I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
,
p
p
.
208
~
218
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijece
.
v
1
2
i
1
.
pp
2
0
8
-
2
1
8
208
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Recon
figura
ble of
curre
n
t
-
mo
de
dif
fere
n
tiato
r and in
tegra
tor
ba
sed
-
o
n curr
ent
co
nv
ey
o
r t
ra
nsco
nductance
am
plif
iers
So
o
nto
rn
Sris
o
o
nto
rn
1
,
Ang
k
a
na
Cha
ro
enmee
1
,
Su
ph
a
p
ho
rn
P
a
nik
ho
m
1
,
T
hitipo
rn
J
a
nd
a
2
,
Su
t
t
ipo
ng
F
un
g
det
ch
2
,
K
hu
n
pa
n
P
a
t
im
a
pra
k
o
rn
3
,
Adirek
J
a
nt
a
k
un
1
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
T
e
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
R
a
j
a
ma
n
g
a
l
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
I
sa
n
,
K
h
o
n
K
a
e
n
C
a
m
p
u
s
,
K
h
o
n
K
a
e
n
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
T
e
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
R
a
j
a
ma
n
g
a
l
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
I
san
,
K
h
o
n
K
a
e
n
C
a
m
p
u
s
,
K
h
o
n
K
a
e
n
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
R
a
j
a
ma
n
g
a
l
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
I
san
,
K
h
o
n
K
a
e
n
C
a
mp
u
s,
K
h
o
n
K
a
e
n
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
1
4
,
2
0
2
1
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
1
6
,
2
0
2
1
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
2
9
,
2
0
2
1
Th
e
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
o
f
th
e
d
iffe
re
n
ti
a
to
r
a
n
d
in
teg
ra
to
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
tran
sc
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
a
m
p
li
fier
s
(
CCTAs
)
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
re
se
n
t
e
d
in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
t
io
n
s
a
re
p
ro
v
i
d
e
d
wit
h
two
C
CTAs
a
n
d
g
ro
u
n
d
e
d
e
lem
e
n
ts.
Th
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
a
ti
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
o
p
e
ra
ted
i
n
th
e
d
iff
e
re
n
ti
a
to
r
a
n
d
i
n
teg
ra
to
r
b
y
se
lec
ti
n
g
e
x
ter
n
a
l
p
a
ss
iv
e
e
lem
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
u
rre
n
ts
h
a
v
e
l
o
w
a
n
d
h
ig
h
imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
s,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
;
th
e
re
fo
re
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
sc
a
d
e
d
with
o
u
t
a
d
d
it
io
n
a
l
c
u
rre
n
t
b
u
ffe
r.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
e
lec
tro
n
ica
ll
y
t
u
n
e
d
b
y
e
x
tern
a
l
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(
DC
)
b
ias
c
u
rre
n
ts,
a
n
d
it
a
lso
h
a
s
sli
g
h
t
fl
u
c
tu
a
t
io
n
wit
h
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
.
An
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
n
iv
e
rsa
l
fil
ter i
s d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
t
o
c
o
n
firm t
h
e
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
t
io
n
s.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
sim
u
lati
o
n
wi
th
P
sp
ice
p
ro
g
ra
m
a
re
a
c
c
o
rd
a
n
c
e
with
th
e
t
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
C
T
A
C
u
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
Dif
f
er
en
tiato
r
Gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
elem
en
t
I
n
teg
r
ato
r
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ad
ir
ek
J
an
tak
u
n
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics an
d
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
R
ajam
an
g
ala
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
I
s
an
Kh
o
n
Kae
n
C
am
p
u
s
,
Kh
o
n
Ka
en
,
T
h
ailan
d
E
m
ail:
Ad
ir
ek
.
ja@
r
m
u
ti.a
c.
th
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
n
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
cir
c
u
its
s
u
ch
as
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
o
s
cilla
to
r
[
1
]
-
[
5
]
,
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
f
ilter
[
6
]
-
[
10
]
h
av
e
b
ee
n
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ly
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ed
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
.
Fu
n
d
am
en
tally
,
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
ese
is
s
y
n
th
esized
o
r
d
esig
n
ed
with
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
iato
r
o
r
in
teg
r
ato
r
[
11
]
-
[
40
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
o
r
s
y
n
th
es
ized
with
th
e
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
tiv
e
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
u
ch
as
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
lifie
r
(
OPAMP
)
[
11
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
15
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
g
en
e
r
atio
n
(
C
C
I
I
)
[
16
]
,
[
17
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
am
p
lifie
r
(
C
FA)
[
13
]
,
[
18
]
-
[
20
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
24
]
,
[
27
]
,
[
30
]
-
[
32
]
,
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
am
p
lifie
r
(
C
C
-
C
FA)
[
21
]
,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
if
f
er
en
cin
g
b
u
f
f
er
ed
am
p
lifi
er
(
C
C
C
DB
A)
[
22
]
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
am
p
lifie
r
(
OT
A)
[
26
]
,
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
llo
wer
tr
an
s
c
o
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
am
p
lifie
r
(
C
FTA)
[
28
]
,
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
am
p
lifie
r
(
C
C
T
A)
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
ar
k
d
etails o
f
th
e
m
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
as f
o
llo
ws
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
s
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
ato
r
s
in
[
11
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
15
]
,
[
3
6
]
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
e
d
with
OPAMP
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
ey
h
av
e
th
e
u
s
es o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
cir
cu
its
in
[
16
]
, [
17
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
7
]
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
b
an
d
wid
th
th
a
n
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
es
as
[
11
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
15
]
,
b
u
t
th
e
ir
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
tu
n
ed
b
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
eth
o
d
.
Nex
t,
t
h
e
C
FA
o
f
[
18
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
24
]
,
[
27
]
im
p
lem
e
n
t
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ti
ato
r
an
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
cir
cu
it
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
lo
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
its
in
[
13
]
,
[
20
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
30
]
,
[
32
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
o
f c
u
r
r
en
t
-
mo
d
e
d
iffer
en
tia
to
r
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
a
to
r
…
(
S
o
o
n
t
o
r
n
S
r
is
o
o
n
to
r
n
)
209
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tu
n
in
g
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
m
u
ltip
lier
cir
c
u
it
,
b
u
t
two
ty
p
es
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
tiv
e
elem
en
t
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiato
r
s
an
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
s
o
f
[
14
]
,
[
21
]
,
[
22
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
4
0
]
ca
n
b
e
e
lectr
o
n
ically
tu
n
ed
th
e
tim
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
ar
e
s
till
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
its
in
[
11
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
15
]
,
[
17
]
-
[
19
]
,
[
22
]
,
[
25
]
,
[
30
]
,
[
31
]
,
[
3
7
]
u
s
e
th
e
f
lo
atin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
th
at
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
cir
c
u
it
f
ab
r
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
in
[
13
]
,
[
14
]
,
[
23
]
,
[
28
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
4
0
]
ar
e
o
p
er
ate
d
i
n
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ato
r
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
in
[
15
]
,
[
2
7
]
[
31
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
[
39
]
a
r
e
s
er
v
ed
to
o
p
er
ated
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiato
r
an
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
cir
cu
its
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
two
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiato
r
an
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
in
s
en
s
itiv
e
.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
es
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
wh
ich
a
r
e
th
e
id
ea
l
f
o
r
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
in
I
C
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
elec
tr
o
n
ically
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
b
ias
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
am
p
lifie
r
(
C
C
T
A
)
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
ts
h
av
e
lo
w
an
d
h
ig
h
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
s
o
t
h
ey
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
to
b
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
with
o
u
t
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
u
f
f
er
s
.
An
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
ilter
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
T
h
e
d
etails o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
to
p
ics
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiat
o
r
an
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
an
d
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
es
Ref
.
A
c
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
No
.
o
f
A
c
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
No
.
o
f
R
+
C
F
l
o
a
t
i
n
g
C
M
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
t
u
n
e
d
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
-
i
n
se
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
[
1
1
]
O
P
A
M
P
2
7
+
3
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
[
1
2
]
O
P
A
M
P
2
6
+
1
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
[
1
3
]
C
F
A
+
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
2
1
+
1
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
1
4
]
C
D
D
I
TA
1
0
+
1
No
No
Y
e
s
No
[
1
5
]
O
P
A
M
P
1
7
+
2
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
[
1
6
]
C
C
I
I
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
1
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
2
+
1
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
1
7
]
C
C
I
I
2
3
+
1
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
[
1
8
]
C
F
A
2
5
+
1
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
[
1
9
]
C
F
A
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
5
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
5
+
1
No
Y
e
s
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
0
]
C
F
A
+
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
2
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
1
+
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
2
+
1
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
1
]
CC
-
C
F
A
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
0
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
0
+
1
No
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
[
2
2
]
C
C
C
D
B
A
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
0
+
1
Y
e
s
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
[
2
3
]
C
F
A
+
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
2
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
1
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
1
+
1
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
4
]
C
F
A
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
3
+
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
3
+
2
No
No
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
5
]
C
D
B
A
+
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
2
4
+
1
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
6
]
O
TA
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
0
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
0
+
1
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
[
2
7
]
C
F
A
1
5
+
1
No
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
[
2
8
]
C
F
TA
1
0
+
1
No
No
Y
e
s
No
[
2
9
]
D
V
C
C
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
+
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
2
+
1
No
No
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
Y
e
s
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
N
o
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
0
]
C
F
A
+
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
2
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
1
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
1
+
1
No
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
1
]
O
TR
A
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
1
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
1
+
1
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
2
]
C
F
A
+
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
2
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
1
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
1
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
No
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
Y
e
s
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
3
]
EX
C
C
I
I
1
2
+
2
No
No
No
Y
e
s
[
3
4
]
D
D
C
C
1
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
2
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
1
+
1
No
No
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
5
]
O
P
A
M
P
+
O
TA
3
-
No
No
Y
e
s
No
[
3
6
]
O
P
A
M
P
1
6
+
1
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
7
]
CF
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
1
+
1
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
8
]
C
C
C
I
I
2
0
+
1
No
No
Y
e
s
No
[
3
9
]
O
TA
2
0
+
1
No
No
Y
e
s
No
[
4
0
]
C
C
TA
1
0
+
1
No
No
Y
e
s
No
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
ons
C
C
TA
2
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
1
+
1
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
1
+
1
No
No
No
No
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
2
0
8
-
218
210
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ch
r
o
n
o
lo
g
y
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
ey
o
r
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
am
p
lifie
r
(
C
C
T
A
)
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
f
iu
r
atio
n
s
,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
la
tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
ca
n
b
e
d
e
tailed
as f
o
llo
ws
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
CC
T
A
det
a
ils
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it
u
s
in
g
ac
tiv
e
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
h
as
co
n
s
tan
tly
b
ec
o
m
e
in
ter
est
in
g
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
[
41]
-
[
43
]
.
C
C
T
A
is
an
ac
tiv
e
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ea
lizatio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
C
C
T
A
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
in
ce
th
e
C
C
T
A
is
th
e
m
ain
ac
tiv
e
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
in
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
.
T
h
e
C
C
T
A
was
r
esear
ch
ed
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
Pro
k
o
p
an
d
J
esd
a
[
44
]
.
I
t
was
v
er
s
atile
in
an
alo
g
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
also
ex
tr
em
ely
u
s
e
d
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
-
m
o
d
e
cir
cu
its
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
(
1
)
:
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
yx
y
x
zz
m
oo
II
V
V
IV
g
IV
=
,
(
1
)
wh
er
e
g
m
is
th
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
g
ain
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
m
b
o
l
an
d
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
an
d
1
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
B
J
T
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
g
m
o
f
C
C
T
A
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
in
(
2
)
:
2
B
m
T
I
g
V
=
,
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
V
T
is
th
e
th
er
m
al
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
ab
o
u
t
2
6
mV
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
I
B
is
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
DC
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
ad
ju
s
tin
g
g
m
;
th
is
is
ca
lled
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tu
n
e
.
B
I
y
x
z
o
CC
T
A
y
i
x
i
z
i
o
i
y
V
x
V
z
V
o
V
1
y
x
o
x
i
x
i
mZ
gV
z
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
C
T
A
(
a
)
elec
tr
ical
s
y
m
b
o
l,
an
d
(
b
)
eq
u
i
v
alen
t c
ir
cu
it
CC
V
7
Q
8
Q
6
Q
10
Q
11
Q
12
Q
14
Q
13
Q
3
Q
4
Q
5
Q
15
Q
16
Q
17
Q
18
Q
19
Q
20
Q
21
Q
22
Q
23
Q
24
Q
A
I
y
x
B
I
o
EE
V
28
Q
29
Q
25
Q
27
Q
26
Q
30
Q
32
Q
31
Q
z
1
Q
2
Q
9
Q
-
o
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
2
.
2
.
T
he
pro
po
s
e
d
co
nfig
ura
t
io
ns
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
C
C
T
As
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
elem
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
s
im
p
ly
r
e
alize
d
an
d
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
t
is
in
t
er
esti
n
g
th
at
b
o
th
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
am
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
o
f c
u
r
r
en
t
-
mo
d
e
d
iffer
en
tia
to
r
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
a
to
r
…
(
S
o
o
n
t
o
r
n
S
r
is
o
o
n
to
r
n
)
211
with
two
C
C
T
As
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
elem
en
ts
wh
ic
h
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
it
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
[
2
]
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
lo
w
a
n
d
h
ig
h
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
at
is
id
ea
lizatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
[
9
]
.
T
o
r
ea
lize
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
id
ea
l
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
C
C
T
A
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e
as th
e
(
3
)
.
(
)
(
)
=
1
1
2
2
(
3
)
T
o
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
1
an
d
2
in
(
3
)
ca
n
b
e
s
u
b
s
titu
ted
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
4
)
.
(
)
(
)
=
1
1
2
2
(
4
)
Fro
m
th
e
(
4
)
,
it
is
n
o
ticea
b
le
th
at
th
e
g
ain
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
its
ca
n
b
e
elec
tr
o
n
ically
co
n
tr
o
lled
/
tu
n
ed
with
ex
ter
n
al
DC
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
ts
1
an
d
2
o
r
b
o
th
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
ter
m
s
o
f
V
T
in
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
its
ar
e
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
y
x
z
o
out
I
1
C
C
T
A
in
I
2
CCT
A
z
x
y
o
−
2
Z
1
Z
y
x
z
o
out
I
1
C
C
T
A
in
I
2
CCT
A
z
x
y
o
−
2
Z
1
Z
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
2
.
3
.
T
he
o
pera
t
io
n o
f
diff
er
ent
ia
t
o
r
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
ca
n
b
e
o
p
e
r
ated
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
b
y
s
ettin
g
1
=
1
an
d
2
=
1
/
1
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
1
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
at
h
ig
h
-
im
p
e
d
an
ce
p
o
r
t
o
f
C
C
T
A,
wh
ich
is
b
en
ef
icial
to
elim
in
atio
n
/
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
t
er
n
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
C
C
T
A
a
n
d
p
a
r
a
s
i
t
i
c
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
node
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
r
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
1
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
a
t
l
o
w
-
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
p
o
r
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
C
T
A
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
(
4
)
th
en
t
u
r
n
s
in
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
(5
).
(
)
(
)
=
1
2
1
1
=
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
is
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t a
n
d
it
will b
e
eq
u
al
to
:
=
1
2
1
1
(
6
)
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t o
n
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
th
at
is
(
7
)
.
1
11
2
()
()
out
B
i
n
B
Ij
I
RC
I
j
I
=
.
(
7
)
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
ca
n
b
e
tu
n
e
d
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
DC
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
ts
1
an
d
2
o
r
b
o
th
.
T
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
ex
h
ib
ited
in
(
8
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
2
0
8
-
218
212
(
)
(
)
=
1
2
1
1
90
(
8
)
T
h
e
p
h
ase
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t sig
n
al
an
d
in
p
u
t sig
n
al
is
90
s
h
if
t
f
o
r
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
.
2
.
4
.
T
he
o
pera
t
io
n o
f
inte
g
ra
t
o
r
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
in
te
g
r
ato
r
c
an
b
e
o
p
er
ated
b
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
in
g
1
=
1
/
1
an
d
2
=
1
as
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
en
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t t
r
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
is
m
o
d
if
ied
as
(
9
)
.
1
2
1
1
()
1
()
out
B
i
n
B
Is
I
I
s
I
R
C
s
s
==
,
(
9
)
W
h
er
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
1
0
)
.
=
2
1
1
1
(
10
)
Fro
m
(
9
)
,
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
(
1
1
)
.
1
2
1
1
()
()
out
B
in
B
Ij
I
I
j
I
R
C
=
.
(
11
)
T
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
o
p
er
ated
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
b
o
th
o
f
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
b
ias cu
r
r
en
ts
1
an
d
2
.
Fo
r
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
r
es
p
o
n
s
e,
it c
an
b
e
d
ep
icted
as (
1
2
)
.
90
1
2
1
1
()
()
j
out
B
in
B
Ij
I
e
I
j
I
R
C
−
=
(
12
)
I
t is su
r
e
th
at
th
e
p
h
ase
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t sig
n
al
is
lag
g
in
g
o
f
in
p
u
t sig
n
al
wh
ich
is
90
.
2
.
5
.
No
n
-
idea
l a
na
ly
s
is
Fo
r
n
o
n
-
i
d
ea
l
an
aly
s
is
,
we
ex
am
in
e
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
er
r
o
r
s
o
f
C
C
T
A
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
is
m
atch
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
with
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
er
r
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
in
(
13
).
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
yx
y
x
zz
m
oo
II
V
V
IV
g
IV
=
(
13
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
er
r
o
r
g
ain
b
etwe
en
x
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
y
p
o
r
t
,
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
er
r
o
r
g
ai
n
b
etwe
en
x
p
o
r
t
an
d
z
p
o
r
t
,
a
n
d
is
th
e
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
e
r
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
z
p
o
r
t
to
o
p
o
r
t
.
T
h
ese
er
r
o
r
s
ar
e
d
ev
iated
f
r
o
m
th
e
id
ea
l
u
n
ity
th
at
ar
e
ca
lled
tr
ac
k
in
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
r
e
-
a
n
aly
ze
d
as
in
(
1
4
)
:
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
()
()
o
u
t
m
in
m
I
s
g
Z
I
s
g
Z
=
.
(
14
)
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
er
r
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
/
elim
in
ated
b
y
s
lig
h
tly
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
th
e
DC
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
ts
o
f
C
C
T
A
.
2
.
6
.
T
he
s
e
ns
it
iv
it
y
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ities
o
f
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
s
in
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
d
ev
iated
b
y
th
e
to
le
r
an
ce
s
o
f
th
e
elem
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ities
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
a
s
in
(
1
5
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
o
f c
u
r
r
en
t
-
mo
d
e
d
iffer
en
tia
to
r
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
a
to
r
…
(
S
o
o
n
t
o
r
n
S
r
is
o
o
n
to
r
n
)
213
1
1
1
2
1
,
1
,
0
B
B
T
I
R
C
I
V
S
S
S
S
S
=
=
=
=
−
=
(
15
)
T
h
en
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ities
o
f
in
teg
r
ato
r
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
lar
ed
by
(
1
6
)
.
1
2
1
1
1
,
1
,
0
B
B
T
I
I
R
C
V
S
S
S
S
S
=
−
=
=
=
=
(
16
)
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ities
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
ar
e
lo
w,
wh
ich
ar
e
eq
u
al
u
n
ity
in
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
it
ies
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ar
e
eq
u
al
t
o
ze
r
o
,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
s
en
s
itiv
ities
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
2
.
7
.
An a
pp
lica
t
io
n
f
o
r
f
ilte
rs
An
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
f
ilter
s
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
s
as
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
ts
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
1
=
1
2
1
1
an
d
2
=
3
4
2
2
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
lo
w
-
p
ass
,
b
an
d
-
p
ass
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
ass
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
em
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
icted
in
(
17
)
-
(
19
)
.
24
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
4
2
4
3
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
()
()
BB
BB
LP
B
B
B
in
B
B
B
II
I
I
R
R
C
C
Is
I
I
I
Is
ss
I
R
C
I
I
R
R
C
C
=
++
(
17
)
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
4
3
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
()
()
B
B
BP
B
B
B
in
B
B
B
I
s
I
R
C
Is
I
I
I
Is
ss
I
R
C
I
I
R
R
C
C
=
++
,
(
18
)
an
d
2
2
4
2
4
3
2
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
()
()
HP
B
B
B
in
B
B
B
Is
s
I
I
I
Is
ss
I
R
C
I
I
R
R
C
C
=
++
.
(
19
)
2
s
−
BP
I
LP
I
HP
I
in
I
1
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
ilter
T
h
e
p
o
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
)
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
(
)
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
:
=
√
2
4
1
3
1
2
1
2
(
20
)
an
d
=
√
2
3
2
2
1
4
1
1
(
21
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
2
0
8
-
218
214
T
h
e
p
o
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
ar
e
elec
tr
o
n
ically
tu
n
ab
le
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
ts
1
,
2
,
3
4
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
c
an
b
e
f
r
ee
ly
tu
n
ed
with
o
u
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ac
to
r
b
y
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ad
ju
s
tin
g
2
=
4
=
.
3.
CO
M
P
UT
E
R
S
I
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
A
ND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
aly
s
is
will
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
Ps
p
ic
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
C
C
T
A
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
n
eg
ativ
e
-
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
PNP
)
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
-
p
o
s
itiv
e
-
n
eg
ativ
e
(
NPN
)
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
es
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
PR
2
0
0
N
an
d
NR
2
0
0
N
b
ip
o
lar
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
o
f
AL
A4
0
0
tr
an
s
is
to
r
ar
r
ay
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
is
ch
o
s
en
as
an
ex
am
p
le
f
o
r
co
n
f
i
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
etica
l
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
elem
en
ts
a
r
e
b
ias
with
±
1
.
5
V
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
es a
n
d
DC
b
ias cu
r
r
e
n
ts
ar
e
=
1
=
2
=
100
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
was
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
o
r
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tiato
r
b
y
s
e
ttin
g
1
=
1
=
2
.
4
Ω
an
d
2
=
1
=
0
.
5
nF
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esu
lt
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
;
it
is
th
e
g
ain
an
d
p
h
ase
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
ag
ain
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
.
I
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
a
g
r
ee
s
with
th
e
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
g
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
ed
with
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
DC
b
i
as
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
C
C
T
A,
wh
en
t
h
ey
ar
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as
2
=
100
an
d
v
ar
ie
d
as
1
=
50
,
100
,
200
400
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
g
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
ar
e
v
er
y
co
m
p
atib
le
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
f
o
r
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
in
s
en
s
itiv
e
is
v
er
if
ied
b
y
s
wep
tin
g
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
0
,
2
5
,
7
5
a
n
d
1
0
0
d
eg
r
ee
C
elsi
u
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
r
esu
lt
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
is
v
e
r
y
s
atis
f
y
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
cu
r
v
es
o
f
g
ain
a
n
d
p
h
ase
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
ar
e
s
lig
h
tly
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ca
n
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
b
y
f
ee
d
in
g
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
o
f
1
3
0
.
6
k
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
with
80
−
am
p
litu
d
e
in
t
o
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it
.
W
h
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it
is
k
ep
t
co
n
s
tan
t,
th
en
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
a
s
s
iv
e
elem
en
ts
an
d
th
e
b
ias
o
f
ac
tiv
e
elem
en
ts
as
ab
o
v
e
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
p
u
t
(
)
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
(
)
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
h
ase
s
h
if
t b
etwe
en
(
)
an
d
(
)
is
ab
o
u
t
90
as th
e
L
is
s
ajo
u
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
-
8
0
-
4
0
0
4
0
G
a
i
n
P
h
a
s
e
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
P
h
a
s
e
(
D
)
1
0
0
1
.
0
k
1
0
k
1
0
0
k
1
.
0
M
1
0
M
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
5
0
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
1
0
0
1
.
0
k
1
0
k
1
0
0
k
1
.
0
M
1
0
M
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
1
1
1
1
2
50
μA
100
μA
200
μA
400
μA
100
μA
B
B
B
B
B
I
I
I
I
I
=
=
=
=
=
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gain
a
n
d
p
h
ase
r
esp
o
n
s
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t o
f
g
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
e
with
I
B1
-
2
0
0
-
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
5
0
0
25
75
100
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
P
h
a
s
e
(
D
)
1
0
0
1
.
0
k
1
0
k
1
0
0
k
1
.
0
M
1
0
M
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
-
5
0
0
5
0
I
i
n
I
o
u
t
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
m
A
)
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
T
i
m
e
(
m
s
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Gain
a
n
d
p
h
ase
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
o
f c
u
r
r
en
t
-
mo
d
e
d
iffer
en
tia
to
r
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
a
to
r
…
(
S
o
o
n
t
o
r
n
S
r
is
o
o
n
to
r
n
)
215
T
h
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
ain
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
ca
n
b
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
with
tu
n
i
n
g
th
e
DC
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t,
1
,
wh
ich
ar
e
1
=
50
,
100
,
150
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
t
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
an
d
also
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
ain
is
g
iv
en
as
0
.
5
,
1
.
0
a
n
d
1
.
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiato
r
wh
en
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
v
ar
ied
as
0
,
2
5
,
5
0
,
7
5
an
d
1
0
0
d
eg
r
ee
C
elsi
u
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
co
n
s
tan
t
b
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
t
h
eo
r
etic
al
an
aly
s
is
in
(
4
).
On
e
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiato
r
p
r
o
p
er
ties
is
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
ian
g
le
wav
e
t
o
s
q
u
ar
e
w
av
e
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
we
f
ee
d
th
e
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
tr
ian
g
u
lar
wa
v
e
with
2
0
0
k
Hz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
200
in
to
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiato
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
wh
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
c
u
it
.
T
h
e
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
is
v
a
r
ied
as
0
,
2
5
,
7
5
an
d
1
0
0
d
eg
r
ee
C
e
ls
iu
s
as
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
I
t is f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
s
l
ig
h
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
al
f
ilter
is
s
et
a
s
1
=
2
=
2
.
4
Ω
an
d
1
=
2
=
0
.
5
.
T
h
e
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
d
with
2
=
4
=
=
4
=
100
.
T
h
e
g
ain
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
f
ilte
r
s
ar
e
p
lo
tted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
lo
w
-
p
ass
,
b
an
d
-
p
ass
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
ass
r
esp
o
n
s
es
.
T
h
e
p
o
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
ar
e
ab
o
u
t 1
2
7
.
05
k
Hz
an
d
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
s
en
s
itiv
e
o
f
f
ilter
s
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
b
y
v
a
r
y
in
g
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
as
0
,
2
5
5
0
7
5
an
d
1
0
0
d
eg
r
ee
C
elsi
u
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
ly
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
ar
e
s
lig
h
tl
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
tu
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
ca
n
b
e
s
im
u
lated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
b
y
tu
n
in
g
th
e
b
i
as
cu
r
r
en
ts
as
2
=
4
=
=
50
,
100
an
d
200
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
p
o
le
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
ar
e
v
ar
ied
to
6
3
.
97
k
Hz,
1
2
7
.
05
k
Hz
an
d
2
5
1
.
18
k
Hz,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
id
ea
lly
o
f
f
e
r
ed
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
o
th
er
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
-
5
0
5
0
-
5
0
0
5
0
0
I
o
u
t
(
m
A
)
I
i
n
(
m
A
)
1
1
1
2
50
μA
100
μA
150
μA
100
μA
B
B
B
B
I
I
I
I
=
=
=
=
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
T
i
m
e
(
m
s
)
-
8
0
0
8
0
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
m
A
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
L
is
s
ajo
u
s
f
ig
u
r
e
o
f
i
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t sig
n
al
with
1
v
ar
iatio
n
s
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
T
i
m
e
(
m
s
)
-
5
0
0
5
0
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
m
A
)
0
25
50
100
4
0
4
4
4
8
5
2
5
6
6
0
T
i
m
e
(
m
s
)
I
o
u
t
I
i
n
0
-
1
5
0
1
5
0
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
m
A
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Ou
tp
u
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
I
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
2
0
8
-
218
216
0
25
75
100
4
0
4
4
4
8
5
2
5
6
6
0
T
i
m
e
(
m
s
)
0
-
1
5
0
1
5
0
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
(
m
A
)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
1
0
k
1
0
0
k
1
.
0
M
L
P
F
B
P
F
H
P
F
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
1
0
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Ou
tp
u
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
Fig
u
r
e
14
.
Gain
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
f
ilter
s
L
P
F
B
P
F
H
P
F
0
25
75
100
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
H
z
)
1
0
k
1
0
0
k
1
.
0
M
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
1
0
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
1
0
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
6
3
.
9
7
k
H
z
1
2
7
.
0
5
k
H
z
2
5
1
.
1
8
k
H
z
Fig
u
r
e
15
.
Gain
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
f
ilter
s
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
o
f
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
Fig
u
r
e
16
.
Gain
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
b
an
d
-
p
ass
d
u
e
t
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
two
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiato
r
an
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
s
im
ilar
ly
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
o
f
2
C
C
T
As
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
elem
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
lo
w
an
d
h
ig
h
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
o
p
er
ated
t
o
d
if
f
er
en
tiato
r
a
n
d
in
teg
r
ato
r
b
y
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
e
x
ter
n
al
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
elec
tr
o
n
ically
tu
n
ed
th
at
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
y
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
A
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
f
ilter
s
h
o
ws
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
v
er
if
ied
b
y
Ps
p
ice
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l a
n
aly
s
is
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
u
n
d
er
Gr
a
n
t
E
NG2
8
/6
2
,
R
ajam
an
g
ala
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
I
s
an
,
Kh
o
n
Kae
n
C
am
p
u
s
,
Kh
o
n
Kae
n
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
.
Ja
i
k
l
a
,
S
.
A
d
h
a
n
,
P
.
S
u
w
a
n
j
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
K
u
m
n
g
e
r
n
,
"
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
/
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
si
n
u
so
i
d
a
l
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
f
o
r
p
h
a
s
e
sen
s
i
t
i
v
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
c
o
mm
e
r
c
i
a
l
l
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
I
C
,
"
S
e
n
s
o
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
A
r
t
.
n
o
.
1
3
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
2
0
0
5
1
3
1
9
.
[
2
]
F
.
Y
u
c
e
l
a
n
d
E.
Y
u
c
e
,
"
S
u
p
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
r
y
C
C
I
I
b
a
se
d
se
c
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
u
n
i
v
e
r
sa
l
f
i
l
t
e
r
a
n
d
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
s
,
"
A
EU
-
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
A
r
t
.
n
o
.
1
5
3
1
3
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
5
3
1
3
8
.
[
3
]
S
.
R
u
n
g
sa
,
"
S
i
n
g
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
i
a
l
l
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
I
C
:
L
T1
2
2
8
b
a
s
e
d
si
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
,
"
Prz
e
g
l
ą
d
El
e
k
t
r
o
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
z
n
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
0
-
2
2
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
9
9
/
4
8
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
4
.
4
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
o
f c
u
r
r
en
t
-
mo
d
e
d
iffer
en
tia
to
r
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
a
to
r
…
(
S
o
o
n
t
o
r
n
S
r
is
o
o
n
to
r
n
)
217
[
4
]
R
.
S
o
t
n
e
r
,
Z.
H
r
u
b
o
s,
N
.
H
e
r
e
n
c
s
a
r
,
J.
J
e
r
a
b
e
k
,
T.
D
o
s
t
a
l
a
n
d
K
.
V
r
b
a
,
"
P
r
e
c
i
se
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
d
j
u
s
t
a
b
l
e
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
su
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
"
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
S
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ssi
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
0
3
4
-
0
1
3
-
9
6
2
3
-
2.
[
5
]
P
.
S
u
p
a
v
a
r
a
s
u
w
a
t
,
M
.
K
u
mn
g
e
r
n
,
S
.
S
a
n
g
y
a
e
m
,
W
.
Ja
i
k
l
a
,
F
.
K
h
a
t
e
b
,
"
C
a
sc
a
d
a
b
l
e
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
l
y
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
mo
d
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
sal
f
i
l
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
p
a
ssi
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s,"
AEU
-
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
v
o
l
.
8
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
0
-
2
9
9
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
1
7
.
1
2
.
0
0
2
.
[
6
]
W
.
Jai
k
l
a
,
F
.
K
h
a
t
e
b
,
T
.
K
u
l
e
j
a
n
d
K
.
P
i
t
a
k
s
u
t
t
a
y
a
p
r
o
t
,
"
U
n
i
v
e
r
sa
l
f
i
l
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
c
o
mp
a
c
t
C
M
O
S
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
V
D
D
D
A
,
"
S
e
n
s
o
rs,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
A
r
t
.
n
o
.
1
6
8
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
2
1
0
5
1
6
8
3
.
[
7
]
P
.
K
u
mar
a
n
d
N
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
"
R
e
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
si
s
t
o
r
l
e
ss
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
i
n
v
e
r
se
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
u
si
n
g
V
D
TA
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s,
S
y
s
t
e
m
s,
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
9
5
0
1
4
3
-
1
-
9
5
0
1
4
3
-
2
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
2
/
S
0
2
1
8
1
2
6
6
1
9
5
0
1
4
3
3
.
[
8
]
D
.
P
r
a
sa
d
,
D
.
R
.
B
h
a
s
k
a
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
r
i
v
a
st
a
v
a
,
"
N
e
w
s
i
n
g
l
e
V
D
C
C
-
b
a
s
e
d
e
x
p
l
i
c
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
S
R
C
O
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
l
l
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
p
a
ss
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s,"
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
1
-
8
8
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
2
5
1
/
ELS
1
4
1
8
0
8
1
P
[
9
]
W
.
Jai
k
l
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
S
y
n
t
h
e
si
s
o
f
b
i
q
u
a
d
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
u
s
i
n
g
Tw
o
V
D
-
D
I
B
A
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
d
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
"
AEU
-
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
A
r
t
.
n
o
.
1
5
3
6
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
5
3
6
0
1
.
[
1
0
]
A
.
Jan
t
a
k
u
n
,
"
T
h
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
si
n
g
l
e
-
i
n
p
u
t
m
u
l
t
i
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
,
mu
l
t
i
-
i
n
p
u
t
si
n
g
l
e
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
i
q
u
a
d
f
i
l
t
e
r
a
n
d
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
b
a
s
e
d
-
o
n
B
i
C
M
O
S
C
C
C
TA
s
,
"
Prze
g
l
ą
d
E
l
e
k
t
r
o
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
zn
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
1
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
1
9
9
/
4
8
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
7
.
2
3
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
sw
a
r
a
n
a
n
d
R
.
K
.
R
a
d
h
a
k
r
i
s
h
n
a
,
"
M
u
l
t
i
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
R
C
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s,"
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
7
0
8
-
7
1
0
,
1
9
7
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
e
l
:
1
9
7
1
0
4
8
6
.
[
1
2
]
D
.
H
.
H
o
r
r
o
c
k
s
,
"
A
n
o
n
-
i
n
v
e
r
t
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
,
"
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
3
-
4
3
4
,
1
9
7
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
2
0
7
2
1
7
4
0
8
9
0
0
5
4
1
.
[
1
3
]
U
.
C
.
S
a
r
k
e
r
,
S
.
K
.
S
a
n
y
a
l
,
a
n
d
R
.
N
a
n
d
i
,
"
A
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
d
u
a
l
-
i
n
p
u
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
,
"
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
s
t
ru
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Me
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
2
6
-
7
2
9
,
1
9
9
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
1
9
.
5
8
6
1
5
.
[
1
4
]
K
.
P
a
n
w
a
r
,
D
.
P
r
a
sa
d
,
M
.
S
r
i
v
a
st
a
v
a
,
a
n
d
Z
.
H
a
se
e
b
,
"
N
e
w
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
o
ss
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
C
D
D
I
TA
,
"
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
-
1
2
3
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
c
s.
2
0
1
8
.
9
8
0
1
2
.
[
1
5
]
M
.
A
.
A
l
-
A
l
a
o
u
i
,
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
,
"
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
s
t
ru
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
2
6
-
8
3
0
,
1
9
9
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
1
9
.
1
0
6
3
0
5
.
[
1
6
]
D
.
P
a
t
r
a
n
a
b
i
s
a
n
d
D
.
K
.
G
h
o
sh
,
"
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
s,"
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
6
7
-
5
6
9
,
1
9
8
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
C
S
.
1
9
8
4
.
1
0
8
5
5
3
5
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
I
.
Li
u
a
n
d
Y
.
S
.
H
w
a
n
g
,
"
D
u
a
l
-
i
n
p
u
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
i
me
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
s u
si
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
y
o
r
s,"
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
s
t
ru
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Me
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
5
0
-
6
5
4
,
1
9
9
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
1
9
.
3
1
0
1
6
4
.
[
1
8
]
J.
L.
Le
e
a
n
d
S
.
I
.
Li
u
,
"
D
u
a
l
-
i
n
p
u
t
R
C
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
t
u
n
e
a
b
l
e
t
i
m
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
s
u
si
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
s,"
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s Le
t
t
e
rs,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
0
-
1
9
1
1
,
1
9
9
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
e
l
:
1
9
9
9
1
3
1
6
.
[
1
9
]
J.
L.
L
e
e
a
n
d
S
.
I
.
L
i
u
,
"
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
t
i
m
e
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
mu
l
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
,
"
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
-
3
3
3
,
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
e
l
:
2
0
0
1
0
2
5
2
.
[
2
0
]
R
.
K
.
N
a
g
a
r
i
a
,
A
.
G
o
sw
a
mi
,
P
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
sw
a
r
a
n
,
S
.
K
.
S
a
n
y
a
l
,
a
n
d
R
.
N
a
n
d
i
,
"
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s
/
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
s
u
si
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
,
"
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
S
i
g
n
a
l
s,
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s,
2
0
0
3
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
7
3
-
5
7
6
,
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
C
S
.
2
0
0
3
.
1
2
2
7
1
1
7
.
[
2
1
]
J.
K
u
m
b
u
n
,
P
.
S
i
l
a
p
a
n
,
M
.
S
i
r
i
p
r
u
c
h
y
a
n
u
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
P
r
o
m
mee
,
"
A
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
mo
d
e
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
C
C
-
C
F
A
s
,
"
2
0
0
9
6
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
/
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
,
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
5
4
2
-
5
4
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
E
C
TI
C
O
N
.
2
0
0
9
.
5
1
3
7
0
6
6
.
[
2
2
]
V
.
R
a
m
o
l
a
,
S
.
M
i
sh
r
a
,
R
.
K
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
a
n
d
D
.
S
.
C
h
a
u
h
a
n
,
"
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
C
C
C
C
D
B
A
b
a
se
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
m
o
d
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
,
"
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s,
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
EEC
2
0
1
2
)
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
-
1
1
2
.
[
2
3
]
P
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
sw
a
r
a
n
,
R
.
N
a
n
d
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
D
a
s,
"
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
l
i
n
e
a
r
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
V
C
O
u
si
n
g
M
M
C
C
,
"
Bu
l
e
t
i
n
T
e
k
n
i
k
El
e
k
t
r
o
d
a
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
k
a
(
BE
EI
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
-
1
1
6
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
/
e
e
i
.
v
2
i
2
.
2
1
3
.
[
2
4
]
I
.
P
.
S
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
K
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
"
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
s
i
n
g
l
e
C
F
A
b
a
se
d
m
u
l
t
i
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
o
g
si
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
,
"
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
5
]
R
.
N
a
n
d
i
,
K
.
M
o
u
s
i
k
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
D
a
s,
"
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
d
u
a
l
-
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
si
n
g
l
e
C
D
B
A
a
n
d
a
mu
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
:
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
,
"
Ac
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
P
a
ss
i
v
e
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
0
9
,
A
r
t
.
n
o
.
8
3
5
7
8
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
/
2
0
0
9
/
8
3
5
7
8
9
.
[
2
6
]
M
.
S
o
m
d
u
n
y
a
k
a
n
o
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
mo
d
e
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
si
n
u
so
i
d
a
l
o
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
,
"
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
K
MUT
N
B
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
-
4
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
2
7
]
J.
W
.
H
o
r
n
g
a
n
d
G
.
T.
H
u
a
n
g
,
"
A
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
,
"
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
-
2
3
6
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
c
s
.
2
0
1
3
.
4
2
0
3
1
.
[
2
8
]
W
.
J
a
i
k
l
a
a
n
d
A
.
T
h
i
t
i
n
a
r
u
e
m
i
t
,
"
A
s
y
n
t
h
e
si
s
a
n
d
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
mo
d
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,"
Wo
r
l
d
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
5
-
1
7
1
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
2
9
]
S
.
M
i
n
a
e
i
,
"
D
u
a
l
-
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
u
si
n
g
si
n
g
l
e
d
v
c
c
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
p
a
ssi
v
e
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
,
"
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
2
t
h
I
EEE
Me
d
i
t
e
rr
a
n
e
a
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(
I
EE
E
C
a
t
.
N
o
.
0
4
C
H
3
7
5
2
1
,
2
0
0
4
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
2
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
EL
C
O
N
.
2
0
0
4
.
1
3
4
6
7
8
8
.
[
3
0
]
R
.
K
.
N
a
g
a
r
i
a
,
"
O
n
t
h
e
n
e
w
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
C
F
A
b
a
se
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
/
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
o
g
si
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
i
n
g
,
"
WS
EA
S
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
-
2
3
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
3
1
]
N
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
R
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
R
.
A
n
u
r
a
g
,
R
.
V
i
j
a
y
,
"
A
c
l
a
ss o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
mu
l
t
i
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
b
i
q
u
a
d
f
i
l
t
e
r
s u
s
i
n
g
O
T
R
A
s,"
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
4
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
5
9
8
/
a
e
e
e
.
v
1
8
i
1
.
3
3
63
[
3
2
]
P
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
sw
a
r
a
n
,
R
.
N
a
n
d
i
,
S
.
D
a
s
,
"
n
e
w
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
s
u
si
n
g
a
M
M
C
C
,
"
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
8
-
2
9
4
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
c
s.
2
0
1
2
.
3
3
0
4
0
[
3
3
]
S
.
K
a
p
o
u
l
e
a
,
C
.
P
s
y
c
h
a
l
i
n
o
s,
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
El
w
a
k
i
l
,
"
S
i
n
g
l
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
e
l
e
me
n
t
i
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
-
o
r
d
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s,"
AEU
-
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
7
,
p
p
.
6
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
e
u
e
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
9
.
0
4
6
.
[
3
4
]
E.
Y
u
c
e
,
"
N
o
v
e
l
i
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
u
si
n
g
si
n
g
l
e
D
D
C
C
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
p
a
ssi
v
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s,"
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
re
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
h
y
s
i
c
s,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
7
6
7
-
7
7
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
3
5
]
S
.
M
i
n
a
e
i
,
G
.
To
p
c
u
,
a
n
d
O
.
Ç
i
ç
e
k
o
ğ
l
u
,
"
A
c
t
i
v
e
o
n
l
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
i
m
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
s,"
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
0
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
5
8
1
-
5
8
8
,
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
1
4
1
8
4
0
3
2
0
0
0
1
5
9
3
5
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.