TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.7, July 201
4, pp
. 5044 ~ 50
5
1
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i7.568
4
5044
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 27, 201
4
;
Revi
sed Ma
rch 1
5
, 2014;
Acce
pted Ma
rch 2
9
, 2014
The 3D Modeling of Cutting Force in High-speed Milling
for Flat Mill
Yueqi Guan*
1
,
Hanqin
g
Guan
2
,
Gao
s
heng Wang
3
,
Ping Yuan
3
1
Departme
n
t of Mechan
ical E
ngi
neer
in
g, Hu
nan In
stitute of
Engin
eeri
ng, Xi
an
gtan,
Ch
in
a
2
School of Mec
han
ical En
gi
ne
erin
g, Xi
an
gtan
Universit
y
, Xia
ngtan, Ch
in
a
3
Departme
n
t of Mechan
ical E
ngi
neer
in
g, Hu
nan In
stitute of
Engin
eeri
ng, Xi
an
gtan,
Ch
in
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: 3831
74
624
@
qq.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Aiming
at the
varying c
u
ttin
g
features of
dept
h and
th
i
ckness
in hig
h
-spe
ed mil
l
i
n
g,
using
math
e
m
atic
al
meth
ods to
mode
l the the
o
r
e
tical thr
ee-d
i
me
nsi
ona
l
mo
del of ca
lcu
l
at
ing cutti
ng for
c
es
base
d
o
n
the
mac
h
i
n
in
g pri
n
ciple. F
i
rst of
al
l, acco
rd
ing
to
the ob
li
que c
u
t
t
ing
mo
del,
a c
u
tting force
mo
del
of flank
ed
ge
w
a
s prese
n
ted. T
he
differ
entia
l
meth
od
w
a
s used
in
this pr
ocess.
T
he
mo
del
w
a
s
appr
oach
ed w
i
t
h calcul
atin
g instantan
eo
us chip thick
ness
based o
n
rea
l
tooth trajecto
ry. Secondly, t
h
e
chisel
edg
e for
differentia
l al
o
ng the vertica
l
direct
i
on of cutting ed
ges acc
o
rdi
ng to the o
r
thogo
nal c
u
ttin
g
mo
de
l, calc
ula
t
ing th
e cuttin
g
force
of the
infin
i
tesi
mal.
T
he cuttin
g
fo
rce
mod
e
l
of
chisel
e
dge
w
a
s
constructed by the
inte
gra
l
me
thod. Merg
in
g the b
o
th u
p
o
n
, then th
e thre
e-d
i
mensi
o
n
a
l cutt
ing forc
e
mod
e
l
is establis
he
d. In the end, the
mod
e
l w
a
s progra
m
me
d by me
ans of
the softw
are Matlab. T
he res
u
l
t
indic
a
tes that the nu
meric
a
l r
e
sults agr
ee w
e
ll w
i
th ex
p
e
ri
me
ntal d
a
ta, a
nd the fou
n
d
a
tion of the c
u
tter
’
s
stress field can
be lai
d
by this
mo
de
l.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
hi
g
h
-spe
ed flat mil
l
, cutting force, mo
de
l
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introducti
on
The metal
cu
tting pro
c
e
s
s
is a
pro
c
e
s
s
of intera
ction
betwe
en to
ol
and j
ob, Milli
ng is a
cutting
pro
c
e
s
s with
di
scontinuo
us co
ntact b
e
twe
e
n
tool
and
j
ob a
nd va
ri
ation in
cutting
thickness. It
s mechanism
is ve
ry
co
mplicate
d
.
Cutting force
affects direct
ly the tool
wear,
breakage and the stab
ility of the processi
ng sy
st
em;
it also influences
the processing precisi
on
of the job. A
s
flat milling
belon
gs to t
he complex t
h
ree
-
dim
e
n
s
i
onal
cutting,
involving ma
n
y
cutting p
a
ra
m
e
ters, it i
s
difficult to confo
r
m the
predi
ction of cutting
force corre
s
pond to
re
ality.
Qinglo
ng A [1], Altintas Y etc [2] many sch
olars
hav
e a lot of research in the
modelin
g of the
milling fo
rce.
Among th
e n
u
merou
s
cutting force
mo
d
e
ling, the
inst
antane
ou
s ri
g
i
d force
mod
e
l
establi
s
h
ed b
y
Yusuf A [3]
has a mo
re
widely application.
The thin
king
of discretizati
on p
r
o
c
ess
make
s th
e m
odel h
a
s
a hi
gh de
gre
e
of
accuracy
and practi
ca
bility in the simulation of instanta
neo
us milling force
.
In view of the deformati
on
feature of the process
sy
stem with low stiff
ness, Houj
un Q [4] set up a elastic milling force
model of low
stiffness milling pro
c
e
s
s system. Zh
ihu
an Zhan
g [5] establi
s
h
ed the mathem
atical
model
of mil
ling b
a
se
d o
n
the
ch
ara
c
teri
stic
s of
discontin
uou
s co
ntact
and
shifty cutting
thickne
ss in
CNC milling.
ZHAO Yongj
uan [6] anal
y
z
ed the effe
cts of pro
c
e
ssi
ng paramete
r
s on
tangential
cut
t
ing force
of
vertical
millin
g on
Ni
-
ba
se
su
peralloy
GH416
9 ba
sed o
n
the fini
te
element
software ABAQUS. Considering the
cha
nge of cutting thickness
and cutting width,
Zhijie X [7] e
s
tabli
s
he
d dynamic
cutting
force mod
e
l
of spiral flat mill. Analyze the regul
ation
of
the pro
c
e
s
sin
g
paramete
r
s effect on the
tangential
an
d radi
al cutting force coefficient
whe
n
flat
milling the 4
C
r16M
o die
ste
e
l. Min Liu et
c [8] put
forward the
simpl
e
and effe
ctive way to redu
ce
the cutting f
o
rce. But wi
th few di
re
ct cal
c
ulatio
n
model
s, mo
st of model
s based o
n
t
h
e
identificatio
n of the cuttin
g
force coefficient,
its ex
perim
ental p
r
oce
s
s is ve
ry compli
cate
d.
Beside
s, it co
nsid
ere
d
few
about the cutting force
of the cross cutter’s cutting e
d
g
e
, which is n
o
t
confo
r
m to the three
-
dime
nsio
nal millin
g pra
c
tical
sit
uation of mill. In this pape
r, we focu
sed
on
the stre
ss an
alysis of the
cutting mill when cutti
ng, u
s
ing the
micro cutting u
n
it along the
cutt
ing
edge axial int
egral, set up mech
ani
cal
model on fla
n
k edg
e and
chi
s
el edg
e o
f
4 cutting edg
e
carbide flat m
ill.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The 3D M
ode
ling of Cutting
Force in Hig
h
-spee
d Milling for Flat Mil
l
(Yueqi Gu
an
)
5045
2. The Establishment of the Milli
ng
Cutting Force Coordinate S
y
stem
The expe
rime
nt machin
e is V850 made i
n
Jie
-
yongd
a, z-axi
s
is its p
r
inci
pal axis,
vertical
upward
as
po
sitive. the local co
ordi
nate
system of
cut
t
ing tool is e
s
tablish
ed a
s
sho
w
n in
Fig
u
re
1 with the x axis of the machin
e tool for
the x-ax
is of the co
ordinate
syst
em, the l
e
ft for positive,
the y-axis according to the right-
hand rule, the cent
er of the ci
rc
l
e
in the mill’s base plane is
determi
ned a
s
the origi
n
of coordinate
s
. In the pr
ocess of milling, the instanta
neo
us cutting force
whi
c
h effects on the mill i
s
a
space force with
continuous vari
at
ion along the cutting edge.
The
resea
r
ch method is mainly
to divided th
e mill along it
s axis dire
cti
on into very thin infinitesim
a
l,
each infinitesimal can be regarded a
s
a
cutting
pro
c
ess of single
cutting edge
knife’s obli
q
ue
cutting,
we
modele
d
the
infinitesim
a
l
cutting
force mod
e
l by
usi
ng
different theo
rie
s
and
methods. To get the total
milling
force, we must integrate the
cutting force on the infinitesim
a
l
along the
cutt
er axis. Th
e value rang
e of integral
cal
c
ulating is th
e
key to cal
c
ul
a
t
e corre
c
tly the
milling force. Assuming t
hat the
cutti
ng force on
the infinitesi
mal with
hei
ght of dz
are the
tangential force dF
c, the ra
dial force dFf and the axial
force d
F
p.
The po
sition
of cutting infi
nitesimal i
n
the cu
t
t
e
r’s l
o
cal
coo
r
din
a
t
e
sy
st
em i
s
s
how
n in
Figure 1. (X '-axis is in the
cutting pla
ne
that perpe
ndi
cula
r to the cutting edge,
Y '-axis coincide
with the
cuttin
g
ed
ge
and
Z
'axis is p
e
rp
e
ndicular to th
e pla
ne x'
o'y'). The
angl
e b
e
twee
n the
t
w
o
coo
r
din
a
te sy
stem is the
cutter spi
r
al an
gle
β
.
Figure 1. The
Analysis of the Force in
the Infinites
i
mal of the Flat Mi
ll
3. The Mode
l of the Obliq
ue Cu
tting F
o
rce
Duri
ng th
e p
r
oce
s
s of a
c
tu
al cutting,
mil
ling is thre
e-dimen
s
ion
a
l
cutting
pro
c
e
ss. T
he
obliqu
e
cutting i
s
the
sit
uation
wh
en
the
cutti
ng
edge
an
d
cu
tting dire
ctio
n isn’t vertical in
comm
on thre
e-dim
e
n
s
iona
l cutting’s.
Flat end mill
comm
only ha
s two o
r
mo
re cutti
ng e
d
g
e
s that evenl
y distribute
d
round its
circumfe
ren
c
e, a few cutting edg
e cutti
ng the job at the sam
e
time
may appea
r durin
g the mil
ling
pro
c
e
ss. Th
e
rotation an
gl
e of every point
on the spiral mill’
s cu
tting edge ch
ange
d with the
mill’s
rotation
directio
n, it
has a
lag
an
gle o
r
advan
ce
angl
e
com
pare
with the
rotatio
n
a
ngl
e i
n
the basi
s
pla
ne. The value
of
the lag
angle or adva
n
ce angle
ψ
is t
he functio
n
of the value of the
z-
coo
r
din
a
te point.
r
z
z
j
tan
)
(
The lag an
gle
at the positio
n is a
p
.
r
a
p
tan
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5044 – 50
51
5046
We
cho
o
se the rotatio
n
a
ngle at the b
a
se
plane
as the mill’s rotation angl
e, then th
e
expre
ssi
on of
the infinitesi
mal positio
n angle at
the same heig
h
t, at the time of t
is:
nt
z
j
2
)
(
0
No
w we choo
se the 4 blad
e right-late
r
al
flat
mill as the research o
b
ject, we e
s
tablishe
d
the milling m
odel, assumi
ng that the radiu
s
of the mill is r, spira
l
angle is
β
, gear n
u
mb
er
is z,
depth of cut i
s
ap, the ra
dial cutting wi
dth is ae.
3.1. The Mod
e
l of Flank Edge Cu
tting
Force
The
cutting
of the flat mill’
s
flank edge belongs
to
oblique cutting, its state coordinate
system of cutting is sh
own in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The
Oblique
Cutting State of the Flank Ed
ge
The co
mpo
n
e
n
t of x-axis directio
n of the tangential force dF
c is:
i
dF
dF
n
i
c
cos
cos
cos
The co
mpo
n
e
n
t of y-axis directio
n of the tangential force dF
c is:
i
dF
dF
i
c
sin
sin
In the expre
ssi
on:
θ
n i
s
the angle
be
tween th
e x axis and th
e re
sultant f
o
rce F’
s
proje
c
tion in
the normal
plane,
θ
i is t
he incli
ned a
ngle of the
cutting spee
d, i is the angle
betwe
en the
she
a
r pla
ne a
nd the plan
e xoy.
)
sin
sin
cos
cos
(cos
i
i
dF
dF
i
n
i
c
(1)
Also,
we can get
that:
n
i
f
dF
dF
sin
cos
(2)
)
sin
cos
cos
cos
(sin
i
i
dF
dF
n
i
i
p
(3)
The shea
r fo
rce
ca
n be
expre
ss
as t
he re
sulta
n
t force
F’s p
r
o
j
ection in the
shea
r
dire
ction a
c
cordin
g to the geomet
ry
i
i
i
i
n
n
F
sin
sin
cos
cos
)
cos(
F
s
It can be expressed a
s
the
prod
uct of
the
shea
r stress
and shea
ring
area.
n
p
s
s
h
i
a
A
sin
cos
F
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The 3D M
ode
ling of Cutting
Force in Hig
h
-spee
d Milling for Flat Mil
l
(Yueqi Gu
an
)
5047
From the two expre
ssi
on
s above:
n
i
i
i
i
n
n
p
s
i
h
a
F
sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos
cos
In the exp
r
e
s
sion: h
is the
depth
of cut in t
he
axial
dire
ction, the
cutting fo
rce
of ea
ch
infinites
i
mal is
:
n
i
i
i
i
n
n
p
s
i
dz
a
dF
sin
cos
sin
sin
cos
cos
cos
(4)
In the expression: ap i
s
the instant
aneous cutting thickness duri
ng
milling
3.1.1. The Ca
lculation of the Instan
tan
e
ous Cutting
Thicknes
s
Set up the calculatio
n coo
r
dinate sy
ste
m
of
cutting thickne
s
s as shown in Figure 3 (the
cente
r
of the
cutter sta
r
ts
at the p
o
int
O, feed
di
rection
is
to
the
right, clo
c
kwi
s
e rotation
). The
track of the
cutting ed
g
e
has
bee
n
simplified a
s
ci
rcl
e
in
many re
sea
r
che
s
, thu
s
the
instanta
neo
u
s
cutting thickness
sin
'
z
p
f
a
, in the expre
ssi
on: fz is th
e feed
rate for ea
ch t
ooth,
θ
is the
angle position for
mill’
s tool
nose.
Without consideri
ng the deformation and the
eccentri
city o
f
the cutte
r, this a
s
sum
p
tion
can
m
eet
the calcul
atio
n re
quireme
n
t
s in
som
e
ex
tent
whe
n
cal
c
ulat
ing the insta
n
t
aneou
s cutting
thickne
s
s with the ce
rta
i
n feed rate.
To ma
ke the
cutting fo
rce
with mo
re a
c
cura
cy,
the more accu
ra
cy
of insta
n
taneo
us
cutting thi
c
kn
ess shoul
d b
e
get [9]. The
com
positio
ns
of actual
pro
c
e
ss
of
mill are the tra
n
sl
ation
of the mill a
n
d
the
rotation
of its o
w
n
axis, the
track o
f
the mill is a
troch
o
id
com
poun
ded
by the
motion above
.
As i
s
sho
w
n
in Figu
re
3,
whe
n
the
poi
nt M o
n
the
cutting
edg
e
move to th
e
point E
whi
c
h o
n
the
j-1 rotation track of the
cut
t
er tooth, its
rotation an
gle
is
θ
. When th
e rotation
an
gle
of the cutter t
ooth is
θ
1=
θ
,
point M move to point D, |ED| = fz, the link bet
wee
n
the point B an
d
D inters
ec
t with the tac
k
of the j-1 rotation at t
he point C To simpl
i
fy the calcul
ation, assumi
ng
that the
center
of mill i
s
O and
rem
a
i
n
the
same during
the cutter
t
ooth’
s rotation
movement
track from E to C, prol
ongi
ng the line B
C
and m
a
ke
line OA meet
at right angle
s
with the line
BC
at A,
∠
AOB=
θ
.
Figure 3. The
Instantane
ou
s Cutting T
h
ic
kne
s
s of the Single Cuttin
g
Edge
So the instant
aneo
us
cuttin
g
thickne
ss i
s
:
BC
R
BC
BD
CD
a
p
A
cco
rdi
ng t
o
law of
co
sin
e
s
:
BOC
Rf
f
R
BOC
OB
OC
OB
OC
BC
z
z
2
cos
2
2
2
2
2
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5044 – 50
51
5048
R
f
EOC
BOC
z
/
cos
arccos
2
/
2
/
2
/
R
f
z
/
cos
arccos
R
f
Rf
f
R
R
a
z
z
p
/
cos
arccos
2
2
2
In the end, putting ap into expressio
n
(4), we
can g
e
t the cutting
force of infin
i
tesimal
dF, putting it
into expressi
on (1) to
(3),
we
ca
n
get t
he
cutting fo
rce from th
e t
h
ree
directio
n
.
If
you want to get the total
cutting force
of the fl
at mill, you have to integrate the cutting force on
the infinitesi
mal along th
e cutter axis.
The value
range of inte
gral calculati
ng is the ke
y to
correctly cal
c
ulate the milli
ng force. The value ran
ge
of integral i
s
often get by cal
c
ulating the
angle.
Take
right-hand mill for example to discus
s the cli
m
b milling and up milling, for the
conve
n
ient
o
f
cal
c
ulatin
g, we
give
so
me a
ngle
s
a
s
a
r
e
sho
w
n
in the
Fig
u
re 4
and
5, t
h
e
minimum
cut
-
in an
gle i
s
θ
st
, the maximu
m cut-a
w
ay a
ngle i
s
θ
ex, st
ipulating
the
starting
poi
nt
of
each angl
e is the forwa
r
d d
i
rectio
n of
y-a
x
is, clockwise
is positive.
3.1.2. Determining the Inte
grating Range
of Up Milling
As is shown i
n
the Figure
4, during t
he
up milling, the minimum
cut-in angle is
θ
st
=
π
,
the maximu
m
cut
-
a
w
ay a
n
g
le i
s
θ
ex h
a
s
to
be
calcu
l
ated by
the
milling
width
and
mill’s si
ze
unde
r the 4 condition
s bel
ow:
Figure 4. Up
Milling
Figure 5. Cli
m
b Milling
(1) wh
en ae
< r,
a
e
ex
r
a
/
1
arcsin
2
/
3
(2) wh
en ae
= r,
a
ex
2
/
3
(3) wh
en r
<
ae< 2
r
,
a
e
ex
r
a
/
1
arcsin
2
/
3
(4) wh
en ae
= 2r,
a
ex
2
The size
of
θ
ex-
θ
st and
ψ
a dete
r
mine
wheth
e
r th
e cutting edg
e
which it
s the
ax
ial depth
of cut is ap can all involved in cutting or not, so
we
discu
ss the b
ound of the integratio
n un
der
the follo
wing
θ
ex-
θ
st
≥ψ
a a
nd
θ
ex-
θ
st
<
ψ
a two
conditi
ons. If th
e int
e
rsectio
n
ang
le in th
e
num
ber
i edge line’
s e
nd face i
s
θ
, the po
sition a
ngle at the bo
ttom of the adjace
n
t edge li
ne is
θ
+ 2
π
/N.
(1) If
θ
ex -
θ
st
≥ψ
a
a) wh
en
π≤θ
<
π
+
ψ
a, only part of the cut
t
ing edge g
o
into the cuttin
g
, so the lower angl
e
limit of integral sho
u
ld be
π
, upper limit of integral sh
ould be
θ
.
b) when
π
+
ψ
a<
θ≤
θ
ex-
ψ
a, all of the
cutting e
dge
go into the
cutting und
er
the axial
depth of
cut, so the l
o
wer
angle limit of
integral
sh
oul
d be
θ
-
ψ
a, u
p
per limit of int
egral
sh
ould
be
θ
.
c) when
θ
ex
-
ψ
a<
θ≤
θ
ex, part of the cutting edge h
a
s
le
ft the cutting area, but the above
part still cutting, its lower angle limit of integral is
θ
-
ψ
a, upper limit
of integral is
θ
ex.
(2) If
θ
ex-
θ
st
<
ψ
a
a) whe
n
π
≤
θ
≤
θ
ex-
ψ
a,
only pa
rt of t
he
cutting
ed
ge g
o
into
th
e cutting, so
the lo
wer
angle limit of integral
sho
u
l
d
be
π
, upper limit of integral sho
u
ld be
θ
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The 3D M
ode
ling of Cutting
Force in Hig
h
-spee
d Milling for Flat Mil
l
(Yueqi Gu
an
)
5049
b) when
θ
ex
-
ψ
a<
θ≤
π
+
ψ
a, all of the
cu
tting edge
g
o
into the
cu
tting unde
r t
he axial
depth
of cut,
so th
e lo
we
r
angle
limit of
integ
r
al
sho
u
ld b
e
π
, u
p
per limit of in
tegral
sh
ould
be
θ
ex-
ψ
a.
c) wh
en
π
+
ψ
a<
θ≤
θ
ex, p
a
rt of the cuttin
g
edg
e ha
s
l
e
ft the cuttin
g
area, but th
e above
part still cutting, its lower angle limit of integral is
θ
-
ψ
a, upper limit
of integral is
θ
ex-
ψ
a.
3.1.3. Determining the Integr
ating Range
of Climb
Milling
As is sh
own in the Figure
5, during the c
limb millin
g, the maximum cut-away
angle is
θ
ex=
π
+
ψ
a, t
he minim
u
m
cut-in
an
gle i
s
θ
st has to
be
calcul
ated by the milling width and
mill’s
size und
er th
e 4 con
d
ition
s
belo
w
:
(1) when a
e
<
r,
r
a
e
/
1
arcsin
2
/
st
(2) when a
e
=
r,
2
/
st
(3) when r<
ae<2r,
r
a
e
/
1
arcsin
2
/
3
st
(4) when a
e
=
2r,
θ
st
=
0
In a similar
way, we discu
s
s the bou
nd
o
f
the integration und
er the
followin
g
θ
ex-
θ
st
≥ψ
a
and
θ
ex-
θ
st
<
ψ
a two condit
i
ons.
(1) If
θ
ex-
θ
st
≥ψ
a
a) Wh
en
θ
st
≤θ
<
θ
st
+
ψ
a,
o
n
ly pa
rt of th
e cutting
edg
e go
into
the
cutting,
so t
he lo
we
r
angle limit of integral
sho
u
l
d
be
θ
st, upp
er limit of integral shoul
d b
e
θ
.
b) When
π
+
ψ
a<
θ≤
θ
ex-
ψ
a, all of the cutting ed
ge
go into the cutting unde
r
the axia
l
depth of
cut, so the l
o
wer
angle limit of
integral
sh
oul
d be
θ
-
ψ
a, u
p
per limit of int
egral
sh
ould
be
θ
.
c) Whe
n
θ
ex
-
ψ
a<
θ≤
θ
ex, part of the cutting ed
ge ha
s l
e
ft the cutting
area, b
u
t the
above
part still cutting, its lower angle limit of integral is
θ
-
ψ
a
,
upper limit o
f
integral is
π
.
(2) If
θ
ex-
θ
st
<
ψ
a
a) Wh
en
θ
st
≤θ≤
θ
ex-
ψ
a, o
n
ly part
of th
e cutting e
d
g
e
go
into th
e
cutting,
so
the lo
we
r
angle limit of integral
sho
u
l
d
be
θ
st, upp
er limit of integral shoul
d b
e
θ
.
b) Wh
en
θ
ex
-
ψ
a<
θ≤
θ
st
+
ψ
a, all of th
e
cutting
edg
e
go into
the
cutting un
der t
he axial
depth
of cut,
so th
e lo
we
r
angle
limit of
integ
r
al
sho
u
ld b
e
π
, u
p
per limit of in
tegral
sh
ould
be
θ
ex-
ψ
a.
c) Whe
n
θ
st
+
ψ
a<
θ≤
θ
ex, part of the cutting edg
e ha
s left the cutting area, but the
above
part still cutting, its lower angle limit of integral is
θ
-
ψ
a
,
upper limit o
f
integral is
θ
ex-
ψ
a.
3.2. The Mod
e
ling of the
Cutting Forc
e
at th
e Chis
el Edge
The
chi
s
el
ed
ge of
the flat
mill is al
so i
n
volved in
the
cutting. A
s
th
e chisel
edge
and
the
cutting spee
d
always ve
rtical, so th
e cutting pr
o
g
re
ss of the
chi
s
el ed
ge
s ca
n be re
garde
d as
the ortho
gon
al
cutting. Th
e re
sultant
cutting force
i
n
the vertical
cutting is th
e function
of the
she
a
r st
re
ss t
s
, friction
al angle
β
, she
a
r
angle
ф
c,
cut
t
ing width an
d feed rate.
)
cos(
sin
o
c
c
e
p
s
a
a
t
F
In the expre
ssi
on: Excep
t
the friction
al angle
β
and the
she
a
r an
gle
ф
c, othe
r
para
m
eters can be obtai
ne
d throug
h co
n
s
ulting the rel
a
ted manu
al.
Duri
ng the v
e
rtical
cuttin
g
, the relatio
n
shi
p
bet
we
en the
cuttin
g
sp
eed V,
she
a
rin
g
velocity Vs and the sp
eed
of chip flow V
c
is:
V =
Vc
-Vs
V×
hD =
Vc×
h
c
h
Acco
rdi
ng to
the in
comp
re
ssi
ble
of the
metal mate
ria
l
, we
de
comp
ose
the fo
rce
above
into the coo
r
d
i
nate axis, su
bstituting
into
the expressi
on above, we
can get:
o
h
o
c
cos
tan
cot
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5044 – 50
51
5050
In the expression:
D
ch
h
h
h
We
cal
c
ulatin
g the cutting force
ch
oo
sin
g
the value o
f
the comp
re
ssi
on ratio of
chip i
s
1.8, the
she
a
r
an
gle
ф
c= 3
0
. 2°, fri
c
tion
al an
gle
β
=1
9
.
8°, after cal
c
ulatin
g, we
get the F
= 6
8
N,
Fx= 65. 6 N, Fz= 17. 5 N.
So whole cutting force of the mill is the sum
of the cutting force at
side-edge and chisel
edge.
4. The Cons
equen
ce of the Experime
nt and th
e Simulation
Acco
rdi
ng to
the esta
blish
ed mod
e
l of the
cutting force a
bove, we
can
get the
cutting
force
cu
rve al
ong the direct
ion of the x-axis as is
sho
w
n in Figu
re
6 unde
r the followin
g
co
nd
ition
that the spe
e
d
of main spi
ndle is
600
0r/min,
feed pe
r tooth is f
z
= 0.1mm / tooth, the cutting
para
m
eters a
r
e liste
d as fo
llows: the axial depth
of cut are ap
=1
m
m
and ap
=2.
5
mm, the wi
dth
of mill are ae
=2mm, ae
=3
mm, ae=6
m
m
and ae
=12m
m sepa
rtely.
1: ap=2.5m
m
,
ae=6mm
Up milling curved
2: ap=1m
m, ae=12mm
Cli
m
b milling curved
3: ap=1m
m, ae=3mm Up milling curved
4: ap=1m
m, ae=2mm Up milling curved
5: ap=1m
m, ae=2mm Cli
m
b milling curved
Figure 6. The
Simulation Value of the X-axis’s
Cutting Force
Figure 7. The
Measu
r
e
d
Value of the X-axis’s
Cutting Force in High Speed Milling
The Figu
re 7
sho
w
s th
e
measured val
ue of the cutting force alo
ng the on
e rotation of
the mill. The
experim
ent condition a
r
e:
The expe
ri
m
ent machine i
s
ma
chini
ng
cente
r
V85
0
, the
equipm
ent of
obtaini
ng th
e value
of th
e cutting fo
rce is the g
ene
ral
conta
c
t-ty
pe dyn
a
mom
e
ter,
the equi
pme
n
t of gathe
ri
ng the
data i
s
the
Multif
u
n
ction
a
l a
c
qu
isition
mete
r,
the freq
uen
cy of
sampli
ng i
s
7000
Hz, the
flat mill is K
enna
HA
-DI
N
65
42 flat m
ill with 4
cutting e
dge, 1
0
mm
diamete
r
, spi
r
al Angle is 5
5
°
and the
wo
rk materi
al is
4Cr5MoSiV h
eat-tre
ated di
e steel
with the
rigidity is 42
HRC. Th
e cutti
ng paramete
r
s co
rrespon
d
s
with the curve 4 in Figure
6.
Whe
n
the mi
ll begin
cutting, only pa
rt of the cuttin
g
edge
go in
to the cutting
, so the
cutting force i
s
very low
at the begin
n
ing
.
After all of the cutting
ed
ge go into th
e cutting u
n
d
e
r
the axial dep
th of cut and
the cutting force w
ill re
a
c
h pe
ak
whe
n
the mill rotating, then the
cutting force will become l
o
we
r be
cau
s
e of the dec
rease of thickness of cuttin
g
layer and
will
become 0
at last. Com
p
a
r
ing the curve
4 in Figu
re
6
with the Fig
u
re 7, the ch
an
ge tren
d of th
e
waveform an
d the value
of
the amplitu
d
e
in the
simul
a
tion cutting force i
s
coin
ci
ded
well
with
the
measured mil
ling force.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The 3D M
ode
ling of Cutting
Force in Hig
h
-spee
d Milling for Flat Mil
l
(Yueqi Gu
an
)
5051
5. The Res
u
lts and
Discu
ssion
The mo
del of
flat end mill is e
s
tabli
s
hed
. The mill alo
ng the axial d
i
rectio
n is
discreti
ze
d
and the
cutti
ng force of t
he infinite
sim
a
l and th
e whole
cutting f
o
rce in the
mill pro
c
e
s
s
are
cal
c
ulate
d
by
mean
s
of th
e num
eri
c
al i
n
tegrat
io
n.
T
he
mo
del of cutting
fo
rce we esta
blish
ed
taking
into
accou
n
t of the
cutting i
n
the
flank ed
ge
a
nd the
chisel
edg
e
whi
c
h i
s
confo
r
me
d
to
the truth, and can si
mulate the
force
condition of the
mill duri
ng
mi
lling well. The cutting force
is
simulate
d u
s
i
ng the
mod
e
l we
esta
blish
ed an
d the
verificatio
n
te
st of cutting f
o
rce h
a
s bee
n
done. Th
e result
s sh
ow that the maximum er
ro
r value
s
bet
wee
n
the si
mulation an
d
the
measurement
is
7.38%. A
s
not
con
s
id
er the influ
e
n
c
e
of the
tool
wear and
radia
l
ru
n-o
u
t of th
e
mill, the vibration in th
e
manufa
c
turi
n
g
syste
m
an
d othe
r influ
ences, a
certain erro
r val
ues
betwe
en the
simulatio
n
an
d the me
asurement
st
ill
re
mained.
T
he cutting
fo
rce can be simul
a
ted
well th
rou
gh t
h
is
cutting fo
rce m
odel
du
ri
ng millin
g, an
d the fou
ndati
on of the
cutter’s st
re
ss fie
l
d
can b
e
laid b
y
this model.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This work i
s
spo
n
sore
d by
the
Hu
nan
scien
c
e
an
d te
chn
o
logy
division
p
r
ovince
funde
d
proje
c
ts
(20
1
3
GK302
8), a
nd the proj
ect
of H
unan p
r
o
v
ince de
part
m
ent of education (13
C
1
7
9
).
Referen
ces
[1]
Xu
an
Su
n, Qi
ngl
ong
A, D
o
n
g
jin
Z
h
a
ng, Mi
ng
Che
n
. F
l
at
mill
ing
mac
h
i
n
in
g d
y
n
a
mic
cutting forc
e
pred
iction met
hods a
nd its ap
plicati
on.
Jo
urn
a
l of mecha
n
ic
al des
ign
and r
e
searc
h
. 200
8: 24: 84 -88.
[2]
Altintas Y, L
e
e
P. A gen
eral
mecha
n
ics a
n
d
d
y
nam
i
cs mo
d
e
l for h
e
lic
al fl
a
t
mills. Ann
a
ls
of the CIRP.
199
6: 45: 59-6
4
.
[3]
Altintas Y, tran
slatio
n b
y
Xue
K
e, Lu
o. Num
e
ri
cal
contro
l t
e
chn
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
manufact
u
rin
g
automati
o
n
.
Chemic
al i
ndu
str
y
press. 20
0
3
.
[4]
Huo
Jun, Qi,
D
a
W
e
i, Z
h
ang,
Yu Ju
n C
a
, Yu
Shen. T
he met
hod
of mo
de
lin
g e
l
astic m
ill
ing
force i
n
th
e
lo
w
rig
i
dit
y
mil
l
i
ng proc
ess s
y
s
t
em.
Journal of
T
i
anji
n
Univ
er
sity
. 2010: 43:
143-
148.
[5]
Zhihu
an Zh
ang
, Chao
Hu. Pr
edictiv
e Functi
on C
ontrol
for
Milli
ng Pr
ocess
.
T
E
LKOMNIKA Indo
nesi
a
n
Journ
a
l of Elec
trical Eng
i
ne
eri
n
g
. 201
3: 11: 4
407-
441
3.
[6]
Z
H
AO Yongj
u
an, PAN Yuti
a
n
, HUANG M
e
i
x
ia. N
u
meric
a
l Simu
lati
on
of Chi
p
F
o
rma
tion i
n
Metal
Cutting Proc
es
s.
T
E
LKOMNIKA Indon
esia
n Journ
a
l of Elec
trical Eng
i
ne
eri
n
g
. 201
2: 10: 4
86-4
92.
[7]
Zhijie
Xi
n. T
he
d
y
nam
ic cuttin
g
force mode
l of the spiral flat
mill.
T
ool tech
nol
ogy.
20
09: 43:59-
60.
[8]
Min
Liu,
Lu
lu J
i
ng, Qi
ngl
on
g
An, Min
g
C
h
e
n
.
T
he coefficie
n
t of cutti
ng f
o
rce of
4Cr1
6M
o d
i
e st
eel
i
n
vertical mil
lin
g.
Journa
l of Sha
ngh
ai Jia
o
ton
g
Univers
i
ty.
200
9: 43: 25-2
9
.
[9]
Xu
e Ya
n, Hu
a
T
ao, Jin Cai,
Haib
in
Li. T
he mode
l
of flat
mill’s c
u
tting
d
epth u
n
d
e
r the
real track
of
cutting ed
ge.
J
ourn
a
l of mech
anic
a
l en
gi
neer
ing
. 20
11: 47:
182-
186.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.