TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol. 11, No. 6, June 20
13, pp. 3130
~ 313
3
e-ISSN: 2087
-278X
3130
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 17, 201
3
;
Revi
sed Ap
ril 1, 2013; Accepte
d
April 1
6
, 2013
Guideline for the Graphic Design of Web Application
for Children’s Interface
Tengku Siti
Meriam Ten
g
ku Woo
k
*
1
, Siti Sal
w
ah
Salim
2
1
F
a
cult
y
of Info
rmation Sci
enc
e and T
e
chno
l
o
g
y
(UKM), Na
tiona
l Univ
ersit
y
of Mal
a
ysia,
436
00 Ba
ngi
Sela
ngor
2
F
a
cult
y
of Co
mputer Scie
nc
e and Inform
ati
on T
e
chnol
og
y (UM) Universit
y
of Mal
a
ya, 50
603 Ku
al
a
Lump
u
r
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: tsm@ftsm.ukm.m
y
*, sal
w
a
@
um.ed
u
.m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
here
hav
e b
een
nu
mero
us
studies
do
ne
o
n
the
gu
id
e
l
i
n
e
s
of user
interf
ace, b
u
t on
ly a
nu
mb
e
r
of them
hav
e
consi
dere
d
sp
ecific gu
id
eli
n
e
s
for the desi
g
n of chil
dre
n
’
s
interface. T
h
is
pap
er is a
bout
a
researc
h
on th
e specific
gu
id
elin
es for chi
l
dr
en, focusi
ng o
n
the criteri
a
of
grap
hic d
e
sig
n
. T
he ob
jectiv
e o
f
this rese
arch i
s
to study on t
he g
u
id
eli
nes
of user
interf
ac
e desi
gn
and t
o
dev
elo
p
spe
c
ific gui
de
lin
es
on
childr
e
n
’
s gra
p
h
ic d
e
sig
n
. T
h
e criteri
a
of gr
aph
ic des
ig
n a
r
e the pr
iority
of this rese
arc
h
sinc
e prev
io
us
researc
h
h
a
ve prove
n
that gra
phic des
i
gn is
t
he ma
in
factor
w
h
ich
contri
but
es to the
pro
b
l
e
m of us
abi
lity
of
w
eb ap
plic
atio
n interfac
es, in
terms
of the ov
erall
gra
p
h
i
c la
yout n
o
t bei
ng
i
n
a
hier
archic
al
order,
not take
n
into co
ncern
th
e ava
ila
bil
i
ty of
space, i
n
a
ppr
opri
a
te
marg
in,
impro
per type
and fo
nt si
z
e
s
e
lecti
on, a
nd l
e
ss
conce
n
tratio
n on the use of
the col
ours. T
he researc
h
method
olo
g
y mak
e
s use of the comparis
on of a
n
d
the coor
din
a
tio
n
to the gu
id
eli
nes o
n
chil
dre
n
’
s inte
rfac
e a
nd the sp
ecific
gui
del
ines
on t
he gra
p
h
i
c des
i
g
n
of w
eb a
ppl
ica
t
ion i
n
terfaces.
T
he co
ntrib
u
ti
on
of this
res
e
arch is
the
gu
i
deli
nes
on
the
desi
gn
of w
e
b
app
licati
on gr
a
phics w
h
ich ar
e specific
ally fo
r childre
n.
Ke
y
w
ords
: gui
deli
nes, gra
p
h
i
c desig
n, childr
e
n
’
s i
n
terface d
e
sig
n
Copy
right
©
2013 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Grap
hic d
e
si
gn h
a
s be
co
me the
p
r
iori
ty in
the
de
sign of
we
b
a
pplication i
n
terfaces
becau
se it i
s
able to
d
r
a
w
the attention
of its
user
s in
usi
ng it
ea
sil
y
, espe
cially i
f
the u
s
e
r
s a
r
e
child
ren
[1]. Grap
hic de
si
gn i
s
not
onl
y important
f
o
r the
de
sig
n
of u
s
e
r
int
e
rface, but
a
l
so
influen
ce
s e
v
eryday life
according to
the c
hang
e
in time, style, age a
n
d
so
cial a
s
p
e
c
ts.
Gene
rally, th
ere
are a
few example
s
of
grap
hic de
sig
n
revolution. I
n
the
197
0’s,
there
had
be
en
a lot of graphi
c de
sig
n
with
floral a
nd gl
o
be tone
s th
e
m
es. Thi
s
i
s
due to th
e su
rro
undi
ng
s of
th
e
comm
unity of
that e
r
a
whi
c
h was p
s
ych
e
delic an
d
wa
s cra
z
y abo
ut f
l
oral
and
exhi
larating
shape
desi
g
n
s
. Wh
e
r
ea
s in th
e 1
9
80’s, it
wa
s fo
und that
man
y
were attra
c
t
ed to b
r
ight
n
eon lig
hts
with
pattern
s, su
ch as
robot d
e
s
ign. Thi
s
ma
y be due
to the advent of
comp
uters an
d techn
o
logy
in
that era.
Mov
i
ng o
n
into
th
e 19
90
s, gra
phic de
sign
i
n
a va
riety of
styles sta
r
te
d to a
ppe
ar
a
s
it
head
ed into the ne
w millen
n
ium.
In the curre
n
t era, th
e
appli
c
ation
o
f
the minima
list app
ro
ach
is the
ne
w style in
exhibiting b
o
l
dne
ss i
n
de
si
gning
so
meth
ing. The
r
e
are many a
d
vertising a
nd g
r
a
phic
de
sign
s f
o
r
text and lo
go
whi
c
h
have
i
m
age
diversit
y with g
r
a
phi
cal
spl
a
she
s
. Thi
s
style ha
s influ
e
n
c
ed
the
interface de
sign of we
b a
pplication
s
a
s
well as
th
e
system, ap
a
r
t from influe
ncin
g the p
r
i
n
t
media adve
r
ti
sing. Th
e wid
e
sp
rea
d
exist
ence of
vario
u
s de
sig
n
styles may cau
s
e desi
gne
rs t
o
face difficulty in maki
ng d
e
ci
sion
s in th
e desi
gn of i
n
terfaces. T
h
us, the de
sig
ners requi
re
a
grap
hic de
sig
n
gui
deline
s
in orde
r to
coordi
nat
e th
e
i
r ne
ed
s in
li
ne
with the
chang
e of tim
e
,
style, age,
an
d soci
al a
s
pe
cts i
n
p
r
od
uci
ng a
c
cepta
b
l
e
de
sig
n
s whi
c
h
co
uld
be u
s
ed
thro
ugh
o
u
t
the regio
n
.
Guideli
n
e
s
are an im
porta
nt asp
e
ct in
desi
gning
rel
e
vant and
sui
t
able interfa
c
e for th
e
use
r
. Th
ere
a
r
e 1
0
b
a
si
c p
r
inci
ple
s
in i
n
terface
de
sig
n
which
was i
n
trodu
ce
d by
[2] , to provide
the de
sign
ers with
guid
e
l
i
nes i
n
devel
oping th
e
int
e
rface d
e
sig
n
ea
sily. Me
anwhile, [3] has
provide
d
8 g
eneral
gui
deli
nes call
ed
th
e
gold
en rule
s
a
s
the
ba
si
c rule
s for
de
signi
ng the
u
s
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
e-ISSN:
2087
-278X
Guideli
ne for
the Graphic
Desi
gn of Web Application for Child
ren
’
s
... (Tengku Si
ti Meriam
)
3131
interface. Ho
wever, th
e st
udie
s
cond
ucted by
Niel
sen an
d She
n
e
iderman
are
taken
as th
e
gene
ral gui
de
lines to be a
d
here
d
to, gen
erally, by all desig
ners of u
s
er inte
rfa
c
e.
A recent
stu
d
y ca
rrie
d
o
u
t by [4] has p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
130 inte
rfa
c
e d
e
si
gn g
u
ideline
s
spe
c
ifically for children a
ged 3
-
12 ye
ars. Me
an
wh
ile, a study on sp
ecifi
c
g
u
ideline
on the
grap
hic de
sig
n
of
web
ap
pl
ication
interfa
c
e
ha
s lo
ng
b
een
co
ndu
cte
d
by
re
sea
r
ch
ers [5] a
nd, [
6
]
Neverth
e
le
ss,
studie
s
on th
e creatio
n of
grap
hic
de
sig
n
guid
e
line
s
spe
c
ifically for children
hav
e
never be
en condu
cted.
Figure 1. The
Coordinatio
n
Proce
s
s of Guideline
s
Thus, th
e obj
ective of thi
s
study is to co
ndu
ct a rese
arch o
n
the p
r
odu
ction
of
grap
hic
desi
gn
gui
de
lines whi
c
h are spe
c
ifical
ly
for
ch
ild
re
n. The meth
odolo
g
y of this
study is
the
comp
ari
s
o
n
a
nd
coo
r
din
a
tion of g
u
ideli
n
es in
inte
rface de
sign
for
child
ren
an
d
guidelin
es wh
ich
LAYOUT
1. To provide s
p
ace in between the co
m
ponents, at lea
s
t
six pixels.
T
h
er
e s
hould
be 12 hor
izo
n
tal pixels and 1
8
ver
tical pixels between the labels and gr
oups o
f
co
m
ponents.
2.
Separate
lengthy
infor
m
ation
into
groups
of
simpl
e
r
infor
m
ation
such
as
using
r
adi
o
b
u
tto
n
or
che
c
k
box
e
s
.
3.
To
align
elements
of
the
same
type
on
the
left
side
of
each
othe
r.
4.
To
mi
ni
mi
z
e
the
numbe
r
of
align
m
ent
points
in
th
e
windows.
5.
To
use
the
ri
g
h
t
justif
ic
ation
between
groups
of
comp
onent
s
or
wi
ndows
in
gener
a
l
on
the
sc
reen.
6.
To
use
white
background
that
is
the
empty
space
7.
To
use
consiste
nt
alignm
ent
8.
Bal
a
nced
division
of
space
in
the
window
for
dark
an
d
bright
col
o
urs
9.
The
design
of
window
which
do
es
not
exce
ed
50%
mor
e
spac
e
in
one
dimension
USERS’
VI
SUAL
PE
RCEPTION
1.
A
col
o
n
must
be
placed
at
the
en
d
of
a
label.
2.
To
label
names
on
the
obje
cts
3.
Align to the left of the co
m
ponents and labels,
except
for
all labels in the gr
oup wh
ich have differ
e
nt length
s
.
4. To na
m
e
the lab
e
ls accuratel
y
5.
T
o
be consistent in labelling
6.
Do not use the sam
e
label
m
o
r
e
than once in the sa
m
e
window.
7.
T
o
use f
ont siz
e
and ty
pe which
has easily
r
eadable
typef
ace and to use only one type
.
8.
Do not
use
m
o
re than two or
t
h
r
ee dif
f
er
ent fo
nt siz
e
s
in the sa
m
e
application.
9.
Do not use
gr
ap
hic backdr
ops
or
“water
m
a
r
k
s” behind
the text
TH
E USE
OF CO
LOUR
1.
T
h
e use of the s
a
m
e
color
on item
s
which ar
e r
e
lated
2.
T
o
be consistent in the use of colo
ur
on objects or
text
which have the sam
e
m
eaning.
3.
T
o
use contr
a
sting for
e
gr
ou
nd and
backgr
oun
d colour
.
4.
T
o
use a
m
a
xim
u
m
of between thr
ee to seven color
s
only
.
GENERAL
INTE
RACTION
1. To provide the
correcti
on of wrong spelling together
with the nam
e
dom
ain.
2.
T
o
lay
the found
ation of go
od desi
gn
3.
T
o
design scr
e
en with no need for
scr
o
lling
4. To use the i
n
teraction sche
m
e
according to the
standar
d
5. To use the f
o
r
m
according to the standard
6.
T
o
avoid using
sub-
featur
es,
only
m
a
in featur
es ar
e
being use
7.
Not to ask childr
e
n about their
per
s
onal inform
atio
n
which
m
a
y
cause
them
any har
m
,
on
the website
8. To acknowledge their success i
m
m
e
diatel
y
after th
e
inf
o
r
m
ation has be
en accessed
9. To ensure that
each f
eature is
of
hi
gh
quality and
functions well
10.
T
o
pr
ovide clear
instr
u
ctions
11.
T
o
use the s
y
m
bols or
notations in t
h
e
m
a
nn
er
co
m
m
only used.
TEX
T
12.
T
o
use r
e
lative and sim
p
le fonts
13. To place the te
xt on a solid backg
r
ound
14 Not to use anim
a
t
ed texts
15.
T
o
use
sim
p
le texts which can
be
under
s
too
d
o
n
ly
.
T
o
m
i
ni
m
i
ze the nu
m
b
er
of texts on the scr
een
16. To consistently
m
a
inta
in the l
e
vel
of readability
17. To differentiate the content for adults
18. To state expli
c
itly to the
users
that they a
r
e in th
e
inform
ation zone for
adults
19.
T
o
co
m
e
up with shor
t and clear
textual instr
u
ctions
20.
T
o
pr
ovi
de
instr
u
ctions whic
h can alway
s
be
accessed
21.
T
o
assist seas
oned r
eader
s by
p
r
oviding text
s with
differ
e
nt explanati
ons
GRA
P
HI
C USE
R
INTERFA
CE (
G
UI)
22.
T
o
widely pr
es
ent web content on the site
23. To use accurat
e
and not vague labels
24.
T
o
m
a
ke clickable
item
s
appear
clickable
25.
T
o
m
a
ke sim
p
le “r
ollove
r” vis
u
als into clickabl
e
i
m
ages
26.
T
o
design te
xt butto
ns which
look like they
a
r
e
clickable
27.
T
o
be
cautious
of
pr
o
m
otional elem
ents which attr
act
too m
u
ch
attention
28.
T
o
differ
e
ntiate adver
tisem
ents
fr
o
m
content
29.
T
o
show the exit
30.
T
o
custo
m
ize
the website being developed with th
e
adver
tiser
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
e-ISSN: 2
087-278X
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 11, No. 6, June 20
13 : 3130 – 3
133
3132
are
spe
c
ifical
ly for the graphi
c de
sig
n
of w
eb
app
lication i
n
terf
ace
s
. Th
e compa
r
ison a
nd
coo
r
din
a
tion
are
spe
c
ifical
ly on
gra
phi
c de
sign
ele
m
ents.
Gra
phi
c de
sign
is o
n
e
of th
e m
a
in
crite
r
ia i
n
the
desi
gn
of u
s
e
r
inte
rface, which
de
scrib
e
s
the
ove
r
all
grap
hic layou
t
appe
ara
n
ce
on
the screen, th
e aspe
ct of space,
margin
s an
d font type and
si
ze
se
lection, a
s
we
ll as the
use
of
colo
ur. Th
e contributio
n of
this stu
d
y is t
he gui
deline
s
on the
gra
phi
c de
sig
n
for
web
appli
c
ati
ons
whi
c
h are sp
ecifically for childre
n.
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
The m
e
thod
ol
ogy of thi
s
st
udy is throug
h th
e
consoli
dation and
co
ordin
a
tion of Section
s
A and B in the backg
ro
und
study. The g
u
ideline
s
o
n
childre
n’s int
e
rface de
sig
n
d
e
velope
d by [4]
become th
e
main fou
ndati
on of thi
s
stu
d
y. Each
ite
m
in th
e first
guidelin
e
whi
c
h
ha
s the
same
meanin
g
as t
he se
co
nd gu
ideline
will be
removed.
The g
u
idelin
e on
chil
dre
n
’s g
r
a
phi
c
desi
gn i
s
th
e re
sult of t
he con
s
olid
a
t
ion and
coo
r
din
a
tion
of the guid
e
l
i
ne on th
e g
r
aphi
c
desi
g
n of web a
p
p
licatio
n inte
rface
s
with t
h
e
guidelin
e for the develo
p
m
ent of childre
n’s interfa
c
e.
Table1. Gui
d
eline
s
on Gra
phic
De
sign f
o
r Chil
dren
Gener
a
l
1.
Separate length
y
information into
groups
of simpler
information such as using
radio button
or
check boxes
.
2.
The design of
w
i
ndo
w
w
h
ich does
not ex
ceed
50%
more space in o
ne dimension
3.
To provide t
y
pos
sy
n
t
ax t
ogethe
r
w
i
th the
name do
main
4.
To la
y
the
found
ation of good des
ign
5.
To design screen
w
i
th no
need fo
r
scrolling
6.
To use the inter
a
ction scheme according to the sta
ndard
7.
To use the fo
rm
according to the
standard
8.
To avoid using sub-featu
r
es,
onl
y main features ar
e being used
9.
Not to ask children about their
pe
rsonal informatio
n which ma
y
cau
s
e them an
y
h
a
r
m
, on the
w
ebsit
e
10.
To ackno
w
ledge
their success im
mediatel
y
after
th
e information has
been accessed
11.
To ensure t
hat e
a
ch feature is of
high qualit
y
and f
unctions w
e
ll
12.
To provide clear i
n
structions
13.
To use the s
y
m
b
ols or notations in the manne
r co
mmonl
y
used
La
y
o
ut
14.
To provide space in betw
een th
e components, at leas
t six pixels. There should be
12 horizontal pixels and 18
vertical pixels betw
e
en the labels
and groups of co
mponents.
15.
To align element
s of the same t
y
p
e
on the left side of each other
16.
To use simple text fonts and la
rge
fonts relatively
17.
To place text
on
solid background that is not on ba
ckground
w
i
th images or d
y
namic background
18.
Balanced division of space in t
he w
i
ndo
w for d
a
rk
and bright colour
s
19.
To use simple texts
w
h
ich can be
understood o
n
l
y
.
To minimise the number of t
e
xt o
n
the screen
20.
Not to use anima
ted text
21.
To customize the w
e
bsite being d
e
veloped
w
i
th th
e advertisers
22.
To use the right j
u
stification betw
e
en groups of co
mponents or
w
i
n
d
o
w
s in general
on the screen
23.
To differentiate
a
d
vertisements fro
m
content
24.
To provide a sign
or indication to exit the s
y
stem
25.
To be cautious of
promotional ele
m
ents which attr
act too much atte
ntion
26.
To differentiate t
he content for
ad
ults
27.
To state e
x
plicitly to the users that
the
y
a
r
e in the in
formation zone f
o
r adults
28.
To come up
w
i
th
short and clear t
e
xtual instructions
29.
To provide instru
ctions
w
h
ich can alw
a
ys be accessed
30.
To assist season
ed reade
rs b
y
p
r
ov
iding
text w
i
th different
e
x
planat
ions
The U
se o
f
Col
o
ur
31.
To use the same
colour
w
i
th relat
ed items
32.
To be consistent in the use of colour on
objects or t
e
xt
w
h
ich have t
he same meanin
g
33.
To use contrastin
g foregr
ound an
d
background colour
34.
To use a ma
ximu
m of bet
w
een
thr
ee to seven colors only
35.
To use accurate
and not vague la
bels
36.
To label names o
n
the objects
37.
To make clickable items appear clickable
38.
To consistently
maintain the level of readabilit
y
39.
To add
“visual rollover” featur
e on
clickable images
40.
A colon must be placed at the end
of a label.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
e-ISSN:
2087
-278X
Guideli
ne for
the Graphic
Desi
gn of Web Application for Child
ren
’
s
... (Tengku Si
ti Meriam
)
3133
Figure 1 sho
w
s
nine layo
u
t
guideline
s
li
sted by
[5] an
d su
ppo
rted b
y
[13], three items
(4,
6 and 7) h
a
ve been remo
ved and two
other item
s (2 and 9) a
r
e take
n as the g
eneral guid
e
li
nes.
The guid
e
line
s
on u
s
e
r
s’ vi
sual p
e
rcepti
on as o
u
tlin
e
d
by [5] show that six items (4, 5, 6, 7, 8
and 9
)
have
been
remove
d. The third i
t
em is dee
m
ed as
overla
pping
with the first item, thus
only two item
s that a
r
e ite
m
one
and t
w
o a
r
e ta
k
e
n
to com
p
lem
ent the g
u
ide
lines. Fi
nally
the
guidelin
e o
n
colo
ur
as
stat
ed by [16] li
sts fou
r
ge
nera
l
guideli
n
e
s
for
colo
ur. All
four g
u
idelin
e
s
are in
clu
ded
as the
guid
e
line
s
for g
r
aphi
c de
si
gn
for stud
ents becau
se [4]
have not
stated
spe
c
ifically about the use of colou
r
.
3. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
Next, the
re
sult of g
r
ap
hic
desi
gn
guid
e
li
nes for
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
r
e
liste
d in
Ta
ble 1, that is 40
items
whi
c
h
con
s
i
s
t of th
e gen
eral co
mpone
nt, la
yout, the u
s
e
of colo
ur
and
stud
ents’ vi
sual
perceptio
n. The list of guideline
s
prod
uce
d
is
the rule which could be u
s
e
d
by interface
desi
gne
rs in
developing i
n
terfaces
whi
c
h are sp
e
c
i
f
ically for chi
l
dren b
a
sed on the grap
h
i
c
desi
gn criteri
a
.
4. Conclusio
n
This stu
d
y has produ
ce
d
40 guidelin
es for g
r
ap
hi
c de
sign a
s
a guide in d
e
sig
n
ing
child
ren’
s int
e
rface. The
s
e guid
e
line
s
are th
e re
sult
of the revie
w
of liter
ature
on the g
u
ideli
nes
of student
s’ interface de
sign and g
u
i
deline
s
on
t
he interfa
c
e
desig
n of web a
ppli
c
at
ion.
Comp
ari
s
o
n
and coordina
tion have be
en made
on
eac
h item according to th
e gra
phic
de
sign
stru
cture whi
c
h have b
een
analyse
d
.
Referen
ces
[1]
A Marcus, EW
Gould. Cr
oss
c
urrents: Cu
ltu
r
al
Dim
ens
ions
and
Glob
al
W
eb User Int
e
rface Des
i
gn
.
T
he ACM Dig
ital Li
brary
. 200
0; 7(4): 32-46.
[2]
K Mullet, D Sano.
Des
i
g
n
in
g
Visua
l
Interfac
es Co
mmunic
a
tion Orie
nted T
e
chn
i
qu
es
. SunSoft Press,
Prentice H
a
ll. 1
995.
[3]
T
engku Siti Meriam, T
engku
W
ook, Siti Sal
w
a S
a
lim.
U
s
er T
e
sting o
n
Chil
dre
n
’
s W
ebOPAC: A
Malaysi
an Ex
peri
ence.
T
h
e
Sevent
h Asi
a
-Pacific
Conf
erenc
e
o
n
Co
mputer H
u
ma
n Interacti
o
n
.
T
a
i
w
a
n
. 200
6.
[4]
T
engku Siti M
e
riam, T
engku
W
ook, Siti
S
a
l
w
a
h
S
a
lim.
Explori
n
g
chi
l
d
r
en
’
s
r
e
q
u
ire
m
ents for t
h
e
grap
hic d
e
si
gn
of W
ebOPAC
.
Lecture N
o
te
s in Com
puter
Scienc
e, Spri
nger, ISI Scie
nce Cit
atio
n
Exp
a
n
d
e
d
. 201
1: 627-63
6.
[5] WO
Galitz.
T
h
e Essenti
a
l Gu
ide to
User Int
e
rface D
e
sig
n
: An Introd
uctio
n
to GUI Desi
gn Pri
n
cip
l
e
s
and T
e
ch
ni
que
s.
W
ile
y
Com
p
uter Publ
ishi
ng
. 2002.
[6]
R Oosterholt, M
Kusano, G Vries.
Interacti
on d
e
sig
n
a
nd
hu
ma
n factor
s
supp
ort in the
deve
l
op
ment o
f
a pers
o
n
a
l c
o
mmu
n
icat
or for
chil
dren
.
Com
puter H
u
ma
n Interactio
n, Va
ncouv
er, BC C
ana
da, ACM
.
199
6.
[7]
G Eason, B No
ble, IN Sne
d
d
o
n
. On Certain I
n
t
egra
l
s Of Lip
schitz-Ha
nkel
T
y
pe Inv
o
lvi
ng
Products Of
Bessel F
uncti
o
n
s. Phil. T
r
ans. Ro
y
.
Soc. Lo
n
don. 19
55; A2
4
7
: 529–
55
1.
[8]
Neils
en J. Usa
b
ilit
y En
gin
eeri
ng. San Franci
sco, USA: Morgan Ka
ufman
n
Publ
ishers. 19
93.
[9]
Shne
iderm
an
B, Plaisant C. Desig
n
i
ng T
he
User Interface.
USA: Addison
W
e
sle
y
. 2
0
0
4
.
[10]
Kahn
P, L
enk
K.
Maga
z
i
n
e
In
teractions. Pr
in
ciples
of
T
i
po
g
r
afi for
User
In
terface D
e
si
gn
.
USA: ACM
Press. 1998; 5(
6): 15-29.
[11]
Gilutz S, Niels
on J.
Usabil
i
ty of W
ebsites for Childr
en: Desi
gn Guid
eli
nes for T
a
rgetin
g Users Aged 3
–
12 Years.
F
r
e
m
ont, Niels
on
Norman Gro
u
p
.
2011.
[12] Benso
n
C, Elm
an A, Nick
e
ll
S
,
Robertso
n
C.
Z
.
Visual D
e
si
gn. GNOME H
u
man Interf
ace
Guide
lin
es
.
T
.
G. U. Project; Boston; F
r
ee Soft
w
a
r
e
F
oun
datio
n; Inc.; Version 1.1: 20
02
.
[13] Barnev
eld
JV.
User Interfaces
for Personal
i
z
ed Infor
m
atio
n
System.
T
e
lematica Institute
.
2003: 1-8
2
.
[14] Dab
bag
h
N.
Gestalt and Instr
u
ction
a
l Des
i
g
n
. Clare T
o
rran
s
. 1999.
[15]
Cha
parro B, B
a
ker JR, Shaik
h
AD, Hull S, B
r
ad
y L.
Rea
d
i
n
g Onlin
e T
e
xt: A Compar
ison
of F
our W
h
ite
Space L
a
yo
uts.
Usabilit
y N
e
w
s
. 2004; 6(2).
[16]
Götz V, Erben B.
Color & T
y
pe for the Scree
n
.
Rotovisi
on S
A
: 1998.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.