Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
5
,
Octo
ber
201
9
, pp.
3504
~
35
11
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
5
.
pp3504
-
35
11
3504
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Obstacl
e avoid
ance and di
stance m
easur
ement for un
mann
ed
aeri
al veh
icles
us
ing mon
oc
ul
ar vision
Aswi
ni N
.
,
U
ma
S
.
V
.
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
C
om
m
unic
at
ion,
RNS
Inst
it
ute of Te
chno
log
y
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
a
n
3
, 201
9
Re
vised
Ma
r
2
2
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Apr
9
, 2
01
9
Unm
anne
d
Aeri
al
Vehicle
s
or
c
om
m
only
known
as
drone
s
are
bet
t
er
suite
d
for
"dull,
dirty
,
or
dange
rous"
mi
ss
ions
tha
n
m
an
ned
ai
rcr
aft.
The
drone
ca
n
be
e
it
her
remote
l
y
cont
ro
lled
or
it
ca
n
tra
v
el
as
per
pr
ede
fin
ed
pat
h
usin
g
complex
aut
om
a
ti
on
al
gori
thm.
To
m
ake
it
completel
y
aut
onom
ous,
the
m
ost
cha
l
le
nging
pro
ble
m
faced
b
y
UA
Vs
is
obstac
le
avoi
dan
ce.
In
thi
s
pap
er,
fron
ta
l
obstacles
are
detec
te
d
using
m
onocul
ar
v
i
sion
b
y
ex
tra
c
ting
feature
s
using
Com
pute
r
Vision
al
gorit
h
m
s
li
ke
Scal
e
Inva
ria
n
t
Feat
ure
Tra
nsform
(SIF
T)
and
Spe
ed
ed
Up
Robust
Feat
ur
e
(SU
RF
)
.
Distan
ce
of
t
he
obsta
cl
e
from
ca
m
era
is
ca
l
cul
a
te
d
b
y
m
ea
suring
t
he
pix
el
var
iation
in
c
onsec
uti
v
e
vide
o
fr
ames.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
e
de
fin
ed
object
ive
s,
d
e
signed
s
y
st
em
is
te
sted
with
self
-
develope
d
v
ide
os whic
h
ar
e ca
ptur
ed
b
y
DJ
I
Phantom 4
pro.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Dista
nce
m
easur
em
ent
Ob
sta
cl
e
a
void
ance
Scal
e
i
nv
a
riant
f
eat
ure
t
ran
s
form
(
SI
F
T)
Sp
ee
ded
u
p
r
obus
t
f
eat
ures
(S
UR
F)
Un
m
ann
e
d
a
e
rial
v
ehicl
e
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Asw
i
ni N,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
and C
omm
un
ic
ation
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
RNS
In
sti
tute
of Tech
nolo
gy,
Dr
.
V
is
hnuva
r
dh
a
na
R
oa
d,
R
R N
a
gar P
os
t,
Chan
nasa
ndra,
Ban
galor
e
,
560098
-
India
.
Em
a
il
: shij
ia
swin
i@
gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Un
m
ann
e
d
A
er
ia
l Veh
ic
le
s
, c
omm
on
ly
k
nown
a
s dr
on
es
a
re no
w
ve
ry m
uch
popula
r
i
n bo
t
h
m
ilit
ary
and
ci
vil
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
UAVs
ha
ve
gro
wn
sig
nifica
ntly
cov
e
rin
g
va
rio
us
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
s
rangi
ng
from
su
r
veill
ance
in
m
ilit
ary
to
com
m
ercial
app
li
cat
ion
s
li
ke,
pr
oduct
deli
ver
y,
firef
i
gh
ti
ng,
preci
sion
far
m
ing
et
c.
Th
ey
ha
ve
un
li
m
it
ed
po
te
ntial
s.
The
gro
wth
of
U
AV
s
has
be
en
rem
ark
a
ble
and
in
the
c
om
ing
ye
ars,
t
he
y
are
go
i
ng
t
o
be
a
bi
g
su
ccess
.
T
he
var
io
us
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
of
dron
e
s
and
t
heir
gr
owin
g
dem
and
i
n
f
uture
is
sho
wn
i
n
F
igure
1.
Figure
1.
G
row
ing
dem
and
of
dro
nes
in
the
f
uture
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ob
st
acle
avo
i
dance
an
d dist
ance
measure
m
ent for
un
man
ne
d aerial
ve
hic
le
s u
sin
g
m
onoc
ula
r
...
(
Aswi
ni
N
)
3505
As
in
[
1],
the
re
are
te
n
le
ve
ls
of
aut
onom
ou
s
m
issi
on
con
tr
ol
ra
ng
i
ng
from
automa
ti
c
m
issi
on
con
t
ro
l
(
rem
otely
gu
ide
d
ai
r
craft)
to
pa
rtia
l
autonom
ous
m
issi
on
co
nt
ro
l
(
UAV
eq
uipped
with
f
ai
lure
adap
ta
ti
on
al
gorithm
s)
to
f
ul
ly
autonom
ou
s
syst
e
m
s
(UAV
fr
ee
f
ro
m
hu
m
an
ope
ra
tor).
T
he
c
omm
ercial
app
li
cat
io
ns
re
qu
i
re
the
sm
a
l
l
UA
Vs
to
fly
at
lower
al
ti
t
ud
e
or
ope
rati
ng
insi
de
buil
dings,
w
he
re
they
are
expose
d
to
m
any
haza
rd
s
a
nd
obsta
cl
es.
C
urren
t
UAV
te
chnolo
gy
in
a
uto
m
at
ic
ally
s
ensin
g,
detec
ti
ng,
an
d
avo
i
ding
fixe
d
ob
sta
cl
es
su
c
h
as
power
li
ne
,
bu
il
di
ng,
to
wer,
tree,
an
d
m
ov
ing
obsta
c
le
s
su
ch
as
bir
ds
,
an
d
oth
e
r
ai
rc
raf
t
i
s
sti
ll
i
m
m
at
ur
e
com
par
ed
to
m
ann
ed
ae
rial
ve
hicle
.
S
o,
t
her
e
is
a
gr
eat
sco
pe
of
rese
arch
in
e
m
bed
di
ng
Se
ns
e
-
A
vo
i
d
Det
ect
al
go
rithm
s
on
boar
d
UAV
.
By
acqu
i
rin
g
the
sen
sin
g
m
echan
ism
,
op
ti
m
u
m
routin
g of
U
A
V
as i
n [2
]
ca
n be
ver
y e
ff
ect
i
ve.
The
li
m
i
ta
ti
on
s
of
car
ryi
ng
heav
y
weig
ht,
costly
eq
uip
m
ents
li
ke
Ra
da
r,
Li
dar
et
c
in
com
m
ercial
dro
nes
ca
n
be
ov
e
rc
om
e
by
usi
ng
cam
eras
f
or
obsta
cl
e
se
nsi
ng.
T
o
a
ddr
ess
the
pro
ble
m
s
of
vis
ual
tr
ackin
g,
obj
ect
rec
ognit
ion
a
nd
a
vo
i
da
nce,
the
c
on
c
e
pt
of
e
xtracti
ng
key
points
is
app
li
ed
in
t
his
pap
e
r.
I
n
sect
ion
2,
relat
ed
w
orks
on
visio
n
-
base
d
obsta
cl
e
a
vo
i
dan
ce
are
disc
us
se
d.
T
he
us
e
of
c
om
pu
te
r
vi
sion
al
go
rith
m
s
is
a
prom
isi
ng
so
l
ut
ion
for
easi
e
r
obsta
cl
e
de
te
ct
ion
i
n
r
eal
ti
m
e
vid
e
o
proc
essing.
Acc
uracy
perf
or
m
ance
in
visio
n
-
base
d
na
vig
at
io
n
de
pe
nd
s
on
ob
j
ect
tracki
ng
a
nd
pe
rfor
m
ance.
Fea
ture
de
scri
pto
r
al
go
rit
hm
s
in
cl
ude
S
pee
ded
U
p
R
obus
t
Feat
ur
es
(S
UR
F)
[3
]
a
nd
Scal
e
I
nv
a
r
ia
nt
Feat
ur
e
Tr
ansfo
rm
(S
IF
T
)
[
4].
Alth
ough
S
IF
T
has
pro
ven
to
be
ve
ry
ef
fici
ent
in
obj
ec
t
recog
niti
on
app
li
cat
io
ns
,
i
t
requires
a
l
arg
e
com
pu
ta
ti
on
a
l
com
plexity
wh
ic
h
is
a
m
ajo
r
draw
bac
k
especial
ly
for
real
-
ti
m
e
app
li
cat
ion
s.
S
pee
d
up
R
obus
t
Feat
ur
e
(S
UR
F)
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
,
w
hich
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
s
SI
FT,
perform
s
faster
than
SIF
T
with
ou
t
r
ed
uc
ing
the
qual
it
y
of
the
detect
ed
point
s
.
These
t
wo
robust
featu
r
e
descr
i
ptors
are
inva
riant
to
scal
e
changes,
blur,
r
ot
at
ion
,
il
lu
m
inati
on
changes
a
nd
af
fine
tra
ns
f
orm
at
ion
.
In
t
he
existi
ng
w
ork
s,
va
rio
us
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
f
or
f
eat
ur
e
extracti
on
an
d
hen
ce
detect
ion
of
obsta
cl
es
are
e
xp
la
in
ed.
In
our
w
o
r
k
wh
ic
h
is
giv
e
n
in
sect
i
on
3,
after
extr
act
in
g
featu
res,
we
are
m
easur
ing
the
ap
pro
xi
m
at
e
distance
bet
wee
n
the
ca
m
era
and
obsta
cl
e
by
cal
culat
in
g
the
pix
el
var
ia
ti
on
from
c
on
secuti
ve
vid
e
o
f
ram
es.
The
resu
lt
s
giv
en
in
s
ect
ion
4
sho
ws
that
the pr
opos
e
d m
et
ho
d
is
an ef
fici
ent w
ay
t
o avo
i
d obst
acl
es in th
e
p
at
h of
UAV.
2.
RELATE
D
W
ORKS
Abd
ulla Al
-
Ka
ff
et.al
[
5] prop
os
e
d
a real
-
tim
e colli
sion
avoidan
ce a
nd
obj
e
ct
d
et
ect
ion
alg
or
i
thm
f
or
UAV.
A
sin
gula
r
m
on
oc
ula
r
cam
era
is
mo
unte
d
on
ve
hi
cl
e
to
captur
e
the
i
m
age.
SIFT
an
d
Br
ute
Fo
r
ce
al
gorithm
is
us
ed
f
or
ge
ne
rati
ng
a
nd
m
at
ching
keyp
oin
ts.
Pr
oc
essin
g
tim
e
required
is
52.
4m
s
with
62
-
degree
Fiel
d
of
View
(FO
V)
.
In t
his
work they
ca
n
detect
ob
j
ect
s
within
90 to
12
0
cm
r
an
ge.
Leve
nte
Kova
cs
et
.al
[6
]
pr
opose
d
a
dec
onvo
l
ution
te
ch
ni
qu
e
to
disc
ove
r
the
obj
ect
re
gion
to
ta
ke
ou
t
feat
ur
es
of
that
obj
ect
an
d
to
create
feat
ur
e
m
ap
wh
ic
h
is
us
ually
cal
l
ed
as
D
-
m
ap.
Monoc
ular
ca
m
era
is
e
m
plo
ye
d
to
ca
pture
obsta
cl
e
with
lo
w
c
olli
sion
rati
o
a
nd
frequ
e
ntly
us
e
d
i
n
va
rio
us
e
nvir
on
m
ents.
I
n
F
ut
ur
e,
in they need
to
f
us
e the f
eat
ur
e (Map)
w
it
h o
ther
featu
res
of
i
m
age.
Me
thodo
l
og
y use
d
in
this w
ork
is he
lpf
ul
in n
a
vig
at
i
on s
yst
e
m
, s
urveil
la
nce,
m
il
it
ar
y,
m
app
in
g
a
nd odo
m
et
ry.
Om
id
Esraf
il
ia
n
et
.al
[7
]
pro
po
s
ed
a
c
olli
sion
a
vo
i
dan
ce
schem
e
fo
r
Aer
ia
l
Q
ua
dro
tor
(
Dro
ne).
Vide
o
stream
s
recorde
d
usi
ng
f
rontal
cam
era
an
d
the
na
vig
at
io
n
data
m
easur
ed
by
Aer
ia
l
Q
uadr
otor
is
transm
itted
to
groun
d
sta
ti
on
th
r
oug
h
w
irel
ess
netw
ork
co
nn
ect
i
on.
Si
m
ultaneou
s
ly
Locali
zat
ion
an
d
Ma
pp
i
ng
(
SL
AM)
is
help
ful
in
nav
igati
on
an
d
m
app
ing
.
The
nav
i
ga
ti
on
data
recei
ved
is
proces
s
ed
by
Or
ie
nted
Fast
and
R
otate
d
B
rief
(
ORB)
a
nd
SL
AM
to
c
om
pu
te
3D
m
aps
an
d
three
-
dim
ension
al
po
si
ti
o
n
of
rob
ot.
The
scal
ing
par
am
et
er
of
m
on
oc
ular
SLA
M
is
fig
ur
ed
out
us
i
ng
li
near
filt
ering.
Kalm
an
Fil
te
r
(K
F
)
is
us
e
d
f
or
f
us
in
g
sens
or
in
m
onocu
la
r
cam
era
of
Ae
rial
Q
uadro
t
or
.
F
or
c
ontrolli
ng
th
ree
-
di
m
ension
al
posit
io
n
of
obsta
cl
e,
Propo
rtion
al
In
te
gr
al
D
eriv
at
ive
(P
I
D)
co
ntr
oller
is
desi
gn
e
d.
The
deisg
n
of
a
PID
co
ntr
oller
f
or
AR. Dr
one is
gi
ven
i
n [8
]
.
Jak
ob
En
gel
e
t.al
[9
]
e
xp
la
i
ned
an
U
A
V
nav
i
gation
m
eth
od
i
n
Global
Po
sit
io
ning
S
yst
e
m
(G
PS
)
enab
le
d
s
urrou
nd
i
ngs.
T
he
Q
uadr
ocopter
ba
sed
syst
em
includes
SL
AM
Algorithm
,
Ext
end
e
d
Kalm
an
Fil
te
r
(EKF)
f
or
f
us
i
ng
the
sen
sor.
PID
offer
ste
erin
g
c
omm
and
,
t
o
c
ontrol
a
nd
di
rect
acc
urat
ly
.
EKF
c
om
pu
tes
scal
e
m
ap
up
t
o
±
1.7%
if
va
lue
is
tr
ue.
Thi
s
syst
em
is
app
li
cable
f
or
outdoor
surr
ound
ing
s
ha
ving
a
ve
rage
locat
i
on
acc
ur
acy
18.0
cm
,
indo
or
e
nvir
on
m
ent
with
aver
a
ge
posit
ion
accu
racy
of
4.9cm
,
havi
ng
a
n
acce
ptable
del
ay
of
400m
s.
This
syst
e
m
of
fe
rs
rob
us
tnes
s
against
vis
ual
trackin
g
loss,
it
el
i
m
inate
s
odom
et
ry
flo
w du
e
to SL
AM,
pro
vid
es
accurate
na
viga
ti
on
esti
m
ati
on.
Yuki
Sa
kai
et
.
al
[
10]
h
as
pr
opos
e
d
obj
ect
detect
ion
an
d
trackin
g
syst
e
m
bu
sing
S
IFT
an
d
S
URF
m
et
ho
ds.
I
n
th
is
m
e
tho
d
the
accuracy
f
ound
for
m
at
ched
key
points
usi
ng
S
URF
al
gorithm
is
hig
he
r
w
hen
com
par
ed
to
SI
FT
.
I
n
the
f
uture,
this
te
c
hnology
of
de
te
ct
ing
a
sp
ec
ific
obj
ect
in
vid
e
o
or
im
ages
are
exp
ect
e
d
to
further
e
xpan
d
t
o
a
wi
de
ra
ng
e
of
a
ppli
cat
ion
s,
li
ke
ca
r
de
te
ct
ion
f
un
ct
io
ns
f
or
ITS
a
nd
oth
e
r
syst
e
m
s.
Sy
m
m
et
rical
SU
RF
detect
or
is
i
ntrod
uced
by
J
un
Wei
H
sie
h
e
t.al
[11]
t
o
det
erm
ine
the
obje
ct
of
interest
f
or
vehi
cl
es
on
r
oa
d.
I
n
this
m
et
ho
d,
the
SU
RF
al
gorithm
is
us
ed
to
extr
act
ve
hicle
featur
es
.
For
real
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
5
0
4
-
3
5
1
1
3506
tim
e
app
li
cat
i
on
s
,
S
URF
is
eff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
al
ong
with
i
t
el
i
m
inate
s
back
gr
ound
subtract
io
n.
H
oweve
r,
the
am
big
uity
issue
s
res
ulti
ng
f
ro
m
veh
ic
le
s
hav
i
ng
sim
ilar
sh
a
pes
pose
d
a
m
ajo
r
chal
le
ng
e.
To
a
ddr
ess
the
a
m
big
uity
issu
es
giv
e
n
im
age
is
sect
or
e
d
i
nto
se
ve
ral
gri
ds
.
Histo
gr
am
of
G
rad
ie
nt
(
HOG
)
an
d
S
U
RF
is
app
li
ed
on
t
he
sect
or
e
d
gr
i
d
t
o
e
xtract
nu
m
erical
featu
res.
Finall
y
,
Sup
port
Vect
or
Ma
c
hin
e
(SVM)
cl
assifi
er
is use
d
to
class
ify
v
e
hicle
cate
gory.
Ah
le
m
W
al
ha
et
.al
[1
2]
has
pro
po
se
d
an
obj
ect
detect
io
n
and
vide
o
sta
bili
zat
ion
syst
em
.
The
data
pro
vid
e
d
by
a
erial
su
r
veill
an
ce
syst
e
m
su
ffers
va
riat
ion
s
du
e
t
o
the
m
otion
of
t
he
cam
era
.
T
o
sta
bili
ze
the
aerial
su
r
veill
ance
vid
e
o
a
nd
to
detect
the
m
ov
ing
obj
ect
,
Kalm
an
filt
ering
an
d
S
IF
T
a
re
use
d.
A
m
atch
in
g
al
gorithm
is
us
ed
f
or
fe
at
ur
e
m
at
ching
pur
pose.
Ra
ndom
Sam
ple
Con
sensus
(RA
NSA
C)
est
i
m
at
e
do
m
inant
obj
ect
m
otion
and
pr
ov
i
de
outl
ie
r
to
m
at
ch
key
points
.
F
or
obj
ect
detect
ion,
a
n
a
da
ptiv
e
cl
us
te
ri
ng
al
gorithm
is
us
e
d.
O
nce
m
ov
ing
ob
j
ect
is
detect
ed,
to
t
rack
t
he
obje
ct
and
t
o
sm
oo
th
en
the
m
ov
em
ent,
Kalm
an
filt
ering
is use
d.
Desire
d
m
otion
is
ret
ai
ned
us
i
ng m
e
dian fil
te
rin
g.
Hail
ing
Zh
ou
et
.al
[13]
pres
ents
a
veh
ic
le
trackin
g
syst
e
m
in
UAV
vide
os
.
A
gr
a
ph
c
ut
m
et
ho
d
is
us
e
d
to
e
xtract
the
sp
eci
fie
d
ro
a
d
in
R
OI
(
Re
gion
of
I
nte
rest).
Fast
feat
ur
e
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
us
ed
t
o
coll
ect
the
nu
m
erical
featur
es
a
nd
Kanade
-
L
ucas
-
T
om
asi
(
KLT
)
f
eat
ur
e
trac
ke
r
is
app
li
e
d
to
est
i
m
at
e
the
m
ot
ion
.
RANSAC
est
im
at
or
is
pr
e
ferred
t
o
outl
ine
the
valid
key
point’s
featu
res.
The
p
re
ferred
syst
e
m
per
for
m
anc
e
is
analy
zed
wi
th
dr
ift
e
rro
r
and
zi
gza
g
c
onto
ur
pr
ob
le
m
s.
E
xperim
ent
al
res
ults
sho
w
th
at
,
this
te
chn
i
qu
e
pro
vid
es
a
n
ef
f
ect
ive
so
luti
on
to
two
pro
ble
m
s
in
UAVs
i.
e.
w
hen
t
he
vid
eo
is
ca
pture
d
at
low
al
ti
tud
es
a
nd
with
high s
pee
ds
.
Pour
ia
Sa
de
ghi
-
Teh
ran
et
.al
[14]
has
desig
ned
a
n
a
uton
om
ou
s
tem
plate
m
at
ching
bas
ed
ob
j
ect
trackin
g
m
od
e
l.
This
ap
proa
ch
was
te
s
te
d
us
in
g
pre
-
rec
orde
d
vi
deo
s
wh
ic
h
are
ta
ke
n
by
AR
D
r
on
e
.
Key
feat
ur
e
points
a
re
detec
te
d
usi
ng
F
AST
detect
or.
He
re
te
m
plate
m
at
ching
is
perf
or
m
ed
by
m
at
chin
g
featur
e
s
of th
e
ref
e
ren
ce
fram
e w
it
h
sea
rch f
ram
e. Bru
te
forc
e algori
thm
is
u
se
d
f
or init
ia
l fea
tu
re m
at
chi
ng of
key
points.
R
ANSAC
est
im
at
or
c
om
pu
te
f
undam
ental
H
m
at
rix.
RA
NSAC
fin
d
i
nlier
s
an
d
the
outl
ie
rs
get
el
i
m
inate
d during H
m
at
rix
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
.
A
co
ntext
-
a
wa
re
m
otion
desc
riptor
(CMD
)
is
desig
ne
d
by
Tao
Che
n
et
al
[15]
for
detect
ing
obj
ect
-
lve
l
m
otion
usi
ng
m
ov
in
g
ca
m
eras.
They
c
al
culat
e
the
co
ntextual
i
nform
at
ion
li
ke
op
ti
cal
flow
of
th
e
i
m
age
backg
rou
nd
surroun
ding
the
o
bject
of
i
ntere
st.
The
inc
on
si
ste
ncy
of
the
hi
stog
ram
s
betw
een
the
ob
j
ect
an
d
the
su
r
rou
nd
i
ngs is
m
easur
ed.
W
il
ber
t
G.
A
gu
il
a
r
et
.al
[
16]
has
pro
pos
ed
real
-
tim
e
m
ic
ro
aerial
-
ba
sed
obj
ect
de
te
ct
ion
an
d
colli
sion
av
oi
dan
ce
syst
em
.
In
this
m
e
t
hod,
S
URF
de
scripto
r
extr
ac
ts
the
ob
st
acl
e
featur
e
po
i
nts
.
These
e
xtracte
d
feat
ur
es
get
com
par
ed
bet
ween
t
he
im
a
ges
f
ro
m
the
database
with
ou
t
inc
rem
entin
g
t
he
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
cost.
T
o
av
oid
an
obsta
cl
e
,
a
con
t
ro
l
la
w
is
i
m
ple
m
ented.
T
his
m
et
ho
d
is
te
ste
d
in
real
ti
m
e
on
low
-
cost
U
AV
and the
res
ult s
hows
t
hat it
ef
f
e
ct
ively
d
et
ect
s and a
voids t
he
co
ll
isi
on.
Trun
g
Nguyen
et.al
[17]
ha
s
pro
posed
th
ree
-
dim
ension
al
vi
su
al
na
vi
gation
te
chn
i
qu
e
s o
n
fun
nel
la
ne
theo
ry
f
or
qu
ad
ro
t
or
ve
hic
le
,
to
overc
om
e
dr
a
wb
ac
ks
of
KLT
feat
ur
e
.
T
o
de
velop
f
unnel
la
ne
theo
ry
nav
i
gation
on
t
he
qua
d
r
otor
and
t
o
im
pr
ove
the
syst
e
m
ro
bust
ness,
S
U
RF
featu
re
is
use
d.
It
is
m
or
e
rob
us
t
and
le
ss
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
tha
n
KLT
featu
re.
Feat
ur
es
are
t
r
acked
us
i
ng
f
eat
ur
e
m
at
ching
.
R
obot
Op
e
r
at
ing
Syst
e
m
and
G
azebo
sim
ulator
are
em
plo
ye
d
for
sim
ulatio
n.
In
fu
t
ur
e
,
this
m
et
ho
d
ad
dre
sses
the
pro
ble
m
of
visu
al
obsta
cl
e av
oid
a
nce
dur
ing
path
foll
ow
ing
a
nd im
pr
ov
e the self
-
local
iz
at
ion
pr
ob
le
m
.
Jag
deep
K
au
r
et
.al
[1
8]
has
pro
posed
vid
e
o
sta
bili
zat
ion
an
d
m
ov
ing
ob
j
e
ct
s
detect
ion
m
odule.
S
IF
T
and
SU
R
F
are
us
e
d
as
de
scri
pt
or
s.
Wh
il
e
est
i
m
ating
par
am
et
ers
of
cam
era,
this
m
et
ho
d
te
nd
s
t
o
fi
nd
m
ov
i
ng
obj
ect
usi
ng
K
alm
an
filt
ering.
Re
ferred
m
od
ule
recog
nizes
the
ob
j
ect
an
d
rea
rr
a
nges
m
otion
of
m
ov
in
g
th
e
obj
ect
int
o
a
st
abili
zed
posit
ion.
He
re
S
IF
T
is
us
ed
f
or
sta
bi
li
zi
ng
vid
e
o
a
nd
t
o
detect
m
ov
i
ng
ob
j
ect
.
F
eat
ur
e
extracti
on
a
nd
desc
riptor
m
at
ching
al
gorit
hm
are
us
ed
for
cam
era
m
otion
est
i
m
at
i
on.
I
n
fu
t
ur
e
work,
this
m
e
tho
d
t
ries
to
im
ple
m
e
nt
vid
e
o
sta
bili
zat
ion
te
ch
niques
w
hic
h
will
us
e
m
or
e
fr
a
m
es
or
m
assive
vide
o
siz
e a
nd e
xtre
m
el
y qu
ic
k pro
cessi
ng s
peed.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
databa
se
is
create
d
by
“
DJI
Ph
anto
m
4
pro
”
[19]
dro
ne
w
it
h
1920x108
0
fr
am
e
res
olu
ti
on
.
The
dron
e
is
m
ade
to
fly
6
f
eet
above
f
ro
m
the
earth
with
1
Me
te
r/sec
s
peed.
Co
ns
ide
r
ing
the
dif
fer
e
nt
sta
te
of
t
he
obj
ect
m
ul
ti
ple
vid
eo
s
are
ca
ptured
.
The
data
base
has
bee
n
gen
e
rated
by
usi
ng
sta
ti
c
and
m
oving
ca
r
in
the
fiel
d
of
view
of
qua
dc
op
te
r.
For
ea
ch
database
,
t
he
a
ngle
of
vi
ew
is
70
0
an
d
co
ver
e
d
dista
nce
is
appr
ox
im
at
ely
30
Me
te
r
.
The
m
ini
m
u
m
d
iffe
ren
ce
m
ai
ntained
bet
ween
dron
e
a
nd
t
he
sta
ti
c
/
m
ov
ing
ob
je
ct
is
≅
3.5
to
4.5
M
et
er.
T
he
res
ol
ution
of
the
Vide
os
ca
pt
ured
a
re
ve
ry
hi
gh
f
or
in
di
vidual
f
ram
e
analy
sis,
hen
ce
it
is
nec
essary
to
re
duc
e
or
c
onve
rt
th
e
fr
am
e
rate
and
pictu
re
re
so
l
ution
t
o
sp
e
ed
up
t
he
analy
sis
rate.
An
“A
powe
rs
oft
Vi
deo
Co
nverter
St
ud
i
o
t
ool”
[
20]
is
us
e
d
to
co
nvert
hi
gh
res
olu
ti
on
and
hi
gh
f
ram
e
rate
vid
e
o
data
int
o
acce
pta
ble
vide
o
se
quence
s
(
640x48
0).
T
he
gi
ven
RGB
24
vid
e
o
fr
am
e
is
conve
rted
i
nto
a
2D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ob
st
acle
avo
i
dance
an
d dist
ance
measure
m
ent for
un
man
ne
d aerial
ve
hic
le
s u
sin
g
m
onoc
ula
r
...
(
Aswi
ni
N
)
3507
gr
ay
scal
e
le
vel
,
w
hic
h
m
akes
the
f
ram
e
analy
sis
si
m
ple
and
ef
fecti
ve.
T
he
le
vel
of p
re
-
proces
sin
g
is
e
xt
end
e
d
to
one
m
or
e
ste
p
to
sm
oo
th
obj
ect
e
dges
in
the
fr
am
e
us
in
g
filt
erin
g
co
nc
ept.
T
he
m
edi
an
filt
er
is
ap
pl
ie
d
to
each
histo
gr
am
eq
ualiz
ed
vide
o
se
quences
to
sm
oo
th
it
s
e
d
ge
co
ntent.
T
he
sig
nal
t
o
no
ise
rati
o
var
ia
ti
on
f
or
var
i
ou
s
ty
pes
of
noise
was
a
naly
sed
an
d
it
is
seen
that
m
e
dian
filt
er
is
a
bette
r
ch
oice
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2
.
The fu
rthe
r
a
ppr
oac
h used t
o detec
t t
he o
bs
ta
cl
e and cal
cul
at
e d
ist
ance t
o t
he
cam
era is as f
ollow
s:
Al
go
rit
hm
1:
Ob
st
acle
Detect
ion and M
eas
urement
Inpu
t
:
I
nput
V
ideo.
Out
p
ut
:
Obsta
cl
e is detect
ed
.
Step
1.
Gen
e
ra
te
vi
deo frame
s.
Step
2.
Ap
ply H
ist
ogr
am e
qualizati
on
and me
dian fi
lt
eri
ng
t
o
re
move u
nwanted
noise.
Step
3.
Ext
ra
ct
key
points
of
eac
h
fr
ame
us
i
ng
SIFT
and
SU
R
F
des
cri
pto
r.
(
Se
par
ately
done
to
c
omp
ar
e
perform
an
ce)
Step
4.
Match
key
po
i
nts
of ea
c
h
fr
ame
us
in
g
Fe
at
ur
e M
atchi
ng
Met
ric
Algo
rit
hm.
Step
5.
Th
e c
onvex
hu
l
l i
s app
li
ed
a
r
ound
m
atche
d
k
ey p
oin
ts t
o
cre
ate a
re
gion
of
intere
st.
Step
6.
if
cu
rrent fr
am
e co
nvex
hu
ll
s
ize
is g
re
a
te
r t
han
t
he
pr
evi
ous
fr
am
e
the
n ob
st
acle is
det
ect
ed
Step
7.
Esti
ma
te
ch
an
ge
in
po
sit
io
n
of
pr
evi
ous
w
it
h
respect
to
the
curre
nt
fra
me
in
pixel
unit
us
ing
Eucli
de
an d
ist
an
ce
.
Step
8.
Cali
br
ate
dista
nce
betwe
en o
bject
and ca
me
ra
.
End of
Algori
th
m
Figure
2. Sig
na
l t
o
N
oise Rat
i
o
cal
culat
e
d wit
h
an
d wit
hout
add
e
d n
oise
Fo
r
featu
re
ext
racti
on
f
r
om
c
on
s
ecuti
ve
fr
a
m
es,
we
ha
ve
trie
d
with both
SI
FT
a
nd
SU
R
F
al
gorithm
s.
The
va
rio
us
ste
ps
f
ollow
e
d
in
SI
FT
a
nd
S
UR
F
descr
i
ptor
al
gorithm
fo
r
the
detect
ion
of
ke
y
po
ints
is
give
n
in
F
igure
3
a
nd
F
i
gure
4.
Figure
3. SIFT
A
lg
ori
thm
ste
ps
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
5
0
4
-
3
5
1
1
3508
(a)
(b)
Figure
4
.
(a
)
S
URF in
te
rest
point
detect
ion
,
(b)
S
URF
desc
riptio
n of
i
nter
est
points
On
ce
the
key
po
i
nts
are
dete
ct
ed,
nex
t
ste
p
is
to
cal
culat
e
the
distance
of
obje
ct
f
ram
e.
T
he
x,
y
coor
din
at
es
of
both
c
urren
t
and
previ
ous
f
ram
es
m
a
tc
hed
key
points
are
ext
racted
f
or
pix
el
c
o
ordinat
e
diff
e
re
nce calc
ulati
on
.
−
.
=
√
(
−
)
2
+
(
−
)
2
(1)
w
he
re (Xc, Yc
)
are c
o
ordi
nat
es o
f
c
urre
nt f
r
a
m
e and
(Xp,
Yp)
of
pr
e
viou
s f
ram
e. Th
is cal
culat
ion
is re
peated
for
the
entire
m
at
ched
key
po
int’
s
coor
di
nates
(i.e.
bo
th
current
an
d
pr
e
vi
ous
fr
a
m
e).
The
co
ordinates
diff
e
re
nce
vec
tor
siz
e
equal
s
the
nu
m
ber
of
m
at
ched
key
po
i
nts
in
bo
th
fr
am
es.
The
m
a
the
m
at
ic
al
represe
ntati
on
is give
n
i
n
E
quat
ion
(2).
−
.
=
1
.
ℎ
(2)
On
ce
the
diff
e
r
ence
vecto
r
is
fo
rm
ed,
a
m
ean
of
the
dif
fer
e
nc
e
vector
is
est
i
m
at
ed
app
r
ox
i
m
at
ely
the
pix
el
dif
fer
e
nc
e
between
s
ucc
essive
fr
am
e
s.
This
is
m
easure
d
in
te
rm
s
of
pix
el
dif
fer
e
nc
e
and
this
dif
fe
ren
ce
is
directl
y
pro
portio
nal
to
cha
ng
e
in
obj
ect
s
ta
te
.
Ma
them
a
t
ic
al
equ
at
io
n
i
nvolv
e
d
i
n
a
pproxim
ating
the
pix
e
l
diff
e
re
nce (Dif
f.
)
b
et
ween m
a
tc
hed
key
po
i
nt
s is shown i
n Eq
uation (
3).
.
=
(
−
.
)
(3)
This
pix
el
di
fference
betwee
n
the
m
a
tc
hed
key
po
ints
of
bo
th
c
urren
t
to
the
pr
e
viou
s
fr
am
e
is
us
ed
to
m
easur
e the
d
i
sta
nce
betwee
n o
bj
ect
a
nd
UAV.
The
basic
pri
nc
iple
involve
d
in
di
sta
nc
e
m
easur
em
ent
be
tween
t
he
m
ov
in
g
ob
j
ect
an
d
cam
era
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
5.
Co
ns
ide
r
the
m
ov
ing
ob
je
ct
‘
N
’
with
he
igh
t
‘
H
’.
Assu
m
e
that
the
initial
distance
between
the
m
ov
ing
obje
ct
and
cam
era
is
‘
P
’.
At
dista
nce
‘
P
’
the
im
age
hei
gh
t
for
m
ed
is
‘
A
’,
si
m
il
arly
,
after
cov
e
rin
g
a
distance
the
im
age
heigh
t
w
il
l
be
‘
B
’.
Fr
om
Figu
re
4,
c
ha
ng
e
in
im
age
heig
ht
will
be
directl
y
pr
op
ort
ion
al
to the
distance
cov
e
re
d by a
physi
cal
obj
ect
.
H
e
i
g
h
t
(
H
)
‘
N
’
O
b
j
e
c
t
H
e
i
g
h
t
(
H
)
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
P
)
M
o
v
e
d
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
M
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
C
)
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
H
e
i
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
‘
A
’
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
H
e
i
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
‘
B
’
F
o
c
a
l
L
e
n
g
t
h
L
e
n
s
Figure
5. Dista
nce m
easur
em
ent
This
pri
nci
ple
is
app
li
e
d
to
the
propose
d
syst
e
m
to
m
easur
e
the
distance be
tween
a
nd
m
oving
o
bject
.
Fr
om
the
cam
era
cal
ibrati
on,
we
cal
culat
ed
that
a
ppr
ox
i
m
at
ely
3.
31
985
Pi
xel
dif
fere
nce
of
c
urre
nt
t
o
pr
e
vious
f
ram
es
denotes
the
1
Me
te
r
change
in
obsta
cl
e
sta
te
.
The
anal
ysi
s
is
per
for
m
ed
us
in
g
key
po
ints
extracte
d
by
S
IF
T
a
nd
S
UR
F
al
gorithm
s.
So
t
he
pix
el
va
riat
ion
is
us
e
d
to
cal
culat
e
the
ch
an
ge
i
n
ob
sta
cl
e
sta
te
in
m
et
ers.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ob
st
acle
avo
i
dance
an
d dist
ance
measure
m
ent for
un
man
ne
d aerial
ve
hic
le
s u
sin
g
m
onoc
ula
r
...
(
Aswi
ni
N
)
3509
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
ti
m
e
ta
ken
for
feat
ur
e
e
xtracti
on
i
n
the
case
of
SU
RF
an
d
SI
F
T
are
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
Fi
gure
6
sh
ows
t
he
ext
r
act
ed
key
po
i
nts
for
c
on
sec
uti
ve
f
ram
es
us
in
g
S
URF
descr
i
ptor.
F
ro
m
the
Table
,
S
URF
took
bit
m
or
e
tim
e
t
o
e
xtract
feat
ure
com
par
ed
to
SI
FT
but
the
r
at
io
of
m
at
ched
key
points
i
n
i
th
and
i
th
+15
f
ram
es
are
m
axi
m
u
m
with
resp
ect
t
o
SI
F
T.
D
ue
to
the
ext
racti
on
of
the
st
ron
ges
t
key
points
f
r
om
bo
th
t
he
fra
m
e,
syst
e
m
accur
ac
y i
s incr
ease
d
i
n fin
ding the
p
i
xel d
i
ff
e
ren
ce
betwee
n
c
urrent
an
d p
re
vious
vid
e
o fr
am
es.
Tabel
1
.
SI
F
T
and S
URF
perf
or
m
ance co
m
par
iso
n
Alg
o
rith
m
Ti
m
e
T
ak
en
f
o
r
Featu
re
Extractio
n
in
i
th
Fra
m
e
Ti
m
e
T
ak
en
f
o
r
Featu
re
Extractio
n
i
th
+1
5
Fra
m
e
Extracted K
ey
Po
in
ts f
o
r
i
th
Fra
m
e
Extracted K
ey
Po
in
ts f
o
r
i
th
+1
5
Fra
m
e
Matched
Ke
y
p
o
in
ts b
etween
i
th
an
d
i
th
+5
f
ra
m
e
SIFT
0
.01
4
8
3
4
Sec
0
.01
3
0
1
5
Sec
1792
1664
5
SURF
0
.01
0
1
0
6
Sec
0
.01
3
1
7
7
Sec
40
37
14
Figure
6.
(a)
SURF
key
poin
ts
at
previous
f
ram
e
;
(b)
SURF
key
p
oints
at
c
urrent
fram
e
;
(c)
Mat
c
hed
key
points
a
nd
c
onv
e
x
hull
in
both
previo
us
a
nd curre
nt
fr
a
me
Figure
7
a
nd
Figure
8
giv
es
the
var
i
ou
s
st
ages
of
dista
nc
e
m
easur
em
e
nt
for
sta
ti
c
and
dynam
ic
obj
ect
s.
T
his
m
et
ho
d
of
det
ect
ion
an
d
cal
culat
ion
of
ob
sta
cl
e
distance
us
in
g
m
on
oc
ular
visi
on
ca
n
be
inco
rpor
at
e
d
on
bo
a
r
d
the
U
AV.
It
is
a
bette
r
op
ti
on
i
n
te
r
m
s
of
siz
e,
wei
gh
t
a
nd
c
os
t.
A
high
-
s
pee
d
Gr
a
phic
Pr
oc
esso
r U
nit (GPU
)
ca
n d
o t
he
ope
rati
on a
t a trem
end
ous
sp
ee
d
f
or the
s
afe
nav
i
gation
of UAV
s
Perfo
rm
ance an
al
ysi
s (
car
is
s
ta
ti
c and
dro
ne
m
ov
ing
t
ow
a
r
ds
ca
r)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
7
.
(a
)
P
r
evio
us
a
nd
c
urren
t
fr
am
e
;
(b
)
Ma
tc
hed
key
points
;
(c)
Mea
s
ured
di
sta
nce b
et
wee
n
sta
ti
c
ob
j
ect
and UA
V
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
5
,
Oct
ober
201
9
:
3
5
0
4
-
3
5
1
1
3510
Perfo
rm
ance Analy
sis (Car
and
Drone m
ov
in
g
to
wa
rd
s
each
o
the
r)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
8
.
(a
)
P
r
evio
us
a
nd
c
urren
t
fr
am
e
;
(
b)
Ma
tc
hed
key
points
;
(c)
Mea
s
ured
di
sta
nce b
et
wee
n dynam
ic
obje
ct
an
d U
A
V
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
he
propose
d
w
ork
,
S
URF
desc
riptor
al
gorithm
eff
ect
iv
el
y
cal
culat
es
the
key
points
of
i
nterest
at
a
faster
rate
t
ha
n
S
IF
T.
Usi
ng
cam
era
cal
ibrati
on
te
c
hn
i
ques
a
nd
pix
el
diff
e
re
nce
cal
culat
ion
,
t
he
distance
betwee
n
cam
e
ra
an
d
ob
sta
cl
e
is
m
easur
ed
.
The
wh
ole
pr
ocess
ta
ke
s
le
ss
than
one
se
cond,
w
hich
is
ver
y
eff
ic
ie
nt
i
n
re
al
tim
e
ob
sta
cl
e
avo
i
dan
c
e
point
of
vie
w.
The
furthe
r
w
ork
is
t
o
inc
or
porate
Co
nvol
ution
al
Neural
Net
wor
ks
(C
N
N)
base
d
detect
ion
of
ob
sta
cl
es
w
hich
are
ap
proac
hi
ng
from
sideways
an
d
m
aneu
ve
r
the dr
on
e
acco
rd
i
ng
ly
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Suresh
and
D.
Ghos
e,
“
Role
of
informati
on
a
nd
comm
unic
at
i
on
in
red
efi
n
ing
UA
V
aut
onom
o
us
cont
rol
le
v
el
s
,
”
Proc.
I
Me
ch
E, Par
t
-
G:
Journal
of
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erospace
En
gine
ering
,
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,
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oint
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,
”
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
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e
ct
rica
l
and
C
omputer
Engi
n
e
ering
(
IJE
CE)
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ue:
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H
.
Ba
y
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l
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,
“
Speede
d
-
Up
Robust
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ure
s
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RF
)
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ute
r
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/
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.
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.
Lowe
,
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ti
v
e
Im
a
ge
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fro
m
sca
le
inv
ari
a
nt
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y
Po
int
s,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
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[5]
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,
“
Monocula
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Vision
-
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ta
cl
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ec
t
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c
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f
or
Unm
anne
d
Aeri
al
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”
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lligen
t
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ehic
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ium
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,
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[6]
L
.
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s,
“
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r
Obs
ta
cl
e
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dan
ce
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al
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Unm
anne
d
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hic
l
es
,
”
Proc
ee
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the
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renc
e
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omputer
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ecogniti
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[7]
O
.
Esra
fil
i
an
an
d
H
.
D.
Ta
ghirad,
“
Autonom
ous
Flight
and
Obs
ta
c
le
Avoidan
ce
of
A
Quadrot
or
b
y
Monocular
SLAM
,
”
i
n
Rob
oti
cs
and
Me
cha
tronic
s (
ICROM)
,
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ernati
o
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ere
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“
Fuzz
y
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Pos
it
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t
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ct
rica
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omputer
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n
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“
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xtra
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t
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on
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e
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ons
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l
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ng
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Tracki
n
g
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a
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Vid
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”
Mult
imedi
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anne
d
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EE
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ansacti
ons
on
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t
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anspor
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ob
st
acle
avo
i
dance
an
d dist
ance
measure
m
ent for
un
man
ne
d aerial
ve
hic
le
s u
sin
g
m
onoc
ula
r
...
(
Aswi
ni
N
)
3511
[17]
T
.
Ngu
y
en
,
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.
,
“
Vision
-
Based
Quali
t
at
iv
e
Path
-
Following
Contr
ol
of
Quadrot
o
r
Aeri
al
Vehicle
with
Speede
d
-
Up
Robust Fea
tur
es
,
”
i
n
Computer
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ision
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J
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K
.
Bat
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“
Video
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li
z
ation
for
an
Aeri
al
Surveil
l
an
c
e
S
y
ste
m
using
SIF
TS
and
SU
RF
,
”
i
n
Next
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ration
Com
puti
ng
Te
chnol
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[19]
htt
ps://
ww
w.dj
i
.
com/phant
om
-
4
-
pro/i
nfo
[20]
htt
ps://
ww
w.a
po
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com/fa
q
/
vide
o
-
conv
ert
e
r
-
studio
-
guide.ht
m
l
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
N
As
w
ini
is
a
rese
arc
h
schola
r
,
i
n
Depa
rtment
of
El
ec
tron
ic
s
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion,
RNS
Instit
ute
of
Te
chnol
og
y
,
Banga
lor
e,
Indi
a.
She
has
done
her
Master
s
in
VLSI
Design
and
Embedde
d
s
y
stems
and
has
m
ore
tha
n
10
y
e
ars
of
expe
ri
e
nce
in
t
ea
ch
ing.
She
has
guid
e
d
var
ious
post
gra
duate
and
un
der
gra
du
at
e
stu
dent
proj
ec
ts
.
Her
ar
ea
of
r
ese
ar
ch
is
Obs
ta
c
le
se
nsing,
detec
ti
o
n
and
avoi
dan
ce
f
or
Unm
anne
d
Aeri
al
Vehi
cl
es
under
Visvesv
aray
a
T
ec
hno
lo
gic
a
l
Univer
sit
y,
Karna
ta
k
a, I
ndi
a
.
S
V
Uma
is
p
rese
ntly
workin
g
as
Associ
at
e
profe
ss
or
in
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion,
RNS
Instit
ute
o
f
te
chno
log
y
,
B
anga
lor
e
Indi
a.
She
has
done
he
r
Doctor
ate
in
the
area
‘Cong
esti
on
cont
ro
l
a
nd
Im
prove
d
Q
oS
in
m
ult
imedia
net
works
fro
m
Banga
lore
Uni
ver
sit
y
.
She
has
nea
rl
y
2
0
y
e
ars
of
tea
chi
ng
exp
eri
en
c
e
and
her
int
e
rests
inc
lud
e
Com
m
unic
at
ion, Net
work Se
cur
i
t
y
,
Sign
al
,
and
I
m
age
Proce
ss
ing
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.