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lect
rica
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I
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11
,
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.
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,
Dec
em
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er
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0
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s
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m
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d
v
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li
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t
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h
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n
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e
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S
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ially
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s
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e
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d
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n
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l
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l
ts
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th
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t
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n
d
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re
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re
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ial
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g
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m
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s fl
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ti
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a
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g
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s.
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d
d
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t,
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h
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a
p
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iate
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ts
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n
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o
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h
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g
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m
e
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e
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n
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y
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n
d
c
o
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u
a
li
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re
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u
re
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t
a
t
1
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n
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re
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ti
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r
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d
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n
d
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CO
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e
ss
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n
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e
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it
h
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s
t
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rn
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t
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h
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t
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n
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ra
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s
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aCO
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ca
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I
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Vo
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11
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6
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Dec
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2
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1
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o
f
lig
h
t
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
u
r
s
e
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
f
a
r
-
f
ield
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
ca
n
o
b
tain
t
h
e
lig
h
t
th
at
was
lo
s
t
d
u
e
to
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
ca
s
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
em
itti
n
g
s
ev
er
al
co
lo
r
s
,
th
e
r
esin
co
m
b
i
n
ed
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
ar
ticles
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
ex
tr
ac
t
ed
co
lo
r
.
T
h
e
r
esin
-
d
if
f
u
s
er
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
lu
ce
n
t
u
n
d
er
lig
h
t
o
r
n
o
n
-
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
in
ca
s
es
o
f
B
aSO
4
,
T
iO
2
,
C
aF
2
,
an
d
SiO
2
,
w
h
ich
also
ex
h
ib
ited
d
is
tin
ct
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
[
8
]
.
I
n
a
n
o
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
o
f
L
ester
et
a
l
.
th
e
id
ea
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
m
o
lec
u
le
o
f
T
it
an
ia,
Ma
g
n
esia,
Yttr
ia,
Z
ir
co
n
ia,
Alu
m
in
a,
GaN
,
AlN,
Z
n
O,
an
d
Z
n
Se
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
h
ig
h
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
[
9
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
a
r
o
s
e
wh
en
th
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
m
o
lecu
le
b
o
u
n
d
ed
t
o
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
n
o
t
r
a
d
iate
u
n
d
er
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
r
wh
en
th
e
d
i
s
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
o
lecu
le
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
lar
g
e.
T
h
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
o
f
Gu
et
a
l.
claim
ed
th
at
s
u
b
m
er
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
n
I
n
GaN
q
u
an
tu
m
wells
(
QW
s
)
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ice
wh
e
n
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
th
e
5
2
0
n
m
T
iO
2
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
b
y
8
5
%
[
1
0
]
.
T
iO
2
a
n
d
Ga
N
ar
e
also
c
o
m
p
atib
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
an
d
t
r
an
s
lu
ce
n
t
d
o
m
ain
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
is
s
u
e
is
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
o
f
T
iO
2
d
o
p
ed
p
a
ck
ag
e
is
to
o
h
ig
h
an
d
wo
u
ld
lead
to
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
-
in
d
ex
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
at
th
e
co
n
tactin
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
u
ter
lay
er
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
ic
s
ilico
n
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
p
o
ly
m
eth
y
lm
et
h
ac
r
y
late
wh
ich
h
av
e
t
h
e
s
am
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
o
r
g
an
ic
s
ilico
n
h
as
lo
w
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
an
d
p
o
ly
m
et
h
y
lm
eth
ac
r
y
late
ca
n
n
o
t
e
x
ce
l
u
n
d
er
h
ig
h
h
ea
t.
L
o
w
c
h
r
o
m
at
ic
q
u
ality
is
an
o
th
er
p
r
o
b
lem
t
h
at
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
W
L
E
D
is
f
ac
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
is
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
u
n
e
v
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
c
h
ip
ca
u
s
in
g
a
m
is
m
atch
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
lig
h
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
el
o
f
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
an
d
th
e
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
u
n
ev
en
ly
co
a
ted
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
ca
n
n
o
t
f
u
l
ly
en
h
an
ce
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
.
Ma
n
y
in
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
co
atin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
elec
tr
o
p
h
o
r
etic
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
,
v
ap
o
r
izin
g
t
h
e
s
o
lv
en
t
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
an
d
ad
d
in
g
a
lay
er
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ce
r
am
ic
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
lo
r
d
e
v
iatio
n
m
in
im
izatio
n
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
an
g
u
lar
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
im
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
an
g
les
in
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
th
at
lead
s
to
a
lo
w
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
s
o
lv
ed
s
in
ce
th
er
e
was
n
o
m
en
tio
n
o
f
an
g
u
lar
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ity
o
n
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
es a
b
o
v
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t o
f
b
l
u
e
a
n
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
is
o
f
ten
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
as
th
e
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
ad
ap
ted
t
o
th
e
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
[
1
6
]
,
wh
ile
in
f
ac
t,
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t,
a
f
ter
b
ein
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
,
d
o
es
n
o
t
im
m
ed
i
ately
r
ea
ch
th
e
o
u
ter
lay
e
r
b
u
t
in
ter
ac
ts
with
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
etu
p
an
d
lig
h
t
d
iv
er
s
io
n
ev
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
ef
lectio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
o
f
li
g
h
t
a
b
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles
d
eter
m
in
es
Sto
k
e’
s
Sh
if
t
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle
is
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
a
s
ca
t
ter
in
g
en
h
an
cin
g
m
ater
ial.
W
ith
s
u
b
m
icr
o
m
eter
-
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
ize
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
em
itted
lig
h
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
Mie
-
s
c
atter
in
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
o
n
th
e
b
etter
an
g
u
lar
c
o
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
b
e
s
o
lely
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
q
u
ality
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
wh
ile
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
h
an
ce
r
ca
n
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
a
s
id
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
1
7
]
.
Kim
et
a
l.
claim
ed
th
at
u
s
in
g
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
p
ar
ticles
o
f
s
ilico
n
e
r
esin
th
at
ar
e
in
jecte
d
to
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
l
u
id
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
W
L
E
D
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
[
1
8
]
.
C
h
en
et
a
l.
s
u
g
g
ested
m
an
ag
in
g
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ev
iatio
n
at
−7
0
°
to
7
0
°
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
with
a
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
o
f
n
an
o
s
co
p
ic
Z
r
O
2
p
ar
ticles
an
d
s
ilico
n
e
r
esin
,
le
ad
in
g
to
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ch
r
o
m
at
ic
d
ev
iatio
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
t
o
4
2
0
K
[
1
9
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
to
co
n
tin
u
e
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
th
e
c
o
lo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t,
we
s
tu
d
ie
d
an
d
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
o
th
er
m
o
d
if
ie
d
p
ac
k
ag
e
th
at
is
less
co
m
p
licated
b
u
t
s
till
ab
le
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
As
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
as
an
en
ca
p
s
u
la
tio
n
with
ad
e
q
u
ate
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
es
s
u
c
h
as
m
elam
in
e
f
o
r
m
al
d
eh
y
d
e
(
MF)
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
to
b
e
f
u
s
ed
in
to
lig
h
tin
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
s
tu
d
ied
f
o
r
o
p
tical
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
p
ar
ticles,
C
aC
O
3
i
s
th
e
o
n
e
ca
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
b
etter
co
l
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
an
d
h
ig
h
l
u
m
en
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
[
2
0
]
.
C
aCO
3
h
as
also
b
ee
n
co
m
b
in
ed
with
o
th
e
r
o
r
g
an
ic
r
esin
s
u
ch
as
ep
o
x
y
r
esin
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tr
en
g
th
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
M
F
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
will
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
o
s
tar
t
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
a
W
L
E
D
u
tili
zin
g
C
aCO
3
an
d
MF
r
esin
is
b
u
ilt
an
d
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
b
ased
o
n
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
d
ex
p
lain
e
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
a
n
d
f
in
ally
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
Usi
n
g
C
a
C
O3
-
d
o
p
ed
p
a
ck
a
g
e
to
imp
r
o
ve
co
r
r
ela
ted
co
lo
r
t
emp
era
tu
r
e
…
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
y
en
Th
i
)
4819
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
MC
-
W
L
E
D
s
s
im
ula
t
io
n
T
wo
co
m
m
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ap
p
lied
to
m
o
d
if
y
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
’
s
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
ar
e
th
e
f
ab
r
i
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
f
ab
r
icatio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
m
ater
ials
with
ad
eq
u
ate
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
,
u
s
u
ally
th
e
p
o
ly
m
er
with
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
h
ig
h
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
ato
m
s
s
u
ch
as
b
en
ze
n
e
an
d
h
alo
g
e
n
,
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
o
r
g
an
ic
-
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
u
tili
ze
s
an
ex
is
tin
g
m
ater
ial
with
h
ig
h
r
ef
r
a
ctiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
an
d
co
ats
it
ev
en
ly
o
n
th
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
itab
le
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
.
T
h
e
m
ate
r
ial
p
ar
t
icles
u
s
ed
in
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
eth
o
d
m
u
s
t g
et
its
s
h
ap
e
m
o
d
if
ied
to
ex
p
a
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
n
d
m
in
im
ize
th
ick
n
ess
.
Su
ch
ch
a
n
g
es a
r
e
b
en
ef
icial
to
p
ar
ticles
at
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
s
ize,
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
th
em
t
o
b
in
d
t
o
ea
ch
o
th
er
an
d
elev
ate
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
W
L
E
Ds
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
ap
p
lied
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
with
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
Mo
n
t
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
.
Pre
ca
u
tio
n
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
r
e
ap
p
lied
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
o
p
tim
al
r
esu
lts
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
is
co
ated
with
to
lu
en
e
,
af
te
r
th
e
d
r
y
in
g
s
tag
e,
u
s
in
g
m
ag
n
eti
c
s
tirr
er
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
p
er
v
asio
n
o
f
im
p
u
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
wate
r
.
L
ik
ewise,
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
t
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
o
f
2
h
th
ick
n
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ef
lu
x
m
eth
o
d
at
a
s
u
itab
le
v
o
lu
m
e
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
t
p
r
e
v
en
ts
th
e
p
ar
ticles
f
r
o
m
m
er
g
in
g
b
y
less
en
in
g
th
e
attr
a
ctiv
e
f
o
r
ce
b
etwe
en
p
ar
ticles
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
an
e
n
h
an
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
.
T
h
e
ad
ju
s
ted
MF/C
aCO
3
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
af
ter
th
e
s
h
ap
e
r
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
is
p
lace
d
i
n
to
th
e
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
clea
n
er
to
ad
d
Do
w
C
o
r
n
in
g
6
5
5
0
g
el
f
o
r
5
m
i
n
u
tes
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
D
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
l
i
s
t
i
c
s
e
t
u
p
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c)
is
th
e
im
ag
e
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
r
ay
tr
a
cin
g
o
n
th
e
o
p
tical
en
g
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ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
L
ig
h
tT
o
o
ls
8
.
1
.
0
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
D
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
L
E
D
ch
i
p
s
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
,
an
d
a
h
alf
-
s
p
h
er
e
g
lass
co
v
er
.
T
h
e
r
ef
lecto
r
s
ar
e
8
x
2
.
0
7
x
9
.
8
5
m
m
in
th
e
b
o
tto
m
,
s
id
e,
an
d
t
o
p
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
9
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
ar
e
b
o
u
n
d
to
th
e
h
o
les
with
in
th
e
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
an
d
th
eir
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
0
.
1
5
m
m
i
n
h
eig
h
t,
1
.
1
4
m
m
2
in
s
ize,
an
d
1
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1
6
W
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er
g
y
em
is
s
io
n
at
p
ea
k
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
4
5
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n
m
.
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b
o
v
e
th
e
ch
ip
is
a
0
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0
8
m
m
th
ick
p
h
o
s
p
h
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r
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co
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tain
i
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
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r
p
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r
ticles
with
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v
al
u
e
o
f
1
4
.
5
μ
m
in
av
er
a
g
e
d
i
am
eter
.
Af
ter
GaN
-
b
ased
L
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D
ch
ip
s
ar
e
wir
e
b
o
n
d
ed
o
n
th
e
lead
f
r
am
e,
th
e
y
ar
e
co
ated
with
th
e
m
ix
t
u
r
e
o
f
6
5
5
0
s
ilico
n
e
g
el
with
1
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%
wt.
YAG:
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e
3+
y
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w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
i
s
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en
g
o
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
h
e
a
t
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
t
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o
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f
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r
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m
i
n
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t
e
s
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h
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v
e
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t
f
i
x
e
d
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e
x
t
,
t
h
e
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D
l
e
n
s
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s
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t
t
a
c
h
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
c
a
p
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
M
F
r
e
s
i
n
a
n
d
C
a
C
O
3
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
i
s
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
f
i
l
l
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
g
a
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
th
e
len
s
an
d
c
h
ip
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
f
illed
with
MF/C
a
C
O
3
is
b
ak
ed
at
1
5
0
o
C
f
o
r
an
h
o
u
r
to
c
o
m
p
lete
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ted
s
im
u
latio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
co
n
v
er
te
d
MCW
-
L
E
Ds as
d
o
p
in
g
C
aCO
3
;
(
a)
th
e
ac
tu
al
MCW
-
L
E
D
s
,
(
b
)
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
(
c)
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
MCW
-
L
E
Ds
2
.
2
.
Sca
t
t
er
ing
co
m
pu
t
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
ar
t
is
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
r
esu
lt
an
t
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
els
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
ar
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
Mie
-
th
e
o
r
y
an
d
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
m
eth
o
d
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
s
cien
tific
th
eo
r
ies
ar
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
co
r
e
o
f
o
p
tical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
u
ch
as
L
ig
h
tto
o
ls
,
T
r
ac
ep
r
o
,
an
d
ASAP
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
I
t
is
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
ev
en
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
e
n
u
s
in
g
th
ese
m
o
d
if
ie
d
m
at
h
em
atica
l
m
o
d
els
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ti
es
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Mie
-
t
h
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r
y
,
s
c
atter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
μ
sca
(
λ)
,
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
f
ac
to
r
g
(
λ
)
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
c
o
ef
f
ic
ien
t
δ
sca
(
λ)
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
v
ia
[
2
7
]
-
[
3
0
]
:
(
)
=
∫
(
)
(
,
)
(
1
)
(
)
=
2
∫
∫
(
,
,
)
1
−
1
(
)
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
8
1
7
-
4
8
2
4
4820
=
(
1
−
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(
3
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w
h
er
e
,
N
(
r
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r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
ar
ticles (
p
e
r
m
m
3
)
.
C
sca
is
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
c
r
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
(
m
m
2
)
.
λ
(
n
m
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e
x
p
r
ess
es th
e
wav
elen
g
th
o
f
in
cid
e
n
t lig
h
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a
n
d
r
(
m
m
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
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e
d
iam
ete
r
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles.
θ
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
in
wh
ich
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
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en
t
h
ap
p
e
n
s
.
p(
θ
,
,
r
)
is
t
h
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
c
tio
n
,
an
d
f(
r
)
is
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
SEP size
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
in
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
.
B
o
th
f
(
r
)
an
d
p(
θ
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,
r
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ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
:
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(
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+
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(
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(
4
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(
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=
(
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ℎ
(
)
=
.
[
(
)
+
ℎ
(
)
]
(
5
)
N
dif
(
r
)
an
d
N
phos
(
r
)
ar
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
in
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
lay
er
.
f
dif
(
r
)
an
d
f
phos
(
r
)
ar
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticle
th
e
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
ar
ticles
M(
r
)
i
n
1
% c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
K
N
an
d
ca
n
b
e
d
e
f
in
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
m
ass
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
eq
u
atio
n
b
el
o
w:
=
∫
(
)
(
6
)
(
)
4
3
3
[
(
)
+
ℎ
ℎ
(
)
]
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
ρ
diff
(
r
)
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
a
r
ticles,
an
d
ρ
phos
(
r
)
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t (
C
sca
)
is
th
e
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
b
ased
o
n
Mie
s
ca
tter
in
g
:
(
8
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
k
=
2
π
/λ
,
wh
ile
a
n
an
d
b
n
a
r
e
esti
m
ated
f
r
o
m
:
(
,
)
=
́
(
)
(
)
−
(
)
́
(
)
́
(
)
(
)
−
(
)
́
(
)
(
9
)
(
,
)
=
́
(
)
(
)
−
(
)
́
(
)
́
(
)
(
)
−
(
)
́
(
)
(
1
0
)
I
n
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
,
x
is
th
e
r
esu
l
t
o
f
k
m
u
ltip
lies
b
y
r
,
in
d
ex
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
m
,
wh
ile
an
d
(
)
ar
e
th
e
R
icca
ti
-
B
ess
el
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
m
dif
a
n
d
m
phos
,
th
e
r
elativ
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles,
to
b
e
r
eso
lv
ed
f
r
o
m
=
⁄
an
d
ℎ
=
ℎ
⁄
,
wh
ich
co
m
p
letes
th
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
as:
(
,
,
)
=
4
(
,
,
)
2
(
,
)
(
1
1
)
w
ith
(
,
,
)
an
d
th
e
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
g
am
p
litu
d
es
1
(
)
an
d
2
(
)
y
ield
ed
f
r
o
m
:
(
,
,
)
=
1
2
[
|
1
(
)
|
2
+
|
2
(
)
|
2
]
(
1
2
)
1
=
∑
2
+
1
(
+
1
)
[
(
,
)
(
)
+
(
,
)
(
)
]
∞
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1
(
1
3
)
2
=
∑
2
+
1
(
+
1
)
[
(
,
)
(
)
+
(
,
)
(
)
]
∞
=
1
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
lig
h
tin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
y
ttriu
m
alu
m
in
u
m
g
ar
n
et
d
o
p
ed
with
ce
r
iu
m
(
C
E
)
is
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
ject
o
f
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies,
h
o
we
v
er
,
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
in
α
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
C
E
,
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
esti
m
ate
d
ev
ices.
W
ith
ce
r
iu
m
d
o
p
ed
YAG,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
α
to
ex
ce
e
d
1
5
m
m
-
1
an
d
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
in
tak
e
t
o
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
a
r
r
ay
o
f
3
-
8
mm
-
1
f
o
r
α
in
b
l
u
e
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
ar
ticles
o
f
YAG
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e
ar
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic,
wh
ich
p
r
o
m
o
tes
in
n
er
r
ef
lectio
n
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
to
tal
22
2
0
2
(
2
1
)(
)
sc
a
n
n
C
n
a
b
k
=
−
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n
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lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
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tio
n
.
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o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
f
C
sca
(
4
5
3
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in
b
lu
e
lig
h
t,
we
s
etu
p
an
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th
at
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ar
ies
in
th
e
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an
g
e
f
r
o
m
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d
a
p
h
o
s
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h
o
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y
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tallin
e
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ater
ial
with
h
ig
h
α
.
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h
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
in
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
t
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
th
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
h
ig
h
C
sca
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
lead
to
b
etter
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
m
e
asu
r
ed
f
r
o
m
(
1
)
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
An
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
C
aCO
3
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
b
en
ef
its
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
C
aCO
3
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
is
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
in
p
ac
k
a
g
e
with
C
aCO
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
(
3
)
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
ten
ts
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
m
eth
o
d
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
an
d
4
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
r
a
y
-
tr
a
cin
g
m
eth
o
d
ar
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
μ
abs
(
4
5
3
n
m
)
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
r
ay
-
t
r
ac
in
g
is
u
s
u
a
lly
1
.
6
3
wh
ile
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
’
s
r
esu
lt is
at
1
.
4
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Scatter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
T
h
e
r
esu
ltan
t b
lu
e
a
n
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
ac
h
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
a
lig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ice
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
L
am
b
er
t’
s
law.
T
h
e
s
ch
o
tt B
K7
g
lass
is
ap
p
lied
as p
r
o
jectin
g
o
cu
lar
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
wh
ite
m
ater
ial
with
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
s
ca
tte
r
in
g
r
atio
o
f
1
1
.
1
:8
9
.
9
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
n
th
e
in
ter
io
r
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
h
er
es.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
p
h
er
es
with
d
if
f
u
s
ed
wh
ite
r
ef
lectiv
e
co
atin
g
in
n
er
ar
e
to
o
ls
to
c
ap
tu
r
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
o
r
r
ef
lecte
d
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
u
s
es
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
r
ay
-
tr
ac
in
g
as
a
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
co
llected
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
is
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
an
d
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
r
ay
-
tr
ac
in
g
is
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
d
i
f
f
u
s
in
g
a
n
g
les o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
an
g
u
lar
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
ity
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
Hen
y
ey
-
Gr
ee
n
s
tein
f
u
n
ct
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticle
s
was
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
Mie
s
ca
tter
in
g
wer
e
i
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
n
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
r
ay
-
tr
ac
i
n
g
p
r
esen
ted
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
esu
lts
o
n
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
lo
wer
b
lu
e
li
g
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
er
lig
h
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
ch
an
g
es
wer
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
w
h
en
two
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ic
h
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
wer
e
lo
wer
,
an
d
th
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
f
ac
t
o
r
was
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
n
u
m
b
er
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
we
m
o
d
if
ied
two
o
u
t
o
f
th
r
ee
co
n
s
tan
ts
an
d
r
etain
ed
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
1
:
4
8
1
7
-
4
8
2
4
4822
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
is
th
e
a
n
g
u
la
r
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
C
aCO
3
.
T
h
e
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
-
l
o
ad
ed
p
ac
k
ag
e
a
n
d
L
E
D
c
h
ip
lig
h
t
ar
e
id
e
n
tical
an
d
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
as
L
am
b
er
tian
p
atter
n
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
em
its
a
b
lu
e
lig
h
t a
t th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
g
r
ad
u
ally
tu
r
n
s
y
ello
w
to
war
d
th
e
v
er
g
e.
As
th
e
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
n
o
t
co
m
p
atib
le
with
d
en
s
ity
an
g
u
lar
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
th
e
s
id
e
an
g
les,
-
9
0
°
o
r
9
0
°,
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
c
h
ip
s
s
h
o
ws
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
C
C
T
,
wh
il
e
0
°
C
C
T
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
is
b
etter
.
T
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
wo
u
ld
r
aise
th
e
h
ig
h
est
an
d
lo
west
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
o
f
C
C
T
.
T
h
e
s
p
atial
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
C
C
T
ca
n
also
b
e
m
an
a
g
ed
w
ith
d
if
f
u
s
er
-
f
illed
p
ac
k
ag
e,
s
p
ec
if
ically
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
h
o
wed
less
s
p
atial
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
th
an
C
aC
O
3
w
ith
th
e
s
am
e
am
o
u
n
t.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
at
o
f
MF
r
esin
,
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
b
ig
g
er
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
o
f
C
aCO
3
m
ak
es
it
in
d
u
ce
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
s
p
atial
C
C
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
W
L
E
D
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
C
aCO
3
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
it seem
s
th
at
as t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
r
is
es,
th
e
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
co
lo
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
p
a
r
ticles
also
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
C
C
T
d
ev
iatio
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
MF
r
esin
also
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
ce
th
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
a
n
g
u
la
r
-
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
in
th
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
with
MF
r
e
s
in
is
alwa
y
s
lo
wer
th
an
in
th
e
o
n
e
with
o
u
t M
F r
e
s
in
.
W
h
en
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
at
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
with
th
at
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticle,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
MF
r
esin
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
it
b
y
1
.
5
tim
e,
wh
ile
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
with
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
wo
u
ld
b
ar
ely
r
ea
ch
0
.
7
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
v
er
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
th
a
n
MF
r
esin
,
wh
ich
b
en
ef
its
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
C
aCO
3
an
d
MF
r
esin
to
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
b
est o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
f
o
r
W
L
E
D
d
ev
ices.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
Δ
C
C
T
o
f
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
with
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
L
E
D
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
with
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
f
r
o
m
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
1
0
%
C
aCO
3
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
o
n
e
r
esu
lted
f
r
o
m
1
%
MF.
So
,
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
t
h
e
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
1
.
5
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
C
aCO
3
-
d
o
p
ed
p
ac
k
a
g
e
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
0
.
7
d
ev
i
atio
n
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
wh
ile
r
etain
in
g
a
lo
wer
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
th
an
th
e
MF
p
ac
k
ag
e.
At
s
i
m
ilar
m
ass
,
th
e
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
an
d
C
aCO
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
d
e
n
s
ity
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
p
a
r
ticles
n
u
m
b
er
.
MF
r
esin
h
as
h
ig
h
er
p
ar
ticle
d
en
s
ity
th
an
C
aCO
3
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
o
f
MF
is
3
μm
wh
ile
1
5
μm
is
th
e
s
ize
o
f
C
a
C
O
3
p
ar
ticle,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
MF
h
as
b
etter
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
is
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
to
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
,
it
wo
u
ld
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
lig
h
t
an
d
d
am
a
g
e
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
lig
h
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al
to
m
ai
n
tain
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
in
b
o
th
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
li
g
h
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
W
ith
th
e
attem
p
t
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
aCO
3
an
d
MF
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
i
n
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
in
g
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
’
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
d
e
v
ices,
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
c
o
n
d
u
cted
m
an
y
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
with
th
e
p
ac
k
ag
es
co
n
tain
in
g
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticle
s
an
d
MF
r
esin
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
W
E
L
D
p
ac
k
ag
es
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
u
il
t
u
s
in
g
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
Mo
n
t
et
a
l.
T
h
e
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
an
d
L
a
m
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
law
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
m
ath
em
ati
c
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
an
aly
zi
n
g
a
n
d
v
er
if
y
in
g
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
MF
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticle
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lig
h
ts
in
s
id
e
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
ig
h
er
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
MF
r
e
s
in
an
d
C
aCO
3
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
Usi
n
g
C
a
C
O3
-
d
o
p
ed
p
a
ck
a
g
e
to
imp
r
o
ve
co
r
r
ela
ted
co
lo
r
t
emp
era
tu
r
e
…
(
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
y
en
Th
i
)
4823
am
o
u
n
t
to
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
D.
Sp
ec
if
icall
y
,
if
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
MF
r
esin
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
1
%,
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
t
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
1
0
%
C
aCO
3
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
c
o
n
ten
t
s
in
ce
t
h
is
am
o
u
n
t
ca
n
r
esu
lts
in
b
o
th
h
ig
h
er
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
b
ette
r
ch
r
o
m
atic
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds’
lig
h
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
.
T
h
is
,
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es
o
r
u
s
ed
as
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ho
C
h
i
Min
h
C
ity
(
I
UH)
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
1
1
2
/HD
-
DHCN.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
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