I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
E
lec
t
r
ical
an
d
Com
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
gin
e
e
r
in
g
(
I
JE
CE
)
Vol.
12
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
22
,
pp.
460
~
470
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
12
i
1
.
pp
4
60
-
470
460
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
e
c
e
.
iaes
c
or
e
.
c
om
M
itigat
io
n
of
p
ac
k
e
t
l
oss with
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
e
la
y i
n
w
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r
e
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ss
b
od
y
ar
e
a n
e
t
w
or
k
ap
p
li
c
at
io
n
s
S
u
h
a
S
ah
ib
Ol
e
iwi
1
,
Gh
as
s
an
N
.
M
oh
am
m
e
d
2
,
I
s
r
aa
Al
-
B
ar
az
an
c
h
i
3
,4
1
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
omput
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r
s
, M
in
is
tr
y of
H
ig
he
r
E
duc
a
ti
on,
B
a
g
hda
d,
I
r
a
q
2
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
pl
a
nni
ng
a
nd
s
tu
di
e
s
, M
in
is
tr
y of
H
ig
he
r
E
duc
a
ti
on,
B
a
ghda
d,
I
r
a
q
3
C
omput
e
r
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g T
e
c
hni
que
s
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
, B
a
ghd
a
d C
ol
l
e
ge
of
E
c
onomi
c
S
c
ie
nc
e
s
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y,
B
a
ghda
d, I
r
a
q
4
C
ol
le
ge
of
C
omput
e
r
S
c
ie
nc
e
a
nd
I
nf
or
ma
ti
on T
e
c
hnol
ogy, Un
iv
e
r
s
it
i
T
e
na
ga
N
a
s
io
na
l
(
U
N
I
T
E
N
)
,
S
e
la
ngor
,
M
a
la
y
s
ia
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
r
30,
2021
R
e
vis
e
d
J
ul
14,
2021
Ac
c
e
pted
Aug
1,
20
2
1
T
h
e
w
i
re
l
es
s
b
o
d
y
area
n
et
w
o
r
k
(W
B
A
N
)
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
t
o
o
ffer
a
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
ro
b
l
em
o
f
p
o
p
u
l
at
i
o
n
ag
e
i
n
g
,
s
h
o
r
t
ag
e
i
n
me
d
i
ca
l
faci
l
i
t
i
e
s
an
d
d
i
ffere
n
t
ch
r
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
eas
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
e
l
o
p
men
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
t
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
fu
rt
h
er
fu
el
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
em
an
d
fo
r
real
-
t
i
me
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
o
n
fo
r
mo
n
i
t
o
ri
n
g
t
h
es
e
cas
es
i
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
eg
r
i
t
y
o
f
co
mmu
n
i
c
at
i
o
n
i
s
co
n
s
t
r
ai
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
l
o
s
s
o
f
p
ack
e
t
s
d
u
ri
n
g
co
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
affect
i
n
g
t
h
e
rel
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
W
BA
N
.
Mi
t
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
o
s
s
o
f
p
ack
e
t
s
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
ri
n
g
t
h
e
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
rk
i
s
a
ch
al
l
en
g
i
n
g
t
a
s
k
t
h
a
t
h
as
s
p
ar
k
ed
n
u
m
ero
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
o
v
er
t
h
e
y
ear
s
.
T
h
e
W
BA
N
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
as
a
p
ro
b
l
em
o
f
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
rk
l
i
fet
i
me;
t
h
u
s
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er,
w
e
u
t
i
l
i
ze
co
o
p
erat
i
v
e
ro
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
(CRP)
t
o
i
mp
r
o
v
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
d
el
i
v
er
y
v
i
a
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
l
a
t
en
c
y
an
d
i
n
crea
s
e
t
h
e
l
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
l
i
fe
t
i
me.
T
h
e
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
l
at
en
cy
w
as
u
s
ed
as
a
met
ri
c
t
o
d
et
erm
i
n
e
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
ce
o
f
CRP
i
n
W
B
A
N
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
s
.
T
h
e
CRP
i
n
creas
ed
t
h
e
rat
e
o
f
t
ra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
p
ack
e
t
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
a
n
d
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
p
ack
et
l
o
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
e
l
a
y
i
n
t
h
e
W
BA
N
i
s
co
n
s
i
d
er
ab
l
y
red
u
ce
d
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
o
p
era
t
i
v
e
ro
u
t
i
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
.
T
h
e
CRP
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
at
t
a
i
n
e
d
a
d
el
i
v
ery
rat
i
o
o
f
0
.
8
1
7
6
co
mp
are
d
t
o
0
.
8
1
1
8
w
h
en
t
ra
n
s
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
p
ack
e
t
s
i
n
W
B
A
N
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
De
lay
M
e
dica
l
us
e
M
it
igation
P
a
c
ke
t
los
s
W
B
AN
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
I
s
r
a
a
Al
-
B
a
r
a
z
a
nc
hi
C
omput
e
r
E
nginee
r
ing
T
e
c
hniques
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt,
B
a
ghda
d
C
oll
e
ge
of
E
c
onomi
c
S
c
ienc
e
s
Unive
r
s
it
y
B
a
ghda
d,
I
r
a
q
E
mail:
I
s
r
a
a
44444@gmail.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
P
opulation
a
ge
ing
a
nd
c
hr
onic
dis
e
a
s
e
s
a
r
e
pois
e
d
to
be
c
ome
c
r
it
ica
l
medic
a
l
is
s
ue
s
in
the
ne
a
r
f
utur
e
.
T
he
wir
e
les
s
body
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
ks
(
W
B
AN
s
)
ha
ve
e
xtens
ive
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
a
nd
us
e
s
pr
os
pe
c
t
s
in
both
the
a
ge
ing
a
nd
he
a
lt
h
population
th
r
ough
p
r
ovis
ion
of
he
a
l
th
tele
mo
nit
or
ing
to
the
c
a
r
e
giver
s
[
1]
.
Vi
tal
phys
iol
ogica
l
s
ignals
s
uc
h
a
s
blood
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
,
e
lec
tr
oc
a
r
diogr
a
ms
,
a
nd
body
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
o
f
a
pa
ti
e
nt
,
c
a
n
be
moni
t
or
e
d
via
the
us
e
of
mul
ti
ple
li
ghtwe
ight
m
ini
a
tur
ize
d
s
e
ns
or
s
[
2]
.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
that
e
mpl
oy
W
B
AN
f
or
medic
a
l
r
e
a
s
ons
r
e
quir
e
high
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y,
incr
e
a
s
e
d
s
pa
ti
a
l
r
e
us
e
r
a
ti
o
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
to
be
a
ble
to
mee
t
the
s
tr
ingent
pr
ovis
ions
of
moni
tor
ing
dis
e
a
s
e
s
ignals
[
1]
.
T
he
W
B
AN
s
c
a
vor
t
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ole
in
the
i
mpl
e
m
e
ntation
of
mobi
le
he
a
lt
h
a
n
d
mot
ion
de
tec
ti
on
.
P
r
e
vious
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
a
s
ingl
e
ne
twor
k
e
va
luating
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
nd
thr
oughput
a
s
s
ur
a
nc
e
f
e
w
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
de
a
lt
with
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
o
f
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
[
3]
.
F
igu
r
ing
that
t
he
body
moveme
nts
a
r
e
dis
ti
nguis
ha
ble
f
r
om
va
r
ieties
of
m
oti
on,
the
dyn
a
mi
c
va
r
iations
in
the
de
s
ign
of
the
W
B
AN
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
va
r
ied
f
r
om
r
e
late
d
c
onve
nti
ona
l
ne
twor
k
s
[
2]
.
C
o
-
loca
ted
W
B
AN
s
is
a
pr
oblem
c
a
us
e
d
by
pa
ti
e
nts
with
wir
e
les
s
body
s
e
ns
or
s
point
s
be
ing
loca
ted
in
s
mall
a
r
e
a
s
im
ult
a
ne
ous
ly
[
2]
.
T
he
s
it
ua
ti
on
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
M
it
igat
ion
of
pac
k
e
t
los
s
w
it
h
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
in
…
(
Suha
Sahib
Ole
iw
i
)
461
in
ter
f
e
r
e
nc
e
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
c
ompetit
ion,
whic
h
s
ubs
tantially
r
e
duc
e
s
the
ne
twor
k
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y,
incr
e
a
s
e
s
e
ne
r
gy
us
e
,
a
nd
ult
im
a
tely
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
thr
oughput.
I
n
W
B
AN
s
da
ta
los
s
in
the
f
or
m
of
pa
c
ke
ts
los
t
dur
ing
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
whe
n
moni
tor
ing
c
r
it
ica
l
he
a
lt
h
inf
o
r
mation
c
a
n
be
li
f
e
-
thr
e
a
tening.
R
e
s
our
c
e
c
ompetit
ion
is
a
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
-
li
mi
ti
ng
f
a
c
tor
in
W
B
AN
a
nd
would
r
e
s
ult
in
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
.
T
he
I
E
E
E
802
.
15.
4
a
nd
802.
15
.
6
s
tanda
r
ds
s
ti
pulate
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
the
phys
ica
l
a
nd
medium
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ontr
ol
(
M
AC
)
laye
r
s
that
f
or
med
the
ba
s
e
li
ne
of
t
he
W
B
AN
s
tec
hnology.
I
n
the
phys
ica
l
leve
l
of
the
W
B
AN
,
the
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
is
a
ll
ott
e
d
in
to
s
ub
-
c
ha
nne
ls
[
4]
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
c
oe
xis
tenc
e
s
tr
a
tegie
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
im
pleme
nted
to
a
ll
ow
c
or
por
a
ti
on
in
the
de
ns
e
de
pl
oyment
ne
twor
ks
in
W
B
AN
.
T
he
c
or
por
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
tegie
s
a
r
e
im
pleme
nted
in
the
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
6
s
tanda
r
d
a
nd
in
c
or
por
a
tes
a
c
ti
ve
s
upe
r
f
r
a
me
,
hopping
c
ha
nne
l
a
n
d
be
a
c
on
s
hif
ti
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
[
5]
.
T
he
hopping
c
ha
nne
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
ns
ur
e
s
W
B
AN
a
voids
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
that
c
a
n
oc
c
ur
in
the
s
a
me
pa
thwa
y
thr
ough
the
s
e
le
c
ti
on
of
a
ne
w
pa
thwa
y
ba
s
e
d
on
the
hopping
c
ha
nne
l
s
e
que
nc
e
[
4]
.
T
he
hopping
c
ha
nne
l
s
e
que
nc
e
is
c
r
e
a
ted
by
the
c
oor
dinator
with
r
e
ga
r
ds
to
the
c
ha
nne
l
not
be
ing
us
e
d
by
the
ne
ighbor
[
1]
.
T
he
a
bove
s
e
que
nc
e
r
e
li
a
nc
e
on
the
maximum
length
Ga
loi
s
li
ne
a
r
f
e
e
dba
c
k
s
hif
t
r
e
gi
s
ter
that
uti
li
z
e
s
r
a
ndom
va
lue.
C
ons
ider
ing
that
e
a
c
h
W
B
A
N
pe
r
f
o
r
med
inf
or
mation
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
in
a
s
ingl
e
pa
thw
a
y,
then
the
c
oor
dinator
br
oa
dc
a
s
ts
the
ne
w
pa
ths
f
or
the
s
e
ns
or
point
s
on
the
be
a
c
on
s
ignal.
I
n
c
a
s
e
the
ne
w
pa
thwa
y
is
oc
c
upied
by
the
br
oa
dc
a
s
ter
be
f
or
e
c
ha
nne
l
s
e
ns
ing,
then
c
ha
nne
l
c
oll
is
ion
c
a
n
oc
c
ur
whe
n
a
nother
W
B
AN
s
e
lec
t
the
s
a
me
c
ha
nne
l
[
6]
.
P
r
e
s
e
ntl
y,
W
B
AN
s
us
e
s
a
s
ingl
e
c
ha
nne
l
M
AC
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
or
the
int
r
a
-
W
B
AN
c
omm
unica
ti
on.
T
he
incr
e
a
s
e
d
c
ha
nne
l
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
t
th
e
s
e
ns
or
point
s
would
lea
d
to
c
oll
is
ions
in
the
int
r
a
-
W
B
AN
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
c
a
us
ing
a
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
in
the
ne
tw
or
k
thr
oughput
[
5
]
.
C
ur
r
e
ntl
y,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
pr
opos
e
d
the
us
e
of
mul
ti
-
c
ha
nne
l
M
AC
pr
otocols
to
s
a
ti
s
f
y
the
r
e
quir
e
ment
f
o
r
high
ne
two
r
k
th
r
oughput
by
in
c
r
e
a
s
ing
r
e
l
iabili
ty
in
wir
e
les
s
ne
twor
ks
s
uc
h
a
s
W
B
AN
S
,
wir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
twor
ks
,
c
ognit
ive
r
a
dio
ne
twor
k
s
a
nd
a
d
hoc
ne
twor
k.
One
o
f
the
pr
im
a
r
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
W
B
AN
s
is
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
dur
ing
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
c
omm
unica
ti
on
f
r
om
the
s
e
ns
or
s
to
the
s
ink.
P
r
oblems
s
uc
h
a
s
c
onge
s
t
io
n
a
nd
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
a
dve
r
s
e
ly
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
r
outi
ng
o
f
pa
c
ke
ts
a
nd
the
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
a
r
r
ival
a
t
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
ons
[
3]
.
T
he
powe
r
li
mi
tation
of
the
W
B
AN
s
s
e
ns
or
s
may
m
e
a
n
that
pa
c
ke
ts
a
r
e
r
e
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
whe
n
they
a
r
e
not
a
ppr
opr
iate
ly
s
e
nt,
lea
ding
to
c
onc
e
pti
on
o
f
e
xt
r
a
e
ne
r
gy,
i.
e
.
,
e
ne
r
gy
wa
s
tage
.
P
r
e
s
e
ntl
y,
the
W
B
AN
s
a
r
e
f
ound
on
the
s
ingl
e
-
hop
a
nd
mul
ti
-
hop
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
f
or
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ted
by
the
s
e
ns
or
s
dir
e
c
tl
y
to
the
s
ink
[
1]
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
ou
ti
ng
pr
otocol
(
C
R
P
)
is
ba
s
e
d
on
mul
ti
-
hop
c
o
mm
unica
ti
on
tec
hnique
whe
r
e
r
e
la
ys
or
s
e
ns
or
s
a
r
e
loca
ted
in
the
c
omm
unica
ti
on
pa
th
be
twe
e
n
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
a
nd
the
s
ink
ope
r
a
ti
ng
a
s
f
or
wa
r
de
r
s
[
7]
.
T
he
f
or
wa
r
d
ha
s
r
e
c
e
ived
s
e
nt
pa
c
ke
ts
f
r
om
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
node
s
a
nd
r
e
tr
a
ns
mi
t
the
pa
c
ke
ts
t
o
the
de
s
ti
n
a
ti
on
r
e
duc
ing
the
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
ion
a
nd
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
.
T
he
c
o
-
ope
r
a
ti
ve
r
outi
ng
f
o
r
me
mor
e
f
r
e
que
nt
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ti
o
n
ha
nds
r
e
duc
ing
da
ta
los
s
.
T
his
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
nde
a
vor
s
to
m
i
ti
ga
te
the
pr
oblem
of
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
with
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
in
t
he
W
B
AN
e
mpl
oying
a
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
outi
ng
pr
otoc
ol.
T
he
C
R
P
int
r
oduc
e
s
f
or
wa
r
de
r
s
in
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
i
on
pa
ths
of
the
s
e
ns
or
s
in
the
W
B
AN
f
r
om
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
s
t
o
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on.
T
he
f
o
r
wa
r
de
r
s
with
r
e
tr
a
ns
mi
t
th
e
pa
c
ke
ts
r
e
duc
ing
the
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
of
los
ing
the
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ted
while
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
nd
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
ing
the
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
ion
in
W
B
AN
.
B
a
c
kgr
ound
to
the
C
R
P
tec
hnology
wa
s
c
ompl
e
ted
then
the
tec
hnique
e
va
luate
d
in
numer
ica
ll
y
in
M
AT
L
AB
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WORK
T
he
body
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
ks
(
B
AN
s
)
a
r
e
m
a
de
of
mi
ni
a
tur
e
ne
twor
k
node
s
that
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
s
e
ns
e
phys
ica
l
a
c
ti
vit
ies
a
nd
phys
iol
ogica
l
s
ignals
.
C
onve
nti
ona
ll
y,
B
AN
s
c
a
n
de
tec
t
phy
s
iol
ogica
l
a
c
ti
vit
ies
s
uc
h
a
s
blood
glucos
e
,
body
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
he
a
r
t
r
a
te,
a
nd
leve
l
bo
dy
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
a
nd
blood
oxyge
n
[
4]
.
T
he
node
s
in
th
e
B
AN
s
c
a
n
c
omm
unica
te
wir
e
les
s
ly;
thus
,
in
s
uc
h
a
r
c
hit
e
c
t
ur
e
s
,
it
is
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
s
wir
e
les
s
body
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
k
(
W
B
AN
)
[
7]
.
T
he
W
B
AN
ha
s
be
e
n
r
e
c
e
ntl
y
uti
li
z
e
d
to
moni
t
or
a
pa
ti
e
nts
’
vit
a
ls
c
onti
nuous
ly,
thus
e
li
mi
na
ti
ng
t
he
ne
e
d
to
be
be
d
-
r
idden
pe
r
mane
ntl
y
[
8]
.
T
he
W
B
AN
r
e
s
tor
e
s
nor
malc
y
to
the
pa
ti
e
nts
’
li
ve
s
us
ing
a
ne
t
wor
k
of
s
e
ns
or
s
to
moni
tor
a
nd
mea
s
ur
e
c
ha
nge
s
in
he
a
r
t
r
a
tes
,
body
tempe
r
a
tur
e
,
e
lec
tr
oc
a
r
diog
r
a
phy
(
E
C
G
)
,
blood
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
,
a
nd
e
lec
tr
oe
nc
e
pha
logr
a
phy
(
E
E
G)
.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
s
a
r
e
e
it
he
r
hous
e
d
in
we
a
r
a
bles
or
im
plante
d
in
the
pa
ti
e
nts
.
T
he
we
a
r
a
bles
a
r
e
t
r
a
dit
ionally
wor
n
on
t
he
pa
ti
e
nts
’
body
o
r
ne
a
r
the
pa
ti
e
nt
to
moni
tor
th
e
vit
a
ls
,
whe
r
e
a
s
the
e
mbedde
d
de
vice
s
a
r
e
int
e
gr
a
ted
in
t
o
the
pa
ti
e
nt’
s
body
[
9
]
.
T
he
s
e
ns
or
s
r
e
c
or
d
a
v
a
r
iety
of
inf
or
mation
that
is
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
wir
e
les
s
ly
to
a
c
ontr
ol
ga
dge
t
that
c
a
n
be
loca
ted
on
the
us
e
r
or
c
e
ntr
a
ll
y
in
a
c
los
e
-
by
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
c
omm
unica
ti
on
tec
hniques
in
W
B
AN
s
a
r
e
r
e
li
a
nt
on
the
type
o
f
c
omm
unica
ti
o
n
a
nd
the
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ty
of
t
he
inf
or
mation
in
tr
a
ns
it
[
10]
.
T
he
c
omm
unica
ti
on
types
in
W
B
AN
s
c
a
n
be
;
c
or
r
e
s
p
onde
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
the
s
e
ns
or
s
on
the
pa
ti
e
nt’
s
phys
ique
a
nd
c
omm
unica
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
the
s
e
ns
or
s
a
nd
the
c
ontr
ol
c
e
nter
via
the
int
e
r
ne
t
,
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
1
[
11]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
r
e
a
r
e
two
f
or
ms
of
c
omm
un
ica
ti
on,
i
.
e
.
,
t
he
int
r
a
-
body
c
or
r
e
s
ponde
nc
e
a
nd
e
xtr
a
-
body
e
xc
ha
nge
s
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2.
I
n
the
int
r
a
-
body
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
i
s
tas
ke
d
with
ha
ndli
ng
inf
or
mation
be
twe
e
n
the
s
e
ns
or
s
a
nd
the
a
c
tuator
s
a
nd
the
s
ink;
the
e
xtr
a
-
body
c
or
r
e
s
ponde
nc
e
is
whe
r
e
the
c
ontr
ol
of
the
da
ta
be
twe
e
n
the
de
s
ti
n
a
ti
on
node
a
nd
the
e
xter
na
l
ne
twor
ks
.
T
he
W
B
AN
s
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
in
numer
ous
f
ields
s
uc
h
a
s
s
por
ts
,
r
e
mot
e
me
dica
l
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on,
a
nd
li
f
e
s
tyl
e
[
4]
.
T
he
mos
t
c
om
mon
in
-
body
medic
a
l
us
e
of
W
B
AN
is
in
the
moni
tor
ing
of
the
pa
c
e
make
r
s
,
c
ontr
ol
of
bladde
r
f
unc
ti
ons
,
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
12
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
22
:
460
-
470
462
of
li
mbs
c
ontr
ol
,
a
nd
im
plante
d
c
a
r
diac
de
f
ib
r
il
lator
s
.
T
he
on
-
body
medic
a
l
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
may
include
tempe
r
a
tur
e
moni
to
r
ing,
he
a
r
t
r
a
te,
blood
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
a
nd
r
e
s
pir
a
ti
on
moni
tor
ing
[
12
]
.
F
ur
ther
,
the
on
-
body
non
-
medic
a
l
us
e
of
W
B
AN
c
a
n
be
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
mi
li
tar
y
s
oldi
e
r
s
a
nd
moni
tor
ing
mi
s
s
ing
pe
r
s
ons
.
R
e
li
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
ti
mely
de
li
ve
r
y
of
da
ta
in
thes
e
wir
e
les
s
s
e
ns
or
n
e
twor
ks
a
r
e
c
ha
ll
e
nging
to
a
c
hieve
in
r
e
a
l
li
f
e
.
N
umer
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
s
ha
ve
be
e
n
unde
r
t
a
ke
n
to
e
ns
ur
e
that
ther
e
is
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
in
the
W
S
Ns
.
Although
the
inves
ti
ga
ti
ons
ha
ve
be
e
n
c
onduc
ted
in
a
bid
to
i
mpr
ove
c
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
i
ty
in
the
ne
two
r
ks
li
tt
le
ha
s
be
e
n
done
to
s
uppor
t
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
las
s
e
s
of
tr
a
f
f
ic
with
r
e
ga
r
ds
to
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
v
a
r
iable
ti
me
c
ons
tants
.
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
loca
ti
on
a
nd
c
omm
un
ica
ti
on
of
s
e
ns
or
s
on
the
pa
ti
e
nt
’
s
body
F
igur
e
2.
T
he
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
o
f
the
W
B
AN
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
2.
1.
T
h
e
I
E
E
E
802.
15.
4
T
he
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
4
is
a
c
omm
unica
ti
on
guideline
t
ha
t
pr
ovide
the
r
e
gulator
y
s
tanda
r
ds
f
o
r
the
lowe
r
powe
r
wir
e
les
s
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
s
olut
ion.
T
he
s
tanda
r
d
pr
ovides
ba
s
ics
f
or
ope
r
a
ti
on
in
the
M
AC
a
nd
phys
ica
l
(
P
HY
)
laye
r
s
of
the
OS
I
model
a
s
s
hown
in
the
F
igur
e
3
[
4]
.
C
on
tr
a
r
y
to
other
,
I
E
E
E
s
tanda
r
ds
the
I
E
E
E
802.
15.
4
a
im
s
to
pr
ovide
c
os
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
omm
u
nica
ti
on
of
c
los
e
r
a
nge
ga
dge
ts
with
tr
ivi
a
l
or
no
ba
s
ic
inf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
s
[
2]
.
T
he
c
onc
e
pts
of
th
is
s
tanda
r
d
a
r
e
to
gua
r
a
ntee
c
or
r
e
s
ponde
nc
e
s
of
up
to
10
me
ter
s
a
t
a
mi
nim
u
m
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
a
tes
s
uc
h
a
s
250
kbps
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
the
I
E
E
E
802
.
15.
4
incor
por
a
tes
e
mbedde
d
d
e
vice
s
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
c
os
t
of
the
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem.
T
he
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
4
s
tanda
r
d
ha
s
e
volved
ove
r
the
ye
a
r
s
unde
r
going
mul
ti
ple
r
e
lea
s
e
s
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
va
r
iants
em
e
r
ging
that
c
a
ter
s
f
o
r
va
r
ious
f
or
ms
of
c
omm
unica
ti
on
in
the
P
HY
laye
r
[
5]
.
T
a
ble
1
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
the
e
volut
ion
o
f
the
I
E
E
E
802
.
15.
4
ove
r
the
ye
a
r
s
.
F
u
r
ther
,
the
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
4
s
tanda
r
d
is
a
ppli
c
a
bl
e
f
or
the
va
r
ious
higher
laye
r
tec
hniques
.
T
his
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
is
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
s
i
t
p
r
ovides
a
ba
s
ic
de
f
ini
t
ion
o
f
the
M
AC
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
M
it
igat
ion
of
pac
k
e
t
los
s
w
it
h
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
in
…
(
Suha
Sahib
Ole
iw
i
)
463
phys
ica
l
laye
r
s
whic
h
a
r
e
a
l
r
e
a
dy
outl
ined
in
the
s
t
a
nda
r
d
[
3]
.
T
he
highe
r
laye
r
s
a
r
e
de
f
ined
by
the
in
divi
dua
l
s
ys
tem
be
ing
us
e
d.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
the
I
E
E
E
8
02.
15.
4
f
o
r
the
higher
laye
r
s
led
to
t
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
the
de
r
ived
s
tanda
r
ds
.
T
a
ble
2
c
a
ptur
e
the
de
s
c
r
ipt
io
n
of
the
highe
r
laye
r
tec
hnologi
e
s
that
uti
li
z
e
s
t
he
I
E
E
E
802.
15.
4.
F
igur
e
3.
T
he
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
4
s
tanda
r
d
ove
r
view
s
h
owing
the
two
laye
r
s
that
a
r
e
s
uppor
ted
[
4
]
T
a
ble
1.
T
he
e
volu
t
ion
of
the
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
4
s
tand
a
r
d
V
e
r
s
io
ns
D
e
ta
il
s
I
E
E
E
802.15.4
-
2003
T
he
or
ig
in
a
l
publ
is
hi
ng
of
th
e
I
E
E
E
802.15.4
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
in
it
ia
l
gui
de
li
ne
w
a
s
d
e
ve
lo
pe
d
f
or
two
va
r
ie
ti
e
s
of
P
H
Y
i.
e
.,
f
ir
s
t
f
or
th
e
lo
w
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
tr
a
nds
of
868
a
nd
915
M
H
z
a
nd
th
e
s
e
c
ond
f
or
2.4
G
H
z
.
I
E
E
E
802.15.4
-
2006
T
he
pr
im
a
r
y a
im
of
t
hi
s
s
ta
nda
r
d w
a
s
t
o i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
t
he
da
ta
t
hr
ou
ghput f
or
t
he
l
ow
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y l
e
ve
ls
.
T
he
r
e
le
a
s
e
w
a
s
ma
de
f
or
t
he
868 a
nd
915 M
H
z
.
F
ur
th
e
r
, f
our
ne
w
modul
a
ti
ons
w
e
r
e
i
nt
r
oduc
e
d w
he
r
e
t
hr
e
e
w
e
r
e
us
e
d f
or
t
he
l
ow
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
ie
s
a
nd
a
s
in
gl
e
f
o
r
2.4 G
H
z
[
3]
.
I
E
E
E
802.15.4a
T
hi
s
e
di
ti
on
in
tr
oduc
e
d
th
e
de
f
in
it
io
n
of
two
P
H
Y
la
ye
r
s
.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
is
th
e
c
hi
r
p
s
pr
e
a
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
a
t
2.4
G
H
z
a
nd t
he
U
W
B
t
e
c
hnol
ogy.
I
E
E
E
802.15.4c
T
he
s
e
w
e
r
e
upgr
a
de
s
f
or
t
he
868 a
nd 915
M
H
z
, C
hi
na
779
-
787
M
H
z
ba
nd, UW
B
a
n
d 2.4 G
H
z
[
7]
.
I
E
E
E
802.15.4d
F
ur
th
e
r
upgr
a
de
s
t
o t
he
868, 915 M
H
z
, 2.4 G
H
z
a
nd t
he
J
a
pa
n
e
s
e
950
-
956 M
H
z
.
I
E
E
E
802.15.4e
T
hi
s
va
r
ia
nt
in
tr
oduc
e
s
M
A
C
im
pr
ove
me
nt
s
in
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
02.15.4
w
hi
c
h
w
oul
d
in
c
or
por
a
te
I
S
A
S
P
100.11a
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
I
E
E
E
802.15.4f
I
nt
r
oduc
e
s
a
n a
dva
nc
e
d P
H
Y
f
or
t
he
U
W
B
t
e
c
hnol
ogy f
or
433 M
H
z
a
nd 2.4 G
H
z
I
E
E
E
802.15.4g
I
nt
r
oduc
e
d
a
ne
w
P
H
Y
th
a
t
w
oul
d
be
us
e
d
f
or
s
ma
r
t
ne
ig
hb
or
hood
ne
twor
ks
s
u
c
h
a
s
in
s
ma
r
t
gr
id
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on. M
or
e
ove
r
, i
t
in
c
lu
de
s
t
he
902
-
928 M
H
z
.
T
a
ble
2.
T
he
de
r
ivative
tec
hnology
f
or
the
I
E
E
E
8
02.
15.
4
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
D
e
s
c
r
ip
ti
on
Z
ig
B
e
e
T
hi
s
is
a
te
c
hnol
ogy
de
v
e
lo
pe
d
by
Z
ig
B
e
e
A
ll
ia
n
c
e
a
im
e
d
a
t
pr
ovi
di
ng
th
e
hi
ghe
r
de
gr
e
e
s
ne
e
d
e
d
in
th
e
lo
w
-
pow
e
r
e
d
r
a
di
o
s
y
s
te
m
us
e
in
th
e
ma
n
a
ge
me
nt
a
nd
c
ont
r
ol
of
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
he
a
ti
ng,
li
ght
in
g
a
nd othe
r
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
[
4]
.
M
iW
i
M
iW
i
c
oupl
e
d
w
it
h
M
iW
i
P
2P
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
de
ve
lo
pe
d
by
mi
c
r
oc
hi
p
te
c
hnol
ogy
[
6]
.
T
he
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
r
e
de
ve
lo
pe
d
f
or
lo
w
da
ta
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
th
r
oughputs
ove
r
a
r
e
duc
e
d
di
s
ta
nc
e
[
5]
.
T
he
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
a
ppl
ie
d
f
or
lo
w
c
os
t
ne
twor
ks
s
uc
h
a
s
r
e
mot
e
c
ont
r
ol
,
hom
e
a
ut
oma
ti
on,
in
dus
tr
ia
l
moni
to
r
in
g
a
nd
a
ut
oma
te
d me
te
r
r
e
a
di
ng.
R
F
4C
E
F
ul
ly
known
a
s
r
a
di
o
f
r
e
que
nc
y
f
o
r
c
ons
ume
r
e
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
ha
s
r
e
c
e
nt
ly
a
ma
lg
a
ma
te
d
w
it
h
Z
ig
B
e
e
A
ll
ia
nc
e
us
e
d f
or
t
he
pr
ovi
s
io
n of
l
ow
pow
e
r
r
a
di
o c
ont
r
ol
s
a
ppl
ie
d i
n
a
u
di
o
-
vi
s
io
s
ys
te
ms
s
uc
h a
s
T
V
a
nd
s
e
t
-
to
p
boxe
s
[
12]
. T
he
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
of
t
he
s
y
s
te
m i
s
e
nha
n
c
e
d c
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on c
ompa
r
e
d t
o ot
he
r
e
xi
s
ti
ng c
ont
r
ol
s
.
W
ir
e
le
s
s
H
A
R
T
T
hi
s
a
n
op
e
n
-
s
our
c
e
w
ir
e
le
s
s
te
c
hnol
ogy
de
s
ig
ne
d
a
nd
im
pl
e
me
nt
e
d
by
th
e
H
A
R
T
C
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on
F
ounda
ti
on
ut
il
iz
e
d
f
or
th
e
2.4
G
H
z
I
S
M
ba
nd
[
4
]
-
[
9]
.
T
he
I
E
E
E
802.15.4
gui
de
li
ne
s
e
nha
nc
e
s
ti
me
s
ync
hr
oni
z
a
ti
on, s
e
lf
-
he
a
li
ng a
nd s
e
lf
-
or
ga
ni
z
in
g t
e
c
hni
que
.
6L
oW
P
A
N
I
t
is
a
n
a
c
r
onym
f
or
I
P
v6
a
ppl
ie
d
f
o
r
lo
w
pow
e
r
w
ir
e
le
s
s
pe
r
s
on
a
l
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
ks
[
8]
.
T
he
te
c
hnol
ogy
u
s
e
s
pa
c
ke
t
da
ta
f
or
t
he
I
P
v6 pr
ot
oc
ol
.
I
S
A
100.11a
T
he
te
c
hnol
ogy
w
a
s
de
s
ig
ne
d
a
nd
im
pl
e
me
nt
e
d
by
I
S
A
i.
e
.,
a
n
ope
n
-
s
our
c
e
w
ir
e
le
s
s
n
e
twor
ki
ng
te
c
hnol
ogy uti
li
z
e
d f
or
i
ndus
tr
ia
l
a
ut
oma
ti
on.
T
he
I
E
E
E
802.
15
.
4
ha
s
two
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
ba
s
e
d
on
the
or
igi
na
l
2003
r
e
lea
s
e
in
T
a
ble
1.
T
he
two
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
i.
e
.
,
a
i
r
a
nd
r
a
dio
is
r
e
li
a
nt
on
the
d
ir
e
c
t
s
e
que
nc
e
s
pr
e
a
d
s
pe
c
tr
um
(
DSS
S
)
method
[
1
]
.
I
n
thi
s
ins
tanc
e
,
the
lowe
r
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
ha
ve
a
lowe
r
da
ta
t
hr
oughput
whe
r
e
a
s
the
2.
4
GH
z
c
a
n
be
e
xpa
nde
d
t
o
a
t
tain
250
kbps
.
2.
2.
I
E
E
E
802.
15.
4
t
op
ologi
e
s
T
he
pa
c
ke
t
f
ields
in
the
s
tanda
r
d
divi
de
the
da
ta
int
o
two
s
e
c
ti
ons
.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
is
a
s
ix
oc
tet
s
tr
uc
tur
e
that
c
ontain
the
pr
e
a
mbl
e
(
32
bi
ts
)
,
the
ins
ti
ga
ti
on
of
t
he
pa
c
ke
t
de
li
mi
ter
(
8
b
it
s
)
a
nd
the
he
a
de
r
o
f
the
phys
ica
l
laye
r
(
8
bi
ts
)
[
5]
-
[
9]
.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
pa
r
t
o
f
the
pa
c
k
e
t
s
tr
uc
tur
e
is
the
P
HY
s
e
r
vice
da
ta
un
it
(
P
S
DU
)
whic
h
is
c
ontains
the
da
ta
a
nd
ha
s
the
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
of
127
oc
tet
s
i.
e
.
1016
bit
s
.
F
igur
e
4
de
mons
tr
a
tes
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
the
pa
c
ke
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
12
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
22
:
460
-
470
464
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
s
tr
uc
tur
e
o
f
the
P
HY
pa
c
ke
ts
[
4]
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
two
pr
im
a
r
y
f
o
r
ms
of
the
ne
twor
k
to
pology
uti
li
z
e
d
in
the
I
E
E
E
802
.
15.
4
.
T
he
two
topol
ogies
c
a
n
be
uti
li
z
e
d
f
or
va
r
ious
a
dva
ntage
s
a
nd
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
topol
ogies
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tanda
r
d
is
:
−
S
tar
t
opology:
T
he
tec
hnique
de
s
c
r
ibes
a
ne
twor
k
topol
ogy
with
a
c
e
ntr
a
l
node
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
a
s
the
pe
r
s
ona
l
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
k
(
P
AN
)
c
oor
dinator
with
whic
h
a
ll
the
r
e
maining
node
s
c
or
r
e
s
pond
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
be
low
.
F
i
gur
e
5
s
hows
the
s
tar
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
f
or
the
I
E
E
E
802
.
15.
4
s
c
he
me
[
12]
.
−
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
pe
e
r
:
S
im
il
a
r
to
the
s
tar
topol
ogy
the
P
A
N
c
oor
dinator
but
c
omm
unica
ti
on
c
a
n
s
ti
ll
take
plac
e
be
twe
e
n
va
r
ious
node
s
without
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
il
y
going
thr
ough
the
c
oor
dinator
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
be
low.
F
ig
ur
e
6
s
hows
the
point
-
to
-
point
;
a
de
r
ivative
of
the
pe
e
r
-
to
-
pe
e
r
topol
ogy
[
12]
.
F
igur
e
7
s
hows
the
c
lus
ter
tr
e
e
;
a
de
r
ivative
of
the
pe
e
r
-
to
-
pe
e
r
topol
ogy
[
12
]
.
F
igur
e
5.
T
he
s
tar
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
f
or
the
I
E
E
E
802
.
15
.
4
s
c
he
me
F
igur
e
6.
T
he
point
-
to
-
point
;
a
de
r
ivative
o
f
the
pe
e
r
-
to
-
pe
e
r
topol
ogy
F
igur
e
7.
T
he
c
lus
ter
tr
e
e
;
a
de
r
ivative
of
the
pe
e
r
-
to
-
pe
e
r
topol
ogy
T
he
f
ull
f
unc
ti
on
de
vice
s
(
F
F
D)
a
r
e
a
node
that
h
a
s
f
ull
leve
ls
o
f
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ti
e
s
i.
e
.
,
c
a
n
be
u
ti
li
z
e
d
f
or
s
e
ndi
ng
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
da
ta,
f
ur
ther
,
it
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
r
ou
te
f
o
r
the
f
low
of
da
ta
to
other
no
de
s
[
10]
.
T
he
r
e
duc
e
d
f
unc
ti
on
de
vice
(
R
F
D)
is
a
ga
dge
t
wi
t
h
r
e
duc
e
d
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ti
e
s
a
nd
may
f
or
the
s
ink
of
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
i.
e
.
,
s
uc
h
a
s
s
witch
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
s
.
T
he
R
F
Ds
ha
ve
n
o
r
outi
ng
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
a
nd
only
c
omm
unica
te
with
t
he
F
F
Ds
[
5]
.
T
he
R
F
Ds
a
r
e
low
powe
r
de
vice
s
a
s
they
c
a
nnot
r
oute
othe
r
tr
a
f
f
ic.
T
he
c
oor
dinator
is
the
pr
im
a
r
y
node
that
c
ontr
ols
the
node
i.
e
.
,
it
is
a
s
pe
c
ial
f
or
m
of
F
F
D.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
M
it
igat
ion
of
pac
k
e
t
los
s
w
it
h
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
in
…
(
Suha
Sahib
Ole
iw
i
)
465
2.
3.
Ne
t
wor
k
p
e
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
an
alys
is
T
he
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
is
the
mea
s
ur
e
of
the
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vice
(
QoS
)
in
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
of
inf
or
mation
f
r
om
the
o
r
igi
n
to
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
of
t
he
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
[
5]
.
T
he
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
a
ne
twor
k
c
a
n
be
mea
s
ur
e
d
ba
s
e
d
on
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
na
lys
i
s
metr
ics
de
pe
n
ding
on
the
na
tur
e
a
nd
the
de
s
ign
of
the
ne
twor
k.
F
ur
ther
,
the
a
r
e
a
of
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
a
ne
two
r
k
c
a
n
a
ls
o
be
a
de
ter
mi
na
nt
f
or
the
QoS
[
6
]
.
A
s
im
ulation
mode
l
c
a
n
be
uti
li
z
e
d
f
or
de
s
igni
ng
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
tes
t
s
c
e
na
r
ios
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
mana
ge
a
nd
c
o
ntr
ol
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
of
the
da
ta
in
the
ne
twor
k
[
13]
.
T
he
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
he
a
lt
h
c
a
r
e
,
ha
s
b
e
c
ome
a
pr
e
r
e
quis
it
e
f
or
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
a
moni
tor
i
ng
s
ys
tem.
T
he
pr
im
a
r
y
objec
ti
ve
o
f
s
tudyi
ng
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
W
B
AN
s
ys
tems
is
the
ve
r
if
ica
ti
on
of
pa
ti
e
nt
da
ta
a
nd
e
ns
ur
ing
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
r
om
the
s
e
ns
or
s
on
the
pa
ti
e
nt
’
s
body
to
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
with
the
lo
we
s
t
leve
l
of
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
[
2]
.
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
we
f
oc
us
on
de
ve
lopi
ng
a
s
olut
ion
to
e
ns
ur
e
de
li
ve
r
y
of
da
ta
f
r
o
m
the
s
e
ns
or
s
to
the
r
e
c
e
iver
s
with
the
lea
s
t
va
lue
o
f
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
with
the
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay.
R
e
c
e
nt
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
f
oc
us
e
d
on
de
ve
lopi
ng
s
olut
ions
that
would
a
d
dr
e
s
s
the
is
s
ue
of
s
low
ne
twor
k
f
oc
us
ing
pr
im
a
r
il
y
on
the
c
a
us
e
s
of
the
s
low
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
in
the
s
y
s
tem.
I
n
mos
t
ne
twor
ks
,
the
r
e
s
pons
e
ti
me
is
us
e
d
to
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
a
nd
the
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
a
s
they
a
f
f
e
c
t
the
ne
twor
k
tr
a
f
f
ic
[
1
]
.
T
he
thr
oughput
in
ne
two
r
k
de
f
ines
the
a
mount
of
da
ta
s
e
nt
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ived
ove
r
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
ti
me
unit
;
thus
,
it
c
a
n
be
uti
li
z
e
d
to
de
ter
mi
ne
the
a
mount
of
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
dur
ing
tr
a
ns
por
t
.
L
it
tl
e
ha
s
be
e
n
done
to
s
ugge
s
t
a
us
e
f
ul
s
c
he
me
f
or
im
pr
oving
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
in
W
B
AN
a
nd
e
ns
ur
ing
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
[
6]
.
F
u
r
ther
,
the
p
r
e
vious
s
tudi
e
s
ha
ve
not
r
e
c
omm
e
nde
d
a
W
B
AN
s
ys
tem
that
c
a
n
pr
ovide
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
e
nding
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
of
da
ta
without
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
due
to
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
.
T
hus
,
the
r
e
is
the
ne
e
d
to
e
va
luate
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
a
s
a
c
omponent
of
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
in
a
W
B
AN
s
c
he
m
e
the
r
e
c
omm
e
nd
a
tec
hnique
f
or
r
e
d
uc
ing
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
a
n
d
im
pr
ov
in
g
ne
twor
k
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
[
6]
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
s
hould
gua
r
a
ntee
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
o
f
pa
ti
e
nt
da
ta
f
r
om
s
e
ns
or
s
on
the
body
to
the
r
e
c
e
iver
s
with
the
lea
s
t
pos
s
ibl
e
va
lue
f
or
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
.
T
he
s
c
he
me
s
hould
gua
r
a
ntee
a
matc
h
be
twe
e
n
the
da
ta
f
r
om
the
s
e
nde
r
a
nd
the
r
e
c
e
iver
.
2.
4.
T
h
r
ou
gh
p
u
t
an
d
d
e
lay
an
alys
is
S
hojaf
a
r
e
t
a
l.
p
r
opos
e
d
a
n
opti
mal
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
s
c
he
me
that
is
us
e
d
in
the
li
nk
-
laye
r
p
r
otocol
that
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
s
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
via
lea
r
ning
a
utom
a
ta
f
or
the
wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
mes
h
ne
twor
k.
T
he
tec
hni
que
wa
s
us
e
d
to
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
in
the
s
ys
tem
a
nd
thus
e
nha
nc
e
the
thr
oughpu
t
[
14]
.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
L
i
e
t
al
.
pr
opos
e
a
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
-
ba
s
e
d
thr
oughput
maxim
iza
ti
on
a
lgo
r
it
h
m
that
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
opti
mi
z
e
thr
oughput
in
W
B
A
N.
I
n
thi
s
he
ur
is
ti
c
a
lgor
it
hm
,
the
wir
e
les
s
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
we
r
e
s
c
he
duled
a
da
pti
ve
ly
to
mee
t
the
ne
e
ds
of
the
W
B
AN
s
c
he
me.
T
he
a
lgor
it
hm
wa
s
us
e
d
f
or
int
e
r
-
a
nd
-
int
r
a
body
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
k
c
omm
unica
ti
on
[
15]
.
Although
thes
e
a
lgor
it
hms
ha
ve
a
tt
e
mpt
e
d
to
s
olve
the
is
s
ue
a
r
ound
thr
oughp
ut
a
nd
de
lay
in
W
B
AN
,
they
did
not
c
ons
ider
the
n
umer
ous
ne
twor
k
s
c
e
na
r
ios
that
ha
ve
be
e
n
a
dopted
in
body
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
ks
.
T
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
a
r
obus
t
tec
hnique
to
mana
ge
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
a
nd
thr
oughput
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
a
ne
twor
k
ult
im
a
tely
.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
the
va
r
ious
c
onne
c
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
that
c
a
n
be
a
tt
a
ined
in
W
B
AN
.
2.
5.
Cooper
at
ive
c
om
m
u
n
ica
t
ion
C
oope
r
a
ti
ve
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
s
de
f
ined
by
S
e
ndona
r
is
e
t
al.
is
a
c
or
r
e
s
ponde
nc
e
tec
hnique
that
e
nha
nc
e
s
the
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
of
wir
e
les
s
c
onne
c
ti
ons
a
s
the
r
e
c
e
iver
s
obtain
da
ta
f
r
om
nume
r
ous
r
e
lays
a
nd
then
c
ombi
ning
the
da
ta
pr
ope
r
ly
lea
ding
to
the
f
or
mu
lation
of
r
e
li
a
ble
de
c
is
ions
by
the
r
e
c
e
iver
with
r
e
ga
r
ds
to
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
inf
or
mation
[
16
]
.
T
he
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
c
o
mm
unica
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
a
c
c
or
d
a
s
ingl
e
-
r
e
c
e
iver
ne
twor
k
the
a
dva
ntage
s
of
mul
ti
ple
-
in
-
mul
ti
ple
-
out
(
M
I
M
O)
s
y
s
tems
.
T
he
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
ne
twor
k
c
oding
is
a
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
nd
ne
twor
k
c
oding
tec
hniques
s
yne
r
gis
ti
c
a
ll
y,
thus
e
nha
nc
ing
the
n
e
twor
k
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y.
F
igu
r
e
3
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
c
oope
r
a
te
ne
two
r
k
c
oding
model
whe
r
e
the
s
our
c
e
ge
ne
r
a
tes
a
c
om
bination
of
pa
c
ke
ts
in
a
c
c
or
da
nc
e
with
the
e
qua
ti
on
[
7]
.
T
he
pa
c
ke
ts
we
r
e
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
to
the
node
s
in
the
va
r
ious
c
lus
ter
s
.
T
he
c
lus
ter
is
a
r
e
s
ult
of
a
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
ne
igh
bor
ing
node
s
.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
c
lus
ter
c
ombi
ne
d
the
pa
c
ke
ts
a
nd
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
to
the
ne
xt
c
lus
ter
.
T
he
s
uc
c
e
e
ding
gr
ou
ps
r
e
c
e
ived
the
c
ombi
na
ti
on
o
f
pa
c
ke
ts
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
mi
t
a
f
ter
c
ombi
na
ti
on
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
be
low
:
=
∑
−
1
,
,
=
1
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
whe
r
e
a
r
e
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
c
ombi
na
ti
ona
l
pa
c
ke
ts
?
−
1
,
a
r
e
the
pe
r
c
e
ived
c
ombi
na
ti
on
pa
c
ke
ts
?
is
the
qua
nti
ty
o
f
node
s
in
the
c
lus
ter
s
in
c
lus
ter
is
the
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
b
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
j
i
n
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
i
n
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
−
1
a
r
e
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
s
e
lec
ted
r
a
ndoml
y
T
o
e
nha
nc
e
the
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
that
the
s
ink
in
the
W
B
AN
would
r
e
c
e
ive
a
n
a
de
qua
te
a
mount
of
l
inea
r
ly
indepe
nde
nt
pa
c
ke
ts
f
r
om
the
or
igi
na
l
pa
c
ke
ts
the
n
e
a
c
h
nod
e
in
the
c
lus
ter
s
hould
r
e
lay
a
t
lea
s
t
a
pr
opor
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
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8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
12
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
22
:
460
-
470
466
that
is
gr
e
a
ter
or
e
quivale
nt
to
the
or
ig
inal
pa
c
ke
ts
(
m)
a
nd
qua
nti
ty
o
f
the
node
s
in
a
gr
oup
(
n)
a
s
de
mo
ns
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
8
[
6
]
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly,
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
r
e
qui
r
e
d
a
pr
opor
ti
on
o
f
the
li
ne
a
r
ly
indepe
n
de
nt
c
ombi
na
ti
on
pa
c
ke
ts
f
r
om
the
node
s
in
c
lus
ter
K
to
r
e
c
ove
r
the
ini
ti
a
l
in
f
or
mation
f
r
om
the
s
our
c
e
s
.
F
igur
e
8.
T
he
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
ne
twor
k
c
oding
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
us
e
d
to
r
e
duc
e
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
3.
P
ROP
OS
E
D
S
OL
UT
I
ON
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
we
pr
opos
e
the
us
e
of
a
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
to
e
na
ble
c
omm
unica
ti
on
of
mul
ti
ple
s
our
c
e
s
to
mul
ti
ple
c
omm
unica
ti
on
wir
e
l
e
s
s
ne
twor
k,
whic
h
is
a
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
of
W
B
AN
s
c
he
mes
[
17]
.
T
he
s
our
c
e
s
de
note
the
nume
r
ous
s
e
ns
or
s
us
e
d
to
mea
s
ur
e
the
phys
iol
ogica
l
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
of
a
p
a
ti
e
nt.
T
he
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
de
vice
s
,
i.
e
.
s
ink
is
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
in
C
R
P
[
6]
.
T
he
model
incor
por
a
tes
mul
ti
ple
r
e
lay
c
ha
nne
ls
that
pr
ovide
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pa
ths
f
or
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
a
mes
s
a
ge
a
nd
thus
e
li
mi
na
ti
ng
the
pos
s
ibi
li
ty
o
f
a
s
ingl
e
point
of
f
a
il
ur
e
a
s
s
hown
in
the
f
low
c
ha
r
t
be
low.
As
dis
c
us
s
e
d
e
a
r
li
e
r
,
the
s
our
c
e
ge
ne
r
a
ted
a
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
pa
c
ke
ts
t
ha
t
we
r
e
s
e
nt
to
the
R
r
e
lays
with
the
a
s
s
umpt
ion
that
no
pa
c
ke
t
is
los
t
dur
ing
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion.
T
he
c
ombi
na
ti
ona
l
pa
c
ke
ts
in
thi
s
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
we
r
e
r
e
laye
d
a
nd
ge
ne
r
a
ted
f
r
o
m
the
s
our
c
e
s
us
i
ng
the
f
o
ll
owing
e
qua
ti
on
.
:
=
∑
′
=
1
whe
r
e
′
is
the
number
o
f
c
ombi
na
ti
ona
l
pa
c
ke
ts
?
is
the
number
o
f
s
our
c
e
s
?
I
n
the
s
tudy,
the
f
a
il
ur
e
of
a
s
ingl
e
r
e
lay
would
le
a
d
to
the
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
c
umul
a
ti
ve
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
ti
me
a
s
the
e
xis
ti
ng
r
e
lays
would
ne
e
d
to
r
e
c
e
ive,
c
r
e
a
te
a
nd
tr
a
ns
mi
t
the
r
e
quir
e
d
number
o
f
c
omb
inational
pa
c
ke
ts
f
or
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
to
de
c
ode
the
da
ta
f
r
om
a
ll
the
s
e
ns
or
node
s
[
6]
.
F
a
il
ur
e
in
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
tr
igger
e
d
a
f
e
e
dba
c
k
mec
ha
nis
m
that
r
e
laye
d
th
e
inf
or
mation
to
the
other
r
e
lays
.
T
o
im
pleme
nt
the
C
R
P
tec
h
nique
in
M
AT
L
AB
,
it
is
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
a
c
hieve
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
a
ppr
oa
c
h
that
e
ntails
the
ps
e
udoc
ode
be
low.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
a
s
s
umpt
ion
in
the
c
r
e
a
ti
on
of
the
a
lgo
r
it
hm
wa
s
tha
t
ther
e
would
be
s
e
ts
of
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
node
s
(
s
e
ns
or
s
)
[
6]
.
T
he
node
s
will
ge
ne
r
a
te
m
ini
mum
va
lues
that
be
c
ombi
ne
d
to
c
r
e
a
te
the
li
ne
a
r
ly
indepe
nde
nt
da
ta
to
be
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
to
the
de
s
ti
na
ti
on.
T
he
mi
nim
um
a
mount
would
be
a
pr
opor
ti
on
o
f
the
or
igi
na
l
mes
s
a
ge
that
would
be
c
ombi
ne
d
by
the
s
in
k
to
ge
ne
r
a
te
the
or
igi
na
l
da
ta.
Af
te
r
s
c
he
duli
ng,
da
ta
is
a
na
lyze
d
whic
h
is
pe
r
f
or
med
f
i
r
s
t
dur
ing
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
whe
n
s
c
he
duli
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
is
c
ompl
e
ted
f
or
C
R
P
.
F
o
r
a
na
lys
is
,
c
r
it
ica
l
da
ta
g
r
oup
is
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
d
f
ir
s
t,
then
non
c
r
it
ica
l
gr
oup
a
nd
las
t
nor
mal
da
ta
g
r
oup
in
W
B
AN
.
F
inally,
a
de
c
is
ion
pa
r
t
,
f
or
non
-
c
r
it
ica
l
da
ta
it
make
s
own
de
c
is
ion
that
is
dir
e
c
tl
y
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
ne
twor
k
da
taba
s
e
a
nd
pr
ovides
the
e
f
f
icie
nt
s
ol
uti
on
via
s
mar
t
de
vice
a
nd
f
or
c
r
it
ica
l
da
ta
it
is
di
r
e
c
tl
y
c
onn
e
c
ted
to
the
phys
icia
n
wi
th
c
r
it
ica
l
leve
l
o
f
da
ta.
Us
ing
thi
s
s
c
he
duli
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
it
r
e
duc
e
s
the
ti
me
c
ompl
e
xit
y
a
nd
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
ne
r
gy
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
is
c
ompar
e
d
to
other
pr
oc
e
s
s
f
or
im
pleme
nti
ng
the
C
R
P
tec
hnique.
T
he
r
ole
o
f
d
a
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
is
to
c
oll
e
c
t
the
inf
o
r
mation
obtain
e
d
f
r
o
m
the
number
o
f
pa
c
ke
ts
,
a
nd
then
pr
ovide
s
c
he
duli
ng
of
thes
e
s
e
ns
or
da
ta
whic
h
is
pa
r
a
mete
r
ba
s
e
d
C
li
que
S
c
he
duli
ng.
P
a
r
a
mete
r
s
a
r
e
non
-
c
r
it
ica
l
da
ta,
nor
mal
da
ta
a
nd
c
r
it
ica
l
da
ta.
B
a
s
e
d
on
thes
e
p
a
r
a
mete
r
s
,
s
c
he
duli
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
will
be
pe
r
f
or
med.
T
he
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
ba
s
e
d
C
li
que
S
c
he
duli
ng
s
pli
ts
the
da
ta
int
o
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pa
r
a
mete
r
c
li
que
s
to
make
e
a
s
y
de
c
is
ion
f
or
us
e
r
s
.
F
igur
e
9
s
hows
t
he
f
lowc
ha
r
t
of
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
of
f
or
wa
r
ding
the
da
ta
pa
c
ke
ts
to
de
s
ti
na
ti
on.
I
n
our
p
r
oc
e
s
s
,
pa
c
ke
ts
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
f
e
tch
the
inf
or
mation
f
r
om
the
c
oor
dinator
,
a
nd
it
s
e
nds
the
da
ta
inf
or
mation
via
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
.
W
e
a
r
e
us
ing
the
ha
ndove
r
s
c
he
me
to
ke
e
p
a
pa
c
ke
t
c
onne
c
ti
on
a
c
ti
ve
whe
n
it
moves
f
r
om
one
point
to
a
nother
.
W
he
n
a
pa
c
ke
t
m
ove
s
a
c
r
os
s
ne
twor
k
bounda
r
ies
.
F
or
that,
ha
ndove
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
c
a
lcula
tes
the
dis
t
a
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
pa
c
ke
t
a
nd
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
a
nd
a
ls
o
f
inds
the
pa
c
ke
t
c
ombi
n
a
ti
on.
I
n
dis
tanc
e
c
a
lcula
ti
on
it
take
s
the
s
hor
tes
t
dis
tanc
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
a
nd
les
s
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
e
lay.
B
a
s
e
d
on
th
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
M
it
igat
ion
of
pac
k
e
t
los
s
w
it
h
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
in
…
(
Suha
Sahib
Ole
iw
i
)
467
c
a
lcula
ti
on,
pa
c
ke
t
ha
n
dove
r
is
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
d.
I
f
the
p
a
c
ke
t
a
lr
e
a
dy
in
s
hor
tes
t
dis
tanc
e
a
nd
les
s
c
oope
r
a
t
ive
r
e
lay
a
c
c
e
s
s
point
mea
ns
,
ther
e
is
no
ne
e
d
o
f
ha
ndove
r
.
W
B
AN
c
ontains
s
e
ns
or
s
whic
h
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
c
oll
e
c
t
the
inf
or
mation
a
bout
ne
twor
k
without
ne
e
d
of
pa
c
ke
t
f
or
wa
r
ding.
All
s
e
ns
or
s
a
r
e
mana
ge
d
by
c
oor
dinat
or
whic
h
is
us
e
d
to
s
tor
e
the
s
e
ns
or
de
tails
.
C
oor
dinator
s
e
nds
the
s
e
ns
or
de
tails
to
the
W
B
AN
c
ontr
oll
e
r
f
or
r
e
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
of
s
e
ns
or
s
.
W
B
AN
c
ontr
oll
e
r
ini
ti
a
ll
y
ge
ts
the
inf
or
mation
a
bout
s
e
ns
or
node
s
s
uc
h
a
s
ba
tt
e
r
y
lif
e
,
memor
y
,
s
e
ns
ing
ti
me
a
nd
tr
a
ns
c
e
iver
s
.
I
ts
ba
c
k
-
up
node
s
a
r
e
s
tor
e
d
in
the
dua
l
li
nke
d
li
s
t
s
o
the
y
c
a
n
be
e
a
s
il
y
us
e
d
dur
ing
the
ne
twor
k
ope
r
a
ti
on.
I
f
a
ny
a
b
nor
malit
y
oc
c
ur
s
dur
ing
moni
tor
ing
the
da
ta,
then
c
ontr
oll
e
r
lea
ve
s
that
pa
r
ti
c
ular
s
e
ns
or
node
a
nd
r
e
plac
e
s
the
idl
e
s
e
ns
or
ba
s
e
d
on
the
B
a
c
k
-
up
of
a
bnor
mal
s
e
ns
or
node
f
or
pa
c
ke
t
f
or
wa
r
ding
.
T
a
ble
3
s
hows
the
da
ta
f
or
W
B
AN
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
without
a
nd
with
us
ing
C
R
P
.
F
igur
e
9.
T
he
f
lowc
ha
r
t
of
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
a
ppr
oa
c
h
of
f
o
r
wa
r
ding
the
da
ta
pa
c
ke
ts
to
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
Algor
it
hm
1:
Da
ta
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
in
W
B
AN
1.
Assumption that there are n
sensors in the WBAN (S1,S2,
…,
Sn)
2.
Two sensors were selected in random i.e., cluster 1, cluster 2
3.
Distance
between the cluster and the sensors using the formula;
4.
=
∑
|
−
|
=
=
5.
Computation of minimum value;
6.
{
(
,
)
}
→
∑
7.
The sensor values will be incorporated in the cluster
8.
The data was
represented in a matrix
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
,
Vol
.
12
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
20
22
:
460
-
470
468
T
a
ble
3.
Da
ta
f
or
W
B
AN
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
without
us
i
ng
C
R
P
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
V
a
lu
e
T
ot
a
l
pa
c
ke
t
a
r
r
iv
e
d
9920
T
ot
a
l
pa
c
ke
t
s
c
he
dul
e
d
8053
A
ppr
opr
ia
te
ne
s
s
0.992
D
e
li
ve
r
y r
a
ti
o
0.8118
T
ot
a
l
D
r
op
1867
C
umul
a
ti
ve
de
f
ic
it
a
t
th
e
e
nd
43
C
umul
a
ti
ve
dr
op a
t
th
e
e
nd
1868
4.
RE
S
UL
T
S
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
a
bove
de
mons
tr
a
te
that
the
us
e
of
C
R
P
in
the
W
B
AN
f
or
the
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
of
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
us
ing
the
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
is
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
.
T
he
da
ta
in
T
a
ble
4
il
lus
tr
a
te
that
a
higher
de
li
ve
r
y
r
a
ti
o
is
a
tt
a
ined
in
W
B
AN
in
c
a
s
e
s
whe
r
e
ther
e
is
C
R
P
a
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
ins
tanc
e
s
without
[
18]
.
F
ur
ther
,
T
a
ble
4
il
lus
tr
a
te
a
tot
a
l
pa
c
ke
t
dr
op
o
f
1867
without
C
R
P
a
nd
T
a
ble
4
il
lus
tr
a
te
a
1789
pa
c
ke
t
dr
op
with
C
R
P
in
the
W
B
AN
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion.
T
he
C
R
P
pr
otocol
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
num
be
r
of
pa
c
ke
ts
dr
oppe
d
du
r
ing
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion.
M
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
ize
plays
a
major
r
ole
in
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
na
lys
is
.
M
a
jor
c
on
c
e
r
ne
d
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
de
a
lt
with
a
r
e
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
s
oli
d
ne
s
s
a
nd
c
lamor
e
xe
c
uti
on
o
f
be
ne
f
icia
r
ies
to
im
p
r
ove
the
e
xhibi
ti
on
uti
li
z
ing
pa
c
ke
t
f
or
wa
r
ding
in
W
B
AN
.
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
ign
wa
s
uti
li
z
e
d
to
s
e
nd
the
una
d
ult
e
r
a
ted
a
nd
c
l
e
a
n
inf
or
mat
ion
to
be
ne
f
icia
r
ies
f
o
r
maintaining
a
s
tr
a
tegic
dis
tanc
e
f
r
om
c
omm
oti
on
a
nd
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
s
tea
dines
s
is
s
ue
f
or
1789
d
r
oppe
d
pa
c
ke
ts
.
R
e
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
g
r
oups
a
r
e
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
with
de
li
ve
r
y
r
a
ti
o
whic
h
s
uppor
ts
to
wor
k
a
t
lowe
r
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
in
the
C
R
P
.
He
r
e
the
tot
a
l
dr
op
dis
a
ppoint
ment
is
dis
ti
nguis
he
d
by
the
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
va
r
ieties
f
or
tot
a
l
pa
c
ke
ts
a
r
r
ived
vs
tot
a
l
pa
c
ke
ts
s
c
he
duled.
B
e
c
a
us
e
of
thi
s
c
ove
r
ing
of
s
ign
will
ha
ppe
n
ove
r
the
r
e
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
ba
nd,
a
s
f
o
r
the
W
B
AN
f
or
de
li
ve
r
y
r
a
ti
o.
S
ub
s
e
que
ntl
y
it
mi
ght
dis
ti
nguis
h
the
typi
c
a
l
wor
king
s
e
ns
or
hub
a
s
f
law
e
d
thus
it
ne
glec
t
s
to
pe
r
f
or
m
viable
r
e
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
in
ter
m
s
of
pa
c
ke
t
f
or
wa
r
d
ing.
F
ig
ur
e
10
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
gr
a
phica
l
plo
t
ba
s
e
d
on
li
nks
a
nd
QoS
c
ompar
is
on
of
C
R
P
f
or
ti
me
103
with
a
ll
metr
ics
.
T
im
e
inc
r
e
a
s
e
s
whe
n
li
nk
s
ize
a
ls
o
incr
e
a
s
e
s
upto
103.
T
he
be
low
mentioned
gr
a
ph
s
hows
the
pr
opos
e
d
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
o
f
pa
c
ke
ts
to
take
ti
me
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
mes
s
a
ge
(
bytes
)
whe
r
e
maximum
C
R
P
r
a
ti
o
is
0.
870
.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
pr
otocol
pr
ovides
the
high
leve
l
of
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
to
lar
ge
number
o
f
li
nks
in
ter
ms
o
f
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vice
.
F
igu
r
e
1
1
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
gr
a
phica
l
plot
ba
s
e
d
on
l
inks
a
nd
QoS
c
ompar
is
on
of
C
R
P
f
or
ti
me
104
with
a
l
l
met
r
ics
.
T
im
e
incr
e
a
s
e
s
whe
n
li
nk
s
ize
a
ls
o
incr
e
a
s
e
s
upto
104.
T
he
be
low
m
e
nti
one
d
gr
a
ph
s
hows
the
p
r
opos
e
d
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
o
f
pa
c
ke
ts
to
take
ti
me
f
or
e
a
c
h
mes
s
a
ge
(
bytes
)
whe
r
e
maximum
C
R
P
r
a
ti
o
is
0.
840.
F
igu
r
e
1
2
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nts
the
gr
a
phica
l
plot
ba
s
e
d
on
li
nks
a
nd
QoS
c
ompar
is
on
of
C
R
P
f
or
ti
me
105
with
a
ll
metr
ics
.
T
im
e
incr
e
a
s
e
s
whe
n
li
nk
s
ize
a
ls
o
inc
r
e
a
s
e
s
upto
105.
T
he
be
low
mentioned
g
r
a
ph
s
hows
the
pr
opos
e
d
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
of
pa
c
ke
ts
to
take
ti
me
f
or
e
a
c
h
mes
s
a
ge
(
bytes
)
whe
r
e
maximum
C
R
P
r
a
ti
o
is
0.
8
45
.
T
a
ble
4.
Da
ta
f
or
W
B
AN
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
with
us
ing
C
R
P
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
V
a
lu
e
T
ot
a
l
pa
c
ke
t
a
r
r
iv
e
d
9807
T
ot
a
l
pa
c
ke
t
s
c
he
dul
e
d
8018
A
ppr
opr
ia
te
ne
s
s
0.9807
D
e
li
ve
r
y r
a
ti
o
0.8176
T
ot
a
l
D
r
op
1789
C
umul
a
ti
ve
de
f
ic
it
a
t
th
e
e
nd
22
C
umul
a
ti
ve
dr
op a
t
th
e
e
nd
1788
T
he
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ted
in
the
s
im
ulation
wa
s
us
e
d
to
e
va
luate
the
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vice
f
or
the
C
R
P
f
o
r
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
dur
a
ti
on
(
de
lay)
.
F
igur
e
10
i
ll
us
tr
a
tes
the
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vice
f
o
r
va
r
ious
r
e
lay
li
nks
us
e
d
f
or
pa
c
ke
t
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
be
twe
e
n
the
s
our
c
e
a
nd
th
e
de
s
ti
na
ti
on
f
or
the
c
a
s
e
whe
r
e
the
de
lay
is
thr
e
e
t
im
e
s
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
dur
a
ti
on
[
19]
-
[
21]
.
I
n
the
c
a
s
e
of
F
i
gur
e
11
whe
r
e
the
de
lay
wa
s
thr
ice
the
typi
c
a
l
p
e
r
iod
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
the
li
nks
wa
s
a
ve
r
a
ge
a
s
a
s
im
il
a
r
number
of
li
nks
pe
r
f
o
r
med
poo
r
l
y,
i
.
e
.
be
low
the
de
li
ve
r
y
r
a
ti
o
c
ompar
e
d
to
thos
e
that
a
tt
a
ined
de
li
ve
r
y
r
a
t
io
[
20]
-
[
25]
.
F
or
the
c
a
s
e
s
of
f
our
a
nd
f
ive
ti
mes
de
lays
,
ge
ne
r
a
ll
y,
mos
t
li
nks
pe
r
f
or
med
be
tt
e
r
(
mor
e
li
nks
ha
d
a
de
li
ve
r
y
r
a
ti
o
higher
than
0.
8
)
than
the
s
tanda
r
d
ti
mi
ng.
T
he
c
ha
nge
s
in
s
c
he
dule
a
ll
ow
f
o
r
the
r
e
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
a
nd
c
omm
unica
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
node
s
in
c
lus
ter
s
to
c
ompens
a
te
f
or
los
t
pa
c
ke
ts
.
He
r
e
we
ha
ve
c
ons
ider
e
d
the
ti
me
(
10
o
)
a
nd
their
s
e
c
ur
it
y
p
r
oc
e
s
s
r
unti
me
in
ter
ms
of
de
f
icit
f
or
C
R
P
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
pr
otocol
im
plem
e
ntation
take
s
les
s
c
omput
a
ti
on
ti
me
whe
n
c
ompar
e
d
with
pr
e
vious
ly
im
pleme
nted
pr
otocol.
He
nc
e
,
i
t
is
a
ls
o
one
of
the
metr
ics
whic
h
im
pr
ove
s
the
r
un
ti
me
f
or
C
R
P
.
F
igur
e
1
3
s
hows
the
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
dur
a
ti
on
in
ter
ms
of
de
f
icit
f
or
the
C
R
P
in
W
B
AN
.
T
he
va
r
ious
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
dur
a
ti
ons
we
r
e
c
ompar
e
d
f
o
r
the
C
R
P
whe
n
us
e
d
in
W
B
AN
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
that
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
E
lec
&
C
omp
E
ng
I
S
S
N:
2088
-
8708
M
it
igat
ion
of
pac
k
e
t
los
s
w
it
h
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay
in
…
(
Suha
Sahib
Ole
iw
i
)
469
whe
n
the
de
lay
is
f
ive
ti
mes
mor
e
pa
c
ke
ts
a
r
e
los
t.
T
he
idea
l
de
lay
ti
me
is
s
ix
ti
mes
a
s
it
ha
d
the
lowe
s
t
de
f
icit
a
t
the
e
nd
of
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion.
F
igur
e
10
.
T
he
qua
li
ty
o
f
s
e
r
vice
f
o
r
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
in
W
B
AN
f
or
thr
e
e
ti
mes
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
ti
me
F
igur
e
1
1
.
T
he
qua
li
ty
o
f
s
e
r
vice
f
o
r
the
pe
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
of
the
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
in
W
B
AN
f
o
r
f
our
ti
mes
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
ti
me
F
igur
e
1
2
.
T
he
qua
li
ty
o
f
s
e
r
vice
f
o
r
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
outi
ng
pr
otocol
in
W
B
AN
f
or
f
ive
t
im
e
s
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
ti
me
F
igur
e
1
3
.
T
he
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
dur
a
ti
on
in
ter
ms
of
de
f
icit
f
or
the
C
R
P
in
W
B
AN
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
W
B
AN
ha
s
playe
d
a
pivot
a
l
r
ole
in
the
de
li
ve
r
y
of
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
,
thus
f
a
s
t,
a
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a
c
c
ur
a
te
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
of
the
bio
s
ignals
is
s
igni
f
ic
a
nt
in
thes
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
e
va
luate
s
the
pos
s
ibi
li
ty
of
r
e
duc
ing
pa
c
ke
t
los
s
with
e
nd
-
to
-
e
nd
de
lay.
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he
c
oope
r
a
ti
ve
r
outi
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p
r
otocol
wa
s
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d
f
or
pa
c
ke
t
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
to
a
tt
a
in
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
of
pa
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ke
t
los
s
in
e
xtens
ive
body
a
r
e
a
s
ne
twor
ks
.
I
n
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
the
C
R
P
ha
s
c
ontr
ibut
e
d
to
a
s
ubs
tantial
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
pa
c
ke
ts
los
t
in
the
W
B
AN
,
whe
r
e
a
s
incor
por
a
ti
ng
de
lay
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e
r
a
nc
e
to
e
ns
ur
e
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r
a
ti
on
in
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
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-
pr
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nvir
onments
.
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he
r
e
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ult
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r
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c
or
de
d
in
thi
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r
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s
e
a
r
c
h
c
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n
be
us
e
d
to
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r
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te
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dmap
f
or
f
utur
e
r
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s
e
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r
c
h
int
o
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a
pa
bil
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of
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oope
r
a
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pr
otocol
in
mi
ti
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ti
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pa
c
ke
t
los
s
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nd
im
pr
o
ving
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
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of
W
B
AN
s
c
he
mes
pr
im
a
r
il
y
whe
n
u
s
e
d
in
medic
a
l
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
Our
pr
opos
e
d
method
e
nha
nc
e
s
the
s
e
c
ur
it
y
leve
l
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
o
f
ne
twor
k,
c
o
mput
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ti
on
ti
me
a
nd
f
a
ult
tol
e
r
a
nc
e
in
W
B
AN
us
e
r
s
to
a
c
c
e
s
s
the
va
r
ious
ne
twor
k
s
e
r
vice
s
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
it
y
o
f
ne
two
r
k
us
ing
wir
e
les
s
b
ody
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
k.
R
e
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
is
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
d
by
us
ing
c
o
ntr
oll
e
r
,
whic
h
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
d
e
tec
ts
the
a
bnor
mal
no
de
s
a
nd
r
e
c
onf
igur
e
thes
e
node
s
that
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
ne
twor
k
.
F
ur
ther
,
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
r
e
pe
r
f
or
med
ba
s
e
d
on
r
e
ha
s
hing
ke
y
a
gr
e
e
ment
pr
ot
oc
ol
whic
h
s
e
lec
ts
a
uthor
ize
d
us
e
r
s
a
nd
s
e
r
ve
r
s
f
or
a
s
e
c
ur
e
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on.
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