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l J
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E
lect
rica
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ineering
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I
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l.
11
,
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.
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,
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.
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.
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.
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4
1
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9
4241
J
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:
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ttp
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//ij
ec
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r
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m
New 2
-
D
int
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h
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t
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t
h
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se
re
q
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i
re
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e
n
ts,
wh
ich
a
re
li
n
e
a
r
b
lo
c
k
c
o
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e
(LBC)
a
n
d
two
-
d
ime
n
sio
n
s
(2
-
D)
i
n
terle
a
v
in
g
a
p
p
ro
a
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h
.
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in
v
e
stig
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te
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n
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w
a
p
p
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a
c
h
o
f
2
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terle
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t
h
a
t
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re
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th
e
se
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y
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n
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h
e
l
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s
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imin
u
ti
o
n
th
e
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it
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ro
b
a
b
il
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ty
(BE
R).
Us
in
g
a
n
in
v
e
stig
a
te
d
2
-
D
in
terle
a
v
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
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g
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p
p
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c
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m
a
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se
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u
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f
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ti
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a
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d
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b
e
tt
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c
o
m
p
a
rin
g
with
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
sy
ste
m
s.
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wa
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
p
e
a
k
sig
n
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l
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ise
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S
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a
n
d
h
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ra
m
a
n
a
ly
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tes
ts.
S
im
u
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n
re
su
lt
s
sta
te
th
e
se
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
2
-
D
in
ter
leav
in
g
I
m
ag
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
L
B
C
tech
n
iq
u
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
W
u
r
o
d
Qasim
Mo
h
am
ed
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Diy
ala,
Diy
ala,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
wu
r
o
d
@
u
o
d
iy
ala.
e
d
u
.
i
q
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Data
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ch
allen
g
e
s
s
ev
er
al
co
n
ce
p
ts
d
u
e
to
t
r
an
s
m
it
o
v
er
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
im
p
air
m
en
ts
co
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lik
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
f
ad
in
g
,
an
d
m
u
ltip
ath
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
.
Mu
lti
m
ed
ia
d
ata
an
d
esp
ec
ially
t
h
e
im
ag
e
is
s
u
f
f
er
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
im
p
air
m
e
n
ts
wh
en
tr
av
elin
g
o
v
er
th
e
wir
eless
ch
a
n
n
e
ls
lead
in
g
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
c
h
an
ce
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
e
r
r
o
r
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Data
in
ter
leav
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
with
L
B
C
co
u
ld
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
ese
is
s
u
es
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
im
a
g
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
t
em
.
I
n
te
r
lea
v
in
g
o
f
th
e
im
ag
e
d
ata
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
b
u
r
s
t
er
r
o
r
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
els
[
1
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
ty
p
es
o
f
i
n
ter
leav
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
B
lo
ck
in
ter
leav
in
g
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
eth
o
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
im
p
air
ed
ch
an
n
el
o
n
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
n
o
t
an
ex
ce
llen
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
im
a
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
ab
ilit
y
to
d
im
in
u
ti
o
n
o
n
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
2
-
D
in
ter
leav
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
i
n
th
e
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
we
in
v
esti
g
ate
a
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
2
-
D
in
ter
lea
v
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
en
,
it
is
g
r
o
u
p
ed
with
L
B
C
,
esp
ec
ially
h
am
m
in
g
co
d
e
wh
en
it
h
as
an
ab
ilit
y
to
co
r
r
ec
t
s
in
g
le
er
r
o
r
an
d
d
etec
t
two
er
r
o
r
s
wh
ich
lead
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
it
wid
ely
in
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
esp
ec
ially
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
ata
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
n
ew
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
co
u
l
d
r
esu
lt
in
a
b
etter
B
E
R
an
d
PS
NR
th
an
a
n
o
th
e
r
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
n
o
t
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
2
-
D
in
te
r
leav
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
ed
with
L
B
C
o
r
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
o
th
er
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
in
ter
lea
v
in
g
.
T
h
e
Han
p
in
its
ak
an
d
C
h
ar
o
e
n
lar
p
n
o
p
p
ar
u
t
[
1
1
]
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
ter
lea
v
es.
I
t
aim
s
to
d
is
co
v
er
a
n
o
p
tim
al
in
te
r
leav
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
er
r
o
r
s
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
2
4
1
-
4
2
4
9
4242
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
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en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
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ac
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r
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th
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n
ter
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t
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a
n
o
th
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ty
p
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o
f
two
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en
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ter
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th
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[
1
2
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,
it
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ies
th
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o
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m
a
n
ce
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s
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(
A
W
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ch
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n
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n
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d
itio
n
,
th
e
[
1
]
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
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n
o
f
th
e
im
ag
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
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io
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o
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er
th
e
m
u
lti
-
ca
r
r
ier
co
d
e
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
MC
-
C
DM
A)
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
p
p
ly
in
g
two
k
in
d
s
o
f
in
ter
lea
v
in
g
:
c
h
ao
tic
an
d
h
elica
l
in
ter
leav
es
to
av
o
id
wir
eless
ch
an
n
el
er
r
o
r
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
[
1
3
]
p
r
esen
ts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
u
tili
z
ed
o
f
th
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h
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ter
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tec
h
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e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
im
ag
e
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an
s
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is
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io
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o
v
e
r
m
o
b
il
e
wir
eless
p
er
s
o
n
al
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
PAN
)
B
lu
eto
o
th
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
also
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
with
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
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ter
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o
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ap
er
p
r
o
v
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th
at
th
e
ch
ao
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ter
leav
e
is
a
b
etter
th
an
th
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v
o
lu
tio
n
al
co
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es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
in
[
1
4
]
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ef
f
icien
t h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
t
er
leav
ed
v
iter
b
i d
ec
o
d
er
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
Ou
r
p
a
p
er
was
o
r
g
an
ize
d
is
b
ein
g
as
.
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
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s
a
n
ew
ap
p
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h
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f
2
-
D
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wh
er
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
t
h
is
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
th
e
L
B
C
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
s
h
o
ws
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
Fin
ally
,
we
co
n
clu
d
e
th
is
p
ap
er
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
2.
2
-
D
I
NT
E
R
L
E
AVI
NG
I
n
ter
leav
in
g
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
c
atter
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
b
ased
o
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
alg
o
r
i
th
m
.
I
t
is
p
o
p
u
lar
i
n
d
ig
ital
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
6
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
a
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
th
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
n
ew
in
ter
leav
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
h
iev
es
u
ltra
-
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
h
elp
s
th
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
d
etec
t
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
its
u
p
to
th
e
in
ter
lea
v
in
g
in
d
ex
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
it
is
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
with
L
B
C
to
g
et
m
o
r
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
in
ter
leav
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Ham
m
in
g
co
d
e
(
7
,
4
)
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
as
L
B
C
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Fo
r
s
ak
e
to
th
e
s
im
p
licity
,
we
s
elec
ted
t
h
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
in
d
ex
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
c
o
d
ewo
r
d
,
wh
ich
is
s
ev
en
b
its
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
in
d
ex
altitu
d
es,
th
e
d
if
f
ic
u
ltly
o
f
th
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
an
d
d
e
-
in
ter
leav
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
we
b
lo
ck
th
e
d
ata
b
its
in
to
(
7
×
7
)
b
lo
ck
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
b
l
o
ck
,
th
e
n
ew
i
n
ter
leav
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
-
7
)
.
(
,
1
)
=
(
1
,
)
(
1
)
(
,
2
)
=
(
7
,
)
(
2
)
(
,
3
)
=
(
2
,
)
(
3
)
(
,
4
)
=
(
6
,
)
(
4
)
(
,
5
)
=
(
3
,
)
(
5
)
(
,
6
)
=
(
5
,
)
(
6
)
(
,
7
)
=
(
4
,
)
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
(
,
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ata
b
i
t
in
ℎ
r
o
w
an
d
ℎ
co
lu
m
n
,
a
n
d
(
,
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
ter
leav
i
n
g
b
it.
Du
e
to
th
ese,
ea
ch
b
lo
ck
o
f
d
ata
b
its
is
s
ca
tter
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
New
2
-
D
in
ter
leav
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
N
ew 2
-
D
in
terl
ea
vin
g
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
LBC a
p
p
lied
o
n
ima
g
e
tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
(
Wu
r
o
d
Qa
s
im
Mo
h
a
med
)
4243
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
ea
c
h
s
eq
u
en
tial
s
ev
en
in
ter
leav
i
n
g
b
its
lik
es
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
iv
es
m
o
r
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
th
an
a
b
lo
ck
-
wis
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
an
d
a
b
it
-
wis
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
e
-
in
ter
leav
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
an
in
v
er
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
leav
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Seq
u
en
tial in
ter
leav
i
n
g
b
its
3.
NE
W
2
-
D
I
N
T
E
R
L
E
AVI
NG
G
RO
UP
I
NG
L
B
C
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es th
e
in
v
e
s
tig
ated
s
y
s
tem
th
at
em
p
lo
y
s
a
n
ew
2
-
D
in
ter
leav
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
L
B
C
to
r
ed
u
ce
B
E
R
b
y
d
etec
ti
on
-
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
er
r
o
r
b
its
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
is
s
y
s
tem
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
d
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
in
g
en
er
al,
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
er
r
o
r
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
lead
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
B
E
R
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
it
y
[
2
0
]
.
Ham
m
i
n
g
c
o
d
e
is
o
n
e
ty
p
e
o
f
L
B
C
h
av
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
r
r
ec
t
s
in
g
le
e
r
r
o
r
an
d
d
etec
t
two
er
r
o
r
s
[
2
1
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
m
ess
ag
e
b
its
(
k
)
is
ap
p
l
y
in
g
to
th
e
c
h
an
n
e
l
co
d
in
g
L
B
C
an
d
g
en
er
atin
g
(
n
)
b
its
o
f
th
e
co
d
ewo
r
d
.
Ham
m
in
g
co
d
e
(
7
,
4
)
wh
er
e
k
=
4
d
e
n
o
ted
to
th
e
m
ass
ag
e
len
g
th
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
ea
ch
b
it
an
d
n
=
7
d
en
o
ted
to
th
e
b
lo
ck
o
r
co
d
e
len
g
th
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
im
p
lem
en
t a
h
am
m
in
g
c
o
d
e,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
t
h
e
g
en
e
r
ated
m
at
r
ix
(
G)
.
×
=
[
×
∶
×
]
(
8
)
4
×
7
=
[
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
]
(
9
)
T
h
e
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
p
ar
ity
an
d
id
en
tity
m
atr
ices
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
wh
ile
=
−
=
7
−
4
=
3
an
d
it is
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t b
its
.
T
h
en
th
e
co
d
es a
r
e
g
en
e
r
ated
is
b
ein
g
as (
1
0
)
:
=
∗
(
1
0
)
w
h
er
e
D
is
th
e
im
ag
e
b
its
an
d
U
is
th
e
g
en
er
ated
co
d
e
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
o
p
er
atio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
in
ter
leav
ed
th
e
co
d
e
d
m
ess
ag
es
u
s
in
g
a
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
2
-
D
in
ter
leav
e
wh
ich
is
s
tate
d
in
m
o
r
e
d
etail
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
T
h
en
m
o
d
u
latin
g
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
th
is
in
ter
leav
ed
im
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
lat
f
ad
i
n
g
ch
an
n
el
u
n
d
er
R
ay
leig
h
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
2
3
]
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
is
a
b
le
to
e
x
tr
a
ct
th
e
co
d
ed
im
a
g
e
b
its
af
ter
d
em
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
d
e
-
in
ter
leav
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
a
r
ity
c
h
ec
k
s
m
atr
ix
(H
)
[
2
0
]
wh
ic
h
is
an
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
tatin
g
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
im
ag
e
b
its
an
d
p
a
r
ity
ch
ec
k
b
its
,
co
u
ld
ex
p
r
ess
as:
×
=
[
×
∶
×
]
(
1
1
)
3
×
7
=
[
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
]
(
1
2
)
w
h
er
e
d
en
o
tes to
th
e
p
ar
ty
m
atr
ix
tr
an
s
p
o
s
e.
Fo
r
th
e
d
ec
o
d
i
n
g
s
tag
e,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
d
e
(
r
)
m
ay
b
e
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
n
o
is
e
s
o
th
e
Sy
n
d
r
o
m
e
(
S)
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
co
v
er
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
(
e)
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
p
att
er
n
tab
le
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
b
ein
g
as
[
2
0
]
.
=
(
1
3
)
=
+
(
1
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
2
4
1
-
4
2
4
9
4244
T
h
en
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
(
1
5
)
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
d
etec
to
r
co
u
ld
d
eter
m
in
e
if
t
h
er
e
is
an
er
r
o
r
in
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
co
d
e
o
r
n
o
t.
=
(
1
5
)
I
f
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
=
0
th
en
th
er
e
is
n
o
e
r
r
o
r
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
d
e
wh
ile
if
th
e
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
≠
0
s
o
e
r
r
o
r
h
as
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
.
T
h
en
it
co
u
ld
u
tili
ze
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
p
atter
n
t
o
d
etec
t
th
e
er
r
o
r
p
o
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
er
r
o
r
p
atter
n
t
ab
le.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
L
B
C
d
etec
ts
an
d
co
r
r
e
cts
a
s
in
g
le
er
r
o
r
in
ea
ch
co
d
ewo
r
d
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
s
y
s
tem
en
ab
les to
d
etec
t a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
t th
e
wh
o
le
co
d
ewo
r
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
er
r
o
r
in
ea
ch
b
lo
ck
o
f
d
ata
b
its
.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
I
n
v
esti
g
ated
s
y
s
tem
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
r
esu
l
ts
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
B
E
R
o
f
th
e
im
a
g
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
2
-
D
in
ter
leav
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I
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im
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I
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u
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SNR)
PS
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in
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ag
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[
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5
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(
)
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[1
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terle
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a
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o
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s
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d
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m
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0
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1
]
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.
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sa
k
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a
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larp
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2
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In
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Fu
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2
]
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.
S
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rn
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.
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irn
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.
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o
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,
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p
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1
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,
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0
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B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Wu
r
o
d
Q
a
sim
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
is
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
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s
E
n
g
i
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e
e
rin
g
a
t
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
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U
n
iv
e
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o
f
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y
a
la.
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h
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re
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e
d
h
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r
B.
S
o
f
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e
c
tr
o
n
ic
s
En
g
i
n
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rin
g
fr
o
m
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Di
y
a
la,
Ir
a
q
in
2
0
1
1
,
a
n
d
sh
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
M
.
S
.
fro
m
Ca
li
fo
r
n
ia
S
tate
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
F
u
ll
e
rto
n
(C
S
UF),
CA,
a
n
d
US
A
in
F
a
ll
2
0
1
6
se
m
e
ste
r
a
fter
g
e
tt
in
g
sc
h
o
lars
h
ip
fro
m
Hi
g
h
C
o
m
m
it
tee
fo
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
(H
CED)
in
Ira
q
.
Du
ri
n
g
h
e
r
st
u
d
y
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
,
sh
e
tau
g
h
t
v
a
ri
o
u
s
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
c
o
u
rse
s
a
t
CS
UF
f
o
r
t
h
re
e
se
m
e
s
ters
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
In
tere
sts:
Wi
re
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
s
y
ste
m
s,
OFDM
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
M
IM
O
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,
M
IM
O
-
OFDM
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
.
Ma
r
wa
Mo
h
a
m
m
e
d
J
a
wa
d
tea
c
h
in
g
i
n
th
e
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Di
y
a
l
a
.
S
h
e
tak
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
c
h
e
l
o
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
field
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Diy
a
la
,
Ira
q
,
(2
0
0
6
),
a
n
d
sh
e
tak
e
s
m
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
(2
0
1
7
)
a
t
th
e
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ne
w
S
o
u
t
h
Wale
s
(UN
S
W)
,
Au
stra
li
a
.
S
h
e
wo
rk
s
fro
m
y
e
a
r
(2
0
0
7
-
2
0
1
4
)
a
s
a
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
a
t
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
\
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Diy
a
la
,
Ira
q
a
n
d
w
o
rk
s
a
s
a
ss
istan
t
lec
tu
re
fro
m
y
e
a
r
(
2
0
1
7
u
p
t
o
d
a
te)
a
t
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
l
leg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Diy
a
la.
Re
se
a
rc
h
In
tere
sts:
Wi
re
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
m
o
b
il
e
a
n
d
sa
telli
te c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
c
o
d
in
g
a
n
d
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
t
h
e
o
ry
.
H
a
r
a
a
R
a
h
e
e
m
H
a
te
m
tea
c
h
i
n
g
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Diy
a
la.
S
h
e
ta
k
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
b
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
e
lec
tr
o
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Diy
a
la
(2
0
0
2
),
a
n
d
sh
e
tak
e
s
m
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
(2
0
1
4
)
a
t
th
e
field
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Al
-
M
u
sta
n
se
riy
a
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
.
S
h
e
wo
r
k
e
d
a
s
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
(
2
0
0
3
-
2
0
1
1
)
a
t
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Di
y
a
la.
S
h
e
wo
rk
s
a
s
tea
c
h
in
g
(As
sista
n
t
lec
t
u
re
r)
fro
m
y
e
a
r
(2
0
1
4
u
p
to
d
a
te)
a
t
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Diy
a
la.
Re
se
a
rc
h
In
tere
sts:
Im
a
g
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
E
n
c
ry
p
ti
o
n
,
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Dig
it
a
l
S
i
g
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
OFDM
.
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