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20
22
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262
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I
SS
N:
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8708
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2
c.
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a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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N
Mu
ltil
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ter
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to
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ad
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ta
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[
1
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-
[
3
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
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u
l
tile
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[
2
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-
[
4
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ize
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ilter
[
5
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-
[
7
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y
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u
lt
ilev
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er
ter
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h
a
v
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m
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is
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ta
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as
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m
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ir
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m
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v
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s
[
6
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,
[
8
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A
ls
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o
m
e
s
tr
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ctu
r
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s
o
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m
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lti
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ter
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ir
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p
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s
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tr
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s
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m
er
s
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
,
w
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to
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tr
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m
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ev
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1
2
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.
Gen
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all
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m
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lev
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v
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s
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class
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f
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in
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in
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ar
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
d
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T
-
typ
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to
p
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f t
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(
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263
m
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ter
to
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i
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s
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
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s
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s
to
r
s
w
it
h
an
t
ip
ar
allel
d
io
d
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
p
ath
w
a
y
f
o
r
n
eu
tr
al
c
u
r
r
en
t
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
m
u
lti
lev
el
f
l
y
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
v
er
ter
s
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
s
e
v
er
al
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
w
h
ic
h
li
m
it
it
s
u
s
e
i
n
p
r
ac
t
ice;
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
m
aj
o
r
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
w
e
ca
n
cite:
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
a
n
d
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
cu
i
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
f
l
y
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
w
it
h
co
m
p
licated
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
v
o
lta
g
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
Mu
lti
-
ce
ll
m
u
l
ti
-
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
s
ca
d
ed
p
o
w
er
ce
ll
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ce
ll
s
ar
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled
in
a
w
a
y
to
h
a
v
e
all
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
allo
w
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
els.
Fo
r
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
a
d
is
tin
ct
io
n
i
s
m
ad
e
b
et
w
ee
n
m
u
lti
-
ce
ll
ca
s
ca
d
e
h
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
C
HB
)
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
w
h
i
ch
r
eq
u
ir
e
is
o
lated
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
asic
ce
ll,
an
d
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
MM
C
)
w
h
o
s
e
c
ells
s
h
ar
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ad
v
an
t
ag
e
o
f
m
u
lticell
u
lar
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
is
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
ar
e
m
o
d
u
lar
,
w
h
ich
m
ak
e
s
it
ea
s
ier
to
d
esig
n
a
n
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
g
r
ea
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
Als
o
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
ac
r
o
s
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ab
o
v
e
r
e
m
ain
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ar
e
g
en
er
al
l
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
(
to
g
e
n
er
ate
a
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
lev
e
l
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e)
;
th
i
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
M
S
)
v
al
u
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
e
w
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
s
w
itc
h
es.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
n
ee
d
s
as
m
a
n
y
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
as
t
h
e
le
v
els
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
is
w
h
y
t
h
i
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
b
atte
r
ies
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
p
an
els
ar
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
il
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ie
s
to
h
a
v
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
.
2.
M
O
DIFIE
D
T
-
T
YP
E
ST
RU
CT
UR
E
O
F
T
H
E
I
NVE
RT
E
R
T
h
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
T
-
t
y
p
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
i
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
t
h
e
b
asic
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
n
eu
tr
al
is
f
i
x
ed
at
p
o
in
t
N,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
(
p
o
in
t
A
)
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
+
V
dc
o
r
N
o
r
-
V
dc
w
h
e
n
S
H
o
r
S
0
o
r
SL
is
on
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
an
i
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
5
lev
els,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
m
o
d
i
f
icat
io
n
to
th
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
S
H1
a
n
d
S
L1
,
is
j
u
s
ti
f
ied
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
t
h
ese
s
w
i
tch
e
s
m
u
s
t
w
it
h
s
ta
n
d
n
eg
a
tiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
h
e
n
s
w
i
tch
S
H2
o
r
S
L2
ar
e
o
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
2
k
+1
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
.
E
ac
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
a
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
s
i
n
t
h
is
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
ca
n
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
b
e
s
i
m
p
l
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
ad
d
in
g
p
air
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
ass
o
ciate
d
s
w
itc
h
es.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
f
o
r
s
y
m
m
etr
y
r
ea
s
o
n
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
air
.
T
h
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
(
S
H1
, S
H2
,
…
S
H2
k+
1
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
o
lta
g
es,
a
n
d
(
S
L1
,
S
L2
,
…
S
L
2
k+
1
)
f
o
r
n
eg
at
iv
e
v
o
lta
g
es;
w
h
ile
t
h
e
S
0
s
w
itc
h
is
c
lo
s
ed
to
h
a
v
e
th
e
ze
r
o
lev
el.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
n
in
e
-
le
v
el
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
er
te
r
w
ir
in
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
.
All
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
(
ex
ce
p
t th
o
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e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
ex
tr
e
m
e
le
v
els ±
4
V
dc
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
d
if
ied
T
-
ty
p
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
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ase
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
)
: (
a)
T
-
t
y
p
e
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
u
le
:
t
h
r
ee
-
le
v
el
in
v
er
ter
,
(
b
)
f
iv
e
-
le
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
,
(
c)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
(
2
k
+1
)
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
,
(
d
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n
in
e
-
le
v
el
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
i
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
2
6
2
-
268
264
2
.
1
.
Sw
it
ches
c
o
ntr
o
l
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
s
tate
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
els
f
o
r
a
n
i
n
e
lev
els
in
v
er
ter
.
I
t
m
a
y
b
e
n
o
t
ed
th
at
al
w
a
y
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
s
w
it
ch
is
clo
s
ed
at
a
t
i
m
e.
All
T
h
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
e
x
ce
p
t
S
H2
k
+
1
an
d
S
L
2
k+
1
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e,
b
ec
au
s
e,
o
n
c
e
a
s
w
itc
h
is
clo
s
ed
,
it
i
m
p
o
s
e
s
a
n
eg
at
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
o
p
en
s
w
i
tch
e
s
.
T
ab
le
2
g
i
v
es
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
lt
ag
es
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
b
lo
c
k
ed
s
w
itc
h
e
s
.
I
t
i
s
clea
r
th
at,
ea
ch
s
w
i
tch
m
u
s
t
w
it
h
s
t
an
d
a
f
o
r
w
ar
d
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
al
t
o
t
w
ice
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
witch
ed
lev
el,
an
d
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
e
v
er
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
f
o
r
th
e
s
w
itc
h
(
S
0
)
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
th
e
n
e
u
tr
al
p
o
i
n
t)
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
lev
e
l.
T
ab
le
1
.
Vo
ltag
e
lev
els an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
clo
s
ed
s
w
i
tch
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
-
n
in
e
-
le
v
el
in
v
er
te
r
S
w
i
t
c
h
O
N
S
H4
S
H3
S
H2
S
H1
S
0
S
L1
S
L2
S
L3
S
L4
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
4V
dc
3V
dc
2V
dc
V
dc
0
V
dc
-
2V
dc
-
3V
dc
-
4V
dc
T
ab
le
2
.
Vo
ltag
es a
p
p
lied
to
e
ac
h
s
w
itc
h
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
c
ase
o
f
a
9
-
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
)
S
w
i
t
c
h
ON
S
w
i
t
c
h
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
H4
S
H3
S
H2
S
H1
S
0
S
L1
S
L2
S
L3
S
L4
S
H4
0
-
V
dc
-
2V
dc
-
3V
dc
4V
dc
5V
dc
6V
dc
7V
dc
8V
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dc
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T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
th
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n
v
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ter
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n
s
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s
ts
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clo
s
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n
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e
s
w
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r
r
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o
n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
eq
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ir
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v
o
ltag
e
lev
e
l.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
ar
e
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s
ed
ac
co
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d
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g
to
th
e
s
eq
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en
ce
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
f
u
ll a
r
r
o
w
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
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le
v
el
a
n
d
e
m
p
t
y
ar
r
o
w
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
it).
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t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
all
th
e
s
w
itc
h
e
s
(
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
m
e
n
tio
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ed
ab
o
v
e
an
d
T
ab
le
2
o
f
v
o
ltag
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ap
p
lied
to
t
h
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s
w
i
tch
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s
)
h
av
e
a
v
o
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o
t
ex
ce
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g
V
dc
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ef
o
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e
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d
af
te
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s
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h
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t
h
is
g
r
ea
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y
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c
es
th
e
v
o
lta
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n
s
tr
ai
n
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n
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
u
s
ed
in
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
S
w
i
tch
co
n
tr
o
l seq
u
e
n
ce
an
d
o
u
tp
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t v
o
lta
g
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
clo
s
ed
s
w
itc
h
(
c
ase
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f
a
9
-
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
)
2
.
2
.
M
ultilev
el
P
W
M
s
che
m
e
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
;
t
h
e
m
u
lti
-
ca
r
r
ier
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b
ased
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i
n
u
s
o
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al
p
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ls
e
-
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
MSP
W
M)
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
ca
r
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ier
s
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
g
e
n
er
all
y
u
s
ed
m
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d
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latio
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m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
m
u
l
ti
-
lev
el
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
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h
e
h
y
b
r
id
m
u
ltil
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v
el
p
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ls
e
w
id
th
m
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d
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latio
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P
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c
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s
is
ti
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f
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i
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atio
n
o
f
m
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ied
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th
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f
u
n
d
a
m
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tal
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
FF
M)
is
a
n
o
v
el
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
ar
tic
le,
a
s
i
n
g
le
-
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
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is
u
s
ed
,
to
ac
h
ie
v
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t
h
e
p
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ls
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w
i
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
lat
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(
P
W
M)
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
u
s
ed
P
W
M
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
a)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
it
i
s
m
u
ch
s
i
m
p
le
r
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im
p
le
m
en
t
th
i
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
n
ce
it
u
ti
lizes
j
u
s
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co
m
p
ar
ato
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s
an
d
a
m
u
ltip
lex
er
(
n
o
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ase
s
h
i
f
ter
s
)
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T
h
e
u
s
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f
m
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lt
ip
lex
er
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j
u
s
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i
f
ied
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ce
in
th
i
s
p
r
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p
o
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ed
to
p
o
l
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g
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l
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s
w
itc
h
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ON
at
an
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ti
m
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
h
as
also
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
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o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
(
v
ia
t
h
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p
ea
k
v
alu
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th
e
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
MS
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a
m
p
l
itu
d
e
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
in
w
a
v
e
v
o
lta
g
e
(
i
n
th
e
en
tire
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
k
×V
dc
)
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
an
y
m
o
d
i
f
icat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
ig
n
al
s
o
b
tain
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ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
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h
e
p
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p
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s
ed
m
o
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u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e.
T
h
e
m
u
lt
ip
lex
er
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
w
itc
h
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
d
ified
T
-
typ
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p
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265
(
a)
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b
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F
ig
u
r
e
3
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P
W
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s
ch
e
m
e
:
(
a)
p
r
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p
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s
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l
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d
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r
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m
,
(
b
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ev
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d
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tp
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g
n
als
3.
SI
M
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AT
I
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R
E
S
UL
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AND
P
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RF
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RM
ANCES
E
VALUA
T
I
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N
T
h
e
f
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llo
w
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n
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in
v
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ter
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s
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ticle
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o
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s
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B
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m
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T
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m
m
ar
izes
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h
e
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s
w
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ase
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n
v
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ter
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s
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w
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t
h
o
u
t
o
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tp
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t
f
i
lter
.
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h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
al
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n
o
f
th
e
p
r
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p
o
s
ed
m
u
lt
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le
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el
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n
v
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ter
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
et
ic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
s
(
T
HDs
)
,
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
it
u
atio
n
s
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
P
W
M
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
n
o
t
to
b
e
h
ig
h
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es
in
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
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cto
r
co
m
p
o
n
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n
ts
.
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h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
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e
o
f
th
e
in
v
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ter
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
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MS
v
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f
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y
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h
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n
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s
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id
al
r
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n
ce
s
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Fi
g
u
r
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4
an
d
Fi
g
u
r
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5
s
h
o
w
t
h
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s
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m
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latio
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s
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t
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to
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lin
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v
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t
s
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d
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e
T
HD
f
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at
2
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o
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6
%
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ab
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b
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t
T
HD,
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d
th
i
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w
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ilter
.
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y
u
s
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Fo
u
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is
,
Fi
g
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6
s
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at
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u
tp
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t
v
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e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
ar
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r
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to
w
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s
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ig
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en
c
ies;
t
h
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p
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s
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v
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y
lo
w
T
HD
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p
ass
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b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
ab
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3
.
Sim
u
latio
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eter
s
P
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r
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me
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r
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s)
0
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1
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P
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/
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z
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
lin
e
v
o
lta
g
es,
li
n
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
a
n
d
T
HD
(
co
s
=0
.
9
7
,
PW
M
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
2
k
Hz)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
2
6
2
-
268
266
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
lin
e
v
o
lta
g
es,
li
n
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RE
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