Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
7
02
~
7
07
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
7
02
-
7
07
702
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Bistatic
co
nfi
guration
al a
nalysis o
f ultra
-
wi
deband
ante
nn
a
for
detecti
on
applic
atio
ns
Ja
w
ad
Ali
1
,
N
oo
r
sa
li
z
a
A
bd
ull
ah
2
,
R
os
h
ayati
Ya
h
ya
3
,
E
z
ri
M
oh
d
4
,
Ar
iffuddi
n
Jo
re
t
5
,
No
rs
hida
h
K
ati
ran
6
1,2,3,4,5,6
Depa
rtme
nt
of
Com
m
unicati
on
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g,
Facu
lty
of Electrical a
nd
Elec
t
ronic
Engi
ne
eri
n
g,
Univer
si
ti T
u
n
Hus
sein
Onn Mal
a
y
s
ia (UTHM), J
ohor,
Mala
y
si
a
1
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
Depa
r
tment,
COM
SA
TS
Univer
sit
y
Isl
amaba
d
(CUI)
,
La
h
ore
Campus
,
Pak
ista
n
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1
9
, 201
8
Re
vised
Oct
31
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Nov
2
6
, 201
8
W
it
h
the
adva
n
ce
m
ent
in
tech
nolog
y
,
ant
enn
a
e
ar
e
be
coming
a
popul
ar
components
to
b
e
used
in
v
ari
ous
app
li
c
at
ions
.
Fo
ll
owing
the
tre
nd
,
a
compac
t
design
of
ul
tra
-
wideba
nd
(UW
B)
bista
t
ic
conf
igura
ti
on
of
th
e
ant
enn
a
is
pre
sente
d
in
this
pape
r
using
g
round
pen
et
r
at
in
g
rad
ar
(GP
R)
te
chno
lo
g
y
spec
ifica
l
l
y
for
det
e
ct
ion
appl
i
c
at
ions.
Th
e
an
t
enna
is
first
de
signed
and
sim
ula
te
d
using
def
ecte
d
g
round
struct
ure
(DG
S)
for
impedance
bandwidt
h
with
the
ob
ta
in
e
d
gai
n
of
aro
un
d
6.
2
dB
and
r
e
turn
losses
from
3
-
16
GH
z.
La
t
er
th
e
comple
te
d
et
e
ct
ion
m
odel
is
ai
m
ed
to
stu
d
y
and
fo
r
th
is
p
urpose
CS
T
is
used
to
m
odel hum
an
skin
and
per
form
ed
an
ex
per
iment
b
as
ed
on
ant
enn
as
i.
e
.
tra
nsm
it
t
er
and
r
ecei
ver
,
ob
stac
l
e
and
ta
rg
e
t,
to
stud
y
and
ana
l
y
z
e
th
e
rec
e
ive
d
antenna
ref
l
ections
for
d
et
e
ct
ion
purpose
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
An
te
nn
a
s
Bi
sta
ti
c con
fig
ur
at
io
n
Detect
ion
ap
plica
ti
on
s
GP
R t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
s
Ultra
-
wide
band
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jawa
d
Ali,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
neeri
ng
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a (U
T
HM),
86400 Pa
rit R
aja,
Joh
or
,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
eng
r
j
aw
ad.
al
i@
ou
tl
oo
k.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ultra
-
wide
band
(UWB)
syst
e
m
s
are
gai
ni
ng
po
pu
la
rity
in
a
recent
c
ouple
of
ye
ars
.
This
ra
dio
te
chnolo
gy
m
a
inly
ref
ers
t
o
a
syst
e
m
,
wh
ic
h
has
ve
ry
la
rge
op
e
rati
ng
ba
nd
width.
I
n
18
93
the
first
ex
pe
rim
ent
on
U
W
B
was
cond
ucted
f
or
the
pr
oduction
of
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
waves
[1
]
since
i
t
was
not
av
ai
la
ble
com
m
ercial
ly
at
that
ti
m
e
so
fe
w
e
xperim
e
nts
wer
e
re
por
te
d
by
that
tim
e.
Lat
er
the
sta
te
de
par
tm
ent
of
t
he
Un
it
ed
Stat
e
fo
rm
al
ly
un
li
cense
d
the
7.5
G
Hz
ba
ndwi
dth
to
com
m
erciali
ze
the
researc
he
r'
s
con
trib
utio
ns
f
or
industrial
a
nd
sci
entifi
c
e
xp
e
rim
entation
.
T
he
fr
e
quency
ba
nd
al
locat
e
d
f
or
U
WB
ra
nge
s
f
ro
m
3.1
-
10.
6
G
Hz
with
a
nu
m
ber
of
sig
nifica
nt
a
dv
a
ntage
s
s
uc
h
as
the
co
nsum
ption
of
power
is
le
ss
c
om
par
e
d
t
o
othe
r
m
ic
r
ow
a
ve
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ba
nds,
the
c
os
t
of
im
ple
m
entat
ion
is
m
ini
m
u
m
,
a
nd
as
it
al
so
ha
s
a
lower
fr
e
qu
ency
within
t
he
range
so
U
W
B
al
so
ha
s
the
ca
pa
bili
t
y
of
obsta
cl
e
pe
netrati
on
[2
]
.
Du
e
to
t
hese
ac
hi
eva
ble
a
dv
a
nt
ages
of
U
WB,
it
ha
s
a
num
ber
of
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
in
th
e
fiel
d
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
a
nd
ra
da
rs
su
c
h
as
gr
ound
pe
ne
trat
ing
ra
dar
(
GP
R)
,
i
m
aging
a
nd
posit
ion
i
ng [3].
More
ov
e
r,
a
num
ber
of
GP
R
ap
plica
ti
on
s
use
s
U
WB
te
ch
no
l
og
y,
m
ai
nl
y
in
m
i
li
ta
ry
a
nd
ci
v
il
ia
n
app
li
cat
io
ns
suc
h
as
f
or
the
de
te
ct
ion
of
la
ndm
ines
and
the
local
iz
at
ion
of
buried
victim
s
unde
r
the
r
ub
ble
or
in
a
n
opa
qu
e
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
[
4].
T
he
m
ai
n
co
m
po
nen
ts
of
G
PR
are
receive
r
a
nd
t
ran
sm
it
t
er
a
nten
nas
tha
t
m
us
t
be
in
vo
l
ved
i
n
the
proces
s
f
or
a
ny
ap
plica
ti
on
,
s
o
f
or
th
e
i
m
ple
m
entat
i
on
of
U
WB
a
nten
na
te
ch
nolog
y
in
m
entioned
GPR
ap
plica
ti
on
s
m
any
antenn
a
s
su
c
h
a
s
viv
al
di
,
plana
r,
hor
n,
a
nd
bow
-
ti
e
anten
nas
ha
ve
bee
n
repor
te
d
in
th
e
pr
e
vious
stu
dy.
Since
t
he
repor
te
d
de
sig
ns
are
fu
l
fill
ing
the
re
quire
m
ents
su
ch
as
gain
,
directi
vity
,
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ba
ndwi
dth
,
a
nd
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
de
sign
c
om
plexity
fo
r
GP
R
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
s
[
5
-
6].
I
n
this
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Bist
atic co
nfig
ur
ati
onal
anal
ysi
s o
f
ultra
-
wi
deba
nd anten
na fo
r
detect
ion
applicati
ons
(
J
awad Ali
)
703
pap
e
r,
a
n
ar
c
sh
a
ped
U
W
B
plana
r
ante
nn
a
us
in
g
FR
-
4
a
s
a
diele
ct
ric
su
bst
rate
is
re
ported
.
The
ga
in
an
d
band
width
of
t
he
desi
gn
e
d
a
nt
enn
a
ar
e
obta
ined
a
rou
nd
6
dB
and
13
GH
z
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
desi
gn
is
ac
hieve
d
us
in
g
a
m
od
ifi
ed
def
ect
e
d
gro
und
st
ru
ct
ur
e
(
DGS)
m
et
ho
d
[7
]
.
T
o
f
ulfill
the
purpose
of
detect
ion
t
hro
ugh
wall
an
e
xperim
ent
is
m
od
el
ed
a
nd
sim
ulate
d
us
in
g
CS
T
Mi
cr
ow
ave
Stu
dio
.
In
this
e
xp
e
rim
ent,
a
bistat
ic
ant
enn
a
is
introd
uced
t
o
stu
dy
the
ref
l
ect
ion
s
ob
ta
i
ne
d
f
ro
m
the
ta
rget
and
t
he
s
ubs
equ
e
nt
re
su
lt
s
are
the
n
pr
ese
nt
ed
f
or
furthe
r
a
naly
sis.
The
rem
ai
nd
er
of
the
pap
e
r
is
or
gan
iz
e
d
as
f
ollows;
a
com
plete
a
nten
na
de
sign
with
a
si
m
ula
ti
on
of
the
bistat
ic
m
od
el
inclu
ding
wall
as
an
obst
acl
e
and
hu
m
an
sk
i
n
as
a
ta
rget
us
ing
GP
R
t
echnolo
gy
is
di
scusse
d
in
Sect
ion
2
.
Wh
il
e
the
a
naly
sis
based
o
n
obta
ined
res
ults
is
pr
ese
nted
in Secti
on
3
.
Fi
na
l
sect
ion
su
m
m
arize
d
the d
isc
us
si
on
in the f
or
m
o
f a
co
nclusi
on
.
2.
SIMULATI
O
N MO
DEL A
ND D
ES
IG
N
The
pro
posed
anten
na
a
nd
th
e
bistat
ic
co
nf
i
gurati
on
f
or
groun
d
pen
et
rati
ng
ra
dar
(
G
PR
)
m
od
el
are
desig
ne
d
a
nd
s
i
m
ulate
d
us
i
ng
CST
Mi
crowa
ve
Stu
dio
tra
nsi
ent
s
olv
er
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
with
t
he
fi
xed
im
ped
ance
of
50
ohm
s
.
This
sect
ion
car
rie
d
ou
t
the
disc
us
sio
n
a
bout
a
desi
gn
of
ultr
a
-
wi
deb
a
nd
(UWB)
ante
nn
a
and
it
s
si
m
ulati
on
b
a
s
ed on an
ex
pe
rim
ent
of b
ist
at
ic
an
te
nna m
odel
f
or
detect
ion ap
plica
ti
on
s.
To
im
ple
m
ent
the
desi
gn
of
U
WB
a
nten
na
ra
ng
e
s
from
3
-
10
G
Hz
f
or
detect
ion
ap
plica
ti
on
us
i
ng
GPR
te
chnolo
gy,
a
n
arc
-
sh
a
pe
d
planar
ante
nn
a
us
i
ng
FR
-
4
as
a
di
el
ect
ric
su
bs
t
r
at
e
with
Ԑr
=
4.
2
is
desig
ne
d
i
n
this
pap
e
r.
T
o
ac
hi
eve
t
he
desig
n
a
pa
rtia
ll
y
ci
rcu
la
r
slot
is
intr
oduce
d
t
ow
a
r
ds
the
m
ino
r
a
xi
s
of
t
he
el
li
ptic
al
patch
and
opti
m
iz
e
t
he
posit
ion
of
t
he
ci
rcle
f
or
th
e
tun
i
ng
of
sca
tt
ering
pa
ram
eter
.
T
he
desi
gn
of
U
WB
a
rc
a
nt
enn
a
is
dem
on
strat
e
d
in
Fig
ur
e
1,
wh
ic
h
s
hows
t
he
c
om
pactness
in
a
nten
na
si
ze.
As
there
is
a
co
ncep
t
t
hat
anten
na
siz
e
is
gr
eat
e
r
at
a
l
ow
e
r
f
re
qu
e
ncy,
s
o
t
he
ante
nna
siz
e
i
s
m
at
ched
at
the
l
ow
e
r
ba
nd
of
U
WB
f
requen
cy
com
po
ne
nts
us
ing
h
al
f
gro
und
m
et
ho
d
[
8]. To
ac
hieve
t
he
gain
of
6
dB,
a
DGS
m
et
ho
d
is
introd
uced
w
it
h
the
slots
at
the
dif
f
eren
t
area
s
on
the
gro
und a
s
s
how
n i
n Fi
gure
1.
I
n t
his
case
,
a
DG
S
m
et
hod i
s
us
e
d t
o m
a
ke t
he
gro
und
pla
ne
ha
lf,
in
ord
er
to
m
at
ch
the
bandw
i
dth
th
rou
ghout
the
U
WB
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ba
nd
an
d
f
or
direc
ti
on
a
l
rad
ia
ti
on.
Ta
bl
e
1
sho
ws
the
m
at
erial
and
di
m
ension
of
t
he
su
bst
rate
,
gro
und,
t
he
m
ino
r
and
m
ajor
axi
s
of
t
he
arc alo
ng
with
excit
at
ion
port
pro
per
ti
es.
Af
te
r
t
he
s
ucce
ssfu
l
sim
ulati
on
of
the
pro
pos
ed
ante
nna.
T
he
si
m
ulati
on
-
ba
sed
e
xp
e
rim
e
nt
f
or
bistat
ic
anten
na
m
od
el
us
in
g
GP
R
c
oncept
is
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
to
obse
rve
the
detect
io
n
capa
bili
ty
of
the
propose
d
a
nt
enn
a
.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
bistat
ic
antenn
a
s
a
re
th
os
e
in
w
hi
ch
the
posit
ion
of
tran
sm
i
tt
in
g
a
nten
na
is
fi
xed
w
hile
va
ryi
ng
t
he
po
sit
io
n of rec
ei
ver
a
nten
na [
3] in
orde
r
to
re
cei
ve
the
prop
er r
e
flect
ions
.
Table
1.
Ar
c
Anten
na Desi
gn
Param
et
ers
Para
m
eter
Di
m
en
sio
n
s (
m
m
)
Co
p
p
er
Patch
M
aj
o
r
arc ax
is
27
Co
p
p
er
Patch
M
in
o
r
arc ax
is
1
7
.28
FR
-
4
Sub
strate (L
x
W
)
4
0
x
3
5
Co
p
p
er
Grou
n
d
(
L1x
W
)
2
0
x
3
5
W
av
eg
u
id
e Port (
Hx
W
1
)
3
.95
x
7
.1
4
Figure
1.
Pro
pose
d
planar ant
enn
a
d
e
sig
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
02
–
7
07
704
The
co
m
plete
s
i
m
ulati
on
sce
na
rio
of
b
ist
at
ic
config
ur
at
io
n i
s il
lustrate
d i
n Fi
gure
2.
I
n
t
he
f
i
gure
tw
o
anten
nas
a
re
pl
aced
at
a
ce
rt
ai
n
dista
nce
from
each
ot
her,
the
t
ran
sm
it
t
er
po
sit
io
n
is
fixe
d
to
tra
nsm
it
the
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
w
a
ve
a
nd the
posit
ion o
f
the
receive
r
is
va
r
ie
d
to
receive
re
flect
ion
s
.
These
ante
nna
s
are
placed
at
a
dista
nce
fro
m
an
obsta
cl
e,
wh
ic
h
is
c
ho
se
n
t
o
be
as
a
c
oncre
te
sla
b
of
thickne
ss
9
cm
to
te
st
the
pene
trat
ion
ef
fici
en
cy
of
ante
nnas.
On
t
he
ot
her
ha
nd,
a
ta
rget
ed
hu
m
an
sk
i
n
str
uctu
re
is
place
d
be
hin
d
the
c
on
c
ret
e
obsta
cl
e.
T
he
dista
nce
bet
ween
the
a
nte
nn
a
s
a
nd
obsta
cl
e,
al
so
between
the
ob
sta
cl
e
a
nd
ta
rg
et
ca
n
be
det
erm
ined
as
‘Anten
na
to
Wall
’
an
d
‘
Wall
to
Targ
et
’
res
pect
ively
.
The
diele
ct
ric
const
ant
of
c
oncrete
avail
a
ble
in
the
m
at
erial
li
br
a
ry
of
C
ST
Mi
cr
owave
stu
dio
is
Ԑ
r
=
5.46
for
the
c
om
ple
te
U
W
B band,
w
her
eas
t
he
diel
ect
ric
of
s
kin
varie
s
from
Ԑr
=
36
to
Ԑr
= 2
6
f
ro
m
lower
to hi
gh
e
r
fr
e
quen
c
y.
The
analy
sis o
f
the
ob
ta
ine
d res
ults is t
he pa
rt of
the
stu
dy
in
the
r
es
ult an
d disc
us
sio
n
se
ct
ion.
Figure
2
.
Sim
ulati
on
-
based e
xperim
ental
m
od
el
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
obta
ine
d
r
esults of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
ante
nna and
bistat
ic
G
PR m
od
el
is analy
zed in
thi
s secti
on
. T
he
scat
te
ring
par
a
m
et
er
(S
11
)
an
d
m
utu
al
coup
li
ng
(S
21
)
of
th
e
desig
n
f
or
ba
ndwidt
h
co
verage
of
U
WB
bi
sta
ti
c
anten
na
wh
ic
h
is
gr
eat
e
r
tha
n
the
al
locat
ed
ba
nd
are
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
3(a)
.
The
ob
ta
i
n
ed
S
11
ranges
from
3
t
o
16
G
Hz
with
a
band
width
of
13
G
Hz
w
hich
prov
i
des
5.5
GH
z
m
or
e
ba
nd.
Anothe
r
fac
tor
of
U
W
B
a
nten
na
desig
n
f
or
GPR
ap
plica
ti
on
s
is
the
gai
n,
w
hi
ch
e
valuates
the
pe
netrati
on
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
Fi
gure
3(b)
pr
ese
nts
t
he
m
ajo
r
l
obe
gai
n
of
t
he
p
r
opose
d
a
nten
na
to
be
6.2
1
dB
w
hich
is
ob
se
r
ved
a
t
6.5
G
Hz.
The
rad
ia
ti
on
patte
rn
a
t
the
sam
e
fr
equency
is
al
so
f
oc
us
in
g
in
a
dir
ect
ion
al
m
ann
er.
T
hus,
these
ob
ta
ine
d
resu
l
ts
can
be
help
f
ul
f
or
detect
ing t
arg
e
t beh
i
nd the
ob
sta
cl
e.
(a)
(b)
Figure
3
.
A
rc a
nten
na (a) Ret
urn
l
os
s
from
3
-
16
GH
z
(b) R
adiat
ion
with
m
ai
n
lob
e
gai
n 6.2
1 dB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Bist
atic co
nfig
ur
ati
onal
anal
ysi
s o
f
ultra
-
wi
deba
nd anten
na fo
r
detect
ion
applicati
ons
(
J
awad Ali
)
705
To
furthe
r
the
analy
sis,
an
e
xperim
ent
fo
r
bi
sta
ti
c
antenn
a
m
od
el
us
ing
G
PR
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
co
nduct
e
d
for
detect
io
n
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
as
discusse
d
ea
rlie
r.
T
he
res
ults
o
f
this
sim
ulati
on
ex
pe
rim
en
t
are
analy
zed
in
the
form
of
scat
te
ri
ng
par
am
et
ers,
and
ti
m
e
ref
le
c
ti
on
s
obta
ine
d
from
transm
ittin
g
a
nten
na,
obsta
cl
e
an
d
sk
i
n
ta
rg
et
towa
rd
s
recei
vi
ng
a
nten
na.
Fi
gure
4
sho
ws
t
he
obta
ined
re
s
ults
w
he
n
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
wa
ve
passe
d
t
hro
ugh
the
ob
sta
cl
e
an
d
re
flect
ed
e
ne
rg
y
is
bei
ng
recei
ve
d
by
t
he
recei
ving
a
nten
na
pl
ace
at
a
c
ertai
n
distance
f
r
om
the
transm
itter
.
T
he
S
11
of
the
a
ntenn
a
w
he
n
the
r
e
is
no
obsta
cl
e
in
f
ront o
f
th
e
recei
ver
ante
nn
a
is
c
om
par
e
d
with
the
re
su
lt
s
w
he
n
t
he
c
om
plete
detect
io
n
m
odel
is
sim
ulate
d
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
4(
a
).
It
c
an
be
seen
f
rom
the
fig
ur
e
that
obta
ined
re
su
lt
s
in
the
pr
e
sence
of
obsta
cl
e
an
d
ta
rg
et
cau
sed
disturbance
i
n
S
11
but
ar
ound
4
GH
z
,
a
sign
ific
a
nt
re
so
na
nce
is
note
d
w
hich
is
m
ai
nly
du
e
t
o
ba
ckscatt
erin
g
of
the
wall
.
Wh
e
reas
the
sam
e
resu
lt
s
can
be
obse
rv
e
d i
n
Fig
ur
e
4(
b)
wh
ic
h i
s
basical
ly
the
m
utu
al
co
up
li
ng
to
transm
it
t
ing
a
nd
receivi
ng
a
ntenn
a
i
n
the
form
of
S
21
again
the
sa
m
e
reso
na
nce
is
ob
se
rv
e
d,
it
al
so
dem
on
stra
te
s
the
pr
ese
nc
e
of
a
n
ob
j
ect
wh
ic
h
causes
disru
ption i
n
a
nten
na
re
flect
ion
s
.
The
ti
m
e
ref
le
c
ti
on
s
of
the
tra
ns
m
itted
an
d
r
ecei
ved
sig
nal
can
al
s
o
be
obs
erv
e
d
i
n
Fig
ure
5(a)
,
from
wh
ic
h
it
ca
n
be
see
n
cl
early
t
hat
the
m
axi
m
um
sign
al
s
ho
ws
t
he
prese
nc
e
of
ante
nn
a
but
the
sm
al
l
refl
ect
ion
s
al
so
in
dicat
e
th
e obstac
le
and
ta
rg
et
ed
ob
j
ect
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4
.
Scat
te
rin
g param
et
e
r of
a
nten
nas
(a
)
S
11
ref
le
ct
io
ns
(b)
S
21
re
flect
ion
s
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esults
in
t
he
f
orm
of
tim
e
ref
le
ct
ion
s,
it
is
obvi
ous
that
a
nt
enn
a
is
recei
vin
g
scat
te
rin
g
ref
le
ct
io
ns
fro
m
the
ob
j
ect
be
hind
th
e
ob
sta
c
le
.
The
reafte
r,
t
he
ob
ta
i
ned
sca
tt
ering
pa
ram
eter
s
a
re
al
s
o
a
na
ly
zed
in
MATL
AB
f
or
t
he
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
of
rad
a
r
cro
ss
sect
io
n
(
RC
S)
bas
ed
2D
im
aging
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
5(
b)
wh
e
re
the
disruptin
g
wav
e
sign
al
s
represe
nting
the
prese
nc
e
of
ta
r
get
a
nd
wall
.
Ba
se
d
on
t
he
ti
m
e
t
of
t
he
receive
d
r
eflec
ti
on
s,
one ca
n ea
sil
y
cal
culat
e
the
distance
of
the
obj
ect
us
in
g
E
quat
ion (
1)
and (
2) [9]
:
2
t
v
d
(1)
r
c
v
(2)
In
these
e
quat
ion
s
,
v
is
the
prop
a
gatio
n
vel
oc
it
y
wh
ic
h
is
the
rati
o
of
the
sp
ee
d
of
li
ght
c
to
diele
ct
ric
value
Ԑ
r
of the
m
edium
w
her
e
the
wav
e
is
tra
veling
at
the
d
e
fine
d
ti
m
e.
The
ob
ta
ine
d
r
esults
are
dem
on
st
rati
ng
the
pr
ese
nce
of
a
n
obj
ect
to
be
de
te
ct
ed
but
it
i
s
dif
ficult
to
diff
e
re
ntiat
e
be
tween
t
hem
.
The
m
ai
n
reas
on
for
this
nois
y
i
m
age
is
basi
cal
ly
a
data,
as
w
hen
ex
porte
d
fro
m
CST
it
is
i
n R
A
W f
orm
at
. In
orde
r t
o m
ake
the
im
age
m
or
e
cl
ear
dif
fer
e
nt
dig
it
al
sig
nal
processi
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
su
c
h
as i
nter
pola
ti
on
, fi
lt
ering n
ee
ds
t
o be im
plem
ented
[11]
which
will
b
e
the futu
re
par
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
02
–
7
07
706
(a)
(b)
Figure
5
.
Bi
sta
ti
c G
PR (a
)
Ti
m
e sign
al
(b
) R
adar
c
r
os
s se
ct
ion
base
d 2D im
age of
e
xp
e
rim
entation
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
An
ultra
-
wide
ba
nd
(UWB)
planar
arc
s
ha
ped
anten
na
desi
gn
ha
s
bee
n
pro
pose
d
a
nd
e
xper
i
m
ented
f
or
detect
ion
a
pp
li
cat
ion
.
T
he
co
m
pactness
of
the
desig
n
is
carried
out
us
i
ng
FR
-
4
diele
ct
ric
su
bs
t
rate.
T
he
ob
ta
ine
d
gain
as
a
res
ult
of
directi
onal
ra
di
at
ion
is
6
.
21
dB
with
t
he
ba
ndwidt
h
of
13
G
Hz.
The
rea
fter,
a
n
exp
e
rim
ental
m
od
el
is
the
n
desig
ne
d
a
nd
s
i
m
ulate
d,
wh
ic
h
c
onsist
ed
of
t
wo
a
nten
nae
one
as
a
t
ran
sm
i
tt
er
an
d
ano
t
her
as
a
r
ecei
ver
with
a
n
ob
sta
cl
e
bet
ween
ante
nnae
an
d
the
ta
r
geted
hu
m
an
s
kin.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
of
this
exp
e
rim
ent
are
the
n
a
naly
zed
an
d
prese
nted
in
t
he
f
or
m
of
RC
S
base
d
2D
im
aging
t
o
stu
dy
the
rec
ei
ved
ref
le
ct
io
ns
f
r
om
antenn
a,
ob
s
ta
cl
e,
and
ta
rg
e
t.
Th
us
this
de
m
on
strat
ion
prov
i
ded
with
an
inf
or
m
at
ion
th
at
U
WB
anten
na
with
bi
sta
ti
c
con
fig
ur
at
ion
ca
n
be
a
us
ef
ul
syst
em
for
the
detect
ion
operati
on
i
n
groun
d
pen
e
trat
ing
rad
a
r (G
PR) a
ppli
cat
ion
s
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
ac
knowle
dge
OR
ICC
U
niv
er
sit
i
Tu
n
H
us
sei
n
Onn
Ma
la
ysi
a
(U
T
HM)
f
or
su
pp
or
ti
ng t
his
work
unde
r
T
EIR
1
re
searc
h g
ran
t
with
V
O
T U8
60.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Ghava
m
i,
L
.
B.
Mich
ael,
and
R.
Kohno,
Ultr
a
-
W
ide
band
Sign
al
s
and
S
y
s
te
m
s
in
Com
m
unic
at
i
on
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
New York:
W
il
e
y
,
2007
,
pp
.
4
-
1
7.
[2]
D.
Valde
r
as,
X.
Chen,
C
.
L
ing,
J.
I.
San
cho,
a
nd
D.
Puente,
Ultra
wideb
and
a
nte
nnas:
Design
and
app
li
c
at
ion
s,
London:
Im
per
i
a
l
Coll
ege Press, 2010,
pp
.
1
-
13
.
[3]
W
.
Kang
et
a
l.,
"
A
stud
y
of
an
te
n
na
conf
iguration
for
bistatic
grou
nd
-
pene
tr
at
ing
r
ada
r,
"
in
2016
1
6th
Int
ern
a
ti
ona
l
Confer
ence
on
Ground Pene
trat
ing
Rad
ar
(GP
R)
,
pp
.
1
-
4.
[4]
C.
W
arr
en
and
A.
Giannopou
lo
s,
"Expe
rimental
and
Model
ed
Pe
rform
anc
e
of
a
Ground
Penet
r
ating
Rad
ar
Anten
na
in
Loss
y
Die
le
c
t
ric
s,"
I
EE
E
J.
of
Sele
c
te
d
Topics
in
Appli
ed
E
art
h
Obs
erv
at
ions
an
d
Remote
Sensin
g,
vol
.
9
,
pp
.
29
-
36,
Jan
.
2016
.
[5]
E.
A.
Etel
li
si
,
M.
A.
El
m
ansouri
and
D.
S.
Fili
po
vic
,
"W
ide
band
Monos
ta
ti
c
Sim
ult
an
eous
Tra
ns
m
it
and
Re
ceiv
e
(STAR) Ante
nn
a,
”
IE
EE T
ran
s
.
on
Antenna
s
and
Propaga
t
ion, vo
l.
64
,
pp
.
6
-
15
,
J
an.
2016
.
[6]
G.
P
ocha
nin
,
S.
Masalov
,
I
.
Poch
ani
na
,
L
.
Cap
ineri,
P.
Fa
lorni
and
T.
B
ec
h
te
l
,
"M
oder
n
tr
ends
in
de
vel
opm
ent
an
d
appl
i
ca
t
ion
of
t
he
UW
B
rad
ar
s
y
stems
,
"
in
20
16
8th
Internat
i
onal
Confer
ence
on
Ultra
wid
eband
and
Ultr
ashort
Im
pulse
Signal
s
(UW
BU
SIS
),
pp.
7
-
11
.
[7]
R
.
A.
Pandhar
e,
P.L
.
Za
de
,
and
M.P.
Abega
onk
ar,
“
Miniaturize
d
m
ic
rostrip
an
t
enna
ar
ra
y
usin
g
def
e
ct
ed
grou
nd
struct
ure
with
en
hanc
ed
per
form
a
nce
,
”
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
Scie
n
ce
and
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
an
In
te
rna
ti
ona
l
Journ
al
,
vol.
19,
pp.
1360
-
1367,
Apr.
2016.
[8]
S.
Kozi
el
and
A.
Bek
asie
wi
cz
,
"
A
Struct
ur
e
and
Sim
ula
ti
on
-
Driv
en
Design
of
Co
m
pac
t
CP
W
-
Fed
UW
B
Antenn
a,"
IEE
E
Antenn
as
and
W
ire
l
ess Propaga
t
ion
L
et
t
,
v
ol.
15
,
pp
.
750
-
7
53,
2016
.
[9]
D.
J.
Dan
ie
ls
,
Gr
ound
Penet
r
at
ing
Rada
r
,
London:
The
Inst
it
ut
ion
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
an
d
Technol
o
g
y
,
2
004,
ch
.
4
.
[10]
X.
Ze
ng
,
A
.
Fha
ger
,
M
.
Perss
on,
P.
L
inne
r
and
H.
Zi
r
at
h
,
"A
ccuracy
Eva
lu
atio
n
of
Ultr
awide
b
and
T
ime
Dom
ai
n
S
y
stems
for
Mic
rowave
Im
agi
ng
,
" IE
EE T
r
ans.
o
n
Antenna
s
and P
ropa
gat
ion
,
vol
.
59
,
pp
.
4279
-
4
285,
Nov.
2011.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Bist
atic co
nfig
ur
ati
onal
anal
ysi
s o
f
ultra
-
wi
deba
nd anten
na fo
r
detect
ion
applicati
ons
(
J
awad Ali
)
707
[11]
ZYCH,
Mariusz
,
"G
round
pen
et
r
at
ing
rad
ar
sim
ula
ti
ons o
f
non
-
ho
m
ogene
ous soil
with
CS
T
Studio
Suite," Prz
egląd
El
ektrote
chni
c
zn
y
,
vol
.
89
,
pp
.
18
2
-
185,
2013
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Jawad
Ali
re
ce
i
ved
B
.
Eng.
(H
ons.)
E
le
c
trica
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
d
egr
ee
from
Th
e
Univer
sit
y
of
La
nc
aste
r
,
UK
in
2014
.
The
r
eafte
r,
h
e
joi
ned
Radi
o
Com
m
unic
a
ti
ons
and
An
te
nna
Design
(RACA
D)
la
bor
at
or
y
,
wher
e
he
comple
te
d
his
M.E
ng.
degr
ee
b
y
rese
arc
h
at
Univer
siti
T
un
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
si
a
(UTHM
),
Johor,
M
al
a
ysia
in
2018
.
He
Joined
E
lectr
i
c
al
Eng
ineeri
ng
Depa
rtment,
COM
SA
TS
Univer
s
ity
Islamaba
d
(C
UI),
La
hor
e
Ca
m
pus,
Pakista
n
i
n
2015,
where
he
was
associate
d
with
the
cl
ust
e
r
of
Antenna
an
d
Rada
r
Res
ea
rc
h
Group.
His
res
ea
rch
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
di
elec
tr
ic
b
ase
d
m
ater
ia
l
stud
y
,
ante
nna
design
ing,
rad
ar
stud
y
,
el
e
ct
rom
agne
t
ic
engi
ne
eri
ng,
and
dual ba
nd
trans
c
ei
ver
.
Email
:
engr
ja
wa
d.
ali@outl
ook
.
c
om
Noors
al
iz
a
Abdu
ll
ah
r
ecei
ved
B
.
Eng.
and
M.E
ng
.
degr
ee
s
in
Elec
t
ronic
s
and
Te
l
ecom
m
unic
at
ions
from
the
Univ
er
siti
Te
knolog
i
Malay
s
ia
(UTM
),
Ma
lay
sia
,
in
2
003
and
2005,
r
espe
ctively
,
and
her
Ph.D.
degr
e
e
from
Shizuoka
Univer
sit
y
,
Shizuoka,
Japa
n
,
in
2012.
In
20
03,
she
joi
n
ed
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
M
al
a
y
si
a
(UTHM
),
Mal
a
y
si
a,
as
a
Tut
or
and
awa
rd
ed
a
scho
la
rship
to
furthe
r
h
er
M
.
Eng.
and
Ph.D.
degr
ee
s.
Her
res
ea
rch
intere
st
in
cl
udes
arr
a
y
an
t
enna
,
ada
p
ti
ve
bea
m
form
ing,
a
nd
m
obil
e comm
unic
a
ti
ons.
Email
:
nsal
i
za
@
uthm.e
du.
m
y
Rosha
y
a
ti
Yah
ya
r
ec
e
ive
d
her
f
i
rst
degr
ee
in
Un
ive
rsiti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
Malays
ia
(UTHM
)
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
Elec
tron
ic
s
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
(T
el
e
comm
unic
at
ion)
in
2
006.
She
joi
ned
UTHM
in
2007
as
a
tut
or
and
h
onore
d
a
Master
degr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
and
E
lectr
o
nic
s
-
Tele
comm
unic
a
ti
ons
from
Univer
siti
T
ekno
logi
Ma
lay
si
a
(U
TM)
in
2009.
Sh
e
awa
rde
d
a
Ph.
D.
in
th
e
sam
e
u
nive
rsit
y
as
she
was
doing
her
M.E
ng
at
W
irel
ess
Com
m
unic
ation
C
ent
re
(W
C
C),
UTM
.
Her
r
ese
arc
h
int
er
ests
inc
ludi
ng
ant
en
na
d
esign,
RF
and
m
ic
rowa
ve,
and
anten
n
a
for
biomedi
c
al
engi
n
ee
ring
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Email
:
rha
y
a
ti
@
uthm.e
du.
m
y
Ez
ri
Mohd
re
c
ei
ved
h
is
B.
En
g.
degr
e
es
in
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
at
ions
from
th
e
Univer
siti
T
ekn
ologi
Malay
si
a
(
UTM),
Ma
lay
sia
,
in
2003.
He
re
ce
iv
ed
h
is
M.
En
g
in
E
lectr
i
cal
from
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
On
n
Malay
si
a
(UT
HM
).
He
worke
d
as
an
As
sistant
Engi
n
ee
r
at
JK
W
ire
Hardn
ess
f
rom
2003
-
2004,
the
n
he
jo
ine
d
P
ana
sonic
Audio
Video
as
Engi
n
e
er
from
2004
-
2005.
In
2005
he
joi
ned
TDK
L
amda
as
R
&D
Eng
i
nee
r
for
two
y
e
ar
s.
In
2007,
he
joined
Univer
si
ti
Tun
Hus
sein
On
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia
(UT
HM
),
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
as
an
Instruc
tor
Engi
ne
er.
His
re
sea
rch
in
te
r
est
inc
lud
es
RF
Filt
er
Design
,
IoT
a
ppli
c
at
ions,
and
W
ire
le
ss
Com
muni
cation
S
y
ste
m
s.
Email
:
ezri@uth
m
.
edu.
m
y
Ariffuddi
n
Bin
J
ore
t
gr
aduate
d
with
a
ba
chelor
degr
ee
from
Uni
ver
siti
Te
kno
log
i
MA
RA
Shah
Alam
and
e
arn
e
d
a
B
ac
he
lor
De
gre
e
in
honors
i
n
e
le
c
trica
l
and
el
e
ct
roni
cs
enginee
ring
in
2000
.
After
gr
aduating
,
h
e
was
emplo
y
ed
at
a
f
ac
tor
y
i
n
Mel
aka
as
an
assis
ta
nt
engi
n
eer
bef
or
e
hold
a
tut
or
positi
on
at
the
Facu
lty
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Ko
le
j
Univ
ersit
i
Tu
n
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
s
ia,
now
known a
s Univers
it
i
Tun
Hus
sei
n
Onn Mal
a
y
si
a. I
n
2003
h
e
gr
ad
uat
ed
his studies i
n
Mast
er
l
evel
at
Univer
si
ti
Sa
ins
Malay
sia
an
d
was
awa
rde
d
Master
of
Sci
en
ce
(
El
e
ct
ri
cal
a
nd
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
Engi
ne
eri
ng)
in
Neura
l
N
et
work
in
2006
.
Curre
ntly
,
his
r
ese
ar
c
h
is
fo
cusing
on
digital
signa
l
proc
essing
and
Rada
r
s
y
s
te
m
as
conse
quen
ce
s
f
rom
his
Ph.D.
rese
arc
h
in
Grou
nd
Penet
ra
ti
ng
Rada
r
s
y
stem r
e
ce
iv
ed
in
2018
fr
om
Univer
sit
y
T
un
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
s
ia.
Email
:
ari
f
f@ut
hm
.
edu.
m
y
Norsh
idah
Kat
ir
an
gr
adua
t
ed
f
rom
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
Ma
lay
sia
(UTM)
wit
h
th
e
degr
ee
of
Bac
he
lor
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
ering
(
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
a
ti
ons)
in
2
001
and
obtaine
d
her
Ph.D
.
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
in
2015
fr
om
the
sam
e
uni
ver
sit
y
.
Curre
n
tly
,
she
is
serv
ing
as
a
lectur
er
in
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein O
nn
Mal
a
y
sia
(UTHM
).
She
is
a s
en
ior
r
ese
arc
h
er
at
W
ire
l
ess
and
R
adi
o
Scie
nc
e
C
ent
re
(
W
ARAS),
Univ
ersit
i
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
Ma
lay
si
a
.
Her
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rests
include
resourc
e
allocati
on
for
wir
el
ess n
et
works
,
coope
r
at
iv
e
comm
unicati
ons
and
MIM
O ne
tworks.
Email
:
norshida
@uthm
.
edu.
m
y
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