I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
7
,
p
p
.
1219
~
1
2
2
7
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v7
i
3
.
p
p
1
2
1
9
-
1227
1219
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
A Co
m
pa
ra
tive
S
tudy o
n
H
a
ndo
ff
Alg
o
rith
m
s
f
o
r
G
SM
and
CDMA C
ellula
r
Netw
o
rk
s
S.
Nee
ra
j
a
1
,
G.
Sa
s
ibh
u
s
ha
n
a
Ra
o
2
1
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
G
it
a
m
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
,
In
d
ia
2
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
A
n
d
h
ra
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
1
2
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
r
3
0
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
A
p
r
1
4
,
2
0
1
7
T
h
e
G
S
M
,
CDM
A
c
e
ll
u
lar
s
y
ste
m
s
a
re
m
o
st
tren
d
y
2
G
a
n
d
3
G
d
ig
it
a
l
c
e
ll
u
lar
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
sy
ste
m
s,
w
h
ich
is
w
id
e
l
y
u
se
d
th
ro
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
w
o
rld
.
T
h
e
se
s
y
st
e
m
s
h
a
v
e
m
a
n
y
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
h
ig
h
se
c
u
rit
y
,
h
ig
h
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
c
a
ll
tran
sm
issio
n
o
v
e
r
th
e
l
o
n
g
d
istan
c
e
s,
l
o
w
tran
sm
it
ted
p
o
w
e
r,
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
w
it
h
m
o
re
e
ff
icie
n
t
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
sp
e
c
tru
m
.
W
it
h
th
e
se
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
th
e
se
c
e
ll
u
lar
sy
ste
m
s
h
a
v
e
a
tt
ra
c
ted
m
o
re
su
b
sc
rib
e
rs
w
it
h
m
o
re
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
st
a
tt
ra
c
ti
v
e
f
e
a
tu
re
s
o
f
c
e
ll
u
lar
s
y
ste
m
is
h
a
n
d
o
ff
w
h
ich
is
a
c
o
n
ti
n
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
c
a
ll
wh
e
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
e
is
m
o
v
in
g
f
ro
m
o
n
e
c
e
ll
t
o
a
n
o
th
e
r
w
it
h
o
u
t
d
isc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
th
e
c
a
ll
.
Us
u
a
ll
y
,
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
se
rv
ice
i
s
a
c
h
iev
e
d
b
y
e
ff
icie
n
tl
y
d
e
sig
n
e
d
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s.
S
o
,
e
ff
icie
n
t
h
a
n
d
o
ff
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
a
r
e
n
e
c
e
ss
a
r
y
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
a
n
d
Qo
S
o
f
c
e
ll
u
lar
s
y
ste
m
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
a
n
a
l
y
sis
f
o
r
G
S
M
,
CDM
A
c
e
ll
u
lar
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
a
re
d
o
n
e
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
rio
u
s
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ls.
V
a
rio
u
s
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
o
f
G
S
M
a
re
d
e
sc
rib
e
d
a
n
d
a
lso
a
n
o
v
e
l
re
c
e
iv
e
d
sig
n
a
l
stre
n
g
th
(R
SS
)
b
a
se
d
G
S
M
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
w
it
h
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
h
y
ste
re
sis
is
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
.
CDMA
S
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
ff
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
is
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
a
n
d
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
so
ft
h
a
n
d
o
ff
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
a
r
e
e
sti
m
a
ted
f
o
r
b
e
tt
e
r
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
is
stu
d
ied
b
a
se
d
o
n
re
su
lt
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
C
DM
A
GSM
Har
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
R
SS
So
f
t h
a
n
d
o
f
f
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S.
Nee
r
aj
a
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Gita
m
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
n
ee
r
aj
a4
1
3
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mo
b
ilit
y
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
a
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
a
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
to
ta
l
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
ar
ea
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
s
m
all
ce
l
ls
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
h
ig
h
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
it
y
d
u
e
t
o
li
m
ited
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
an
d
is
s
ep
ar
at
ed
w
ith
o
u
t
in
ter
f
er
i
n
g
w
it
h
ea
ch
o
th
er
in
to
s
m
aller
b
an
d
s
ca
lled
ce
lls
.
W
h
en
t
he
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
(
MS)
is
m
o
v
i
n
g
,
it
cr
o
s
s
es
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
ells
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
g
o
in
g
ca
ll
co
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
ca
ll
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ce
ll
to
an
o
th
er
w
it
h
o
u
t
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
an
d
o
f
f
.
Han
d
o
f
f
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
a
n
o
n
g
o
in
g
ac
ti
v
e
ca
ll
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ce
ll
to
an
o
t
h
er
o
r
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
to
an
o
th
er
o
r
o
n
e
ch
an
n
el
to
an
o
th
er
as
a
u
s
e
r
m
o
v
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
o
f
a
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
a
n
n
el
c
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
a
ti
m
e
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
co
d
e,
o
r
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
f
o
r
ti
m
e
-
d
iv
i
s
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A
)
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
-
d
iv
i
s
io
n
m
u
l
tip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
FDM
A
)
,
co
d
e
-
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
l
ti
p
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
C
DM
A
)
,
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
ch
e
m
e,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
[
1
]
.
Han
d
o
f
f
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
b
ase
s
tatio
n
‟
s
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
w
i
t
h
w
h
ich
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
s
b
ein
g
m
ad
e,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
h
an
d
o
f
f
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
Qo
S,
r
ed
u
ce
s
tr
af
f
ic,
I
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
also
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
ca
ll
d
r
o
p
r
ate
an
d
th
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
ate.
T
r
ip
ath
i
N.
D.
,
et
al.
[
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
2
1
9
–
1
2
2
7
1220
v
ar
io
u
s
h
an
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Ak
h
i
la
S.
et
al.
[
2
]
ex
p
lain
ed
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
ec
is
io
n
i
n
GSM
an
d
Vi
ter
b
i
A
.
J
.
,
et
al.
[
3
]
ex
p
lain
ed
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
m
ec
h
an
is
u
m
b
u
t
in
t
h
e
liter
at
u
r
e
co
m
p
ar
is
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
b
ased
h
an
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
GSM
a
n
d
C
DM
A
So
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
n
o
t
a
v
ailab
le.
So
,
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
h
an
d
o
f
f
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
u
m
s
o
f
GSM
an
d
C
DM
A
ce
ll
u
lar
S
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
an
d
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
b
ased
GSM
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
an
d
C
DM
A
So
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
a
n
al
y
ze
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
.
2.
H
ANDO
F
F
M
E
CH
ANIS
M
I
N
G
SM
AND
CDM
A
Han
d
o
f
f
Me
ch
a
n
i
s
m
s
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
es.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
Har
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
an
d
So
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
.
2
.
1
.
H
a
rd
H
a
nd
o
f
f
in G
SM
A
h
ar
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
in
GS
M
i
s
a
“b
r
ea
k
-
b
ef
o
r
e
m
a
k
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
”.
Har
d
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
at
b
r
ea
k
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
s
o
u
r
ce
ce
ll
an
d
th
en
m
ak
e
s
t
h
e
n
e
w
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
to
t
h
e
tar
g
et
ce
ll,
i.e
.
th
e
li
n
k
to
t
h
e
p
r
io
r
B
S
is
ter
m
i
n
ated
,
as
u
s
er
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
a
n
e
w
ce
l
l‟
s
B
S
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
MS
is
li
n
k
ed
to
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
B
S
at
an
y
g
iv
e
n
ti
m
e.
Har
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
ca
n
b
e
s
ea
m
les
s
o
r
n
o
n
-
s
ea
m
les
s
.
Sea
m
le
s
s
h
ar
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
h
an
d
o
f
f
i
s
n
o
t p
er
ce
p
tib
le
to
th
e
u
s
er
.
2
.
2
.
So
f
t
H
a
nd
o
f
f
in CD
M
A
C
DM
A
ca
m
e
i
n
to
ex
i
s
ten
ce
i
n
th
e
telec
o
m
w
o
r
ld
w
it
h
th
e
in
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
2
G
I
S
-
9
5
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
th
e
m
id
-
n
in
e
ties
[
4
]
.
3
G
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
ch
as
W
C
DM
A
,
C
DM
A
2
0
0
0
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
C
DM
A
p
r
in
cip
le.
2
G
an
d
3
G
C
DM
A
b
ased
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
w
h
ic
h
i
s
“m
a
k
e
b
ef
o
r
e
b
r
ea
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
”.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
i
s
a
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
n
e
w
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
m
ad
e
f
ir
s
t
to
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
ce
ll
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
b
r
ea
k
s
t
h
e
o
ld
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i.e
.
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
t
h
e
tar
g
et
i
s
estab
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
to
s
o
u
r
ce
is
b
r
o
k
en
[
3
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
h
ar
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
,
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
h
o
w
s
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
s
u
c
h
as
eli
m
i
n
ati
n
g
th
e
“
p
in
g
–
p
o
n
g
”
ef
f
ec
t,
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
en
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
(
th
er
e
is
n
o
b
r
ea
k
p
o
in
t
in
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
)
.
No
“
p
in
g
–
p
o
n
g
”
ef
f
ec
t
i
m
p
lie
s
l
o
w
er
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
g
n
a
lin
g
a
n
d
w
it
h
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
,
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
d
ata
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
o
m
e
n
tar
y
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
r
ea
k
th
a
t h
ap
p
en
s
i
n
h
ar
d
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
Har
d
Han
d
o
f
f
an
d
So
f
t H
a
n
d
o
f
f
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
b
o
th
h
ar
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
i
s
il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
h
ar
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
B
S
at
an
y
t
i
m
e
b
ased
o
n
h
ig
h
e
s
t
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
i
n
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
B
S
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
MS
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e
i
n
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
r
eg
io
n
an
d
s
elec
t
s
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
s
ig
n
al
a
m
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
B
Ss
.
Fig
.
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
in
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
w
o
B
Ss
w
h
er
e
as
h
ar
d
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
B
S.
C
DM
A
ce
ll
u
l
ar
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
IS
-
9
5
u
s
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
,
w
h
il
e
T
DM
A
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
ch
a
s
GSM
a
n
d
D
-
A
MP
S
t
y
p
icall
y
u
s
e
h
ar
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
[
5
].
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
GSM
a
n
d
C
DM
A
ce
ll
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
si
g
n
a
l
st
r
e
n
g
t
h
R
S
S
o
f
B
S
1
R
S
S
o
f
BS
2
BS
1
BS
BS
BS
S
of
t
h
an
d
o
ff
Ha
r
d
h
a
n
do
f
f
Ce
l
l
1
Ce
l
l
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
n
Ha
n
d
o
ff A
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
GS
M a
n
d
C
DMA
C
ellu
la
r
N
etw
o
r
k
s
(
S
.
N
ee
r
a
ja
)
1221
T
ab
le
1.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
GS
M
an
d
C
DM
A
ce
ll
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
3.
H
ANDO
F
F
AL
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
S IN G
SM
AND
CDM
A
CE
L
L
UL
AR
SYS
T
E
M
S
I
n
ad
eq
u
atel
y
d
es
ig
n
ed
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
c
h
e
m
es
ar
e
te
n
d
to
g
en
er
at
e
v
er
y
h
ea
v
y
s
ig
n
ali
n
g
tr
af
f
ic
th
er
eb
y
,
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Qo
S).
A
w
ell
-
o
r
g
a
n
ized
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
Qo
S.
R
ec
eiv
ed
Si
g
n
al
Stre
n
g
t
h
(
R
SS
)
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
an
al
y
s
is
.
Har
d
Han
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
ed
in
GSM
ar
e:
a.
R
SS
b
ased
h
an
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
b.
R
SS
b
ased
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
c.
R
SS
b
ased
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
d.
A
n
o
v
el
R
SS
b
ased
GSM
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
A
d
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
es
is
I
n
ce
llu
lar
a
n
d
m
o
b
ile
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
B
S
an
d
th
e
MS
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
s
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
atten
u
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
io
s
i
g
n
al
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
p
ath
lo
s
s
[
6
]
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
at
u
s
er
ter
m
in
a
l
is
v
a
r
ied
b
y
t
h
e
p
at
h
lo
s
s
.
I
n
G
SM
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
p
at
h
lo
s
s
is
th
e
e
v
alu
a
ted
u
s
in
g
O
k
u
m
u
r
a
-
Hata
m
o
d
el
.
P
ath
lo
s
s
f
o
r
O
k
u
m
u
r
a
-
Ha
ta
m
o
d
el
is
g
iv
e
n
[
7
]
as,
Fo
r
m
o
b
ile
to
B
S
1
:
)
l
o
g
(
))
l
o
g
(
55
.
6
9
.
44
(
)
(
)
l
o
g
(
82
.
13
)
l
o
g
(
16
.
26
55
.
69
)
(
1
1
1
d
h
h
a
h
f
dB
L
b
m
b
(
1
)
Fo
r
m
o
b
ile
to
B
S
2
:
)
l
o
g
(
))
l
o
g
(
55
.
6
9
.
44
(
)
(
)
l
o
g
(
82
.
13
)
l
o
g
(
16
.
26
55
.
69
)
(
2
2
2
d
D
h
h
a
h
f
dB
L
c
b
m
b
(
2
)
L
1
,
L
2
=
to
tal
p
ath
lo
s
s
i
n
d
B
u
s
i
n
g
H
A
T
A„
s
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
B
S
1
an
d
B
S
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
f
=
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
c
ar
r
ier
,
9
0
0
MH
z
h
b1
, h
b2
=
3
5
m
=
T
r
an
s
m
itter
a
n
ten
n
a
h
eig
h
t
s
f
o
r
B
S
1
an
d
B
S
2
h
m
=
1
.
5
m
=
E
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
R
ec
ei
v
er
(
Mo
b
ile)
an
ten
n
a
h
e
ig
h
t
D
c
=
=2
0
0
0
m
=
.
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
wee
n
B
S
1
an
d
B
S
2
d
=
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
B
S
1
to
MS
in
K
m
D
c
-
d
=
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
MS
to
B
S
2
in
K
m
a
(
h
m
)
=
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
i
n
d
B
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
(
m
o
b
ile)
an
ten
n
a
h
ei
g
h
t a
n
d
it i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
8
.
0
)
l
o
g
(
56
.
1
7
.
0
)
l
o
g
(
1
.
1
)
(
a
f
h
f
h
m
m
(
3
)
Fo
r
th
e
O
k
u
m
u
r
a
-
Hata
m
o
d
el,
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
d
u
e
to
B
S
1
lo
ca
ted
at
a
d
is
t
an
ce
o
f
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
is
,
R
SS
1
=P
t
-
L1
(4
)
An
d
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
o
w
er
d
u
e
to
B
S
2
lo
ca
ted
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
D
c
-
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Mo
b
ile
Statio
n
i
s
,
R
SS
2
=P
t
-
L
2
(
5
)
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
G
S
M
C
D
M
A
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
H
a
r
d
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
S
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
A
c
c
e
ss
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
T
D
M
A
C
D
M
A
Ty
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
S
y
st
e
m
B
a
n
d
l
i
mi
t
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
l
i
mi
t
e
d
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
R
e
u
se
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
3
,
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
1
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
C
o
mp
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
S
i
mp
l
e
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
2
0
0
K
H
z
1
.
2
5
M
H
Z
M
u
l
t
i
p
a
t
h
Er
r
o
r
s
A
p
p
e
a
r
s
El
i
mi
n
a
t
e
d
S
p
r
e
a
d
S
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
N
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
S
y
st
e
m C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
L
e
ss
4
t
o
5
t
i
me
s mo
r
e
t
h
a
n
G
S
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
2
1
9
–
1
2
2
7
1222
w
h
er
e,
Pt
=
T
r
an
s
m
itted
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
B
S
1
an
d
B
S
2
=4
3
d
B
m
=1
3
d
B
R
SS
1
an
d
R
SS
2
ar
e
th
e
R
ec
eiv
e
d
Sig
n
al
Stre
n
g
t
h
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
f
r
o
m
B
S
1
a
n
d
B
S
2
.
3
.
1
.
G
SM
H
a
nd
o
f
f
Alg
o
ri
t
h
m
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
t
w
o
ce
ll
m
o
d
el.
a.
R
SS
b
B
s
ed
Han
d
o
f
f
A
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
I
n
t
h
is
,
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
o
f
t
w
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
w
h
en
t
h
e
R
SS
o
f
B
S
1
i
s
less
t
h
an
th
e
R
SS
o
f
B
S
2
t
h
e
n
th
e
ca
ll
i
s
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
to
B
S
2
o
th
er
w
is
e
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
is
in
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
i
th
th
e
B
S
1
.
A
m
ai
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
w
it
h
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
a
t
th
e
R
SS
o
f
b
o
th
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
eq
u
al
a
t
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
th
en
i
f
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
is
m
o
v
in
g
an
d
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
to
r
ap
id
l
y
s
w
itc
h
li
n
k
s
w
i
th
eith
er
b
a
s
e
s
tat
io
n
.
T
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
b
o
u
n
ce
t
h
e
li
n
k
w
i
th
th
e
m
o
b
ile
b
ac
k
an
d
f
o
r
th
.
T
h
is
e
v
en
t
is
ca
lled
p
in
g
-
p
o
n
g
i
n
g
[
8
]
.
Du
e
to
t
h
i
s
ef
f
ec
t,
s
ev
er
al
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
ca
n
b
e
r
eq
u
ested
w
h
i
le
B
S
1
‟
s
R
SS
is
s
till
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
s
er
v
e
m
o
b
ile
u
n
it
to
ca
u
s
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
.
T
o
av
o
id
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
,
a
b
e
tter
m
et
h
o
d
is
to
u
s
e
th
e
av
er
ag
ed
s
i
g
n
al
le
v
el
s
r
elativ
e
to
a
th
r
es
h
o
ld
an
d
h
y
s
ter
esis
m
ar
g
i
n
f
o
r
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
in
iti
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ellu
lar
S
y
s
te
m
Mo
d
el
b
.
R
SS
B
ased
Han
d
o
f
f
w
it
h
T
h
r
esh
o
ld
I
n
t
h
is
,
R
SS
o
f
B
S
1
is
les
s
t
h
a
n
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
a
n
d
R
SS
o
f
B
S
1
is
les
s
t
h
an
t
h
e
B
S
2
t
h
e
h
an
d
o
f
f
is
m
ad
e
to
B
S
2
o
th
er
w
is
e
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
an
d
M
S
s
till
in
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
w
it
h
th
e
B
S
1
.
I
n
th
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
h
e
“
p
in
g
–
p
o
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
”
a
v
o
id
ed
b
u
t
s
ti
ll
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
B
S
1
‟
s
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
s
s
t
ill
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
i
n
g
t
h
e
ca
ll [
9
].
c
.
R
SS
B
ased
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
A
lg
o
r
it
h
m
w
it
h
H
y
s
ter
esi
s
In
th
is
,
w
h
en
t
h
e
R
SS
o
f
B
S
2
m
o
r
e
th
e
B
S
1
w
it
h
h
y
s
ter
esis
t
h
en
ca
ll
h
an
d
o
f
f
to
th
e
B
S
2
o
th
er
w
i
s
e
it
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
B
S
1
.
I
t
m
in
i
m
ize
s
t
h
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
is
f
ix
ed
t
h
at
m
ea
n
s
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
v
al
u
e
i
s
eith
er
s
m
a
l
l
o
r
lar
g
e.
I
f
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
i
s
lar
g
e
ca
u
s
es
m
o
r
e
b
u
r
d
en
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
d
ela
y
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e,
w
it
h
s
m
all
er
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
,
m
o
r
e
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
ar
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
T
o
av
o
id
th
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
b
ased
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
d
.
R
SS
B
ased
GSM
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
Alg
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
A
d
ap
ti
v
e
H
y
s
te
r
esis
I
n
f
i
x
ed
h
y
s
ter
esis
m
et
h
o
d
,
if
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
(
H)
is
to
o
s
m
al
l,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
m
a
y
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
u
r
d
en
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
if
H
i
s
to
o
lar
g
e,
t
h
e
lo
n
g
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
ela
y
m
a
y
r
es
u
lt
i
n
a
d
r
o
p
p
ed
-
ca
ll
o
r
lo
w
Qo
S.
A
tr
ad
eo
f
f
e
x
is
t
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
e
t
w
o
co
n
f
licti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Fo
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
i
s
u
s
e
d
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
th
e
m
a
in
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
an
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
to
:
p
r
ev
en
t
in
g
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
,
h
an
d
o
f
f
d
ela
y
m
i
n
i
m
ized
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
le
v
el
, i
m
p
r
o
v
es c
all
q
u
alit
y
d
u
r
in
g
h
an
d
o
f
f
.
Fo
r
th
is
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
,
0
,
1
20
m
a
x
4
R
d
h
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
(
6
)
W
h
er
e,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
MS
an
d
s
er
v
i
n
g
B
S
is
d
,
an
d
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
ce
ll i
s
R
[
1
1
]
.
BS
1
BS
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
n
Ha
n
d
o
ff A
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
GS
M a
n
d
C
DMA
C
ellu
la
r
N
etw
o
r
k
s
(
S
.
N
ee
r
a
ja
)
1223
Fo
r
a
h
ex
ag
o
n
a
l
ce
ll
3
c
D
R
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
s
i
s
D
c
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
2
0
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
h
an
d
th
e
ex
p
o
n
e
n
t
4
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
its
s
h
ap
e.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
i
s
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
2
0
to
en
ab
le
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
an
d
r
ea
ct
to
th
e
d
ee
p
f
ad
in
g
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
in
s
u
d
d
en
d
r
o
p
(
2
0
–
3
0
d
B
)
o
f
R
SS
.
A
d
ap
ti
v
e
h
d
ec
r
ea
s
es f
r
o
m
2
0
to
0
d
B
th
at
is
th
e
MS
m
o
v
es a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
er
v
i
n
g
B
S.
I
n
s
etti
n
g
th
e
ab
o
v
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
es
is
v
al
u
e
h
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
a
lar
g
e
h
,
i
f
t
h
e
MS
is
n
ea
r
t
h
e
s
er
v
in
g
B
S
a
n
d
th
e
MS
ar
e
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
to
ad
j
ac
en
t
ce
lls
an
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
a
s
m
all
h
i
f
it
is
n
ea
r
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ce
ll.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
ar
ea
is
o
p
tim
ized
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
R
SS
b
a
s
ed
h
an
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
i
th
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
SS
b
ased
GSM
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
it
h
A
d
ap
tiv
e
H
y
s
ter
e
s
is
I
n
th
is
w
h
e
n
th
e
R
SS
o
f
B
S2
i
s
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
R
SS
o
f
B
S
1
w
it
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
v
al
u
e
h
,
t
h
e
ca
ll
i
s
h
an
d
o
v
er
to
B
S
2
o
th
er
w
i
s
e
it
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
w
ith
B
S
1
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
an
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
v
al
u
e
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
MS
a
n
d
th
e
s
er
v
i
n
g
B
S.
Si
n
ce
th
e
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
v
alu
e
is
v
ar
i
ed
b
ased
o
n
MS
‟
s
lo
ca
tio
n
,
i
t
ca
n
in
te
lli
g
en
t
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
u
n
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
an
d
m
ain
ta
in
th
e
Qo
S.
3
.
2
.
R
SS
B
a
s
ed
So
f
t
H
a
nd
o
f
f
Alg
o
rit
h
m
i
n
CDM
A
C
DM
A
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
cti
v
e
s
e
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
to
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
Mo
b
ile
S
tatio
n
(
M
S)
is
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
co
n
n
e
c
te
d
.
I
n
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
r
e
g
io
n
,
MS
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
I
n
itiall
y
w
h
e
n
MS
is
v
er
y
n
ea
r
t
o
B
S,
th
e
ac
tiv
e
s
et
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
B
S b
u
t a
s
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
B
S1
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
an
d
w
h
e
n
s
o
f
t h
a
n
d
o
f
f
r
eg
io
n
s
t
ar
ts
th
e
n
ac
tiv
e
s
et
s
ize
c
h
an
g
es
w
ith
d
i
s
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
a
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
o
o
d
s
i
g
n
al
q
u
a
l
it
y
.
Si
g
n
al
q
u
al
it
y
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
s
et
,
b
u
t
th
i
s
co
m
es
at
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
u
s
e
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fo
r
m
in
i
m
i
zin
g
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
s
e
t
s
ize,
o
n
e
al
ter
n
ati
v
e
is
to
f
r
eq
u
en
t
l
y
u
p
d
ate
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
s
et
a
t
ea
ch
ti
m
e
i
n
s
ta
n
t,
to
m
a
in
ta
in
th
e
s
m
allest
ac
ti
v
e
s
et
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
ig
n
al
q
u
alit
y
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
u
p
d
ates
o
r
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
b
r
in
g
s
w
itc
h
in
g
co
s
ts
w
i
th
th
e
m
.
A
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
v
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
u
s
er
‟
s
ac
ti
v
e
s
et.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
e
s
cr
ib
e
th
e
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
SS
B
ased
So
f
t H
a
n
d
o
f
f
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
H
ad
d
H
dr
o
p
B
S
1
B
S1&
B
S2
B
S2
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
si
g
na
l
s
t
r
e
ng
t
h
at
UE
R
SS
1
RS
S
2
H
a
n
d
o
f
f
M
e
a
su
r
e
me
n
t
R
SS
(
B
S
2
)
>
R
SS
(
B
S
1
)
+
A
da
pt
iv
e
h
N
o
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
M
a
k
e
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
Y
e
s
No
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
B
S
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
2
1
9
–
1
2
2
7
1224
a.
Had
d
: H
y
s
ter
esi
s
f
o
r
ad
d
in
g
Hd
r
o
p
: H
y
s
ter
e
s
is
f
o
r
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
b.
R
SS
1
: Rece
i
v
ed
Si
g
n
al
Stre
n
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
B
S1
R
SS
2
: Rece
i
v
ed
Si
g
n
al
Stre
n
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
B
S2
H
y
s
ter
e
s
is
ad
d
,
d
eter
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
le
v
el
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
q
u
ali
f
y
i
n
g
B
Ss
a
r
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
s
et,
w
h
er
ea
s
a
h
y
s
te
r
esis
d
r
o
p
,
d
eter
m
in
e
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
w
ea
k
B
Ss
ar
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
s
et.
R
SS
b
ased
C
DM
A
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
:
A
cti
v
e
s
e
t i
s
r
eo
r
g
an
ized
i
n
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
m
a
n
n
er
,
a.
I
f
ac
tiv
e
s
et
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
B
S
1
an
d
R
SS
1
>
R
SS
2
an
d
|
R
SS
1
-
R
SS
2
|
i
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
Had
d
b.
th
en
ac
t
iv
e
s
et
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
B
S
1
its
el
f
.
c.
If
Ha
d
d
R
R
SS
SS
)
2
1
(
,
ac
tiv
e
s
et
co
n
s
is
t o
f
B
S1
an
d
B
S2
.
d.
I
f
ac
ti
v
e
s
et
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
B
S
1
a
n
d
B
S
2
an
d
2
1
(
SS
SS
R
R
b
ec
o
m
e
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
o
r
eq
u
al
to
Hd
r
o
p
,
ac
tiv
e
s
et
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
t
h
at
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
w
h
o
s
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
i
s
h
ig
h
er
.
B
ase
s
t
atio
n
w
it
h
s
m
al
ler
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
w
ill b
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
t
iv
e
s
e
t.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
at
w
h
ic
h
Had
d
s
tar
te
d
an
d
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
at
w
h
ic
h
Hd
r
o
p
ass
i
g
n
ed
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
d
is
tan
ce
is
a
p
o
in
ter
o
f
h
o
w
lo
n
g
a
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
w
ill
ta
k
e
p
lace
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
Had
d
an
d
Hd
r
o
p
ar
e
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
o
p
ti
m
ized
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
s
itu
atio
n
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
at
M
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
i
s
ca
lc
u
lated
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
p
at
h
lo
s
s
.
I
n
C
DM
A
ce
l
lu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
p
ath
lo
s
s
is
t
h
e
e
v
alu
a
t
ed
u
s
i
n
g
C
o
s
t 2
3
1
Hata
m
o
d
el
[
1
2
]
.
C
OST
-
2
3
1
Hata
Mo
d
el
Fo
r
C
DM
A
an
d
W
C
DM
A
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
th
e
C
o
s
t
2
3
1
m
o
d
el
i
s
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
esti
m
ati
n
g
th
e
p
at
h
lo
s
s
an
d
R
SS
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
is
m
o
d
el,
th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
i
n
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
,
P
ath
lo
s
s
f
o
r
MS
to
B
S
1
:
L1
(
d
B
)
=4
6
.
3
3
+3
3
.
9
lo
g
(
f
)
-
1
3
.
8
2
lo
g
(
h
b1
)
-
a(
h
m
)
+[
4
4
.
9
-
6
.
5
5
lo
g
(
h
b1
)
]
lo
g
(
d
)
(
7
)
L
2
(
d
B
)
=4
6
.
3
3
+3
3
.
9
lo
g
(
f
)
-
1
3
.
8
2
lo
g
(
h
b2
)
-
a(
h
m
)
+[
4
4
.
9
-
6
.
5
5
lo
g
(
h
b2
)
]
lo
g
(
D
c
-
d)
(
8
)
a(
h
m
)
in
d
B
=[
1
.
1
lo
g
(
f
)
-
0
.
7
]
h
m
-
[
1
.
5
6
l
o
g
(
f
)
-
0
.
8
]
(
9
)
L
1
,
L
2
=
to
tal
p
ath
lo
s
s
i
n
d
B
u
s
i
n
g
C
o
s
t 2
3
1
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
B
S
1
an
d
B
S
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
h
b1
, h
b2
=
He
ig
h
t o
f
t
h
e
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
in
m
eter
s
,
3
0
m
to
2
0
0
m
h
m
=
Hei
g
h
t o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
tati
o
n
in
m
eter
s
,
1
m
to
1
0
m
f
=
1
8
0
0
MH
z
=
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
in
MH
z
d
=
Dis
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
an
d
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
i
n
k
i
lo
m
eter
s
,
1
K
m
to
2
K
m
D
c
=2
0
0
0
m
=
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
s
P
t=
T
r
an
s
m
itter
P
o
w
er
=4
3
d
B
m
=1
3
d
B
T
h
e
R
SS
f
r
o
m
B
S
1
R
SS
1
=P
t
-
L1
(
10
)
R
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
f
r
o
m
B
S
2
R
SS
2
=P
t
-
L2
(
1
1
)
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
w
i
th
a
d
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
v
al
u
e
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
h
y
s
ter
es
is
v
a
lu
e
s
ar
e
n
o
t f
ix
ed
f
o
r
ca
ll h
an
d
li
n
g
in
s
tead
d
y
n
a
m
ic
h
y
s
ter
esis
v
al
u
es a
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ep
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
M
S f
r
o
m
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t B
S.
I
t a
v
o
id
s
th
e
p
in
g
–
p
o
n
g
ef
f
e
ct
an
d
d
ela
y
is
n
ea
r
l
y
1
2
0
m
an
d
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
p
o
in
t is also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
less
t
h
a
n
1
2
0
0
m
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
p
o
in
t
o
cc
u
r
s
a
t
1
1
8
8
m
.
T
h
at
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
is
d
ela
y
ed
an
d
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
1
8
8
m
f
ar
t
h
an
t
h
e
B
S
1
.
At
t
h
at
p
o
i
n
t
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
is
-
1
1
5
d
B
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
B
S
1
is
u
tili
ze
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
ex
ten
t
e
v
en
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
is
B
S
2
.
T
h
at
m
ea
n
s
it
av
o
id
s
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
m
ea
n
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
B
S
2
i
s
f
r
ee
f
o
r
ac
tiv
ati
n
g
a
n
y
n
e
w
m
o
b
ile.
I
n
t
h
e
R
SS
b
ased
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
h
an
d
o
f
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
n
Ha
n
d
o
ff A
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
GS
M a
n
d
C
DMA
C
ellu
la
r
N
etw
o
r
k
s
(
S
.
N
ee
r
a
ja
)
1225
o
cc
u
r
s
ex
ac
tl
y
at
1
0
0
0
m
.
A
t
th
is
p
o
in
t
B
S1
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
-
1
1
2
.
4
7
8
.
A
t
th
is
p
o
in
t
“
P
in
g
-
P
o
n
g
ef
f
ec
t”
o
cc
u
r
s
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
b
y
ad
d
in
g
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
an
d
f
ix
ed
h
y
s
ter
es
is
v
al
u
es,
t
h
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e.
So
,
R
SS
b
ased
GSM
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
es
i
s
is
t
h
e
b
est
m
eth
o
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
n
ee
d
to
s
elec
t th
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
v
a
lu
e
b
u
t th
o
s
e
ar
e
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
as
s
i
g
n
e
d
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
MS
d
is
tan
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
SS
b
a
s
ed
GSM
Han
d
o
f
f
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
A
d
ap
tiv
e
H
y
s
ter
e
s
is
Me
t
h
o
d
T
ab
le
2
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
R
SS
o
f
B
S1
an
d
B
S2
w
it
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
4
.
1
.
R
SS
B
a
s
ed
CDM
A
So
f
t
H
a
nd
o
f
f
Alg
o
rit
hm
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
v
ar
io
u
s
Had
d
an
d
H
d
r
o
p
v
a
lu
e
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
lo
u
r
s
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
it
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
if
H
ad
d
an
d
Hd
r
o
p
a
r
e
at
1
2
d
B
,
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
m
o
r
e
an
d
if
Had
d
an
d
Hd
r
o
p
v
alu
es
ar
e
at
2
d
B
th
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
less
.
As
Had
d
an
d
Hd
r
o
p
ar
e
in
cr
e
ased
,
SHD
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
r
ap
id
ly
.
L
ar
g
e
SHD
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
an
d
h
en
ce
ca
p
ac
it
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Ver
y
s
m
a
ll
SHD
m
a
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
ta
g
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
Hd
r
o
p
s
h
o
u
ld
n
eith
er
b
e
v
er
y
lar
g
e
n
o
r
v
er
y
s
m
a
ll
.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
in
d
icate
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
d
is
tan
ce
(
SHD)
v
ar
ies
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
Had
d
a
n
d
Hd
r
o
p
v
al
u
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
R
SS
at
h
an
d
o
f
f
.
T
ab
le
3
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
a
t
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
th
s
,
ca
ll
q
u
alit
y
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
Had
d
,
Hd
r
o
p
)
.
I
f
Had
d
an
d
Hd
r
o
p
a
r
e
at
1
2
d
B
,
th
e
R
SS
d
u
r
in
g
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
-
8
5
d
B
m
an
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
is
v
er
y
lar
g
e
w
h
ic
h
7
4
0
m
is
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
s
till
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
ca
ll.
A
ls
o
f
o
r
a
f
i
x
ed
h
y
s
t
er
esis
ad
d
an
d
v
a
r
iab
le
h
y
s
ter
esis
d
r
o
p
also
th
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
L
ar
g
e
h
y
s
ter
e
s
is
ad
d
an
d
d
r
o
p
v
alu
es
cr
ea
te
lar
g
e
SHD
w
h
ich
r
es
u
lts
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
.
As
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
,
t
h
e
u
p
li
n
k
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
b
ec
au
s
e
u
p
lin
k
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
8
2
-
1
5
0
-
1
4
0
-
1
3
0
-
1
2
0
-
1
1
0
-
1
0
0
-
9
0
-
8
0
-
7
0
X
:
1
.
1
8
8
Y
:
-
1
1
5
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
K
m
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
d
B
B
S
1
B
S
2
S
.
N
o
BS
1
t
o
M
S
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
d
(
m)
M
S
t
o
B
S
2
d
i
s
t
a
n
n
c
e
,
D
c
-
d
(
m)
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
H
y
st
e
r
e
si
s(
h
)
R
SS
1
(
d
B
)
R
SS
2
(
d
B
)
1
1
0
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
.
9
9
9
-
7
7
.
6
9
1
-
1
4
2
.
1
7
4
2
2
0
0
1
8
0
0
1
9
.
9
8
8
-
8
8
.
1
6
3
-
1
4
1
.
3
4
6
4
4
0
0
1
6
0
0
1
9
.
8
1
6
-
9
8
.
6
3
5
-
1
3
9
.
3
9
5
6
6
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
9
.
0
7
2
-
1
0
4
.
7
6
0
-
1
3
6
.
6
3
3
8
8
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
7
.
0
6
7
-
1
0
9
.
1
0
6
-
1
3
2
.
3
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
.
8
4
0
-
1
1
2
.
4
7
8
-
1
2
5
.
3
1
8
11
1
1
0
0
9
0
0
9
.
5
1
8
-
1
1
3
.
9
1
7
-
1
2
0
.
4
0
4
12
1
2
0
0
8
0
0
5
.
1
5
4
-
1
1
5
.
2
3
2
-
1
1
4
.
2
6
1
13
1
3
0
0
7
0
0
0
-
1
1
6
.
4
4
1
-
1
0
7
.
0
8
9
14
1
4
0
0
6
0
0
0
-
1
1
7
.
5
6
1
-
1
0
4
.
7
6
0
16
1
6
0
0
4
0
0
0
-
1
1
9
.
5
7
8
-
9
8
.
6
3
5
18
1
8
0
0
2
0
0
0
-
1
2
1
.
3
5
8
-
8
8
.
1
6
3
19
1
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
-
1
2
2
.
1
7
4
-
7
7
.
6
9
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
2
1
9
–
1
2
2
7
1226
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
r
ed
u
ce
.
So
,
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
F
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
T
ab
le
3
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
a
n
d
,
h
y
s
ter
es
is
d
r
o
p
v
alu
e
s
f
r
o
m
3
d
B
t
o
5
d
B
r
an
g
e
ca
n
g
i
v
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
it
h
m
o
d
er
ate
s
o
f
t h
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
is
tan
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
6.
R
SS
b
a
s
ed
So
f
t h
a
n
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t H
ad
d
an
d
Hd
r
o
p
v
alu
es
T
ab
le
3.
So
f
t h
an
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
it
h
m
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
H
ad
d
an
d
H
d
r
o
p
an
d
its
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
4
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
G
SM
a
nd
CDM
A
Alg
o
ri
t
h
m
s
I
n
GSM
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
9
0
0
MH
z
an
d
u
s
i
n
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
m
et
h
o
d
h
an
d
o
f
f
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
-
1
1
5
d
B
.
W
h
er
ea
s
C
DM
A
i
s
o
p
er
ated
at
1
8
0
0
MH
z
an
d
b
ased
o
n
R
SS
b
ased
C
DM
A
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
it
h
m
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
Had
d
a
n
d
Hd
r
o
p
ar
e
in
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
3
d
B
to
5
d
B
an
d
R
SS
at
h
an
d
o
f
f
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
-
1
1
9
.
6
d
B
to
-
1
2
0
.
7
d
B
th
at
is
eq
u
al
to
-
8
9
.
6
d
B
m
to
-
9
0
.
7
d
B
m
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
B
S1
is
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
C
D
M
A
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
G
SM
w
h
ic
h
a
v
o
id
s
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
it
y
also
in
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
Q
o
S.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
8
2
-
1
3
5
-
1
3
0
-
1
2
5
-
1
2
0
-
1
1
5
-
1
1
0
-
1
0
5
-
1
0
0
-
9
5
-
9
0
-
8
5
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
k
m
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
d
B
BS1
BS2
H
a
d
d
H
d
r
o
p
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
c
b
a
f
e
d
j
g
h
p
q
r
s
j
i
t u
v
w
x
H
a
d
d
a
=
1
d
B
b
=
2
d
B
c
=
3
d
B
d
=
4
d
B
e
=
5
d
B
f
=
6
d
B
g
=
8
d
B
h
=
1
0
d
B
i
=
1
2
d
B
H
d
r
o
p
p
=
1
d
B
q
=
2
d
B
r
=
3
d
B
s
=
4
d
B
t
=
5
d
B
u
=
6
d
B
v
=
8
d
B
w
=
1
0
d
B
x
=
1
2
d
B
H
a
d
d
(
d
B
)
H
d
r
o
p
(
d
B
)
S
H
D
(
m)
R
SS
a
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
(
d
B
m)
R
e
su
l
t
12
12
7
4
0
-
85
Q
O
S
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
v
e
r
y
l
a
r
g
e
S
H
D
10
10
6
4
0
-
8
6
.
5
Q
O
S
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
v
e
r
y
l
a
r
g
e
S
H
D
8
8
5
2
0
-
8
7
.
8
Q
O
S
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
l
a
r
g
e
S
H
D
6
6
3
9
0
-
89
Q
O
S
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
l
a
r
g
e
S
H
D
5
5
3
2
0
-
8
9
.
6
Q
O
S
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
mo
d
e
r
a
t
e
S
H
D
4
4
2
7
0
-
90
Q
O
S
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
me
d
i
u
m
S
H
D
3
3
2
0
0
-
9
0
.
7
Q
O
S
b
e
t
t
e
r
b
u
t
me
d
i
u
m
S
H
D
2
2
1
4
0
-
9
1
.
1
Q
O
S
d
e
g
r
a
d
i
n
g
b
u
t
mi
n
i
m
u
m SH
D
1
1
70
-
9
1
.
7
Q
O
S
d
e
g
r
a
d
i
n
g
b
u
t
v
e
r
y
l
e
ss SH
D
6
4
3
3
5
-
9
0
.
2
Q
O
S
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
l
a
r
g
e
S
H
D
4
6
3
3
5
-
9
0
.
2
Q
O
S
g
o
o
d
b
u
t
l
a
r
g
e
S
H
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
n
Ha
n
d
o
ff A
lg
o
r
ith
ms fo
r
GS
M a
n
d
C
DMA
C
ellu
la
r
N
etw
o
r
k
s
(
S
.
N
ee
r
a
ja
)
1227
T
h
e
GSM
an
d
C
DM
A
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
p
o
p
u
lar
2
G/3
G
d
ig
i
tal
ce
llu
lar
s
y
s
te
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
R
SS
b
ased
GSM
h
an
d
o
f
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
a
n
d
R
SS
b
ase
d
C
DM
A
h
an
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
.
I
n
a
d
ap
tiv
e
h
y
s
ter
esis
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
p
o
in
t
o
cc
u
r
s
at
1
1
8
8
m
.
At
t
h
at
p
o
i
n
t
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
tr
e
n
g
th
is
-
1
1
5
d
B
.
T
h
e
GSM
ad
ap
ti
v
e
h
y
s
te
r
esis
b
ased
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
in
i
m
izes
t
h
e
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
h
an
d
o
f
f
s
an
d
also
o
p
ti
m
izes
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
ar
ea
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
an
d
o
f
f
d
elay
.
Du
e
to
th
i
s
,
t
h
e
ca
ll
q
u
alit
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
w
h
ic
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
G
SM
ce
ll
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
.
B
ased
o
n
R
SS
b
ased
C
DM
A
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
alg
o
r
it
h
m
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
Had
d
an
d
Hd
r
o
p
ar
e
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
d
B
to
5
d
B
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
t
h
e
b
est
Qo
S
w
h
ich
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
C
DM
A
ce
ll
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
GSM
an
d
C
DM
A
h
an
d
o
f
f
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
o
f
t
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
in
C
DM
A
is
t
h
e
b
est
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
u
n
n
ec
es
s
a
r
y
h
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
u
til
izatio
n
o
f
av
ailab
le
B
S
p
o
w
er
i.e
h
a
n
d
ad
o
f
f
o
cc
u
r
s
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
-
1
1
9
.
6
d
B
to
-
1
2
0
.
7
d
B
.
Du
e
to
th
is
,
s
o
f
t
h
an
d
o
f
f
C
DM
A
ce
ll
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
ca
p
ac
it
y
4
to
5
tim
e
s
m
o
r
e
th
an
GS
M
an
d
also
p
r
o
v
id
es b
est Qo
S
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
rip
a
th
i
N.
D.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
in
Ce
ll
u
lar S
y
ste
m
s
”
,
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
5
(6
)
2
6
B
–
3
7
B,
(1
9
9
8
).
[2
]
Ak
h
il
a
S
,
L
a
k
sh
m
in
a
ra
y
a
n
a
M
,
“
A
v
e
ra
g
in
g
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
to
D
e
c
is
io
n
M
a
k
in
g
f
o
r
H
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
in
G
S
M
”
,
W
o
rld
Aca
d
e
my
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
1
8
,
p
p
.
3
3
4
-
3
3
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
V
it
e
rb
i
A
.
J.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
f
t
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
Ex
ten
d
s
Ce
ll
Co
v
e
ra
g
e
a
n
d
In
c
r
e
a
se
s
R
e
v
e
r
se
L
in
k
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
,
”
IE
EE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s in
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Vo
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
1
-
1
2
8
7
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
9
9
8
.
[4
]
S
a
a
d
Za
m
a
n
A
si
f
“
C
DM
A
2
0
0
0
P
a
st,
P
re
se
n
t
a
n
d
F
u
tu
re
”
,
Bu
l
e
ti
n
T
e
k
n
ik
El
e
k
tro
d
a
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
k
a
(
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
r
ma
ti
c
s)
,
V
o
l.
1
,
N
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
7
-
1
1
0
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
G
o
tt
a
p
u
S
a
sib
h
u
sh
a
n
a
Ra
o
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
c
e
ll
u
lar Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
P
e
a
rso
n
Ed
it
io
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
S
y
a
h
f
r
iza
l
T
a
h
c
f
u
ll
o
h
,
Ek
a
Risk
a
y
a
d
i
,
“
Op
ti
m
ize
d
S
u
it
a
b
le
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
G
S
M
9
0
0
P
a
t
h
L
o
ss
P
re
d
ictio
n
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
o
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
5
4
-
1
6
2
.
[7
]
T
.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
“
W
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
P
e
a
rso
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
3
[8
]
Ek
iz
N.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ov
e
rv
ie
w
o
f
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
i
n
Ce
ll
u
lar
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
,
”
In
t.
J
.
In
f.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
V
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
132
–
1
3
6
,
2
0
0
5
.
[9
]
G
.
P
.
P
o
ll
i
n
i,
“
T
re
n
d
s in
Ha
n
d
o
v
e
r
De
sig
n
,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
.
M
a
g
,
p
p
.
8
2
–
90
,
M
a
r.
1
9
9
6
[1
0
]
M
a
rich
a
m
y
P
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ov
e
rv
iew
o
f
Ha
n
d
o
ff
S
c
h
e
me
s
in
Ce
ll
u
la
r
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
Co
mp
a
r
a
ti
v
e
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
Eva
l
u
a
t
io
n
”
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
IEE
E
V
T
C‟9
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
6
-
1
4
9
0
,
S
e
p
t.
1
9
9
9
.
[1
1
]
S
Ne
e
ra
ja,
e
t
a
l.
,
,
“
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Hy
ste
r
e
sis
Ba
se
d
Ho
r
izo
n
tal
Ha
n
d
o
f
f
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
G
S
M
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
El
e
c
trica
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
I
n
stru
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
IRE
EICE
),
V
o
l.
1
,
No
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
3
3
-
4
3
7
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
W
il
li
a
m
C.
Y.
L
e
e
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
Ce
ll
u
lar T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
M
c
G
ra
w
Hill
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ed
it
io
n
s,
1
9
9
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
Y
O
F
AUTHO
RS
S.
Ne
e
r
a
ja
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
A
ss
istan
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
G
it
a
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
A
n
d
h
ra
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
3
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
1
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
Tea
c
h
in
g
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
3
0
re
s
e
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
rio
u
s
re
p
u
ted
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l/
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls/C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
r
a
re
a
o
f
In
tere
se
t
is
Ce
ll
u
lar
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
le co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
W
ir
e
les
s S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
G
o
tta
p
u
S
a
si
B
h
u
s
h
a
n
a
Ra
o
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
A
n
d
h
ra
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
V
isa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
.
He
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
2
9
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
In
d
u
str
y
,
R
&
D
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
in
g
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
3
3
5
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
v
a
rio
u
s
re
p
u
ted
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l/
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls/Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
H
e
is
S
e
n
i
o
r
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E,
F
IE
T
E,
I
EE
E
c
o
m
S
o
c
iety
,
IG
U
a
n
d
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
G
lo
b
a
l
Na
v
ig
a
ti
o
n
S
a
telli
te
S
y
ste
m
(I
G
NSS
),
A
u
sta
li
a
.
He
is
a
lso
th
e
Ch
a
rtere
d
En
g
in
e
e
r
f
o
r
IET
E.
His
a
re
a
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
G
P
S
/INS
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
Ce
ll
u
lar/m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
RA
D
A
R,
S
ON
A
R
a
n
d
A
c
o
u
stic
sig
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
.
He
Re
c
e
iv
e
d
“
Dr.S
u
rv
e
p
a
ll
i
Ra
d
h
a
Krish
n
a
Aw
a
rd
f
o
r
Be
st
A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
ian
”
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
Be
st
Re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
Aw
a
rd
”
f
ro
m
A
n
d
h
ra
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
V
isa
k
h
a
p
a
tn
a
m
d
u
rin
g
7
5
th
Co
n
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
P
lat
in
u
m
Ju
b
il
e
e
Ce
leb
ra
ti
o
n
s
-
2
0
0
8
.
He
h
a
s
Co
m
p
lete
d
5
re
se
a
rc
h
p
r
o
jec
ts
a
n
d
2
u
n
d
e
r
p
ro
g
re
ss
.
He
is
a
lso
C
h
ief
Ed
it
o
r
o
f
th
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
Na
v
ig
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
A
n
d
h
ra
u
n
iv
e
rsity
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
g
.
,
Ed
it
o
r
o
f
th
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
siti
o
n
g
(
P
o
S
),
U
S
A
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.