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7
K.
K
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w
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:
C
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FET
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C
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:
R
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f
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
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N
Fe
w
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s
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,
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s
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ter
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to
f
ield
-
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f
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t
tr
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s
is
to
r
s
(
FET
s
)
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ased
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n
s
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m
ico
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d
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cti
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ca
r
b
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C
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elec
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h
av
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tl
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ea
ch
ed
a
h
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er
p
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f
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m
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n
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e
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
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p
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o
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ess
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n
g
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all
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to
th
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ex
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t
DC
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ar
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[
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6
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all
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7
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ca
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[
8
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an
d
ex
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t
ca
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r
ier
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b
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[
9
]
.
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th
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a
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d
ex
p
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m
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n
ts
h
a
v
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m
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s
t
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ated
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at
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tu
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tr
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w
i
th
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esp
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th
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ev
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th
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b
ar
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eig
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in
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w
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V
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s
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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C
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I
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N:
2
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8
8
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8708
On
th
e
DI
B
L R
ed
u
ctio
n
E
ffect
o
f S
h
o
r
t Ch
a
n
n
e
l Ca
r
b
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N
a
n
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F
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ffect
Tr
a
n
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is
to
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s
(
K
h
ia
l A
ich
a
)
1515
th
is
ca
s
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
j
ec
ts
c
ar
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ier
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in
to
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as d
r
ain
i
n
d
u
ce
d
b
ar
r
ier
lo
w
er
in
g
(
DI
B
L
)
.
T
h
e
DI
B
L
ca
n
also
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
w
o
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
d
ev
ice
s
o
f
s
u
ch
as
C
NT
FET
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
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NT
FET
s
s
tr
u
ctu
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al
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tatic
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r
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ties
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L
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ec
t
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NT
FET
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as
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n
e
w
ch
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ter
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n
t
h
e
d
ev
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p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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a
n
d
it’s r
o
o
tin
g
[
10
].
So
m
e
i
n
ter
est
in
g
w
o
r
k
o
n
t
h
e
DI
B
L
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s
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ticed
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
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n
r
e
f
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ce
[
11
]
,
Fio
r
i.
G
d
ev
elo
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s
a
n
u
m
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ical
m
o
d
el
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ase
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d
s
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w
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a
t
DI
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L
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s
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r
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ev
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ce
s
tr
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I
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
12
]
,
th
e
DI
B
L
e
f
f
ec
t
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s
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b
y
R
.
T
h
o
m
as
W
eitz,
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
l
.
I
n
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
[
13
]
T
h
o
u
g
h
Fil
lo
et
al,
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
e
DI
B
L
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
C
GD
.
All
t
h
ese
w
o
r
k
s
d
id
n
o
t
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
DI
B
L
e
f
f
ec
t d
ee
p
ly
.
Ou
r
w
o
r
k
is
b
ased
o
n
a
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
w
it
h
n
o
n
-
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
Gr
ee
n
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
NE
GF)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
e
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
DI
B
L
e
f
f
ec
t i
n
C
NT
FET
a
n
d
its
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
g
ate
len
g
th
,
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
t o
f
Na
n
o
tu
b
es d
ia
m
eter
,
o
x
id
e
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ain
d
o
p
ed
.
Sil
ico
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
Si
O
2
)
h
a
s
f
ac
i
n
g
th
e
s
ca
li
n
g
li
m
itatio
n
d
u
e
t
o
d
ir
ec
t tu
n
n
eli
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t th
a
t
li
m
it
s
lo
w
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
R
ec
e
n
tl
y
,
m
a
n
y
h
i
g
h
-
k
m
ater
ials
s
u
c
h
as
H
f
O
2
(
k
=1
6
)
,
Z
r
O
2
(
k
=2
5
)
,
Ta
2
O
5
(
k
=5
0
)
,
an
d
T
iO
2
(k
=
35
-
1
0
0
)
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
b
e
en
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
alter
n
a
tiv
e
g
ate
d
ielec
tr
ics
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
leak
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
o
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
k
g
a
te
d
ielec
tr
ics
a
n
d
C
NT
FET
s
,
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
w
e
p
r
ese
n
t
al
s
o
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
-
k
g
ate
d
ielec
tr
ic
o
n
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
DI
B
L
.
A
ll
t
h
ese
n
u
m
er
ical
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
at
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
7
7
K
to
4
0
0
K.
2.
CNTFE
T
S
T
RUC
T
UR
E
A
s
c
h
e
m
atic
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
a
l
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
an
d
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ain
len
g
t
h
is
2
0
n
m
w
ith
h
ea
v
i
l
y
d
o
p
ed
w
h
ich
i
s
10
9
nm
-
1
(
~0
.
0
1
d
o
p
an
t/ato
m
)
an
d
t
h
e
ch
an
n
el
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
in
tr
i
n
s
ic.
W
e
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
d
r
ai
n
in
d
u
ce
d
b
ar
r
ier
lo
w
er
i
n
g
(
DI
B
L
)
w
h
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
.
Su
c
h
as
Gate
le
n
g
t
h
s
,
Nan
o
tu
b
e
d
ia
m
e
ter
s
,
Gate
o
x
id
e
th
ic
k
n
es
s
es,
h
ig
h
-
k
Gate
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
an
d
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ain
d
o
p
ed
.
T
h
e
Gate
len
g
th
s
(
L
g
)
o
f
t
h
e
C
NT
s
u
s
ed
ar
e
1
0
n
m
,
1
5
n
m
,
2
0
n
m
,
2
5
n
m
an
d
3
0
n
m
.
T
h
e
ch
ir
alitie
s
u
s
ed
ar
e
(
1
3
,
0
)
,
(
1
6
,
0
)
,
(
1
9
,
0
)
,
(
2
3
,
0
)
an
d
(
2
5
,
0
)
.
T
h
e
Gat
e
o
x
id
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
e
s
(
to
x
)
u
s
e
d
ar
e
1
.
5
n
m
,
3
n
m
,
4
.
5
n
m
,
6
n
m
a
n
d
7
n
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
th
e
Ga
te
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
t
an
ts
ar
e
3
.
9
,
1
6
,
2
5
,
5
0
an
d
8
0
.
T
h
ese
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
d
i
elec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
f
o
r
SiO
2
,
H
f
O
2
,
Z
r
O
2
,
T
a
2
O
5
,
an
d
T
iO
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
An
d
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
/d
r
ai
n
d
o
p
in
g
u
s
ed
ar
e
2
.
5
m
-
1
,
4
m
-
1
,
6
m
-
1
,
8
m
-
1
a
n
d
1
0
m
-
1
(
~0
.
0
1
d
o
p
an
t/ato
m
)
.
Fo
r
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
,
w
e
a
s
s
u
m
e
th
a
t
th
e
m
etal
–
Nan
o
t
u
b
es
co
n
tact
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
R
C
=0
,
a
n
d
ca
r
r
ier
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
Nan
o
t
u
b
es
is
b
allis
tic
(
n
o
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
)
.
No
g
ate
-
to
-
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
g
ate
-
to
-
d
r
ain
o
v
er
lap
is
ass
u
m
ed
.
T
h
e
ap
p
lied
d
r
ain
V
D
S
an
d
g
a
te
V
G
S
b
iase
s
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
1
V.
A
l
l
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
at
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
K
d
o
w
n
to
7
7
K.
.
7
Fig
u
r
e
1.
S
y
m
m
e
tr
ical
C
NT
FET
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
a
)
b
)
r
g
a
t
e
o
x
ide
g
a
t
e
o
x
ide
n
+
-
CNT
I
ntr
ins
ic
CNT
n+
-
CN
T
V
GS
V
GS
V
DS
Dra
i
n
So
urce
G
a
t
e
z
O
x
ide
t
hic
k
nes
s
M
e
t
a
l g
a
t
e
CNT ra
diu
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
6
:
1
5
1
4
–
1
5
2
1
1516
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
E
D
DE
VIC
E
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
i
m
u
la
te
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ev
ices,
s
el
f
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
an
d
S
ch
r
ö
d
in
g
er
eq
u
atio
n
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
NE
GF
f
o
r
m
a
lis
m
w
it
h
a
m
o
d
e
s
p
ac
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
R
ef
.
[1
5
]
,
[1
6
]
.
T
h
e
NE
GF
m
et
h
o
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
n
id
ea
l a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
n
an
o
s
ca
le
d
e
v
ice
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
n
a
n
o
s
c
ale
d
e
v
ice
i
s
co
n
ce
p
t
u
all
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
n
ac
ti
v
e
r
eg
io
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
w
o
la
r
g
e,
in
-
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
elec
tr
o
n
r
eser
v
o
ir
s
(
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
d
r
ain
)
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
as a
r
e
s
u
lt o
f
an
ap
p
lied
ex
ter
n
al
b
ias
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
w
h
ic
h
d
r
iv
e
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
to
a
n
o
n
-
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
s
tate.
Giv
e
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
Ha
m
ilto
n
ian
,
t
h
e
s
el
f
-
en
er
g
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
n
tact
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
p
o
ten
tial
s
,
th
e
NE
GF
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
e
d
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
m
a
tr
ix
f
r
o
m
w
h
ich
al
l o
th
er
q
u
an
ti
ties
o
f
i
n
ter
es
t su
c
h
as c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
p
o
ten
tial
n
ee
d
e
d
f
o
r
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
th
e
Ha
m
ilto
n
ian
o
f
t
h
e
C
NT
.
B
y
s
o
l
v
in
g
t
h
e
Sc
h
r
ö
d
in
g
er
eq
u
a
tio
n
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
NE
G
F
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
s
tate
s
an
d
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
NT
is
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
elec
tr
o
s
tati
c
p
o
ten
tial
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
lcu
lated
ch
ar
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
s
o
lv
in
g
o
f
th
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
u
s
in
g
a
2
-
D
f
i
n
ite
d
if
f
er
en
ce
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
iter
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
an
d
t
h
e
Sch
r
ö
d
in
g
er
eq
u
atio
n
s
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
u
n
ti
l
th
e
s
el
f
-
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
is
a
c
h
ie
v
ed
.
No
te
th
at,
b
allis
t
ic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
w
as a
s
s
u
m
ed
.
I
t
is
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
to
s
o
lv
e
P
o
i
s
s
o
n
’
s
eq
u
atio
n
s
in
c
y
l
in
d
r
ic
al
co
o
r
d
in
ates.
Si
n
ce
t
h
e
p
o
t
en
tial
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
e
ar
e
i
n
v
ar
ian
t a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
n
an
o
t
u
b
e,
th
e
P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
a
ti
o
n
is
e
s
s
e
n
tiall
y
a
2
-
D
p
r
o
b
lem
alo
n
g
t
h
e
t
u
b
e
(
z
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
)
an
d
th
e
r
ad
ial
d
ir
ec
tio
n
(
r
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
)
as P
o
is
s
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
i
s
w
r
itte
n
as [
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]:
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
s
ta
tic
p
o
ten
tial,
q
is
is
th
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
h
ar
g
e,
is
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
p
an
d
n
ar
e
th
e
h
o
le
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
d
e
n
s
it
ies,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
is
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
io
n
ized
d
o
n
o
r
s
,
is
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
io
n
ized
ac
ce
p
to
r
s
,
a
n
d
is
th
e
f
i
x
ed
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
f
i
x
ed
ch
ar
g
e
i
s
an
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
m
o
d
el,
an
d
w
il
l
b
e
s
et
to
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
a
n
d
h
o
le
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
n
a
n
d
p
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
)
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
s
o
l
v
in
g
th
e
Sc
h
r
ö
d
in
g
er
eq
u
atio
n
w
it
h
o
p
e
n
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
NE
G
F
f
o
r
m
ali
s
m
.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
Gr
ee
n
’
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
er
g
y
E
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
[
20
]:
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
‘
I
’
i
s
t
h
e
id
en
tit
y
m
at
r
ix
an
d
‘
H’
is
t
h
e
Ha
m
ilto
n
ia
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
NT
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
s
elf
-
en
er
g
ie
s
f
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
r
ain
co
n
tacts,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
d
en
s
it
y
is
co
m
p
u
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
s
tate
s
(
DOS)
,
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
t
h
e
NE
G
F
f
o
r
m
al
is
m
.
I
t c
an
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
E
i
i
s
t
h
e
Fer
m
i
le
v
el
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
C
NT
,
f
(
E
)
i
s
t
h
e
F
er
m
i
-
Dir
ac
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
D
S
(D
D
)
,
E
FS
(E
FD
)
ar
e
th
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
o
f
s
tate
s
an
d
t
h
e
Fer
m
i
e
n
er
g
ies
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
d
r
ain
)
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
ap
p
lies
f
o
r
h
o
les.
On
ce
,
s
el
f
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
-
d
r
ain
c
u
r
r
en
t c
an
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
h
is
P
lan
c
k
’
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
an
d
T
(
E
)
is
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
th
e
NE
GF
f
o
r
m
ali
s
m
[
20
].
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
E
D
RE
SUL
T
S
T
o
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
o
u
r
n
u
m
er
ical
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
d
r
ain
c
u
r
r
en
tI
d
s
v
s
.
V
g
s
w
as
ca
lcu
lated
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
Gr
ee
n
'
s
f
u
n
ct
io
n
(
NE
GF)
f
o
r
m
a
lis
m
(
s
o
lid
li
n
es)
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
s
i
m
u
late
d
r
esu
lt
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
1
]
(
d
o
tte
d
lin
es).
Go
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
On
th
e
DI
B
L R
ed
u
ctio
n
E
ffect
o
f S
h
o
r
t Ch
a
n
n
e
l Ca
r
b
o
n
N
a
n
o
tu
b
e
F
ield
E
ffect
Tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
(
K
h
ia
l A
ich
a
)
1517
0
,0
0
,1
0
,2
0
,3
0
,4
0
,5
0
,6
0
,7
0
,8
0
,9
1
,0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
V
G
=0.8V
L
S
=L
D
=20
n
m
N
S
=
N
D
=
0
.
3
*
1
0
7
cm
-1
N
S
=
N
D
=
3
*
1
0
7
cm
-1
D
ra
i
n
C
u
rre
n
t
[
A]
D
ra
i
n
Vol
t
a
g
e
[
V]
_
_
_
_
_
si
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
re
su
l
t
s
........... r
e
s
u
l
ts
R
e
f
[2
1
]
Fig
u
re
2
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
b
et
w
ee
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
el
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
w
e
p
r
esen
t o
u
r
n
u
m
er
ical
r
es
u
lt
s
o
n
DI
B
L
.
T
h
e
DI
B
L
is
ac
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
class
ical
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
lo
w
=5
0
m
V
an
d
h
ig
h
=1
V
d
r
ain
b
ias.
DI
B
L
=
(
5
)
Si
m
u
lated
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
C
NT
FET
ar
e
t
r
ac
ed
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
re
3
.
T
r
an
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
m
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
in
lo
w
er
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
f
o
r
th
is
f
i
g
u
r
e
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
t
h
e
lea
k
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
al
s
o
,
s
o
w
e
g
e
t
a
C
NT
FET
w
it
h
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
lo
w
er
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
a
t
th
e
a
u
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
es
u
lt
s
i
n
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
to
t
h
e
le
f
t
an
d
it
is
clea
r
t
h
at
a
s
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
g
e
ts
o
v
er
1
5
0
K,
th
e
s
u
b
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
cu
r
r
en
t
r
i
s
es
d
r
a
m
atica
ll
y
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
i
s
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
l
o
w
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
i.e
.
as
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
th
e
C
NT
FET
b
ec
o
m
es f
a
s
ter
.
0,
0
0,
2
0,
4
0,
6
0,
8
1,
0
10
-12
10
-11
10
-10
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
D
r
ai
n
curr
en
t
(
A
)
G
at
e-sour
ce
v
ol
t
ag
e
V
GS
(
V
)
T
=
77
K
T
=150 K
T
=300 K
T
=400 K
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
6
:
1
5
1
4
–
1
5
2
1
1518
Fig
u
re
4
P
r
esen
ts
th
e
DI
B
L
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
g
ate
len
g
th
ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
3
0
n
m
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
Fo
r
T
=1
5
0
K,
T
=3
0
0
K,
T
=
4
0
0
K
th
e
DI
B
L
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
a
n
ea
r
l
y
li
n
ea
r
lo
w
w
h
e
n
th
e
g
ate
len
g
th
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
W
e
n
o
te
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
5
4
.
6
4
%
in
DI
B
L
.
W
e
n
o
te
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
DI
B
L
w
h
e
n
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
c
h
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
K
to
7
7
K.
Fo
r
T
=
7
7
K
(
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
liq
u
id
n
itro
g
en
)
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
a
t
th
e
DI
B
L
is
r
e
m
ai
n
co
n
s
tan
t
w
h
ate
v
er
th
e
g
ate
le
n
g
t
h
is
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
w
e
o
b
tain
ed
a
s
m
all
v
al
u
e
o
f
DI
B
L
(
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
m
V/
V)
.
Fig
u
re
4
.
Dr
ain
in
d
u
ce
d
b
ar
r
ie
r
lo
w
er
in
g
(
DB
I
L
)
v
er
s
u
s
g
ate
len
g
t
h
at
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
I
n
t
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
w
e
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
DI
B
L
a
g
ai
n
s
t
th
e
Na
n
o
tu
b
es
d
ia
m
eter
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
7
7
K
to
4
0
0
K.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
(
ar
o
u
n
d
:
6
5
.
1
7
%
)
in
DI
B
L
w
h
e
n
th
e
Nan
o
t
u
b
es
d
ia
m
eter
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
A
l
s
o
it
ca
n
b
e
d
r
a
w
n
t
h
at
w
it
h
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
a
tu
r
e
d
e
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
K
to
7
7
K,
t
h
e
DI
B
L
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
r
ese
n
t
a
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
(
DI
B
L
)
w
h
e
n
w
e
ch
o
o
s
e
a
lo
w
Nan
o
tu
b
es
d
ia
m
e
ter
an
d
at
lo
w
w
o
r
k
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
ese
lea
d
to
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
b
ar
r
ier
is
s
m
all.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dr
ain
in
d
u
ce
d
b
ar
r
ie
r
lo
w
er
in
g
(
DB
I
L
)
v
er
s
u
s
t
h
e
Nan
o
tu
b
es d
ia
m
eter
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
T
h
e
DI
B
L
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
g
ate
o
x
id
e
th
ick
n
e
s
s
to
x
,
t
h
is
i
s
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
As
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
wh
en
t
h
e
to
x
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
t
h
e
DI
B
L
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
al
s
o
.
W
e
n
o
t
e
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
to
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
7
n
m
d
o
w
n
to
1
.
5
n
m
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
DI
B
L
ar
o
u
n
d
6
7
.
2
0
%
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
th
e
10
15
20
25
30
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
D
I
BL
(m
V/
V)
Gat
e
lengt
h
(nm
)
T
=
77
K
T
=
15
0 K
T
=
30
0 K
T
=
40
0 K
1
,
0
1
,
2
1
,
4
1
,
6
1
,
8
2
,
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
D
I
BL
(m
V/
V)
N
anotube
diam
et
re
(nm
)
T
=
77
K
T
=150
K
T
=300
K
T
=400
K
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
On
th
e
DI
B
L R
ed
u
ctio
n
E
ffect
o
f S
h
o
r
t Ch
a
n
n
e
l Ca
r
b
o
n
N
a
n
o
tu
b
e
F
ield
E
ffect
Tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
(
K
h
ia
l A
ich
a
)
1519
DI
B
L
is
ca
lc
u
lated
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
t
h
is
i
s
p
lo
tted
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
i
g
u
r
e.
T
h
e
DI
B
L
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
C
NT
FET
w
o
r
k
i
n
lo
w
t
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
in
DI
B
L
ab
o
u
t
5
9
.
4
9
%
is
f
o
u
n
d
w
h
e
n
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
a
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
K
d
o
w
n
to
7
7
K.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
DI
B
L
v
ar
iatio
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
ate
o
x
id
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
to
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
o
u
r
an
al
y
s
es
w
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
a
te
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
f
r
o
m
3
.
9
to
8
0
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
re
7
,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
r
aw
n
t
h
at
th
e
DI
B
L
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
w
h
en
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
K.
At
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
o
n
e
n
o
tes a
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
8
8
.
8
9
% o
f
DI
B
L
w
h
e
n
K
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
3
.
9
to
8
0
.
I
t c
an
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
lo
w
s
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
,
t
h
e
b
etter
t
h
e
DI
B
L
w
ill
b
e
at
all
g
a
te
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
.
I
t
i
s
w
o
r
t
h
il
y
to
m
en
tio
n
w
h
e
n
w
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
T
th
at
t
h
e
lar
g
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
(
ar
o
u
n
d
5
0
%)
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
w
h
e
n
w
e
u
s
e
as
g
ate
d
ielec
tr
ic.
Fig
u
re
7
.
T
h
e
DI
B
L
v
ar
iatio
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
ate
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
i
t
tiv
it
y
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
DI
B
L
v
a
r
iatio
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es
v
ar
y
in
g
f
r
o
m
7
7
K
to
4
0
0
K.
Fro
m
f
i
g
u
r
e
8
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
w
h
en
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
DI
B
L
d
ec
r
ea
s
es a
l
s
o
an
d
f
o
llo
w
n
ea
r
l
y
a
li
n
ea
r
lo
w
.
W
e
n
o
t
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
5
2
.
9
5
%in
DI
B
L
w
h
en
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
to
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
w
e
p
lo
t
also
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
DI
B
L
a
g
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
Dec
r
ea
s
in
g
i
n
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
esu
l
ts
in
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
D
I
B
L
t
h
e
lo
w
v
al
u
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
at
7
7
K.
Fro
m
o
u
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
th
e
DI
B
L
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
u
t
w
it
h
th
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
D
I
BL
(m
V/
V)
Ox
ide
t
hic
k
nes
s
(nm
)
T
=
77
K
T
=150 K
T
=300 K
T
=400 K
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
D
I
BL(m
V/
V)
Gat
e
D
ielec
t
ric
Perm
it
t
iv
it
y
T
=
77
K
T
=150
K
T
=300
K
T
=400
K
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
6
:
1
5
1
4
–
1
5
2
1
1520
d
o
p
in
g
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
to
at
3
0
0
K
an
d
4
0
0
K
w
e
ca
n
n
o
t c
al
cu
late
t
h
e
DI
B
L
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
d
iv
er
g
es
.
Fig
u
re
8
.
T
h
e
DI
B
L
v
ar
iatio
n
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
e
l d
o
p
in
g
at
d
if
f
er
en
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
w
e
h
a
v
e
s
t
u
d
ied
th
e
DI
B
L
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
C
NT
FET
,
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
eq
u
il
ib
ir
iu
m
Gr
ee
n
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
NE
GF)
f
o
r
m
ali
s
m
.
Am
o
n
g
k
e
y
tr
an
s
is
to
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
;
g
ate
len
g
t
h
,
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
d
ia
m
eter
,
o
x
id
e
t
h
ick
n
e
s
s
,
g
ate
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
i
ttiv
it
y
a
n
d
c
h
an
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
,
I
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
DI
B
L
ef
f
ec
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
i
th
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
x
id
e
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
,
n
an
o
tu
b
es
d
ia
m
eter
a
n
d
c
h
an
n
el
d
o
p
in
g
,
al
s
o
w
e
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
DI
B
L
ef
f
ec
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
w
h
en
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
K
d
o
w
n
to
7
7
K.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
as
th
e
g
ate
le
n
g
t
h
an
d
g
ate
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
it
tiv
it
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
D
I
B
L
ef
f
ec
t d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Ja
v
e
y
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Hig
h
p
e
rf
o
e
a
n
c
e
n
-
ty
p
e
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
f
ield
-
e
ff
e
c
t
tran
sisto
r
w
it
h
c
h
e
m
ica
ll
y
d
o
p
e
d
c
o
n
tac
ts
,”
Na
n
o
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
3
4
5
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
]
A
.
L
.
L
o
u
a
rn
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
tri
n
sic
c
u
r
re
n
t
g
a
in
c
u
t
o
f
f
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
3
0
G
H
z
w
it
h
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
f
ield
-
e
ffc
t
tran
sisto
r,
”
Ap
p
l
.
P
h
y
s.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
9
0
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
1
0
8
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
]
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
ril
a
y
e
r
Gra
p
h
e
n
e
Na
n
o
rib
b
o
n
F
ield
Ef
f
e
c
t
T
ra
n
sisto
r
A
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
12
(
4
)
,
p
p.
2
5
3
0
-
2
5
3
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
S
.
M
.
Z
.
Iq
b
a
l
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
CNT
Na
n
o
S
tran
d
s
a
s
a
S
c
h
o
tt
k
y
T
r
a
n
sisto
r
P
latf
o
rm
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Na
n
o
De
v
ice
s,
S
e
n
so
rs
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
-
Na
n
o
)
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
2
(
2
)
,
2
0
1
3.
[5
]
A
.
Ja
v
e
y
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Hig
h
d
iele
c
tri
c
s
f
o
r
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
a
rb
o
n
-
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
t
r
a
n
sisto
r
a
n
d
lo
g
ic
g
a
tes
,
”
Na
t.
M
a
ter
.,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
2
4
6
,
2
0
0
2
.
[6
]
S
.
J.
W
in
d
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
V
e
rti
c
a
l
sc
a
l
in
g
o
f
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
f
ield
-
e
ffe
c
t
tran
sist
o
rs
u
sin
g
to
p
g
a
te
e
l
e
c
tro
d
e
s,
”
Ap
p
l
.
Ph
y
s.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
80
(
20
)
,
p
p
.
3
8
1
7
-
3
8
1
9
,
2
0
0
2
.
[7
]
M
.
S
.
Dre
ss
e
lh
a
u
s
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
t
u
b
e
s:
S
y
n
th
e
sis,
S
tr
u
c
tu
re
,
P
r
o
p
e
rti
e
s,
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
Ber
li
n
,
Ge
rm
a
n
y
:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
-
Ver
la
g
,
2
0
0
1
.
[8
]
Z.
Ya
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
f
ield
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
tran
sp
o
rt
in
sin
g
le
-
w
a
ll
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
s,”
Ph
y
s.
Rev
.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l.
8
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
4
1
–
2
9
4
4
,
2
0
0
0
.
[9
]
M
.
S
.
F
u
h
re
r
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
m
o
b
il
it
y
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
tra
n
sisto
r
m
e
m
o
r
y
,
”
Na
n
o
.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
5
–
7
5
9
,
2
0
0
2.
[1
0
]
H.
Zh
o
u
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Nu
m
e
rica
l
S
tu
d
y
o
f
DIBL
e
ff
e
c
t
in
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
-
F
ET
s,
”
IEE
E
NANO
Or
g
a
n
ize
rs
,
v
o
l.
7
5
2
,
2
0
0
9
[1
1
]
R.
T
.
Weitz,
“
Hig
h
l
y
Re
li
a
b
le
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
t
u
b
e
T
ra
n
sisto
rs
w
it
h
P
a
tt
e
r
n
e
d
G
a
tes
a
n
d
M
o
lec
u
lar
Ga
te
Die
lec
tri
c
,
”
Na
n
o
L
e
tt
e
r
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
2
]
G
.
F
io
ri
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
T
h
re
e
n
-
Di
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
S
im
u
latio
n
S
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
d
o
f
C
a
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
t
u
n
b
e
F
ield
-
Ef
f
e
c
t
T
ra
n
sisto
rs w
it
h
Do
p
e
d
Re
se
rv
o
ir
s an
d
Re
a
li
stic G
e
o
m
e
tr
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ice
s
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
h
tt
p
:
//
w
ww
.
it
rs.n
e
t/
li
n
k
s/2
0
1
0
it
rs
.
[1
4
]
J.
H.
Lee
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
p
o
l
y
si
li
c
o
n
g
a
te
o
n
th
e
f
latb
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sh
if
t
a
n
d
m
o
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ra
d
a
ti
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r
AL
D
-
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2
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g
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te d
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c
tri
c
,
”
In
.
IEDM
.
T
e
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h
.
Dig
.
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.
6
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8
,
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0
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2
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+
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8
8
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+
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0
9
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
D
I
BL
(m
V/
V)
C
hannel
doping
(m
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)
T
=
77
K
T
=
150
K
T
=
300
K
T
=
400
K
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
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8
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On
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e
DI
B
L R
ed
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ffect
o
f S
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Tr
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is
to
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(
K
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ich
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)
1521
[1
5
]
J.
G
u
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
m
u
lt
isc
a
le
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
tu
b
e
t
ra
n
sisto
r,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
M
u
lt
.
Co
mp
.
E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
257
-
2
7
6
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
6
]
S
.
O.
Ko
sw
a
tt
a
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
M
u
lt
isc
a
le
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
T
ra
n
sisto
rs,
”
IEE
E
IEDM
T
e
c
h
.
Dig
e
st
,
p
p
.
5
1
8
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
7
]
S
.
Da
tt
a
,
“
Na
n
o
sc
a
le
d
e
v
ice
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
:
t
h
e
G
re
e
n
’s
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
S
u
p
e
rla
tt
M
icr
o
stru
c
t.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
8
]
A
.
S
v
izh
e
n
k
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
w
o
-
d
ime
n
sio
n
a
l
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
n
a
n
o
tran
sisto
rs,
”
J
.
Ap
p
l.
P
h
y
s
.,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
91
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
3
–
2
3
5
5
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
9
]
J.
Cli
ff
o
rd
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
El
e
c
tro
sta
ti
c
s
o
f
p
a
rti
a
ll
y
g
a
ted
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
F
ET
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
3
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
–
2
8
6
.
2
0
0
4
.
[2
0
]
J.
G
u
o
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
to
m
isti
c
si
m
u
latio
n
o
f
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
f
ield
-
e
ff
e
c
t
tran
sisto
rs
u
sin
g
n
o
n
-
e
q
u
il
i
b
riu
m
G
re
e
n
’s
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
f
o
rm
a
li
s
m
,
”
J
.
Co
mp
u
t.
El
e
c
t.
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
3
(3
–
4)
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
–
7,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
1
]
A
.
A
.
Oro
u
ji
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
No
v
e
l
a
tt
rib
u
tes
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
f
so
u
rc
e
a
n
d
d
ra
in
re
g
io
n
s
i
n
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
tran
sisto
rs,
”
J
.
P
h
y
sic
a
E
,
v
o
l.
42,
p
p
.
1
4
5
6
-
1
4
6
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
K
H
IA
L
AI
CH
A
w
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Ou
m
El
Bo
u
a
g
h
i,
A
lg
e
ria
o
n
1
9
8
7
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
L
ice
n
se
p
h
y
sic
d
e
g
r
e
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
Ou
m
El
Bo
u
a
g
h
i,
A
l
g
e
ria.
M
a
s
ter'
s
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
th
e
p
h
y
sic
s
o
f
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
rs
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
c
o
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
.
S
h
e
is
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
M
OSF
ET
s
a
n
d
Ca
rb
o
n
e
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
F
iel
d
Ef
f
e
c
t
T
ra
n
sisto
rs (CNT
F
ET
s).
REC
H
EM
DJ
A
M
IL
w
a
s
b
o
r
n
in
C
o
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
,
A
lg
e
ria
o
n
1
9
7
2
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
g
ra
d
u
a
te
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
o
c
to
ra
te
i
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
g
re
e
s
f
ro
m
th
e
in
st
it
u
te
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
t
C
o
n
sta
n
t
i
n
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
A
l
g
e
ria.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
tea
c
h
e
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
s
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
Larb
i
Be
n
M
’h
id
i,
O
u
m
El
Bo
u
a
g
h
i,
A
lg
e
ria.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
n
a
n
o
sc
a
le
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
tu
m
-
e
ffe
c
tt
ra
n
sisto
rs
M
OSF
ET
s,
D
o
u
b
le
g
a
te
M
OS
F
ET
s,
Ca
rb
o
n
e
Na
n
o
t
u
b
e
F
ield
Ef
f
e
c
t
T
r
a
n
sisto
rs
(CNT
F
E
T
s)
a
n
d
sy
n
th
e
sis
a
n
d
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
str
u
c
tu
re
s su
c
h
a
s ch
e
m
ica
l/
g
a
s se
n
so
rs.
CH
ERI
FA
A
Z
I
Z
I
wa
s
b
o
rn
i
n
S
ig
u
s,
Ou
m
El
Bo
u
a
g
h
i,
A
lg
e
ri
a
,
o
n
1
9
5
1
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
L
ice
n
se
e
n
-
sc
ien
c
e
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
h
y
sic
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Co
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
,
A
lg
e
ria
in
1
9
7
3
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
M
a
g
ister
a
n
d
Do
c
t
o
ra
te
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
so
l
id
-
sta
t
p
h
y
sic
s
P
a
u
l
S
a
b
a
ti
e
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
o
u
lo
u
se
,
F
ra
n
c
e
in
1
9
7
6
a
n
d
1
9
8
1
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
S
h
e
w
o
rk
e
d
in
th
e
P
h
y
sic
s
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Co
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
,
A
lg
e
ria
in
1
9
8
1
t
o
2
0
0
6
.
S
h
e
w
a
s
He
a
d
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
sic
s
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t,
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Co
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
,
A
lg
e
ria
f
ro
m
in
1
9
8
2
–
1
9
8
6
,
a
n
d
sh
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
1
9
8
4
.
Ch
e
rif
a
A
z
izi
i
s
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
is
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
n
d
a
d
e
a
n
w
it
h
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ou
m
El
Bo
u
a
g
h
i,
A
lg
e
ria.
S
h
e
is
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
m
icro
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
m
il
li
m
e
t
e
r
-
w
a
v
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
sm
a
ll
-
si
g
n
a
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
a
c
ti
v
e
d
e
v
ice
s,
a
n
d
m
icro
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
m
il
li
m
e
ter
-
w
a
v
e
c
ircu
it
d
e
sig
n
.
Z
AA
B
AT
M
O
UR
AD
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Co
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
,
A
lg
e
ria
o
n
1
9
6
4
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
Dip
lo
m
a
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
S
tu
d
ies
D.E
.
S
.
P
h
y
sic
s
O
p
ti
o
n
E
lec
tro
n
ics
.
A
n
d
Dip
l
o
m
a
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
tu
d
ies
i
n
P
h
y
sic
s
En
e
rg
y
DE
A
o
p
ti
o
n
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic’s
,
M
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
o
c
to
ra
te
P
h
y
sic
s
st
a
tu
s
o
p
ti
o
n
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
e
n
ti
o
n
:
V
e
ry
H
o
n
o
ra
b
le
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Co
n
sta
n
ti
n
e
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Ex
a
c
t
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
Na
tu
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
L
if
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
a
teria
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
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y
L
a
rb
i
Be
n
M
e
Hid
iOu
m
e
l
Bo
u
a
g
h
i
;
a
n
d
Dire
c
t
o
r
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