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s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
ar
e
to
an
alize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
v
ar
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
it
y
o
f
d
y
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
as
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
m
ed
i
u
m
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
p
tical
s
e
n
s
o
r
co
u
ld
b
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
u
s
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
test
i
n
g
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
o
p
tical
s
en
s
o
r
b
ased
o
n
DS
S
C
u
s
i
n
g
T
o
b
b
ac
co
ch
lo
r
o
p
y
ll
th
at
u
s
ed
o
r
g
an
ic
m
a
ter
ial
an
d
d
esig
n
e
d
in
2
m
o
d
els
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
p
tic
al
s
en
s
o
r
b
ased
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
t
h
e
o
p
tical
s
e
n
s
o
r
d
esi
g
n
w
a
s
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
ti
m
u
lu
s
f
r
o
m
m
er
cu
r
y
l
a
m
p
.
T
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
i
s
c
u
s
to
m
ize
d
f
r
o
m
DSS
C
w
it
h
p
h
o
to
-
elec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
p
h
o
to
-
ca
tal
y
s
a
to
r
o
f
T
itan
i
u
m
D
io
x
id
e
an
d
e
x
tr
ac
ted
to
b
ac
co
ch
lo
r
o
p
h
y
ll
d
y
e.
Sp
i
n
co
atin
g
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
f
ab
r
icate
th
e
th
ic
k
la
y
er
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
u
s
in
g
s
elec
ted
m
ater
ial.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
o
f
Op
tic
al
s
en
s
o
r
b
ased
o
n
DS
SC
i
s
s
h
o
w
s
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
t
h
e
d
esig
n
s
o
f
T
r
an
s
p
ar
en
t
C
o
n
d
u
cti
v
e
O
x
id
e
(
T
C
O)
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
m
i
s
s
q
u
ar
e
b
u
t
v
ar
y
i
n
s
ize.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t is
g
iv
e
n
to
all
d
esi
g
n
s
i
n
test
i
n
g
s
tep
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
T
C
O
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
Se
n
s
o
r
Des
ig
n
C
o
at
i
ng
p
as
t
e
t
o
T
C
O
S
qu
ar
e
d
e
si
g
n
4
cm
2
C
o
at
i
ng
p
as
t
e
t
o
T
C
O
S
qu
ar
e
d
e
si
g
n
1
cm
2
B
A
F
i
r
i
ng
300
C
-
60
0
C
T
i
m
e
60
–
70
m
i
nu
t
e
s
D
y
e
So
ak
i
ng
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
de
Cou
nt
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
l
y
t
e
M
e
as
ur
e
m
e
nt
F
i
ni
sh
S
t
ar
t
M
at
e
r
i
al
P
r
e
pa
r
a
t
i
o
n
S
ub
t
r
at
T
C
O
P
r
e
pa
r
at
i
o
n
D
y
e
P
r
e
pa
r
at
i
o
n
T
i
O
2 P
r
e
pa
r
at
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Op
tica
l S
en
s
o
r
B
a
s
ed
o
n
Dye
S
en
s
itiz
ed
S
o
la
r
C
ell
(
DS
S
C
)
(
R
a
h
ma
d
w
a
ti
)
687
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
o
f
T
C
O
ac
ti
v
e
ar
ea
No
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
T
C
O
A
r
e
a
1
A
r
e
a
1
=
s x
s
W
h
e
r
e
:
s =
s
i
d
e
I
n
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m o
f
se
n
so
r
d
e
si
g
n
i
s s
q
u
a
r
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
si
d
e
2
c
m,
so
A
r
e
a
1
=
sx
s=
2
c
mx
2
c
m =
4
c
m
2
2.
A
r
e
a
2
=
s x
s
W
h
e
r
e
:
s =
s
i
d
e
I
n
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m o
f
se
n
so
r
d
e
si
g
n
i
s s
q
u
a
r
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
si
d
e
1
c
m
,
so
A
r
e
a
2
=
sx
s=
1
c
mx
1
c
m
=
1
c
m
2
a)
Desig
n
a
n
d
C
r
ea
tin
g
t
h
e
P
aste
I
n
th
i
s
s
tep
ai
m
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
p
aste f
r
o
m
T
iO
2
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
s
t
h
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
d
e
s
ig
n
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
T
iO
2
p
o
w
d
er
,
P
o
ly
v
i
n
y
l
A
lco
h
o
l
(
P
VA
)
an
d
aq
u
ad
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ak
i
n
g
a
T
iO
2
p
aste
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
T
iO
2
p
o
w
d
er
,
1
.
5
g
r
am
s
P
V
A
an
d
1
3
.
5
m
l
aq
u
ad
es.
All
t
h
e
m
a
ter
ials
ar
e
s
tire
d
u
s
e
m
a
g
n
e
tic
s
t
ir
r
er
in
8
0
˚
C
d
u
r
in
g
3
0
m
i
n
u
te
s
t
h
at
ai
m
s
to
o
b
tain
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
ic
k
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
ca
ll
ed
b
in
d
er
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
C
o
n
ti
n
u
all
y
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
a
p
aste
o
f
T
iO
2
th
e
b
in
d
er
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
s
m
ix
ed
w
it
h
0
.
5
g
r
a
m
T
iO2
p
o
w
d
er
.
T
iO
2
p
aste u
s
e
s
f
o
r
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
in
to
T
C
O
g
lass
.
b)
C
o
atin
g
p
aste i
n
to
T
C
O
T
h
e
s
p
in
co
ati
n
g
m
eth
o
d
i
s
ch
o
s
en
i
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
T
iO
2
p
aste
is
co
ated
i
n
to
T
C
O.
Sp
i
n
co
atin
g
is
a
m
eth
o
d
co
ati
n
g
d
esp
o
s
itio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
liq
u
id
u
s
in
g
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
r
o
tatio
n
(
1
0
0
0
r
p
m
)
[
2
]
.
c)
Firin
g
T
iO
2
P
aste
Firin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
i
n
g
elec
tr
ical
f
u
r
n
ac
e,
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
s
ets
to
2
0
0
o
C
f
o
r
3
0
m
i
n
u
te
s
.
I
t
ai
m
s
to
o
b
tain
th
e
p
er
f
ec
t a
ttac
h
m
en
t b
et
w
ee
n
T
iO
2
an
d
T
C
O
g
lass
.
d)
So
ak
i
n
g
T
iO
2
in
to
T
o
b
ac
co
d
y
e
T
iO
2
lay
er
i
s
s
o
a
k
i
n
g
in
to
t
o
b
ac
co
d
y
e
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
u
tes.
I
n
h
er
e,
t
h
e
c
h
lo
r
o
p
h
y
ll
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
i
s
h
ap
p
en
ed
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
T
I
O2
.
e)
C
ar
b
o
n
izatio
n
f
o
r
E
lectr
o
d
e
C
o
u
n
ter
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
h
ea
ti
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
s
id
e
o
f
g
la
s
s
T
C
O
o
n
a
ca
n
d
le
f
la
m
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
1
m
in
u
te
u
n
t
il th
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
s
id
e
o
f
T
C
O
g
la
s
s
i
s
co
v
er
ed
b
y
ca
r
b
o
n
.
f)
Giv
i
n
g
an
E
lectr
o
lit So
l
u
tio
n
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
lit
is
g
i
v
en
to
t
h
e
T
iO
2
b
y
d
r
ip
p
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
lit
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
p
ip
ette
ar
o
u
n
d
5
d
r
o
p
s
o
r
0
.
2
5
m
l.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
lit is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
ca
r
b
o
n
to
th
e
d
y
e.
g)
Desig
n
o
f
Sen
s
o
r
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e,
th
e
T
C
O
p
h
o
to
elec
tr
o
d
e
g
la
s
s
is
attac
h
ed
to
t
h
e
T
C
O
co
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e
in
la
y
er
f
o
r
m
an
d
cla
m
p
ed
u
s
in
g
clip
th
at
ai
m
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
d
en
s
e
s
an
d
n
o
t
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
[
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
it
is
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
is
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
test
i
n
g
r
esu
lt
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
tes
tin
g
,
v
o
lt
ag
e
test
in
g
,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
test
i
n
g
.
3
.
1
.
Abs
o
rpt
io
n T
e
s
t
ing
I
n
t
h
is
s
ta
g
e
ai
m
s
to
a
n
alize
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
to
b
ac
co
d
y
e
ca
n
ab
s
o
r
p
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
at
3
0
0
n
m
-
800
n
m
w
av
ele
n
g
th
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
t
esti
n
g
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
to
b
ac
co
d
y
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
to
b
ac
co
d
y
e
h
as
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
v
is
ib
le
li
g
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
in
th
e
r
ate
o
f
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
4
(
a.
u
)
at
a
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
o
f
3
0
0
-
5
1
0
n
m
,
an
d
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
o
f
1
.
5
(
a.
u
)
at
a
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
o
f
7
5
0
-
8
0
0
n
m
.
2
c
m
2
cm
1
cm
1
cm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
201
8
:
6
8
5
–
6
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ased
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ased
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2
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3
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ased
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ased
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t f
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f
ab
r
icatio
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Y.
A
d
n
a
n
,
e
t.
a
l.
,
”
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
3
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
Ou
t
p
u
t
w
it
h
Diffe
re
n
t
T
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
In
v
o
lv
in
g
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
a
n
d
Re
f
le
c
to
r"
.
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l)
.
2
0
1
7
;
1
5
(
1
):
1
3
8
-
1
4
2
.
[2
]
M
.
S
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
e
t.
a
l.
,
”
In
d
o
o
r
P
o
s
it
io
n
in
g
b
y
L
ED
V
isib
le L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Im
a
g
e
S
e
n
so
rs”
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
.
2
0
1
1
;
1
(
2
):
1
6
1
-
1
7
0
.
[3
]
A
.
Na
wa
b
jan
,
e
t.
a
l.
,
”
A
F
ro
n
t
S
u
rf
a
c
e
Op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
S
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
"
.
TE
L
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l)
.
2
0
1
8
;
1
6
(
4
):
1
3
8
3
-
1
3
8
7
.
[4
]
S
.
H.
P
ra
m
o
n
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
y
e
-
s
e
n
siti
z
e
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
(DSS
C)
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
h
l
o
ro
p
h
y
ll
d
y
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
0
(
1
):
1
9
3
-
2
0
5
.
[5
]
E.
M
a
u
la
n
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Ef
fe
c
t
o
f
Ch
lo
r
o
p
h
y
ll
Co
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
V
a
ri
a
ti
o
n
s
f
ro
m
Ex
trac
t
o
f
P
a
p
a
y
a
L
e
a
v
e
s
o
n
Dy
e
-
S
e
n
siti
z
e
d
S
o
lar Cell”.
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
2
0
1
5
;
9
(
1
):
4
9
-
52.
[6
]
S
.
H.
P
ra
m
o
n
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
e
lec
tro
d
e
T
iO2
lay
e
r
th
ick
n
e
ss
to
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
c
h
l
o
ro
p
h
y
ll
-
b
a
se
d
D
y
e
-
S
e
n
siti
z
e
d
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
(DSS
C
),
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
e
min
a
r
o
n
I
n
tel
li
g
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Its
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
IS
IT
IA)
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
5
;
1
0
7
-
1
1
2
.
[7
]
M
u
slich
i
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
T
h
e
T
h
ick
n
e
ss
a
n
d
F
iri
n
g
Du
ra
ti
o
n
De
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
T
it
a
n
iu
m
Dio
x
id
e
(T
iO
2
)
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
le
Ag
a
in
st
to
th
e
Ou
tp
u
t
P
o
w
e
r
o
f
D
y
e
-
se
n
siti
z
e
d
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
(
DSS
C),
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
.
2
0
1
5
:
1
0
(1
8
):
3
8
7
7
4
-
3
8
7
7
7
.
[8
]
E.
M
a
u
lan
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
”
Ef
fe
c
t
o
f
ro
tatio
n
a
l
sp
e
e
d
v
a
riatio
n
w
it
h
sp
in
c
o
a
ti
n
g
m
e
th
o
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ra
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2
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0
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.
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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.
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m
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7
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.
2
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0
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8
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.
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Rev
iews
.
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0
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ra
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,
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,
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.
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in
DSS
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(Dy
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ll
)”
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.
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.
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.
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u
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.
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2
]
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m
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.
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.
2
0
0
2
.
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lar Cells
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.
US
A:
S
PI
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Pre
ss
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3
]
S
.
W
il
m
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n
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D.
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.
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.
2
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.
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Re
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In
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Bi
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E
n
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rg
i.
Ja
k
a
rta:
ti
d
a
k
d
it
e
rb
it
k
a
n
.
[2
4
]
Wy
a
tt
,
Clair
L
.
1
9
9
1
.
“
El
e
c
tro
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
y
ste
m
De
sig
n
f
o
r
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
”
.
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
:
M
c
Gr
a
w
-
Hill
,
I
n
c
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.