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a
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lar p
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h
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ra
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ter
ize
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ti
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a
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r
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im
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ly
se
th
e
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sa
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m
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t
h
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irst
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t
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re
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n
d
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ra
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ler
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g
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t.
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t
h
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o
n
d
ste
p
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u
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a
n
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tera
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a
n
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ica
ti
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p
ro
c
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ti
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it
ies
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
sis
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e
late
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ti
m
e
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ries
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o
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re
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n
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y
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f
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h
a
s
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o
w
n
th
a
t
t
h
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c
o
m
m
u
n
it
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m
o
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it
o
re
d
f
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ll
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w
a
w
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e
k
l
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rh
y
th
m
th
a
t
d
e
c
re
a
se
s
o
v
e
r
ti
m
e
to
re
a
c
h
a
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
d
a
il
y
u
se
,
w
h
ich
re
f
lec
ts
a
sta
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
n
d
a
c
a
se
o
f
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
y
o
f
u
se
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Face
b
o
o
k
So
cial
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
T
im
e
s
er
ies
User
b
eh
av
io
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r
T
h
is i
s
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n
o
p
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c
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ss
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rticle
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n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
aa
f
ar
I
d
r
ais
I
MI
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
Sc
ien
ce
s
o
f
Ag
ad
ir
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b
n
Z
o
h
r
U
n
iv
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s
it
y
Ag
ad
ir
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
E
m
ail:
j
aa
f
ar
.
id
r
ais@
ed
u
.
u
iz.
a
c.
m
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
a
s
i
m
p
le
tr
en
d
b
u
t
a
n
e
w
wa
y
o
f
li
f
e
a
n
ch
o
r
ed
a
m
o
n
g
in
t
er
n
et
u
s
er
s
.
OSNs
ar
e
s
ee
n
a
s
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
v
id
er
o
f
n
e
w
s
a
n
d
a
p
u
b
lic
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
e
m
o
tio
n
s
,
as
w
ell
as
o
cc
u
p
y
in
g
a
lar
g
e
p
ar
t
o
f
lif
e
an
d
s
o
ciet
y
in
g
e
n
er
al
w
a
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
eir
m
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
h
u
m
an
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
OS
Ns
o
f
f
er
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
a
v
ar
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y
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f
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m
p
lo
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m
e
n
t,
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
,
s
o
cial
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
ac
tiv
i
ties
.
B
y
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Fac
eb
o
o
k
an
d
t
w
itter
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
[
1
-
4
]
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
o
cio
lo
g
ical
a
s
p
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ig
i
tal
an
d
v
ir
t
u
al
w
o
r
ld
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
's
f
a
m
iliar
it
y
w
it
h
n
e
w
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ap
er
is
an
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
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ased
o
n
g
r
ap
h
th
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r
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d
la
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s
s
e
v
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al
s
tag
e
s
o
f
d
atab
ase
d
esig
n
an
d
u
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
w
o
r
k
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
n
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
a
n
d
ac
tiv
itie
s
o
f
th
e
Mo
r
o
cc
an
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
n
Face
b
o
o
k
a
n
d
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
o
cial
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
OSN.
T
h
e
p
r
in
c
ip
al
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
et
i
n
Mo
r
o
cc
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is
to
u
s
e
OSNs
an
d
r
elate
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tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
a
co
m
p
u
ter
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
o
v
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all
r
ate
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f
in
cr
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ase
in
I
n
ter
n
et
u
s
e
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
m
e
tr
ics
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
OSN
s
d
ata
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
th
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
e
es
a
n
d
lo
w
n
o
d
es
d
is
ta
n
ce
s
,
w
h
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
s
m
all
w
o
r
ld
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
6
]
.
Me
asu
r
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
3
3
2
9
-
3337
3330
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
e
n
ti
ties
in
Face
b
o
o
k
'
s
g
r
ap
h
s
allo
w
ed
to
v
i
s
u
alize
t
h
e
te
m
p
o
r
al
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
s
m
a
ll
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
Fa
ce
b
o
o
k
as
a
lar
g
e
g
lo
b
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
7
]
.
Min
i
n
g
s
o
m
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
t
h
i
s
k
in
d
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
’
d
eg
r
ee
s
w
it
h
lar
g
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
atio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
et
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
la
w
,
w
h
ic
h
r
e
m
ai
n
a
s
th
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
cr
ea
s
es a
n
d
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
a
v
er
ag
e
v
ar
ies
w
it
h
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
y
p
e
[
8
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ar
ea
s
o
f
OSN
s
s
t
u
d
ies,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ch
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
th
e
s
o
cial
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
g
r
ap
h
s
’
p
atter
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
OSN
s
ar
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
u
s
er
s
ar
e
s
till
w
o
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
s
ec
u
r
it
y
r
i
s
k
s
.
A
cc
e
s
s
to
t
h
ese
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
r
aises
m
a
n
y
i
s
s
u
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
u
s
er
s
'
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
9
]
w
h
ich
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
OS
Ns
'
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
s
o
cial
g
r
ap
h
s
an
d
w
e
ig
h
ted
w
eig
h
t
s
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
etec
t
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
ce
r
tain
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
an
d
to
p
r
ev
en
t
c
y
b
er
-
attac
k
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
o
cc
u
r
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
in
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
a
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
ten
t
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
T
w
i
tter
an
d
Face
b
o
o
k
,
a
s
k
ill
-
b
a
s
ed
tag
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
class
i
f
icatio
n
w
ith
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
: N
ai
v
e
B
a
y
e
s
,
J
4
8
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e
g
av
e
g
o
o
d
r
es
u
lts
f
o
r
clas
s
i
f
y
in
g
u
s
er
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
t
h
u
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
e
x
is
ti
n
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
-
b
ased
cla
s
s
i
f
icatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
[
1
1
]
.
I
d
en
tify
i
n
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
a
m
o
n
g
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
a
v
ir
t
u
al
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
latf
o
r
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
to
ex
tr
ac
t
r
elate
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
o
cial
in
f
l
u
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
v
ir
t
u
al
s
o
cial
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
u
s
er
s
,
h
e
n
ce
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
s
o
m
e
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
m
o
d
el
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
O
SNs
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
ass
ess
v
ir
tu
al
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
b
eh
av
io
u
r
b
ased
o
n
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
itie
s
ca
p
tu
r
ed
f
r
o
m
a
v
ir
t
u
al
s
o
ci
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
e
m
p
o
r
al
tr
en
d
s
in
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
Me
as
u
r
in
g
an
d
v
is
u
alizi
n
g
v
is
ib
le
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
y
m
ea
n
s
an
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
g
r
a
p
h
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
s
a
m
aj
o
r
w
o
r
k
s
tep
to
w
ar
d
s
th
i
s
g
o
al,
in
w
h
ic
h
s
tr
ea
m
s
b
et
w
e
en
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
o
n
s
o
cial
n
et
wo
r
k
s
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
ized
b
y
a
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
av
ai
lab
le
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
v
ir
tu
a
l
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
ac
co
u
n
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
it
ca
n
cr
ea
te
an
d
u
p
d
ate
s
h
ar
ed
o
r
n
o
d
e
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
o
cial
lin
k
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
g
o
al
is
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
te
m
p
o
r
al
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
of
s
o
cial
ac
tio
n
s
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
p
atter
n
o
f
u
s
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
OSN
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
W
ith
b
illi
o
n
s
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
d
ail
y
u
s
er
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
,
Face
b
o
o
k
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
s
o
ci
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
e
w
eb
h
a
s
s
ee
n
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
an
k
s
to
t
h
e
m
u
lti
tu
d
e
o
f
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alities
it
o
f
f
er
s
it
s
u
s
er
s
,
Face
b
o
o
k
allo
w
s
t
h
e
m
to
s
h
ar
e
p
h
o
to
s
,
v
id
eo
s
,
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
b
et
w
ee
n
f
r
ien
d
s
,
b
u
t
al
s
o
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
n
e
w
s
o
f
o
t
h
er
s
.
I
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
n
g
u
s
er
b
eh
av
io
u
r
i
n
a
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
lar
g
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
d
ata
[
1
3
]
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
r
ess
io
n
ab
o
u
t
b
o
th
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
ities
a
n
d
u
s
a
g
e
p
er
io
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
etter
v
is
ib
il
it
y
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
er
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izi
n
g
u
s
er
s
'
b
e
h
av
io
r
i
n
o
n
li
n
e
s
o
cial
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
s
etti
n
g
u
p
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
t
h
e
b
ig
d
ata
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
o
th
i
s
e
n
d
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
to
w
ar
d
s
o
u
r
g
o
al
i
s
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
o
f
v
i
s
ib
le
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
ac
tiv
i
ties
to
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
p
ac
e
o
f
u
s
a
g
e
o
n
Face
b
o
o
k
.
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n f
ro
m
O
SNs
An
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
s
tep
in
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
it
y
an
a
l
y
s
is
i
s
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ataset
w
h
ich
s
er
v
es
a
s
a
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
d
atab
ase
o
f
th
e
Fac
eb
o
o
k
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
d
ata
s
e
t
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
th
s
a
m
p
le
d
ata
an
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
th
at
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
tati
v
e
o
f
b
r
o
ad
n
et
w
o
r
k
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
.
W
e
b
b
r
o
w
s
in
g
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
u
r
f
i
n
g
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
n
th
e
w
eb
,
s
p
ec
if
ica
ll
y
OSN
s
'
d
ata,
w
h
ic
h
f
l
u
ct
u
ates
w
it
h
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
an
d
g
e
n
er
ates
a
la
r
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata.
Dete
ctio
n
,
f
ilter
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
e
all
b
asic
o
p
er
atio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
to
r
e
r
elev
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
g
r
ap
h
ical
f
o
r
m
ar
e
b
r
o
w
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
e
v
er
al
s
a
m
p
lin
g
s
tr
ate
g
ie
s
.
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
alk
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
b
r
o
w
s
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
w
h
ich
i
s
g
e
n
er
all
y
u
s
ed
in
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
n
o
d
e
d
eg
r
ee
s
[
1
6
]
w
it
h
h
u
m
a
n
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
s
an
d
r
es
u
lts
v
al
id
atio
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
s
[
1
8
]
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
w
it
h
j
u
m
p
s
[
1
9
-
21
]
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
h
ig
h
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
w
h
ic
h
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
p
ee
d
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
Fo
r
est
f
ir
e
(
FF
)
,
s
n
o
w
b
all
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
(
SB
S),
B
FS
a
n
d
d
ep
th
s
ea
r
ch
(
DFS)
ar
e
f
le
x
ib
le
w
eb
b
r
o
w
s
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
in
c
ip
le
o
f
tr
av
er
s
in
g
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
u
b
s
tit
u
tio
n
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
is
v
is
ited
o
n
e
ti
m
e
o
n
l
y
.
T
h
e
B
FS
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
tr
av
er
s
al
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
it
allo
w
s
to
tr
av
er
s
e
OSNs
t
h
an
k
s
to
its
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
s
u
b
-
g
r
ap
h
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
an
d
its
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
es
s
in
m
a
n
ip
u
lati
n
g
n
o
d
es to
a
h
i
g
h
d
eg
r
ee
[
2
2
-
2
4
].
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
th
e
Face
b
o
o
k
OSN
s
d
ata,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
lis
t
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
er
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
ap
h
as
i
n
p
u
t.
On
ce
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
lau
n
ch
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
e
m
i
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
ag
en
t
t
h
a
t
in
itiate
s
a
n
iter
ati
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
s
elec
t
ed
n
o
d
e,
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
u
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
s
u
b
-
g
r
ap
h
an
d
all
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
lo
ca
ted
r
e
m
o
tel
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
ele
m
en
t
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
B
FS
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ill
u
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
s
e
m
i
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
d
ata
co
ll
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
w
h
er
eb
y
p
u
b
li
c
in
f
o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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p
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I
SS
N:
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33
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u
r
e
1
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llectio
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.
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2
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4
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2
.
O
SNs
a
t
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i
t
ies a
na
ly
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Face
b
o
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o
f
f
er
s
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tio
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t
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s
,
u
s
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ee
d
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h
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v
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ac
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ess
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h
eir
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co
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n
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f
th
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t
to
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e
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s
y
s
te
m
.
A
f
r
i
en
d
s
h
ip
n
et
w
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is
all
u
s
er
s
w
ith
w
h
o
m
w
e
m
a
k
e
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
l
in
k
.
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h
is
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elat
io
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s
h
ip
r
eq
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ir
es
a
b
ilater
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a
g
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ee
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et
w
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t
w
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,
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r
ien
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s
h
ip
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k
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e
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er
all
y
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ep
r
es
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ted
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y
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et
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k
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li
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k
s
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cc
o
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d
in
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to
co
m
m
o
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in
ter
ests
,
u
s
er
s
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ize
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e
m
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el
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b
s
cr
ip
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a
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d
f
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ities
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n
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u
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s
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t
f
o
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a
n
s
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h
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et
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ec
h
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n
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m
s
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d
f
ea
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u
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o
f
f
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to
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s
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lp
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ce
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lar
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e
n
u
m
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ter
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th
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eq
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ir
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m
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to
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u
s
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o
f
t
h
is
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SNs
.
T
h
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tu
d
y
o
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b
eh
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v
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th
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a
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r
esear
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if
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ic
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lt
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elate
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ex
t
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tio
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a
m
o
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m
a
n
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b
le
m
s
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f
th
i
s
k
i
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d
o
f
in
v
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tig
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tio
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ce
,
b
ased
o
n
s
to
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e
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ter
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s
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w
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ca
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l
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a
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a
n
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m
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er
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m
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t
h
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d
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atter
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t
h
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escr
ib
in
g
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s
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s
'
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
n
Face
b
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o
k
.
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e
co
n
s
id
er
f
i
v
e
u
s
er
s
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o
n
e
g
r
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u
p
an
d
t
w
o
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ag
es
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
let
d
en
o
te
t
h
e
u
s
er
b
y
U
i
,
ea
ch
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n
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m
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U
j
w
it
h
U
j
{U
a
,
U
b
,
U
c
,
U
d
,
U
e
}/{U
i
}.
A
n
is
o
lated
u
s
er
,
is
th
e
u
s
er
w
it
h
n
o
li
n
k
s
.
O
n
e
o
r
m
an
y
U
i
u
s
er
s
ca
n
f
o
llo
w
a
p
ag
e
P
k
to
cr
ea
te
f
o
llo
w
er
s
li
k
e
A
an
d
B
,
an
d
w
e
ca
n
w
r
i
te
A
=
P
1
{U
a
,
U
b
,
U
c
}
a
n
d
B
=P
2
{U
c
,
U
d
,
U
e
}.
L
et
d
e
n
o
te
b
y
G
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
: C=
G{
U
b
, U
c
, U
e
}.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
3
3
2
9
-
3337
3332
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
u
s
er
s
i
n
OSN
s
Me
asu
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
s
o
v
er
ti
m
e
al
lo
w
s
to
m
o
d
el
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
ac
tiv
itie
s
i
n
th
is
co
m
p
le
x
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
ev
en
ts
ar
e
m
a
n
ag
ed
at
th
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le
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el
o
f
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
es
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
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e
s
y
s
te
m
en
t
itie
s
w
h
ic
h
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
s
o
cial
i
n
t
er
ac
tio
n
s
,
a
s
p
ac
e
E
ca
n
b
e
a
u
s
er
,
P
ag
e
o
r
Gr
o
u
p
,
w
e
n
o
te
E
{U,
P
,
G}.
T
o
d
etec
t
th
e
s
o
cial
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
cr
ea
ted
b
y
e
n
tit
ies
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
i
n
(
1
)
th
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
H
allo
w
s
to
ca
lc
u
late
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
E
an
d
t
i
m
e
t.
Gr
o
u
p
in
g
r
es
u
lt
s
in
(
2
)
allo
w
s
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
ti
m
e
s
er
ies a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
v
is
ib
le
o
n
Fac
eb
o
o
k
(
3
)
,
F
(
,
)
=
∑
F
(
,
)
+
∑
F
(
,
)
+
∑
F
(
,
)
(
1
)
F
(
,
)
=
H
,
+
H
,
+
H
,
(
2
)
=
F
(
,
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
cial
ac
ti
v
itie
s
r
elate
d
to
v
i
s
ib
le
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
Face
b
o
o
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
to
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
v
o
lv
e
m
e
n
t o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
i
n
t
h
e
v
ir
tu
a
l
w
o
r
ld
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
e
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
ti
m
e
s
er
ies,
w
e
s
tar
t
b
y
f
ir
s
t
eli
m
in
at
in
g
ac
cid
en
tal
tr
a
n
s
it
io
n
s
to
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
s
er
ies
a
n
d
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
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o
d
etec
t
th
e
tr
en
d
,
it
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
b
u
ild
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
o
d
el
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
lin
ea
r
tr
en
d
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
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o
f
th
e
t
i
m
e
s
er
ies
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
tatio
n
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
d
ata
w
il
l
b
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
tak
in
g
i
n
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
o
v
er
-
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiatio
n
[
2
5
].
T
h
e
b
o
x
co
x
f
a
m
i
l
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
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(
4
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(
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to
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v
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t
h
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u
lt
s
[
2
6
]
.
W
e
u
s
e
th
e
m
o
v
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n
g
av
er
ag
e
m
et
h
o
d
[
2
7
]
to
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t
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[
2
8
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,
as
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ab
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tr
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m
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if
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[
2
9
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.
A
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Ob
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(
5
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t
h
e
d
ata
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
as
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
[
30
].
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
d
ec
o
m
p
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s
i
tio
n
o
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t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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(
Ja
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3333
r
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k
[
31
,
3
2
]
ex
p
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ed
in
(
6
)
an
d
(
7
)
.
Usag
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(
6
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+
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7
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+
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g
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s
[
3
3
-
3
5
]
.
T
h
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f
in
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n
g
n
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[
3
6
]
.
Sig
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[
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7
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3
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(
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3.
RE
SU
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A
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SCU
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w
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[
3
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
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3
r
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n
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40
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4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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I
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&
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re
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2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
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Fig
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4
.
Seaso
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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O
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m
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s
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o
k
u
s
er
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eh
av
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r
s
ar
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tr
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s
.
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h
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m
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o
f
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k
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o
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led
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e
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p
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ce
s
s
b
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ti
m
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d
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al
p
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ce
s
s
in
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m
et
h
o
d
s
h
as
al
lo
w
ed
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
a
lo
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f
k
n
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e
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elate
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h
av
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a
s
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an
d
p
o
p
u
la
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p
latf
o
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m
s
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c
h
as
Face
b
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k
.
Usi
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ter
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ates
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elat
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ip
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et
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.
I
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at
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ter
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eh
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r
f
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llo
w
s
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cr
ea
s
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g
d
ir
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tio
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,
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ee
p
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s
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t
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t
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g
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o
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t
t
h
e
w
ee
k
,
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d
th
is
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
OSN
s
i
n
d
ail
y
lif
e.
W
e
h
o
p
e
th
at
t
h
ese
r
e
s
u
lts
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
i
a
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
m
o
d
els.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
Id
ra
is,
Y.
El
M
o
u
d
e
n
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
b
o
u
r,
“
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
S
o
c
io
lo
g
y
o
f
M
o
ro
c
c
a
n
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
Ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
M
o
r
o
c
c
a
n
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
A
c
ti
v
it
y
o
n
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
,”
in
Fi
rs
t
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Re
a
l
Ti
me
In
t
e
ll
i
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
3
9
5
–
4
0
8
.
[2
]
Y.
El
M
o
u
d
e
n
e
,
J.
I
d
ra
is
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
b
o
u
r,
“
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
S
o
c
io
lo
g
y
o
f
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
in
M
o
ro
c
c
o
.
Da
ta
A
c
q
u
isit
io
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
:
Re
su
lt
s
a
n
d
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
v
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis,”
in
Fi
rs
t
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Rea
l
T
ime
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
0
9
–
4
1
8
.
[3
]
Y.
El
M
o
u
d
e
n
e
,
J.
Id
ra
is
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
b
o
u
r,
“
P
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
A
n
a
l
y
sis
(P
CA
)
Us
e
f
o
r
Ke
y
w
o
rd
s
Re
se
a
r
c
h
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
.
Ca
se
S
tu
d
y
:
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
In
tere
st,”
in
2
0
1
9
4
th
W
o
rld
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
lex
S
y
ste
ms
(
W
C
CS
),
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
7.
[4
]
Y.
El
M
o
u
d
e
n
e
,
J.
Id
ra
is
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
b
o
u
r,
“
T
h
e
E
ff
e
c
t
o
f
Ke
y
w
o
rd
s
Us
e
d
o
n
Co
n
ten
t
A
tt
ra
c
ti
o
n
in
Co
m
p
lex
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
Co
mp
lex
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
29
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
8
9
–
7
0
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[5
]
A
NR
T
,
“
En
q
u
e
te
d
e
c
o
l
lec
te
d
e
s
in
d
ica
teu
rs
t
ic
a
u
p
re
s
d
e
s
m
e
n
a
g
e
s
e
t
d
e
s
in
d
iv
id
u
s
a
u
n
iv
e
a
u
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
u
ti
tre
d
e
l’an
n
e
e
2
0
1
8
,
”
Pre
ss
re
lea
se
o
f
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
A
g
e
n
c
y
fo
r
th
e
Reg
u
la
ti
o
n
o
f
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
8
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
a
n
rt.
m
a
/sit
e
s/d
e
f
a
u
lt
/f
il
e
s/p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s/e
n
q
u
e
te
-
tic
-
2
0
1
8
.
p
d
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
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0
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1
:
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3
2
9
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3337
3336
[6
]
C.
A
g
u
irre,
F
.
Co
rb
a
c
h
o
,
a
n
d
R.
Hu
e
rta,
“
S
tatic
a
n
d
Dy
n
a
m
ic
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
S
m
a
ll
-
W
o
rld
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
T
o
p
o
lo
g
ies
Ba
se
d
o
n
T
ra
n
sit
-
S
t
u
b
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
Co
mp
lex
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
14
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
Ba
c
k
stro
m
,
L
.
,
Bo
ld
i,
P
.
,
Ro
sa
,
M
.
,
Ug
a
n
d
e
r,
J.
,
a
n
d
Vig
n
a
,
S
.
,
“
F
o
u
r
De
g
re
e
s o
f
S
e
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
i
n
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
t
h
e
4
th
An
n
u
a
l
ACM
W
e
b
S
c
ien
c
e
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
–
42
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/2
3
8
0
7
1
8
.
2
3
8
0
7
2
3
.
[8
]
J.
W
o
h
lg
e
m
u
th
a
n
d
M
.
T
.
M
a
ta
c
h
e
,
“
S
m
a
ll
-
W
o
rld
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
G
ro
u
p
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
C
o
mp
lex
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
23
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
–
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
V
.
M
.
Dh
a
m
d
h
e
re
a
n
d
S
.
V
a
n
ja
le,
“
P
h
ish
i
n
g
e
m
a
il
s
c
las
sif
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
lu
ste
ri
n
g
u
sin
g
d
a
ta
m
in
in
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
6
,
p
p
.
5
3
2
6
-
5
3
3
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
M
.
A
ld
wa
iri
a
n
d
L
.
A
.
Ta
w
a
lb
e
h
,
“
S
e
c
u
rit
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s f
o
r
in
telli
g
e
n
t
sp
a
m
se
n
sin
g
a
n
d
a
n
o
m
a
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
in
o
n
li
n
e
so
c
ial
p
latf
o
rm
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
5
–
2
8
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
1
]
S
e
ti
a
w
a
n
,
E.
B.
,
W
id
y
a
n
to
ro
,
D.
H.,
a
n
d
S
u
re
n
d
ro
,
K
.
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
c
re
d
ib
il
it
y
in
so
c
ial
m
e
d
ia
u
sin
g
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
se
r
p
ro
f
il
e
a
n
d
m
e
ss
a
g
e
c
o
n
ten
t
d
im
e
n
sio
n
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
7
–
3
5
4
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
1
0
i4
.
p
p
3
5
3
7
-
3
5
4
9
.
[1
2
]
S
tatista,
“
T
h
e
sta
ti
stics
p
o
rtal,
G
lo
b
a
l
so
c
ial
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
ra
n
k
e
d
,
”
2
0
2
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
sta
ti
sta
.
c
o
m
/statisti
c
s/2
7
2
0
1
4
/g
lo
b
a
l
-
so
c
ial
-
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
-
ra
n
k
e
d
-
by
-
n
u
m
b
e
r
-
of
-
u
se
rs/
[1
3
]
V
.
Be
n
so
n
a
n
d
T
.
Bu
c
h
a
n
a
n
,
“
S
o
c
ial
b
ig
d
a
ta
a
n
d
it
s
in
teg
rit
y
:
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
tru
st
a
n
d
p
e
rso
n
a
li
ty
traits
o
n
o
rg
a
n
ic
re
a
c
h
o
f
f
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
c
o
n
ten
t,
”
in
Cy
b
e
r In
fl
u
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Co
g
n
i
ti
v
e
T
h
re
a
ts
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
–
1
5
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
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4
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l
.
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o
u
d
e
n
e
,
J.
Id
ra
is
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
b
o
u
r,
“
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
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t
o
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o
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io
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y
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f
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li
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ial
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ro
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o
.
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ta
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c
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r
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ss
:
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su
lt
s
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n
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n
n
e
c
ti
v
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
Ne
w
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mp
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ter
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
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d
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ir A
p
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s
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o
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–
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0
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7
.
[1
5
]
G
jo
k
a
,
M
.
,
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ra
n
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M
.
,
Bu
tt
s,
C.
T
.
,
a
n
d
M
a
rk
o
p
o
u
lo
u
,
A
.
,
“
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
re
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o
m
m
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ti
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o
n
c
ra
w
li
n
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o
n
li
n
e
so
c
ial
n
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tw
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rk
s,”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s
in
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mm
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p
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0
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2
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1
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1
.
[1
6
]
J.
L
e
sk
o
v
e
c
a
n
d
C.
F
a
lo
u
tso
s,
“
S
a
m
p
li
n
g
f
ro
m
lar
g
e
g
ra
p
h
s,”
in
Pro
c
.
1
2
t
h
ACM
S
IGKD
D In
t.
Co
n
f.
o
n
Kn
o
wled
g
e
d
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o
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e
ry
a
n
d
d
a
ta
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n
g
,
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ia
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PA
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
6
3
1
–
6
3
6
.
[1
7
]
S
tu
tzb
a
c
h
,
D.,
Re
jaie
,
R.
,
Du
f
f
iel
d
,
N.,
S
e
n
,
S
.
,
a
n
d
W
il
li
n
g
e
r,
W
.
,
“
On
u
n
b
ias
e
d
sa
m
p
li
n
g
f
o
r
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n
stru
c
tu
re
d
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
IEE
E/
ACM
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
7
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n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
7
7
–
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9
0
,
2
0
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6
,
d
o
i:
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0
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1
1
0
9
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NET
.
2
0
0
8
.
2
0
0
1
7
3
0
.
[1
8
]
B.
Rib
e
ir
o
a
n
d
D.
T
o
w
sle
y
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
sa
m
p
li
n
g
g
ra
p
h
s
w
it
h
m
u
lt
id
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
ra
n
d
o
m
w
a
l
k
s
,
”
in
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
0
t
h
ACM
S
I
GCO
M
M
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
ter
n
e
t
me
a
su
re
me
n
t
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
9
0
–
4
0
3
.
[1
9
]
K.
A
v
ra
c
h
e
n
k
o
v
,
B.
Rib
e
iro
,
a
n
d
D.
T
o
w
sle
y
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
R
a
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
Ac
c
u
ra
c
y
w
it
h
Un
if
o
r
m
Re
sta
rts
,
”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Al
g
o
rit
h
ms
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
t
h
e
W
e
b
-
Gr
a
p
h
,
S
p
r
in
g
e
r,
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rli
n
,
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id
e
lb
e
rg
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
9
8
–
1
0
9
.
[2
0
]
M
.
G
jo
k
a
,
C.
T
.
Bu
tt
s,
M
.
K
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ra
n
t
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
a
rk
o
p
o
u
lo
u
,
“
M
u
lt
ig
ra
p
h
S
a
m
p
li
n
g
o
f
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s in
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
2
9
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o
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
3
–
1
9
0
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
1
]
S
.
W
a
ss
e
r
m
a
n
a
n
d
K.
F
a
u
st,
“
S
o
c
ial
Ne
t
w
o
rk
A
n
a
l
y
sis:
M
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Ca
mb
ri
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g
e
U
n
ive
rs
it
y
Pre
ss
,
1
9
9
4
.
[2
2
]
M
.
Ku
ra
n
t,
A
.
M
a
rk
o
p
o
u
lo
u
,
a
n
d
P
.
T
h
iran
,
“
T
o
wa
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s u
n
b
ias
e
d
BF
S
sa
m
p
li
n
g
,
”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
n
S
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lec
ted
Are
a
s in
Co
mm
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n
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v
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l
.
2
9
,
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o
9
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
9
–
1
8
0
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
B.
V
isw
a
n
a
th
,
A
.
M
islo
v
e
,
M
.
Ch
a
,
a
n
d
K.
G
u
m
m
a
d
i,
“
On
th
e
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
u
se
r
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
i
n
f
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
,
”
in
Pro
c
.
2
n
d
wo
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
On
li
n
e
so
c
ia
l
n
e
two
rk
s
,
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rc
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lo
n
a
,
S
p
a
i
n
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
3
7
–
4
2
.
[2
4
]
S
.
Ye
,
J.
L
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
F
.
W
u
,
“
Cra
w
li
n
g
o
n
li
n
e
so
c
ial
g
ra
p
h
s
,
”
in
P
ro
c
.
1
2
t
h
Asia
-
Pa
c
if
ic
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e
b
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n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
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sa
n
,
Ko
re
a
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
–
2
4
2
.
[2
5
]
V
a
len
z
u
e
la,
O.,
R
o
jas
,
I.
,
Ro
ja
s,
F
.
,
P
o
m
a
re
s,
H.,
He
rre
ra
,
L
.
J.,
G
u
il
lén
,
A
.,
“
H
y
b
rid
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
in
telli
g
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
a
n
d
A
RIM
A
m
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
ti
m
e
se
ries
p
re
d
ictio
n
,
”
Fu
zz
y
S
e
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
5
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
8
2
1
–
8
4
5
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
f
ss
.
2
0
0
7
.
1
1
.
0
0
3
.
[2
6
]
L
.
E.
Ra
ff
a
lo
v
ich
,
“
De
tren
d
in
g
ti
m
e
se
rie
s:
A
c
a
u
ti
o
n
a
ry
n
o
te,”
S
o
c
io
l
o
g
ica
l
M
e
th
o
d
s
&
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
9
2
–
5
1
9
,
1
9
9
4
.
[2
7
]
G
.
E.
Bo
x
a
n
d
D.
A
.
P
ierc
e
,
“
Dis
tri
b
u
t
io
n
o
f
re
sid
u
a
l
a
u
to
c
o
rre
lati
o
n
s
i
n
a
u
t
o
re
g
re
ss
iv
e
-
in
teg
ra
t
e
d
m
o
v
in
g
a
v
e
ra
g
e
ti
m
e
s
e
ries
m
o
d
e
ls,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Ame
ric
a
n
sta
ti
st
ica
l
Asso
c
i
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
6
5
,
n
o
.
3
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
9
–
1
5
2
6
,
1
9
7
0
.
[2
8
]
S
.
L
in
g
a
n
d
W
.
K.
L
i,
“
On
f
ra
c
ti
o
n
a
ll
y
in
teg
ra
ted
a
u
to
re
g
re
ss
iv
e
m
o
v
in
g
-
a
v
e
ra
g
e
ti
m
e
se
rie
s
m
o
d
e
ls
w
it
h
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
a
l
h
e
tero
sc
e
d
a
sticity
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Ame
ric
a
n
S
t
a
ti
stica
l
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
9
2
,
n
o
.
4
3
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
4
–
1
1
9
4
,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
9
]
G
.
G
ra
y
a
n
d
P
.
J.
T
h
o
m
so
n
,
“
On
a
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
f
in
it
e
m
o
v
in
g
‐
a
v
e
ra
g
e
tren
d
f
il
ters
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
d
s
o
f
se
ries
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Fo
re
c
a
stin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
–
1
4
9
,
2
0
0
2
.
[3
0
]
Y.
Ch
e
n
,
S
.
L
.
Bre
ss
ler,
a
n
d
M
.
D
in
g
,
“
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
e
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
G
ra
n
g
e
r
c
a
u
sa
li
t
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
to
m
u
lt
iv
a
riate
n
e
u
ra
l
f
ield
p
o
ten
t
ial
d
a
ta,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
n
e
u
ro
sc
ien
c
e
me
th
o
d
s
,
v
o
l.
1
5
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
8
–
2
3
7
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
1
]
J.
Id
ra
is,
Y.
El
M
o
u
d
e
n
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
b
o
u
r,
“
On
l
in
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
S
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
re
g
u
lar
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs o
f
a
targ
e
ted
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
n
a
c
o
m
p
lex
n
e
tw
o
rk
u
sin
g
a
ti
m
e
s
e
rie
s
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
in
2
0
1
9
4
th
W
o
rld
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mp
lex
S
y
ste
ms
(
W
CCS
),
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
7.
[3
2
]
J.
Id
ra
is,
Y.
El
M
o
u
d
e
n
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
b
o
u
r,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
in
g
u
se
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
in
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
S
tu
d
y
o
f
se
a
so
n
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
M
o
ro
c
c
a
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
o
n
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
,
”
in
2
0
1
9
T
h
ird
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
i
n
Da
t
a
S
c
ien
c
e
s (
IC
DS
)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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3337
[3
3
]
Y.
J.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
J.
J.
G
e
rb
ra
n
d
s,
“
Ob
jec
ti
v
e
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
ti
tativ
e
se
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
,
”
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i
g
n
a
l
p
ro
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g
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v
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l.
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.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
4
3
–
5
4
,
1
9
9
4
.
[3
4
]
H.
M
it
telm
a
n
n
a
n
d
J.
Ca
d
z
o
w
,
“
Co
n
ti
n
u
i
ty
o
f
c
lo
se
st
ra
n
k
-
p
a
p
p
ro
x
im
a
ti
o
n
s
to
m
a
tri
c
e
s,”
IEE
E
t
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
a
c
o
u
stics
,
s
p
e
e
c
h
,
a
n
d
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p
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–
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1
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,
1
9
8
7
.
[3
5
]
J.
S
.
K
o
u
n
in
a
n
d
P
.
H.
D
o
y
le,
“
De
g
r
e
e
o
f
c
o
n
ti
n
u
it
y
o
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les
s
o
n
'
s
sig
n
a
l
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
th
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tas
k
in
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lv
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
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h
il
d
re
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
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n
a
l
Psy
c
h
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y
,
v
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l.
6
7
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n
o
.
2
,
1
9
7
5
,
A
rt
.
n
o
.
159
.
[3
6
]
Ed
e
lstein
,
W
.
A
.
,
G
lo
v
e
r,
G
.
H.,
Ha
rd
y
,
C.
J.,
a
n
d
Re
d
in
g
t
o
n
,
R
.
W
.
,
“
T
h
e
in
tri
n
sic
sig
n
a
l
‐
to
‐
n
o
is
e
ra
ti
o
in
NMR
im
a
g
in
g
,
”
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
re
so
n
a
n
c
e
in
me
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l.
3
,
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
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4
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1
8
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9
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d
o
i:
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/m
r
m
.
1
9
1
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0
3
0
4
1
3
.
[3
7
]
Rih
a
c
z
e
k
,
“
S
ig
n
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
in
t
im
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
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n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
h
e
o
ry
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
no
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
6
9
–
3
7
4
,
1
9
6
8
.
[3
8
]
J.
F
.
Ka
ise
r,
“
On
a
si
m
p
le
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
to
c
a
lcu
late
th
e
'
e
n
e
rg
y
'
o
f
a
s
ig
n
a
l,
”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
a
c
o
u
stics
,
sp
e
e
c
h
,
a
n
d
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
1
9
9
0
,
p
p
.
3
8
1
–
3
8
4
.
[3
9
]
V
.
M
o
n
b
e
t,
“
T
im
e
S
e
ries
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
T
i
m
e
S
e
ries
c
o
u
rse
s
,
”
Un
iv
e
r
sity
o
f
Re
n
n
e
s,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
2
.
[4
0
]
W
.
S
.
Clev
e
lan
d
a
n
d
S
.
J.
De
v
li
n
.
“
Ca
len
d
a
r
e
ff
e
c
t
s
in
m
o
n
th
ly
ti
m
e
se
ries
:
d
e
te
c
ti
o
n
b
y
sp
e
c
tru
m
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
g
ra
p
h
ica
l
m
e
th
o
d
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Ame
ric
a
n
S
t
a
ti
stica
l
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
7
5
,
n
o
.
3
7
1
,
p
p
.
4
8
7
–
4
9
6
,
1
9
8
0
.
[4
1
]
Na
k
a
g
a
wa
,
M
.
,
Iw
a
o
,
T
.
,
Ish
id
a
,
S
.
,
Y
o
n
e
m
o
c
h
i,
H.,
F
u
ji
n
o
,
T
.
,
S
a
ik
a
w
a
,
T
.
,
a
n
d
It
o
,
M
.
,
“
Circa
d
ian
rh
y
th
m
o
f
th
e
sig
n
a
l
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
e
lec
tro
c
a
rd
io
g
ra
m
a
n
d
it
s rela
ti
o
n
to
h
e
a
rt
ra
te v
a
r
iab
il
it
y
in
h
e
a
lt
h
y
su
b
jec
ts,”
He
a
rt
,
v
o
l.
7
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
–
4
9
6
,
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
3
6
/
h
rt.
7
9
.
5
.
4
9
3
.
[4
2
]
W
.
K.
Nu
tt
le,
“
T
h
e
e
x
ten
t
o
f
late
ra
l
w
a
t
e
r
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
se
d
im
e
n
ts
o
f
a
Ne
w
En
g
lan
d
sa
lt
m
a
r
sh
,
”
W
a
ter
Res
o
u
rc
e
s R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
7
–
2
0
8
5
,
1
9
8
8
.
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