
EM
The
two
-
le
vel
dua
l
in
ver
te
r
f
ed
gri
d
syst
em
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
1.
T
he
two
-
l
evel
dual
inv
e
r
te
r
con
sist
s
of
se
pa
rate
dc
so
urces
a
nd
ea
ch
V
SI
i
nv
e
rte
r
co
ns
ist
s
of
si
x
po
wer
switc
hes
a
nd
c
oupl
ed
wit
h
gri
d
s
yst
e
m
thr
ough
the
c
ouple
d
in
duct
or
.
So,
eac
h
in
ve
rter
ca
n
gen
e
rate
it
s
vo
lt
a
ge
vecto
r
locat
io
ns
a
nd
it
s
switc
hing
tim
e
per
iod
[
11]
.
S
o,
each
2
-
l
evel
in
ver
te
r
c
an
operate
i
n
8
switc
hi
ng
sta
te
s,
wh
ic
h
c
ons
ist
s
of
act
ive
a
nd
zer
o
vecto
rs.
By
usi
ng
2
-
le
vel
du
al
inv
erter,
th
e
vo
lt
age
stres
s,
switc
hing
lo
sses
an
d
no
need
of
any
dc
li
nk
capaci
tors w
hi
ch
a
vo
i
ds
t
he
c
apacit
or b
al
a
nc
ing
pro
blem
[
12
]
.
Fig
ure
1. Tw
o l
evel dual
in
ve
rter
fed g
rid sy
stem
The
2
-
le
vel
V
S
I
inv
e
rter
can oper
at
e
d
in
8
s
w
it
ching
sta
te
s
and
b
y
connecti
ng
the
tw
o
V
SI
inv
erter
s,
wh
ic
h
get
total
ly
27
switc
hin
g
sta
te
s.
The
m
ini
m
ise
d
dc
li
nk
vo
lt
age
with
60%
is
adequate
to
at
ta
in
the
var
i
ou
s
volt
ag
e
le
vels
as
that
of
3
-
le
vel
NPC
inv
er
te
r
,
w
hi
ch
co
ntains
27
switc
hing
sta
te
s
[13].
Ba
sed
on
sub
-
reg
i
on
sp
ac
e
ve
ct
or
c
oncept
t
he
gate
pu
lse
ge
ner
at
io
n
ca
n
be
ac
hieve
d
t
o
co
ntr
ol
the
du
al
two
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
.
Ther
e
is
no
dc
li
nk
co
nnect
ion
in
2
-
le
vel
VS
I
in
ver
te
r,
wh
ic
h
won
’t
pro
duce
loa
d
cu
rr
e
n
t
fl
uctuati
ons
a
nd
capaci
tor
b
al
a
nc
ed pr
oble
m
[
14
]
.
The
ou
t
put
of
two
-
le
vel
du
al
inv
e
rter
is
c
onnecte
d
to
gri
d
syst
em
thro
ugh
co
uple
d
i
nducto
r,
wh
ic
h
avo
i
ds
the
us
a
ge
of
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
and
us
e
d
to
sync
hro
nise
with
gri
d
syst
e
m
,
by
con
ve
rting
ste
pped
wa
ve
into
sinu
s
oid
al
wa
ve
form
[1
5].
Th
e
switc
hi
ng
ve
ct
or
s
of
in
ve
rter
1
var
ie
s
f
ro
m
a
to
h
a
nd
the
switc
hing
vect
or
s
of
inv
e
rter
2
va
ri
es
fr
om
A
to
H.
Durin
g
the
in
ver
te
r
1
an
d
in
ver
te
r
2
operat
ion
s
,
the
switc
hes
tur
ne
d
O
N
reco
r
d
is sh
own
i
n
T
a
ble
1.
Table
1.
S
wit
c
hing
vecto
rs of i
nd
i
vidual i
nv
erter
Two lev
el inv
erte
r
-
1
Two lev
el inv
erte
r
-
2
Switch
in
g
Vectors
Switch
es Turn
ed
ON
Switch
in
g
Vectors
Switch
es Turn
ed
ON
a (
P
P P)
S1
,
S3, S5
A’
(
P P
P)
S1
,
S3, S5
b
(
P P
N)
S1
,
S3, S2
B’ (
P
P N
)
S1
,
S3, S2
c (
P
N P
)
S1
,
S6, S5
C’ (
P
N
P
)
S1
,
S6, S5
d
(
P N
N)
S1
,
S6, S2
D’
(
P N
N)
S1
,
S6, S2
e (
N
P
P
)
S4
,
S3, S5
E’
(N
P
P)
S4
,
S3, S5
f
(
N P
N)
S4
,
S3, S2
F’
(
N
P
N)
S4
,
S3, S2
g
(
N N
P)
S4
,
S6, S5
G’
(
N N
P)
S4
,
S6, S5
h
(
N N
N)
S4
,
S6, S2
H’
(
N N
N)
S4
,
S6, S2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
490
2
-
491
1
4904
The
val
ue
of
c
oupled
in
duct
or can
be
desi
gned
base
d
on th
e o
utput v
oltag
e v
ariat
ion
of inv
e
rters and
gr
i
d
volt
age
[16].
F
or
e
xam
ple,
the
switc
hing
ve
ct
or
b
(
P
P
N)
e
xpla
ins
th
e
switc
hes
t
urn
ed
O
N,
S
1
in
l
eg
1,
S3
in
le
g
2
an
d
S2
in
le
g
3.
Ba
sed
on
these
s
witc
hin
g
vec
tors
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
of
the
2
le
vel
VS
I
in
ver
te
r
can
be
decide
d.
F
or
at
ta
inm
ent
of
im
pr
oved
3
-
le
vel
vo
lt
ag
e
outp
ut,
s
ub
-
r
egio
n
S
VM
c
oncept
im
ple
m
e
nted
,
wh
ic
h
co
ns
ist
s
al
l
the
27
swi
tc
hin
g
li
ke
pr
e
sent
in
the
co
nventio
nal
3
-
le
ve
l
NP
C
inv
e
rter
.
Th
e
three
-
phase
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
receive
d
f
r
om
t
he du
al
i
nv
e
rte
r
V
ao
, Vb
o &
Vco re
pr
e
sente
d
in
the
f
ollow
i
ng equati
ons,
0
=
1
−
2
1
(1)
0
=
1
−
2
1
(2)
0
=
1
−
2
1
(3)
Wh
e
re
Va
1,
V
b1,
Vc
1
are
th
ree
phase
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ges
of
inv
e
rter
1
a
nd
Va2’,
Vb2’,
V
c2’
are
t
hr
ee
phase
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
s
of
in
ve
rter
2.
The
total
outp
ut
volt
age
rece
ived
from
the
du
al
i
nv
e
rter
s
ynch
ronised
w
it
h
gri
d
syst
e
m
u
sing c
oupled
in
du
ct
or.
3.
MO
DES
O
F
OPER
ATIO
N
The
m
od
es
of
operati
on
of
du
al
in
ver
te
r
f
ed
gr
i
d
syst
e
m
can
be
ope
rated
a
s
ho
l
din
g
m
od
e
a
nd
switc
hing m
od
e. D
uri
ng the oper
at
io
n
of dua
l i
nv
erter
, w
e c
an
get 27 possi
ble sw
it
chin
g
operati
ons whic
h
are
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
ge
ner
at
in
g
the gat
ing
pulse
s
f
or
dual
VSI
inve
rter
us
i
ng
SR
-
SV
M
m
et
ho
d.
I
n
SR
-
S
VM
m
et
hod,
the
require
d
switc
hing
co
ndit
ion
s
can
be
ob
ta
ine
d
by
va
ryi
ng
the
sub
-
re
gions
from
1
to
7
base
d
on
th
e
ref
e
ren
ce
vo
lt
age
val
ue.
T
he
fo
ll
owin
g
se
le
ct
ed
m
od
es
exp
la
in
s
the
operati
on
of
du
al
inv
erters
fe
d
gri
d
syst
e
m
,
Mo
de
1:
to
ob
ta
in
the
3
-
le
vel
ou
tp
ut
volt
age
of
V
dc,
t
he
in
ver
te
r
1
switc
he
s
S1
,
S
3
&
S
5
are
tur
ned
ON
with
vo
lt
age
of
V
dc
/2
an
d
the
in
ve
rter
2
s
witc
he
s
S2
,
S4
&
S
6
are
tur
ne
d
O
N
with
volt
age
of
–
V
dc/2
,
w
hich
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
(
a
)
.
Ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
in
m
od
e
1,
=
2
−
(
−
2
)
=
(
4)
Mo
de
2:
to
at
ta
in
the
3
-
le
ve
l
ou
tp
ut
volt
ag
e
of
0,
the
in
ve
rter
1
s
witc
he
s
S1
,
S
3
&
S
5
are
tur
ned
O
N
with
vo
lt
age
of
V
dc
/2
an
d
the
in
ver
te
r
2
switc
hes
S
1,
S
3
&
S5
are
tu
r
ned
ON
with
volt
age
of
V
dc/2,
wh
ic
h
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
(
b
)
.
Ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
in
m
od
e
2,
=
2
−
(
2
)
=
0
(
5)
Mo
de
1:
to
ac
qu
i
re
the
3
-
le
ve
l
ou
tp
ut
volt
age
of
-
V
dc,
t
he
inv
erte
r
1
s
witc
hes
S
2,
S
4
&
S6
are
tu
rned
O
N
with
volt
age
of
-
V
dc/2
a
nd
th
e
inv
erte
r
2
s
w
it
ches
S1
,
S3
&
S5
a
re
tur
ne
d
O
N
with
vo
l
t
a
ge
of
V
dc/2,
wh
ic
h
is sh
own
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
2
(
c
)
.
Ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
in
m
od
e
3,
=
−
2
−
(
2
)
=
−
(6)
Mo
de
1:
to
ac
hieve
t
he
3
-
le
ve
l
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
a
ge
of
0,
t
he
in
ver
te
r
1
switc
he
s
S2,
S
4
&
S
6
are
tur
ne
d
O
N
with
vo
lt
age
of
-
V
dc
/2
and
t
he
inve
rter
2
s
witc
he
s
S2
,
S
4
&
S
6
are
tur
ned
O
N
with
volt
age
of
–
V
dc/2,
w
hich
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
(
d
)
.
Ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
in
m
od
e
1,
=
−
2
−
(
−
2
)
=
0
(
7)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Su
b
-
Re
gion
Base
d Space
V
ect
or
M
odula
ti
on S
c
he
me
fo
r
Dual
2
-
L
evel
Invert
er
System
(R. P
alanisa
m
y)
4905
(a)
(
b)
(c)
(
d)
Fig
ure
2.
V
a
rio
us
s
witc
hing
sta
te
s o
f
dual i
nverter
(a)
pair
a
-
H’
(
b)
a
-
A’
(c
)
h
-
A
’
(
d)
h
-
H’
Si
m
il
arly
,
the
du
al
i
nv
e
rter
c
an
be
op
e
rated
in
27
s
witc
hing
m
od
es
t
o
at
ta
in
the
three
-
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
f
ro
m
t
he
2
le
vel
V
SI
syst
e
m
.
Table
2
s
hows
the
r
ang
e
of
dual
inv
e
rter
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
s
f
or
va
rio
us
m
od
e o
f
operat
ion
.
Table
2.
R
a
nge
of
du
al
i
nv
e
rte
r ou
t
pu
t
volt
ag
es
Ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e I
n
v
erter 1
(V
01
)
Ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e I
n
v
erter 2
(V
02
)
Ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e du
a
l
in
v
erter
(
Vo
)
2
−
2
2
2
0
−
2
2
−
2
−
2
0
4.
SU
B
-
REGI
O
N
SP
A
CE
VECTOR
MO
D
ULATIO
N (S
R
-
S
V
M)
A
sub
-
re
gion
base
d
sp
ace
ve
ct
or
m
od
ulati
on
schem
e
i
m
pl
e
m
ented
to
ge
ner
at
e
switc
hin
g
pu
l
ses
for
du
al
tw
o
le
vel
inv
e
rter.
Ba
se
d
on
the
holdi
ng
a
nd
switc
hin
g
c
oncept
both
inv
e
rters
op
erated
without
any
cro
ss
over
disto
rtion
prob
le
m
.
Du
ri
ng
the
refe
ren
ce
vecto
r
tracki
ng
the
in
ve
rter
1
is
switc
hed
wh
il
e
inv
e
rter
2
is
in
holdi
ng
conditi
on
an
d
vice
ve
rsa.
Th
e
sp
ace
vecto
r
hexag
on
m
od
el
for
3
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
is
s
hown
i
n
F
ig
ure
3. I
n
th
at
to
ide
ntify t
he
r
efe
re
nce
vec
tor
l
ocati
on the
sub regi
on con
cept im
ple
m
en
te
d.
Fig
ure
3
.
S
pac
e v
ect
or
he
xagon m
od
el
for
3
-
le
vel in
ve
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
490
2
-
491
1
4906
In
c
onve
ntion
a
l
SV
M
m
et
ho
d,
the
re
fer
e
nc
e
cal
culat
ion
and
s
witc
hing
tim
e
cal
culation
is
done
by
us
in
g
sect
or
a
nd
tria
ngle
id
entifi
cat
ion
.
B
ut
in
this
pr
opose
d
m
et
ho
d,
first
inv
erter
op
e
rati
ng
m
od
es
and
conditi
ons
(swi
tc
hin
g
m
od
e
&
ho
l
ding
m
o
de)
are
decide
d
an
d
ge
ner
at
i
on
of
gatin
g
pulse
s.
The
du
a
l
VSI
inv
e
rter
op
e
rati
ng m
od
es are
s
how
n
in
T
a
ble
3.
Table
3.
Inve
rter
op
e
rati
on m
od
e
s to
f
in
d
t
he
r
efe
re
nce
vec
tor
Cycles
2
-
lev
el inv
erter
Su
b
r
eg
io
n
-
1
Su
b
r
eg
io
n
-
2
Su
b
r
eg
io
n
-
3
Su
b
r
eg
io
n
-
4
Su
b
r
eg
io
n
-
5
Su
b
r
eg
io
n
-
6
First
cy
cle
Inv
erter
1
Ho
ld
in
g
to d
(P
N
N)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to f
(N
P
N)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to g
(N
N
P)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Inv
erter
2
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to f
(N
P
N)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to g
(N
N
P)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to d
(P
N
N)
Seco
n
d
cy
cle
Inv
erter
1
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to b
(P
P
N)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to c
(P
N
P)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to e
(N
P
P)
Inv
erter
2
Ho
ld
in
g
to c
(P
N
P)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to e
(N
P
P)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Ho
ld
in
g
to b
(P
P
N)
Switch
in
g
p
u
lse
Fo
r
e
xam
ple
i
n
the
fir
st
cy
cl
e
of
S
VM
ope
rati
on,
unde
r
s
ub
reg
i
on
1
th
e
inv
erte
r
1
is
in
ho
l
ding
m
od
e
d
(P
N
N
)
(f
ixe
d
switc
hi
ng
pulse
)
a
nd
inv
e
rter
2
is
in
switc
hin
g
m
od
e
(which
generate
s
gate
pu
l
ses
for
inv
e
rter
2)
a
nd
the
re
fer
e
nce
vo
lt
age
vect
or
po
i
nt
N
is
trac
ked
by
th
rou
gh
s
ub
re
gion
1
or
i
gin
,
it
m
ea
ns
th
e
po
i
nt
N
is
t
rac
ked
by
from
OA
a
nd
A
N
inst
ead
trac
king
from
O
to
N
dir
ect
ly
,
wh
ic
h
a
vo
i
ds
c
om
plexity
in
con
t
ro
l
al
gorit
hm
is
sh
own
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
4
(
a
)
.
In
sub
-
re
gion
1
co
ntains
th
e
switc
hing
ve
ct
or
possi
bili
ties
are
(11
1)
,
(
000),
(
-
1
-
1
-
1),
(
110),
(
00
-
1)
,
(
100),
(
0
-
1
-
1),
(
10
-
1),
(11
-
1),
(
01
-
1),
(01
0)
,
am
on
g
t
hese
sta
te
s
the
exact
ref
e
ren
ce
point
can be t
rack
e
d usi
ng sw
it
chi
ng a
nd holdi
ng
conditi
on.
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
4. SR
-
S
VM h
e
xa
gon
m
od
el
(
a) su
b
r
egio
n 1 (b
)
s
ub
r
e
gion
6
Si
m
il
arly
in
F
ig
ure
4
(
b
)
sho
w
s
the
su
b
re
gion
6
co
ntains
th
e
inv
erter
2
is
in
holdin
g
m
od
e
d
(P
N
N
)
(f
ixe
d
switc
hin
g
pu
lse
ap
pli
ed,
switc
hes
S
1,
S
4,
S
6
are
kep
t
O
N
co
ndit
ion
)
a
nd
in
vert
er
1
is
in
switc
hing
m
od
e
(w
hic
h
ge
ner
at
es
gate
pulse
s
f
or
in
ve
rter
1
ba
sed
on
2level
in
ver
te
r
con
ce
pt)
a
nd
t
he
re
fer
e
nce
volt
ag
e
vecto
r
po
i
nt
N
is
tracked
by
thr
ough
sub
re
gi
on
6
or
igi
n,
it
m
eans
the
po
in
t
N
is
tracked
by
from
OA
and
A
N
instea
d
trac
king
f
r
om
O
to
N
directl
y,
w
hich
av
oid
s
c
om
plexity
and
switc
hing
los
ses
in
the
syst
em
.
Howev
e
r
the
2
le
vel
dua
l
inv
e
rter
ca
n
operate
i
n
6
s
ub
re
gions
to
av
oi
d
the
c
om
plex
it
y
in
SV
M
m
et
hod.
I
n
s
ub
-
r
egio
n
6
c
on
ta
i
ns
the
switc
hi
ng
vec
tor
possibil
it
ie
s
are
(
111),
(000),
(
-
1
-
1
-
1)
,
(
101),
(0
-
10),
(
0
-
11),
(
001),
(
1
-
10
)
,
(10
0)
,
(0
-
1
-
1).
The
switc
hing
losses
a
nd
cond
uction
l
osse
s
in
a
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
switc
hing
de
vic
es
are
essenti
al
ly
d
ue
to
switc
hin
g
s
peed
a
nd
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency
.
By
us
ing
this
ho
ldi
ng
a
nd
s
witc
hing
m
e
tho
d
t
o
gen
e
rate
the
pulse
s
f
or
t
he
dual
inv
e
rter
,
w
hich
a
vo
i
ds
lo
sses
an
d
vo
lt
a
ge
stress
i
n
the
syst
e
m
al
so
red
uce
d.
The
powe
r
l
oss
in
t
he
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
s
witc
hes
is
i
d
entif
ie
d
in
te
rm
s
of
heat
i
ndulg
e
nc
e.
I
n
this
pro
po
s
e
d
syst
e
m
2level
du
al
in
ver
te
r
s
are
app
li
e
d
to
recog
nize
the
3level
outp
ut
usi
ng
SR
-
SV
M
m
et
ho
d.
In
tw
o
le
vel
inv
e
rter
eac
h
phase
(leg
)
c
on
t
ai
ns
2
s
witc
hes
,
w
hich
is
ca
pa
ble
of
bid
ire
ct
ion
al
c
urre
nt
fl
ow
a
nd
it
a
vo
i
ds
t
he
dc
li
nk loa
d cu
rr
e
nt f
l
uctuati
ons
of the
pro
po
sed
syst
em
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Su
b
-
Re
gion
Base
d Space
V
ect
or
M
odula
ti
on S
c
he
me
fo
r
Dual
2
-
L
evel
Invert
er
System
(R. P
alanisa
m
y)
4907
5.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
AND DIS
C
USSION
The
wor
k
acce
ssible
he
re
m
a
inly
fo
c
us
on
gen
e
rati
on
of
3
-
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
with
the
help
of
2
-
le
vel
dual
in
ve
rter
in
ste
ad
of u
sin
g
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rter,
w
hi
ch
m
ini
m
ise
s
t
he
s
witc
hing
l
oss, v
oltage
stre
ss
an
d
avo
i
ds
capacit
or
b
al
a
ncin
g
pr
ob
le
m
an
d
wh
i
ch
is sim
ulate
d
us
ing
m
at
la
b/s
i
m
uli
m
k
11
b.
The
pro
posed
s
yst
e
m
wh
ic
h
em
plo
ys
the
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of
10
kH
z
.
T
he
si
m
ula
ti
on
pa
ra
m
et
ers
are
ap
pl
ie
d
dc
in
pu
t
vo
lt
age
to
2level
VS
I
i
nv
erter
is
150V
on
both
si
des
,
the
co
uple
d
in
du
ct
or
value
of
4m
H
f
or
al
l
three
phases
a
nd
gri
d
syst
e
m
vo
lt
age
of
300V.
The
switc
hing
pu
ls
e
ge
ner
at
io
n
f
or
the
VSI
in
vert
er
-
2
is
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ur
e
5.
A
nd
i
n
F
ig
ure
6
an
d
7
sho
ws
t
he
ste
pp
e
d
outp
ut
volt
age
wa
veform
of
tw
o
le
vel
VSI
i
nv
e
rter
-
1
a
nd
in
ve
rter
-
2
with
vo
lt
age
of
133.
5V.
Fig
ure
5.
S
witc
hing
pu
lse
g
e
ne
rati
on for i
nv
erter
-
2
Fig
ure
6.
O
utput v
oltage
of tw
o
le
vel in
ve
rter
-
1
Fig
ur
e
7.
O
ut
put v
oltage
of t
wo level i
nve
rter
-
2
3
-
le
vel
ste
epe
d
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
gen
e
rated
usi
ng
2
-
le
vel
dual
inv
e
rter
inste
ad
of
va
rio
us
topolo
gies of
m
ul
ti
le
v
el
inv
erter, whic
h
is s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
8
wit
h
volt
age
v
al
ue of 2
67.5V.
In
F
ig
ur
e
9 show
s
sinu
s
oid
al
out
pu
t
volt
age
of
267.5
V,
w
hich
is
co
nverte
d
f
ro
m
inv
e
rter
st
epp
e
d
volt
age
with
help
of
c
ouple
d
inducto
r.
He
re
coupled
in
du
c
tor
av
oid
s
the
us
a
ge
of
tra
nsf
or
m
er,
le
akag
e
cur
re
nt
pro
ble
m
s
and
reduce
s
the
cost
of
t
he pr
opose
d sy
ste
m
.
Fig
ure
8.
T
hre
e
le
vel volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
u
sin
g 2
-
le
vel dual i
nv
e
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
490
2
-
491
1
4908
Fig
ure
9.
T
he
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
f
or
gr
i
d
syst
em
In
F
ig
ure
10
sh
ows
the
co
ntr
olled
outp
ut
current
wa
ve
for
m
fo
r
the
pro
pose
d
dual
inv
e
rter
syst
e
m
with
5.08A,
w
hich
bette
r
c
urren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
c
om
par
e
to
othe
r
co
nventi
on
a
l
syst
e
m
.
An
d
base
d
on
SR
-
SVM
m
et
ho
d
with
holdin
g
a
nd
s
wi
tc
hin
g
m
od
es
us
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
dual
in
ver
te
r
s
yst
e
m
,
the
co
nt
ro
l
sig
nal
ge
ne
rati
on
for
SR
-
SV
M
m
et
ho
d
is
s
hown
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
11an
d
F
ig
ure
12
sho
ws
the
ha
rm
on
ic
sp
ect
r
um
analy
sis
of
inv
e
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
and in
ver
te
r
c
urre
nt w
it
h 1
.40
% &
2.8
9% res
pecti
vely
.
Fig
ure
10.
C
ontrolle
d
outp
ut c
urren
t
wa
veform
o
f
inv
e
rter
Fig
ure
11.
C
ontrol sig
nals
representat
io
n of
SR
-
S
VM
(a)
(b)
Fig
ure
12. Har
m
on
ic
an
al
ysi
s (
a)
in
ver
te
r
vo
lt
age (b)
i
nvert
er c
urren
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Su
b
-
Re
gion
Base
d Space
V
ect
or
M
odula
ti
on S
c
he
me
fo
r
Dual
2
-
L
evel
Invert
er
System
(R. P
alanisa
m
y)
4909
6.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
TS A
ND DIS
CUSSIO
N
A
Sub
-
re
gion
based
S
pace
Vector
M
odulati
on
sc
hem
e
fo
r
dual
2
-
le
vel
inv
erte
r
syst
e
m
was
i
m
ple
m
ented
usi
ng
d
sP
IC
m
icr
o
c
ontrolle
r
.
I
n
this pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
ver
ifie
d
usi
ng
3
phas
e
inducti
on
m
oto
r
as
load
instea
d
gri
d
syst
e
m
.
The
power
c
onver
t
er
switc
hes
are
pr
em
edita
te
d
for
4KV
A
ope
rati
ng
dr
ive
.
I
GBT
s
us
e
d
f
or
the
2
le
vel
du
al
in
ver
te
r
power
s
witc
hes
a
nd
c
oupled
in
duct
or
value
are
4m
H.
The
c
urr
ent
a
nd
vo
lt
age
val
ue
are
m
easur
ed
with
help
of
quad
ratu
re
e
nc
oder
sen
sor.
I
n
F
ig
ure
13
s
hows
th
e
bl
oc
k
di
agr
a
m
hard
war
e
im
pl
e
m
entat
ion
c
ontr
ol
strat
egy.
And
gatin
g
pul
se
gen
e
rati
on
for
dual
VSI
in
ver
te
r
s
witc
h
is
sh
own
in
F
ig
ure
14.
Fig
ure
13. Har
dw
a
re im
ple
m
entat
ion
co
ntr
ol
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
Fig
ure
14
.
F
iring p
ulse
ge
nerat
ion
for
in
ve
rter
-
1
In
F
ig
ur
e
15
s
hows
the
outp
ut
volt
age
wa
ve
f
or
m
fo
r
in
ver
te
r
-
1
wit
h
volt
ag
e
of
12
0V.
A
nd
F
ig
ure
16
sh
ows
c
oupled
ind
uct
or
ou
t
put
current
f
or
t
he
pro
posed
sy
stem
,
wh
ic
h
use
d
to
sync
hroni
se
the
inv
erter
with
gr
i
d
syst
em
.
T
he
th
ree
-
le
ve
l
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
from
the p
rop
ose
d
syst
em
achieved
by u
si
ng
2
-
le
vel dual i
nverter
topolo
gy
is
sh
own
in
F
ig
ur
e
17.
In
F
ig
ure
18
shows
the
si
nu
s
oi
dal
ou
tp
ut
vo
lt
age
after
the
coupled
in
du
ct
or
,
wh
ic
h
is
m
a
inly
us
ed
to
a
void
the
le
aka
ge
current
pro
blem
and
re
du
ce
s
the
har
m
on
ic
con
te
nt
in
the
syst
e
m
.
In
F
ig
ur
e
19
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency
-
in
duct
anc
e v
a
riat
ion
with SR
-
S
VM and c
onve
ntional
SV
M.
Fig
ure
15.
O
utp
ut
volt
age
wa
vefor
m
f
or in
ve
rter
-
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
490
2
-
491
1
4910
Fig
ure
16
.
C
oupled
i
nduct
or
outp
ut curre
nt
Fig
ure
17
.
T
hr
ee
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
usi
ng
2
-
le
vel
du
al
i
nverter
Fig
ure
18
.
S
in
us
oi
dal
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
afte
r
th
e co
up
le
d
in
du
ct
or
Fig
ure
19.
S
wi
tc
hin
g f
reque
nc
y
-
inducta
nce
var
ia
ti
on
with
SR
-
S
VM and c
onve
ntion
al
S
VM
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
w
ork
has
pr
ese
nted
t
he
3
-
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
us
i
ng
du
al
2
-
le
vel
inv
erter
with
c
ontr
ol
of
s
ub
-
reg
i
on
base
d
S
pace
Vect
or
M
odulati
on
(S
R
-
SV
M)
.
From
t
hat
switc
hi
ng
l
os
s
a
nd
vo
lt
a
ge
stress
in
the
ci
rcu
it
has
bee
n
a
vo
i
de
d,
t
he
har
m
onic
con
te
nt
in
t
he
syst
em
is
m
ini
m
ise
d
co
m
par
e
to
co
nv
entional
3le
vel
volt
age
syst
e
m
.
Du
al
2l
evel
in
ver
te
r
s
yst
e
m
us
ed
as
an
al
te
r
native
of
m
ultilevel
inv
e
rter,
wh
e
re
the
c
om
plicity
of
the
con
t
ro
l
al
gorithm
m
ini
m
iz
ed.
SR
-
S
VM
us
e
d
as
a
pu
lse
ge
ner
at
io
n
m
et
hod
for
the
pr
opose
d
ci
rc
uit,
whic
h
is
worked
base
d
o
n
1
st
an
d
2
nd
cy
cl
e
op
erati
on
of
S
VM
wit
h
hel
p
of
ho
l
din
g
a
nd
switc
hin
g
c
oncept.
Ba
sed
on
this
m
et
ho
d
th
e
tracki
ng
of
r
efere
nce
vecto
r
bec
om
e
m
or
e
si
m
ple
and
e
asy
to
desi
gn.
The
pro
po
se
d
s
yst
e
m
has
the
m
ai
n
fe
at
ur
es
a
re
1)
v
oltage
stress
a
nd
s
witc
hi
ng
l
os
s
in
t
he
syst
em
m
ini
m
ise
d.
The
har
m
on
ic
con
te
nt
for
in
ver
te
r ou
t
pu
t
volt
age a
nd in
ver
te
r
c
urr
ent w
it
h 1
.40%
& 2.
89
%
r
es
pe
ct
ively
, w
hic
h
is l
ess tha
n
the
I
EEE
sta
nd
a
rd
;
2)
Coupled
in
duc
tor
w
hich
av
oi
ds
the
us
a
ge
of
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
and
w
el
l
su
it
able
to
synch
r
on
is
e
inv
e
rter
with a
ny ac syst
em
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Su
b
-
Re
gion
Base
d Space
V
ect
or
M
odula
ti
on S
c
he
me
fo
r
Dual
2
-
L
evel
Invert
er
System
(R. P
alanisa
m
y)
4911
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
D.
Manjra
k
ar
and
T
.
A.
L
ipo,
“
A
hy
br
id
m
ult
ilevel
inve
rt
er
top
olog
y
for
drive
a
ppli
c
at
ions
,”
Co
nf.
Proc
.
IE
EE
-
APEC
,
pp
.
523
–
529
,
1998
.
[2]
M.
D.
Man
jre
k
ar,
et
al.
,
“
H
y
b
rid
m
ult
ileve
l
p
ower
convers
ion
s
y
stem:
a
co
m
pet
it
ive
solut
i
on
for
high
-
po
wer
appl
i
ca
t
ions,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Ind
.
A
ppl
.
,
vol/is
sue:
3
6(3),
pp
.
834
–
84
1
,
2000
.
[3]
M.
Hasan,
et
a
l.
,
“
Thre
e
-
phas
e
h
y
brid
m
ult
ileve
l
inve
rt
er
with
le
s
s
power
elec
tron
ic
componen
ts
u
sing
spac
e
v
ecto
r
mo
dula
ti
on,
”
I
E
T P
ower
E
lectron
.
,
vol/
issue
:
7(5
),
pp
.
1256
–
126
5
,
2014
.
[4]
G.
P.
Adam
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Modular
m
ult
ilevel
inverter
:
Puls
e
width
m
odula
ti
on
and
capac
i
tor
ba
la
nc
in
g
te
chn
ique,
”
I
E
T
Powe
r E
le
c
tron
.
,
vol/
issue:
3(5)
,
pp.
702
–
715
,
20
10
.
[5]
H.
Stemm
le
r
and
P.
G
uggenba
ch,
“
Configura
ti
o
ns
of
high
po
wer
volt
age
source
inve
rte
r
driv
es
,”
EPE
,
Bright
on
,
U.K.,
pp
.
7
–
12
,
1993
.
[6]
V.
T.
Som
ase
khar
,
et
al.
,
“
A
spac
e
ve
ct
or
b
ase
d
PW
M
sw
it
chi
ng
sche
m
e
fo
r
the
r
educ
t
ion
of
comm
on
-
m
ode
volt
ag
es
for
a
dual
inve
r
te
r
f
ed
open
-
end
windi
ng
induc
ti
on
m
o
tor
drive
,”
IE
EE
-
PE
SC
-
2005,
Recife,
Brazil
,
pp.
816
–
821
,
2005
.
[7]
V.
T.
Som
ase
khar
and
S.
Sriniv
as,
“
Space
-
ve
ct
o
r
-
base
d
PW
M
s
witc
hing
str
at
eg
i
es
for
a
three
-
l
e
vel
dual
-
inve
r
te
r
-
fed
open
-
end
wi
nding
induc
ti
on
m
otor
drive
and
the
ir
compara
ti
v
e
eva
lu
at
ion
,
”
IE
T
El
ec
tr.
Pow
er
Appl
.
,
vol/
issue
:
2
(1),
pp
.
19
–
31
,
2008
.
[8]
R.
Pal
ani
sam
y
a
nd
K.
Vij
a
y
aku
m
ar
,
“
Maximum
Boost
Control
for
7
-
le
v
el
z
-
so
urc
e
ca
sc
ade
d
h
-
bridge
i
nver
t
er
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
8
(
2
)
,
2017
.
[9]
A
.
Rez
vani,
et
a
l.
,
“
Im
ple
m
ent
in
g
GA
-
A
NF
IS
of
Maximum
Po
w
er
Point
Tra
cki
n
g
in
PV
Sy
stem
,”
Indian
Journal
of
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
Technol
og
y
,
vol/i
ss
ue:
8(10),
201
5
.
[10]
C.
D.
Sch
aude
r
,
et
al
.
,
“
Opera
t
io
n
of
th
e
unif
ie
d
power
flow
con
t
roll
er
(UP
FC
)
under
pra
ct
i
cal
co
nstrai
nts
,”
IE
EE
Tr
ans P
ower
Del.
,
vol
/
issue:
13
(
2
)
,
pp
.
630
–
639
,
1998
.
[11]
K.
Bavi
tr
a,
e
t
al.
,
“
The
High
Eff
iciency
R
enew
abl
e
PV
Inve
r
te
r
Topol
og
y
,”
Indian
Journal
of
Sci
en
ce
and
Technol
ogy
,
vo
l/is
sue:
8(14),
201
5
.
[12]
K.
Sano
and
M.
Ta
kas
aki
,
“
A
tra
nsform
erl
ess
D
-
STATCOM
base
d
on
a
m
ult
ivoltage
ca
sc
ade
co
nver
te
r
req
uir
ing
no
DC source
s
,”
IEEE
Tr
ans P
o
wer
Elec
tron
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
27
(
6
)
,
p
p.
2783
–
2795
,
2
012
.
[13]
B.
A.
Renz
,
e
t
al.
,
“
AEP
unifi
ed
power
flow
cont
roll
er
per
form
an
ce
,”
IEEE
Tr
ans
Powe
r
Del
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
14
(
4
)
,
pp
.
1374
–
1381
,
199
9
.
[14]
R.
Pala
n
isam
y
,
et
al
.
,
“
MS
PWM
base
d
imple
m
ent
at
ion
of
n
ovel
5
-
l
eve
l
inv
ert
er
wi
th
phot
ovolt
aic
s
y
s
te
m
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
(
IJP
EDS)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
8
(
4
)
,
pp
.
149
4
-
1502
,
2017
.
[15]
Z.
H.
Yuan,
e
t
al.
,
“
A
FA
CTS
d
evi
c
e:
Distribute
d
power
-
flow
cont
roll
e
r
(DP
FC
)
,”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
P
ower
El
ectron.
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
25
(
10
)
,
pp
.
2564
–
2572
,
2010
.
[16]
R.
Pala
nisam
y
,
et
al
.
,
“
Hy
st
ere
s
is
SVM
for
cou
ple
d
induc
to
r
z
source
diode
cla
m
ped
3
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
base
d
g
ri
d
conne
c
te
d
PV
sy
stem
,
”
Int
ernat
ional
Journal
o
f
Powe
r
Elec
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
ms
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
7
(
4
)
,
2
016.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.