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I
J
E
CE
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Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
,
p
p
.
73
~
81
I
SS
N:
2
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8
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0
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.
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1
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.
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th
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[
1
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[
6
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.
So
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[
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1
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[
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[
2
2
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[
2
4
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
73
-
81
74
T
h
is
r
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m
atica
lly
b
y
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
.
Af
ter
war
d
s
,
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
s
o
th
at
it
c
an
g
en
e
r
ate
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
ev
en
with
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
tim
e
an
d
wea
th
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
es f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
o
p
tim
ally
.
2.
H
YB
RID P
V
WI
ND
T
UR
B
I
NE
SYS
T
E
M
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
escr
ib
in
g
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV
win
d
s
y
s
tem
d
es
ig
n
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
elem
en
ts
:
i
)
1
0
0
W
att
PV
s
o
lar
p
an
el
a
n
d
4
0
0
W
att
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
,
ii
)
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
iii
)
L
E
D
an
d
a
12
−
100
ℎ
b
atter
y
.
T
em
p
er
at
u
r
e,
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
an
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
ar
e
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tr
o
l
is
c
o
n
d
u
cted
t
o
m
an
ag
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
L
E
D
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
MPPT
will
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
ch
an
g
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
wea
th
er
wh
ich
im
p
ac
ted
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
en
er
g
y
p
o
wer
to
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
b
atter
y
is
th
e
aim
ed
o
f
s
witch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
with
in
MPPT.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
MPPT
ab
le
to
o
p
tim
izin
g
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tly
wh
ich
d
o
es n
o
t d
e
p
en
d
o
n
ch
an
g
es in
wea
th
er
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hy
b
r
id
PV
-
w
in
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
y
s
tem
s
3.
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
A
I
C
M
O
D
E
L
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
s
er
ies
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
ch
a
n
g
es.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
in
th
is
m
o
d
el
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
)
:
=
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
,
is
th
e
ar
ea
t
h
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
PV
(
m
2
)
,
an
d
G
t
is
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
in
th
e
in
clin
ed
p
lan
e
(
W
/m
2
)
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Sh
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
SC
)
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
th
at
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iati
o
n
(
S)
an
d
th
e
o
p
en
ci
r
cu
it v
o
l
tag
e
(
VOC
)
as sh
o
wn
in
(
2
)
:
=
ℎ
−
[
e
xp
(
)
]
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
u
t
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
a
r
allel,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies,
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t,
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
f
er
v
elo
city
,
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PN
ju
n
ctio
n
ce
lls
.
is
th
e
ce
ll
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ich
ch
an
g
es
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
(
3
)
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t so
lar
ce
ll (
ℎ
)
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t a
n
d
ce
ll tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
in
g
o
f th
e
in
s
ta
lled
ca
p
a
city
o
f h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
erg
y
…
(
S
u
ka
r
n
o
B
u
d
i U
to
mo
)
75
=
[
]
3
(
[
1
−
1
]
)
(
3
)
ℎ
=
[
+
(
−
)
]
100
(
4
)
wh
er
e:
I
scr
=sh
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it c
ell
cu
r
r
en
t
=te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t sh
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it c
u
r
r
e
n
t
=lig
h
t r
ad
iatio
n
(
W
att/m
2
)
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
u
s
in
g
two
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
an
els
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
ar
a
m
eter
h
as
g
iv
e
n
P
max
=2
x
5
0
W
=1
0
0
W
,
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
V
mp
=1
7
.
6
V,
m
ax
im
u
m
c
u
r
r
en
t
I
mp
=5
.
6
9
A,
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
lt
ag
e
VOC=2
2
.
4
V,
an
d
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
c
u
it c
u
r
r
e
n
t I
scr
=6
.
0
3
Am
p
er
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t
cir
c
u
it o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
4.
WI
ND
T
UR
B
I
N
E
M
O
D
E
L
Per
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
at
o
r
(
PMSG)
is
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
win
d
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
tem
(
W
E
C
S),
wh
ich
th
e
ae
r
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
wer
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
5
)
:
=
1
2
(
,
)
ρ
A
3
(
5
)
wh
er
e
ρ
is
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
air
(
k
g
/m
3
)
,
C
p
is
th
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t,
a
in
ter
ce
p
ts
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
r
o
to
r
b
lad
es (
m
2
)
,
V
is
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
(
m
/s
)
,
λ
is
th
e
tip
o
f
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
.
T
h
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
C
p
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
5
9
3
,
a
ls
o
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
b
etz
co
ef
f
icien
t
4
2
[
3
0
]
.
T
ip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
(
T
SR
)
f
o
r
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
r
atio
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
tatio
n
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
tip
o
f
th
e
b
lad
e
to
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
win
d
an
d
g
iv
en
b
y
(
6
)
:
=
ω
(
6
)
wh
er
e
R
is
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
r
ad
iu
s
(
m
)
,
ω
is
th
e
a
n
g
u
lar
v
elo
city
(
r
ad
/s
)
,
V
is
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
(
m
/s
)
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
win
d
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
(
7
)
:
=
×
(
)
[
ℎ
]
(
7
)
5.
H
YB
RID P
V
-
W
I
ND
T
UR
B
I
NE
SYS
T
E
M
D
E
S
I
G
N
M
O
DE
L
T
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
,
h
ill
-
clim
b
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
MPPT.
Per
tu
r
b
atio
n
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
o
d
el
ar
e
u
s
es
in
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
MPPT
ar
e
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
te
n
s
io
n
as
n
ee
d
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
v
ar
y
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
o
g
et
th
e
r
ig
h
t a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
u
ty
cy
cle
v
alu
es,
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
ca
lled
a
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
its
elf
wo
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
r
e
ad
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
73
-
81
76
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
P
an
d
O
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t,
if
th
er
e
is
n
o
ch
an
g
e
i
n
p
o
w
er
in
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
th
e
d
u
ty
-
cy
cle
r
atio
will
n
o
t
ch
an
g
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
th
e
d
u
ty
-
cy
cle
r
atio
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
I
f
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
b
u
t
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
em
ai
n
s
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
d
u
t
y
-
cy
cle
r
ati
o
will
in
cr
ea
s
e.
An
d
wh
en
t
h
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
g
o
es
d
o
wn
,
th
e
d
u
ty
-
cy
cle
r
atio
d
r
o
p
s
.
T
h
en
if
t
h
e
p
o
wer
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
u
t
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
d
u
ty
-
cy
cle
r
atio
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
d
u
ty
-
cy
cle
c
h
a
n
g
es
in
th
e
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
P
an
d
O
tech
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
aim
ed
at
s
tab
ilizin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Desig
n
h
y
b
r
id
PV w
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
s
y
s
tem
s
with
MPP
T
s
witch
in
g
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
an
d
O
i
n
cr
em
e
n
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
alg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
timiz
in
g
o
f th
e
in
s
ta
lled
ca
p
a
city
o
f h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
erg
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(
S
u
ka
r
n
o
B
u
d
i U
to
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)
77
6.
B
UCK
B
O
O
S
T
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
T
h
e
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el,
eith
e
r
to
a
h
ig
h
er
le
v
el
o
r
t
o
a
lo
wer
lev
el.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
also
ch
a
n
g
e
th
e
p
o
lar
ity
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
[
3
7
]
-
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
ize
an
d
s
m
all
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
et
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
D)
o
f
t
h
e
s
witch
.
0
=
−
(
1
−
)
(
8
)
T
h
e
L
min
an
d
C
min
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
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eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
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u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
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ter
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
.
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
al
u
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s
ed
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th
e
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u
c
k
-
b
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o
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t
co
n
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ter
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o
th
at
th
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L
min
a
n
d
C
min
v
alu
es
ar
e
0
.
0
0
6
H
an
d
0
.
0
0
1
5
F.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws,
a
b
u
ck
b
o
o
s
ter
ty
p
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
er
e
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
v
o
u
t is sma
ller
th
an
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
=
(
1
−
)
2
2
(
9
)
=
0
∆
0
m
in
(
1
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
u
ck
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
cir
cu
it
7.
B
AT
T
E
RY
AND
CH
A
RG
E
R
CO
NT
RO
L
Fo
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
,
a
d
ev
ice
is
n
ee
d
ed
th
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
to
t
h
e
b
atter
y
u
n
ti
l
it
is
f
u
ll.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
is
f
u
ll,
to
av
o
id
o
v
er
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
wer
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
n
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
r
s
o
as
to
a
v
o
id
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
b
atter
y
ce
lls
[
4
0
]
-
[
4
2
]
.
T
o
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
PV
p
a
n
els,
a
b
atter
y
co
n
tr
o
l
r
e
g
u
lato
r
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
A
l
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
ty
p
e
with
a
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
2
V
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
0
0
Ah
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
8.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
an
1
8
-
m
eter
-
h
ig
h
b
u
ild
in
g
in
th
e
tr
o
p
ical
co
astal
ar
ea
o
f
Sem
ar
an
g
,
C
en
tr
al
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
n
am
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
ce
lls
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
d
is
p
lay
an
d
d
ata
lo
g
g
e
r
.
MO
SF
E
T
-
1
an
d
2
will
p
er
f
o
r
m
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
b
y
s
ettin
g
a
r
elay
s
witch
o
n
th
e
MPPT
wh
ich
ca
n
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
in
cr
e
ase
o
r
d
ec
r
e
ase
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
c
h
an
g
in
g
t
h
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
T
h
e
r
elay
will a
d
ju
s
t th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
eq
u
en
tially
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
tim
al
cy
cle
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
d
ev
ice.
T
ab
le
1
h
as
s
h
o
wn
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
a
n
d
test
i
n
g
o
f
v
o
ltag
es
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
ts
in
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
PV
-
win
d
wo
r
k
s
to
g
eth
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
,
wh
er
e
th
e
MPPT
f
u
n
ctio
n
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
PV
-
win
d
alter
n
ately
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
u
s
in
g
s
witch
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
av
er
ag
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
5
Vo
lts
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
5
Am
p
er
e.
T
ab
le
2
Sh
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
in
PV
-
win
d
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
e
r
e
th
e
MPPT
f
u
n
ctio
n
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
P
V
-
win
d
u
s
in
g
s
witch
in
g
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
co
m
p
iler
wh
er
e
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
wo
r
k
s
in
PV
o
r
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
T
ab
le
3
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
with
MPPT
Switch
in
g
,
th
e
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
o
f
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
g
en
e
r
ated
in
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
is
6
7
.
0
5
W
atts
an
d
in
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es
is
7
0
.
6
5
W
atts
an
d
th
e
PV
-
win
d
h
y
b
r
id
is
9
6
.
0
4
W
atts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
73
-
81
78
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
P
V
-
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
PV
-
win
d
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
MPPT
s
witch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
PV
-
win
d
h
y
b
r
id
tu
r
b
in
e.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
t
h
e
b
lack
lin
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
a
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e
th
a
n
th
e
b
lu
e
l
in
e
wh
ich
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
o
n
ly
PV
p
an
els
an
d
t
h
e
o
r
a
n
g
e
lin
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
o
n
ly
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
Hy
b
r
id
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
to
r
ed
i
n
th
e
b
att
er
y
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
with
MM
PT.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
MPPT
t
est cir
cu
it b
a
tter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
h
y
b
r
id
PV
-
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
e
T
ab
le
1
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t a
n
d
test
in
g
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
p
an
els an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es with
MPPT
s
witch
in
g
No
P
V
(
O
u
t
)
W
i
n
d
(
O
u
t
)
H
y
b
r
i
d
(
P
V
-
W
i
n
d
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
a
t
t
)
1
1
0
.
6
2
1
8
.
2
3
1
5
.
4
6
5
.
8
9
9
1
.
0
6
2
1
2
.
9
3
1
6
.
0
9
1
4
.
4
9
3
.
5
3
5
1
.
1
5
3
1
3
.
5
4
1
9
.
4
7
1
5
.
6
5
.
8
5
9
1
.
2
6
4
1
6
.
0
7
1
4
.
3
2
1
5
.
1
9
5
.
0
6
7
6
.
8
6
5
1
7
.
8
9
1
5
.
3
5
1
4
.
4
9
3
.
5
2
5
1
.
0
0
6
1
0
.
5
6
1
9
.
0
7
1
5
.
1
2
5
.
7
5
8
6
.
9
4
7
1
1
.
4
3
1
6
.
1
8
1
4
.
6
9
4
.
1
6
6
1
.
1
1
8
1
8
.
4
9
1
9
.
4
5
1
5
.
9
8
6
.
0
1
9
6
.
0
4
9
1
7
.
4
3
1
8
.
8
9
1
5
.
2
9
5
.
5
5
8
4
.
8
6
10
1
8
.
2
2
1
7
.
5
2
1
5
.
2
7
5
.
2
4
8
0
.
0
1
T
ab
le
2
.
Hy
b
r
id
test
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
an
els an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es with
MPPT
s
witch
in
g
No
PV
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
a
t
t
)
W
i
n
d
T
u
r
b
i
n
e
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
a
t
t
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
1
1
5
.
1
2
3
.
8
1
5
7
.
6
1
0
0
0
.
0
0
2
1
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I
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C
o
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p
E
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I
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N:
2088
-
8
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8
Op
timiz
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f th
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ca
p
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79
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.
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y
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PV
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u
r
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h
ar
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el
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2
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,
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y
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9.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
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is
test
,
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n
aly
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g
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e
im
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l
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h
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o
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ly
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ated
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0
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6
5
W
atts
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th
e
PV
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w
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atts
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tim
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h
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m
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ag
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m
en
t
m
eth
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d
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t
with
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al
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w
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ical
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RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
B
.
O
sk
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,
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.
R
.
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M
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3
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Y
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o
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mm
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A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
73
-
81
80
[
5
]
S
.
G
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e
l
a
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d
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.
S
h
a
r
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a
,
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[
6
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D
.
P
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K
a
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y
a
,
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.
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.
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.
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v
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i
d
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s
s
t
a
n
d
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f
o
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r
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p
o
w
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r
—
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r
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v
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w
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f
l
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r
a
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,
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[
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