TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.4, April 201
4, pp. 2582 ~ 2
5
9
1
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomni
ka.v12i4.4824
2582
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 8, 2013; Re
vi
sed
Octob
e
r 17, 2
013; Accepte
d
No
vem
ber
19, 2013
Optimal Multi-Distributed Generators Planning Under
Uncertainty using AHP and GA
Wan
x
ing Sheng*
1,a
, Limei Zhang
2,3,b
,
Wei Tang
2,c
,Jinli Wang
1
, Heng
fu Fan
g
1
1
Chin
a Electric
Po
w
e
r R
e
sear
ch Instit
ute, Haidia
n District, Beiji
ng, Ch
ina
2
Colle
ge of Info
rmation a
nd El
ectrical En
gin
e
e
rin
g
, Chin
a Agricult
ural U
n
iv
ersit
y
, Bei
j
i
ng, Chin
a
3
Colle
ge of Info
rmation Sci
enc
e &
T
e
chnol
og
y, Agricu
ltura
l
Univers
i
t
y
of Hebe
i, Baod
ing,
Chin
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
:
w
xsh
en
g@2
63.net
a
, lmzhc
h
@126.com
b
, w
e
i_t
ang
@ca
u
.
edu.cn
c
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Pow
e
r system
dere
gul
atio
n a
nd the sh
ortag
e
of ener
gy so
urces hav
e le
d
to increase
d
i
n
terests in
distrib
u
ted ge
n
e
rators (DGs).
T
he access of DGs to
the distributi
on netw
o
r
ks bri
ngs adv
a
n
tages as w
e
ll
as
creates a
d
vers
e infl
ue
nces, w
h
ich
is rel
a
ted
to the typ
e
,
loc
a
tion a
nd s
i
z
e
of DGs. In order
to fully
app
ly th
e
positiv
e and re
strain the ne
ga
tive, proper D
G
s plann
ing
is very
important and
i
ndi
s
p
e
n
sa
ble. Base
d on th
e
ana
lysis of the
uncertai
n
factors, this pap
er
present
s the
distrib
u
tion fe
a
t
ures of loa
d
, W
T
G and PV.
And
Accordi
ng to t
hese
distrib
u
ti
on featur
es, th
e rel
a
tive
ly
ac
curate sa
mpli
n
g
data
are
obt
ain
ed by
differ
ent
discreti
z
at
ion
meth
ods. F
u
rth
e
rmore, this p
a
per als
o
pres
e
n
ts an unc
ertai
n
pla
n
n
i
ng
mo
del of DGs ow
ne
d
by the distribut
ion c
o
mpany, which
inv
o
lve
power loss improvement, the
system
voltage qua
lity var
i
at
ion,
envir
on
me
nt chan
ge, etc.
T
he opti
m
i
z
at
io
n alg
o
rith
m is b
a
s
ed on th
e fusi
on
meth
odo
lo
g
y
w
i
th the Monte
Carlo
si
mulati
o
n
,
the an
alytic
al hier
archy pr
ocess
(A
HP) a
nd
ge
netic
al
g
o
rith
m (GA). T
he s
i
mul
a
tio
n
i
s
carried
out on I
EEE 37-bus
di
stributio
n systems an
d the res
u
lts is prese
n
te
d and d
i
scuss
e
d
.
Ke
y
w
ords
: dis
t
ributed g
e
n
e
ra
tors, distributio
n netw
o
rk, siting and si
z
i
n
g
, fusion
meth
od
olo
g
y, uncertai
n
ty
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Und
e
r the im
petus of the need for mo
re flex
ible electri
c
system
s, energy savi
ng and
environ
menta
l
prote
c
tion,
etc., distri
but
ed ge
ne
rators (DG
s
) ha
s become ve
ry important
and
indispensabl
e part
of developing electri
c
utility
industry [1-2]. Currently, one m
a
in method
of
studying
an
d
applying
DGs is to
a
c
cess t
hem to th
e di
stributio
n lev
e
l. If DG
s i
s
p
r
ope
rly pl
ann
ed
and o
p
e
r
ate
d
, it may provide adva
n
tage
s likes
re
ductio
n
of p
o
we
r lo
sse
s
, improve
m
en
t of
voltage, defe
r
ment o
r
elim
ination of inv
e
stment
s
for
netwo
rk enfo
r
cin
g
, etc.
Howeve
r, it also
may create a
d
verse influe
nce
s
in
clu
d
in
g deg
rad
a
tio
n
of po
we
r q
uality, reliabili
ty, and co
ntrol of
the po
we
r sy
stem
while i
m
pro
per DGs installm
ent h
appe
ns [1
-4].
In order to f
u
lly play a p
a
r
t in
the positive as well a
s
restrai
n
the negative,
exactly and prop
erly plannin
g
DGs is a very
importa
nt and
urgent ta
sk.
Up to
no
w, a
great
qua
ntity of re
se
arch
works h
a
s be
en
carrying
a
bout
siting a
n
d
si
zing
of DGs. In order to minimi
ze the electri
c
al net
work losses and to guar
antee acceptable reliability
level and volt
age p
r
ofile, [
5
] pre
s
e
n
ted
a metho
dolo
g
y for optim
a
l
DG
s allo
cati
on an
d si
zin
g
in
distrib
u
tion
systems. [6]
g
a
ve an
an
alytical m
e
thod
t
o
dete
r
min
e
t
he
sizi
ng
and
siting
of
DG
s in
radial
system
s.In [7], a multiobjective ev
oluti
ona
ry alg
o
rithm was p
r
opo
se
d so a
s
to define th
e
sizi
ng
and
siti
ng of
DG
s
sa
tisfying the th
e be
st
comp
romise
bet
we
en
co
st of n
e
twork
upg
ra
di
ng,
co
st of
powe
r
lo
sse
s
, cost
of en
ergy n
o
t su
pp
lie
d,
and
co
st of
e
nergy
re
quire
d by the
serv
ed
cu
stome
r
s. In
[8], an inte
grated mo
del,
whi
c
h
aims
to minimi
ze
DGs i
n
vestm
e
nt and
op
erat
ing
co
sts, etc.,
wa
s given to
achieve o
p
timal si
zi
ng a
nd siting
of distrib
u
ted g
eneration. Fo
r the
purp
o
se of
pea
k cutting, [9] propo
se
d an integ
r
a
t
ed distri
buti
on net
work
planni
ng mo
del
inclu
d
ing fe
e
der i
n
vestme
nts, DGs inve
stment
s en
ergy loss
co
st
and the
ad
ditional
co
st of
DG
s
for pea
k cutti
ng.
But previou
s
method
s mo
stly devoted to
effo
rts of
usi
ng the
deter
ministic ap
proache
s,
that is to
sa
y, they only con
s
id
er
one
po
wer
sy
ste
m
ope
rating
profile. T
here
f
ore, the
re
sult
obtaine
d by t
hese meth
od
s may n
o
t be
the optimal
;
esp
e
ci
ally it is out
standi
ng
whe
n
pla
nni
ng
probl
em invo
lves plenty o
f
unce
r
tainty factors
like rene
wable
DGs, load flu
c
tuations, ma
rket
cha
nge, etc. Thus
recently
publi
s
he
d d
o
c
ume
n
ts
also
have p
o
inted
out the
un
ce
rtainty factors
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Optim
a
l Multi-Di
strib
u
ted
Gene
rato
rs P
l
annin
g
Und
e
r Un
ce
rtainty
usin
g… (Wan
xing She
n
g
)
2583
the optima
z
a
t
ion model
s
of DGs
plan
ning. Ba
sed
on ch
an
ce-constraine
d progra
mming, t
h
e
planni
ng mod
e
l con
s
id
erin
g stocha
stic chara
c
te
r of
re
newable
DG
s output is pre
s
ente
d
in [10] to
evaluate the distrib
u
tion n
e
twork inve
stment risk
due
to DGs conn
ected to dist
ri
bution network.
[11] introduced the si
zing
of batteries i
n
distributed
power
sy
stem utilizing
chance constrai
ned
prog
ram
m
ing
.
Refe
ren
c
e
[12] p
r
op
o
s
ed
a
chan
ce
co
nst
r
ain
ed fo
rmulati
on to
tackle
the
uncertaintie
s
of load
and
wind turbine
ge
nerato
r
i
n
tra
n
smi
ssi
on
ne
twork exp
a
n
s
ion pla
nnin
g
.
In
[13], the planning sch
e
me
base
d
on th
e cha
n
ce co
nstrai
ned p
r
o
g
rammi
ng was propo
se
d for
siting an
d si
zi
ng of distrib
u
ted win
d
gen
e
r
ators (WG
s
).
With the developme
n
t of powe
r
market
and di
ffere
nt DG
s tech
nolo
g
y, DGs plan
ning will
become m
o
re and m
o
re
complex, and
con
s
id
eratio
n
of
uncertainti
es i
s
of utmo
st impo
rtan
ce
so
as to
de
crea
se th
e ri
sk of
system
op
eration. Howe
v
e
r, it is difficult for
some u
n
ce
rtaintie
s (e.g.
su
ch a
s
social, political,
environm
en
tal, etc.)
to establi
s
h th
e scientific
and rea
s
on
a
b
le
mathemati
c
al
model [12,
17]. In addition, the
co
m
p
lexity of the distrib
u
tion
netwo
rk
and
the
efficien
cy of
power flow
calcul
ation also requi
re the
practition
ers to seek si
m
p
le, rapid a
n
d
accuracy opti
m
ization al
go
rithm.
Differen
c
e f
r
om metho
dol
ogy pro
p
o
s
e
d
in pu
blishe
d literatu
r
e, this p
ape
r p
r
ese
n
ts a
new un
ce
rtai
n plannin
g
model of DGs to det
ermine
the allo
cation an
d sizing of DG
s in
distrib
u
tion le
vel. From the
perspe
c
tive
of t
he distri
b
u
tion compa
n
y
ownin
g
DG
s, the propo
sed
planni
ng m
o
dels involve
po
wer lo
ss improveme
n
t, the sy
stem voltage
quality variat
ion,
environ
ment cha
nge, etc. The opt
imi
z
at
ion algo
rithm
is base
d
on
the Monte Carlo sim
u
latio
n
,
the analytical
hiera
r
chy proce
s
s (A
HP)
and imp
r
ov
e
d
geneti
c
alg
o
r
ithm (GA). T
he sim
u
lation
is
c
a
rried out on IEEE 37-bus dis
t
ribution sys
tem.
The o
r
ga
niza
tion of this pa
per i
s
a
s
follo
ws. Th
e mo
d
e
ls for
un
cert
ainties
and o
b
jective
formulatio
n are de
scribe
d i
n
the
next se
ction. The
co
mbined
algo
ri
th
m is introdu
ced i
n
sectio
n
III
to solve the
prop
osed u
n
c
ertai
n
pla
nni
ng mod
e
l. In
se
ction IV, the sam
p
le
system is given
to
test the
pre
s
ented m
e
tho
d
while the
si
mulation
re
su
lt is a
nalyze
d
and
di
scu
ssed. Fu
rtherm
o
re,
con
c
lu
sio
n
s a
r
e giv
en in t
h
e last
se
ct
ion.
2. The Des
c
r
i
ption and Tr
eatmen
t
for
Unce
rtain
t
ie
s
It is well
kno
w
n that
DG
s
planni
ng invo
lves ma
ny un
certai
nties su
ch a
s
lo
ad va
riation
s
and
ren
e
wab
l
e DGs fluctu
ation, ele
c
tri
c
ity market ch
ange,
poli
c
y
and
reg
u
latio
n
adj
ustme
n
t,
availability of system facil
i
ties etc. F
o
r the
sim
p
lification, we onl
y des
cri
p
tion three
models
inclu
d
ing the
load variatio
ns, wi
nd turb
ine gen
erators (WTG
s) an
d photovoltai
c
po
we
r (PV
)
fluctuation. Simultaneo
usly
, this paper
deal
s with
them throu
gh their di
scretization so a
s
to
adapt for the
compl
e
xities of the dist
ri
bution
n
e
two
r
k
as
well a
s
imp
r
ove th
e com
putatio
nal
efficien
cy of Monte Ca
rlo
simulatio
n
.
2.1. Descrip
tion and Trea
tment
for Lo
ad Unc
e
rtain
t
ies
The un
ce
rtai
n model a
b
o
u
t load ha
s b
een res
earch
ed in some lit
eratu
r
e
s
[10, 12], [18-
19]. The freq
uently-u
sed
model
s in
clud
e interval
di
st
ribution
and
Gau
ssi
an di
st
ribution.
He
re
the
later is em
plo
y
ed. The mod
e
l is as follo
wing:
~(
,
)
li
li
li
li
LN
(1)
Whe
r
e,
L
li
is random
varia
b
l
es
about
acti
ve and
re
acti
ve load
s at
n
ode
i
,
N
li
(
μ
li
,
σ
li
) is the
normal
distrib
u
tion wi
th mean valu
e
μ
li
and stan
dard d
e
viatio
n
σ
li..
To meet the
deman
ds
of the high
-spee
d cal
c
ulatio
n, load un
ce
rta
i
nties a
r
e p
r
o
c
e
s
sed
on ba
sed of the ce
ntral lim
it theorem. T
he algo
rithm
step
s are a
s
f
o
llows:
Step 1: to ge
nerate
a ra
nd
om sa
mple of
n
numb
e
rs o
beying unifo
rm distri
bution
on the
interval from
0 to 1, e.g.,
ζ
1
,
ζ
2
,
…
ζ
n.
Step 2: to calculate the n
u
m
ber
x
acco
rding to Equati
on (2
).
1
()
/
21
2
n
i
i
nn
x
(2)
Step 3: to
cal
c
ulate
the
ra
ndom
num
be
r
y
with norm
a
l
di
strib
u
tion
N
(
μ
,
σ
) by E
quation
(3).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2582 – 2
591
2584
yx
(3)
Step 4: repea
t step 1 to step 3 to produ
ce sufficie
n
t ra
ndom sampl
e
s.
Step 5: to divide the confi
den
ce interva
l
s into
m
continuou
s and
disjoi
nt intervals and
take the interval midpoint as a re
pres
en
tative of the load di
screte
-data.
Step 6: to
o
b
tain the
stat
istics of
ra
nd
om
sampl
e
s
falling o
n
e
a
c
h i
n
terval. T
hen, to
cal
c
ulate th
e
pro
babilitie
s and th
eir
cu
mulative pr
o
babilitie
s.
Fig
u
re 1
i
s
the bar gra
ph of
the
discrete
-d
ata for the cum
u
l
a
tive proba
bil
i
ty of
the load
unce
r
tainty model.
Figure 1. The
Bar Gra
ph of
the Discrete
-dat
a for the Cumulative Pro
bability of the Load
Un
certai
nty Model
2.2. Descrip
tion and Trea
tment
for Wi
nd Turbine
Gene
tors
The o
u
tput p
o
we
r of
WTG
s
is
directly related
w
i
th
the
w
i
nd
sp
e
ed, w
h
ich
is
s
ens
itive
to
the natu
r
al f
a
ctors,
sea
s
on va
ri
ation,
and
geog
ra
p
h
ic
enviro
n
m
ent an
d so o
n
. Ho
weve
r,
the
resea
r
ch for
the intermitte
nt and sto
c
h
a
stic of
WTG
s
ha
s be
en relatively mature [10, 18,
20].
Presently, the unce
r
tain mo
del of WTG
s
i
s
expre
s
sed
by the followi
ng equ
ation.
()
()
0
ri
ir
ri
wr
r
o
oi
Pv
V
Vv
V
VV
PP
V
v
V
vV
o
r
v
V
(4)
Whe
r
e,
P
r
and
P
w
are the rated po
wer and a
c
tive powe
r
out
put variable
s
(MW) of WTGs,
r
e
spec
tively.
V
i
,
V
r
and
V
o
is
ord
e
rly th
e cut-in
win
d
spe
ed, rated
wind
speed
a
nd
cut-o
u
t wi
nd
spe
ed(
m/
s).
v
is the
wind
spe
ed va
ria
b
le kno
w
n a
s
the
Weibull distrib
u
tion whose
p
r
oba
bi
lity
den
sity function is sho
w
n i
n
Equation (5
)
.
1
()
(
)
e
x
p
(
)
kk
kv
v
v
cc
c
(5)
Whe
r
e,
k
,
c
are the sha
pe p
a
ram
e
ter an
d
the scal
e
parameter.
The outp
u
t p
o
we
r of WTG
s
is
different
with the
cha
n
ge of the
sha
pe pa
ram
e
ter and the
scale pa
ram
e
ter. In this pa
per, two p
a
ra
meters
are o
b
tained by th
e appli
c
ation
of the metho
d
o
f
mean an
d
stand
ard d
e
v
iation on the ba
sis
of
the
measu
r
ed wind speed sampl
e
s.
Simultaneo
usly, the variation ra
nge of
t
he win
d
sp
ee
d is divided i
n
to
n
co
ntinu
ous a
nd di
sjo
i
nt
intervals. Th
e
re
presentat
ives
of th
e
wind
spe
ed
discrete
-data
select th
e e
n
d
point
on
ea
ch
interval and
the proba
bili
ties and thei
r cumulative
prob
abilitie
s on ea
ch inte
rval is obtain
e
d
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
0.
2
0.
4
0.
6
0.
8
1
T
he di
s
c
r
et
e s
a
m
p
l
e
num
ber
f
o
r t
he no
rm
al
di
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
T
he c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
pr
obab
i
l
i
t
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Optim
a
l Multi-Di
strib
u
ted
Gene
rato
rs P
l
annin
g
Und
e
r Un
ce
rtainty
usin
g… (Wan
xing She
n
g
)
2585
according to
the weibull
distri
bution.
Fo
r example, sup
pose
V
i
=
4,
V
r
= 14
and
V
o
= 25, it can
be
divided into 1
2
intervals i
n
cludi
ng (0, 4]
, (4, 5], (5,
6], (6, 7], (7, 8], (8, 9
], (9, 10], (10, 11], (11,
12], (12, 13], (13, 14], (14,
25].
2.3. Descrip
tion and Trea
tment
for Ph
otov
oltaic Po
w
e
r
The output p
o
we
r of
ph
otovoltaic po
wer gene
ra
tio
n
is also int
e
rmittent and
stocha
stic
thanks to its close co
rrel
a
tion with the sola
r r
adi
a
t
ion, which is influen
ced
by weathe
r and
sea
s
o
n
variat
ion. The un
certain mo
del
s of t
he output powe
r
have
been
studie
d
for a long tim
e
.
In [21] it is expre
s
sed a
s
following:
*
s
PA
r
(6)
Whe
r
e,
P
s
is the output
power of PV
.
A
is the total area
of photovoltaic p
anel
s.
η
is t
he
conve
r
si
on ef
ficien
cy of PV.
r
is the sola
r radiation inte
nsity.
.
Acco
rdi
ng to statistics an
d
integrated
with
Equation (6), he
re the
output po
wer of PV
can b
e
app
ro
ximated as E
quation (7)
ma
x
*
PV
PP
(7)
Whe
r
e
P
PV
a
nd
P
ma
x
are P
V
active
outp
u
t variabl
es a
nd p
e
a
k
p
o
wer, respe
c
tively.
ξ
is the
out
put
efficien
cy vari
able of PV, which
cha
nge
with t
he we
ather. Here, th
e output effici
enci
e
s of three
kind
s of
weat
her
con
d
ition
s
are di
scussed, t
hat is
su
nny day, clo
u
d
y day and
rainy day. Th
eir
gene
ration eff
i
cien
cie
s
are sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 2.
Figure 2. The
Graph fo
r the Output Efficiency of
PV in Sunny Day, Clou
dy Day a
nd Rai
n
y Day
3. The Des
c
r
i
ption for Ob
jectiv
e Formulation
3.1. Objectiv
e Formulatio
n
The de
clin
e
of DG te
chnolo
g
y co
st
and g
r
ad
ua
l improvem
e
n
ts of po
we
r market
regul
ation
s
result in mo
re
and more p
a
rticip
ant
s in
DGs o
p
e
r
ati
on. Cu
rre
ntly DGs o
p
e
r
at
ors
usu
a
lly
incl
ud
e
Lo
ad Cu
st
omers (L
C), Powe
r Di
stri
b
u
tion
Comp
a
n
ies (P
DC) a
nd Ind
epe
nd
ent
Powe
r Suppli
e
rs
(IPS).The
ir purp
o
ses o
f
investm
ent in DG
s are u
s
ually discrim
inative, so the
con
s
tru
c
ted
obje
c
tive formulation is a
l
so di
st
inct when plan
ne
r stand
s in the
perspe
c
tive of
different be
n
e
fits. In this pape
r, DG
s i
s
take
n as
a
ppen
dant
s of PDC to de
crease po
wer l
o
ss,
enha
nce voltage p
r
ofile
a
nd imp
r
ove
e
n
vironm
ents.
Here the
obj
ective fun
c
tio
n
is to
maxi
mize
the expe
cted
benefits for weig
hted
sum involv
ing
voltage, en
ergy lo
ss an
d environme
n
t
improvem
ent
subje
c
t to some techni
cal con
s
trai
nts of the distri
bution
sy
ste
m
. The expe
cted
value formul
a
t
ion is as follo
ws:
maximize
∗
∗
∗
(8)
Whe
r
e
E
[.] denotes the
expected value
for an
event.
IP
,
IU
and
IE
are th
e imp
r
o
v
ement indi
ces
of voltage, power an
d e
n
vironm
ent.
w
1
,
w
2
and
w
3
are the wei
ghted facto
r
s of
IP
,
IU
and
IE
,
who
s
e
comp
utations a
r
e shown in follo
wing three eq
uation
s
.
tim
e
T
h
e ou
tp
ut e
ffi
ci
en
c
i
es
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0
10
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
时间
(
小
时
)
晴天
阴天
雨天
s
u
n
ny
clou
d
y
rainy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2582 – 2
591
2586
L
oss
woi
L
oss
wi
P
IP
P
(9)
1
1
N
ww
w
ii
i
wi
i
N
wo
wo
w
o
wo
i
ii
i
i
UL
k
IU
UL
k
(10
)
1
1
NP
wo
w
o
ii
wo
i
NP
ww
wi
ii
i
E
E
IE
E
E
(11
)
Whe
r
e
P
Loss
,
U
an
d
L
i
s
th
e po
wer l
o
ss,
voltage an
d
load.
k
and
α
are the
wei
g
hted facto
r
s.
E
and
λ
d
enote
s
the pollutio
n
emi
ssio
n
s and system voltage
resp
ectively.
N
a
nd
NP
m
ean
the
numbe
r
of lo
ad n
ode
an
d
pollutio
n
g
a
s
e
s
. Sub
s
cri
p
ts
wo
and
wi
stand
for
before
an
d a
fte
r
installation of DGs.
3.2. Cons
trai
nts
To sati
sfy the requi
rem
ent
s for di
strib
u
tion network, the maximize
d obje
c
tive function i
s
subj
ect to p
o
w
er flo
w
e
q
u
a
tions
co
nstraint and
som
e
ineq
uation l
i
mits like
nod
e voltage, bra
n
ch
cap
a
city, etc.
But co
nsi
d
e
r
ing th
e volat
ility of loads
and
DG
s, he
re the
plan
ni
ng
sch
eme
a
r
e
allowed n
o
t to sati
sfy the
node volta
g
e
s
con
s
trai
nts
and b
r
a
n
ch
transmi
ssion
p
o
we
r in
ce
rta
i
n
extreme ci
rcu
m
stan
ce
s. Th
e variou
s ine
quat
ion
con
s
t
r
aints a
r
e di
scu
s
sed a
s
follows.
Voltage Limits at
the Bus
es:
Acco
rdi
ng to
the practi
cal
requi
reme
nts, t
he prob
a
b
ility of overvoltage at ea
ch no
de
sho
u
ld b
e
sm
aller tha
n
a
specifie
d confi
den
ce level
.
That is, the
not-over
voltage-probability can
be obtain
ed:
mi
n
m
a
x
Pr
,
ii
i
V
VV
V
i
(12
)
Whe
r
e Pr{.}
sho
w
s the p
r
obability of a
n
event.
V
i
ma
x
and
V
i
mi
n
are the up
per
and the l
o
we
r of
voltage at no
de
i
.
β
V
gives the spe
c
ified
confide
n
ce level for voltage at nod
e
i
.
Φ
is kno
w
n
as
load no
de set in distributio
n netwo
rk.
Feeder Cap
a
cit
y
L
i
mits:
DG
s a
c
cess
maybe cau
s
e
s
the
cha
nge
s of b
r
an
ch current
or
bri
n
gs reverse po
wer
flow.
Therefore, aft
e
r DGs
acce
ss to
di
stributi
on sy
stem, the pro
bab
ility
beyond fe
ede
r ca
pa
city limits
sho
u
ld al
so b
e
smalle
r tha
n
a spe
c
ified
conf
id
en
ce le
vel. The expression i
s
obta
i
ned from:
ma
x
m
a
x
Pr
,
ij
ij
j
i
j
i
L
SS
S
S
i
j
,
(13
)
Where Pr{.} shows the probability of an
event.
S
ij
and
S
ji
stand
fo
r power of
b
r
a
n
ch
ij
.
S
ij
ma
x
and
S
ji
ma
x
are forward a
nd
rev
e
rse u
ppe
rs
of po
wer flow at b
r
an
ch
ij
.
β
L
is the specified
confidence
level for the feede
r ca
pa
city.
Φ
is kno
w
n
as nod
al set
of system.
DGs Pen
e
tr
a
t
ion Cap
acity
Limits:
At present, DGs p
enetratio
n
ca
pa
city is con
s
trai
ned
d
ue to so
me t
e
ch
nolo
g
y impact
s
.
To reflect the
s
e
circum
sta
n
ce
s, thi
s
pa
per
assu
m
ed that
the
DGs penetration capa
city
is sub
j
ect
to the following c
o
ns
traints
:
%*
gL
D
Gj
L
i
ji
E
Pk
E
P
(14
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Optim
a
l Multi-Di
strib
u
ted
Gene
rato
rs P
l
annin
g
Und
e
r Un
ce
rtainty
usin
g… (Wan
xing She
n
g
)
2587
whe
r
e
P
Li
and
P
Dgj
sho
w
l
oad
and
DG
s p
o
wer
at n
ode
j
and
no
de
i
.
k
% is th
e pe
netratio
n
rate
of DGs
.
Ω
g
an
d
Ω
L
denote load no
de set and DGs lo
ca
tion set in dist
ribution n
e
twork.
4. The Propo
sed Op
timati
on Algorith
m
Many h
euri
s
ti
c o
p
timizatio
n
techniq
u
e
s
ca
n b
e
use
d
in th
e
sitin
g
an
d
sizi
ng
of
DGs
planni
ng.
Du
e to hi
gh
efficien
cy of
GA, it is wid
e
ly take
n into
a
c
count in
ma
ny detail
s
. We
still
employ it but integrate with the Monte Carl
o sim
u
lation an
d AHP in acco
rdan
ce
with the
con
s
tru
c
ted
u
n
ce
rtain
obje
c
tive form
ulat
ion. Th
e M
o
n
t
e Ca
rlo
meth
od a
n
d
the i
m
prove
d
GA
are
use
d
to com
pute the un
certai
n co
nst
r
aints a
nd o
b
jective, whil
e the AHP is employe
d
to
determi
ne the
weighte
d
factors. The flo
w
chart of
opti
m
ization al
go
rithm is given
in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The
Flowcha
r
t of Optimizatio
n
Algorithm
4.1. GA
GA propo
se
d
by Hollan
d
has attra
c
ted
co
ns
i
derable
attention
as glob
al meth
ods for
compl
e
x function optimizat
ion. It has ei
ght basi
c
co
mpone
nts: g
enetic
rep
r
e
s
entation, initial
popul
ation, e
v
aluation fun
c
tion, reprod
uction
sel
e
cti
on sch
e
me,
geneti
c
op
era
t
ors, g
ene
rati
onal
sele
ction
sch
e
me, stop
pin
g
crite
r
ia
and
GA paramet
er setting [14
,
22]. Like a
n
y
algorithm, t
h
e
prop
osed
alg
o
rithm in
this articl
e ha
s t
h
ree
ste
p
s: i
n
itiation ste
p
, rep
eated
ste
p
and
sto
p
st
ep.
But to work with high efficiency an
d to adapt to the propo
sed pla
n
n
i
ng model
s, some ope
ratio
n
s
are imp
r
oved.
The improve
d
step
s are d
e
scrib
ed a
s
follows.
1)
Ch
ro
mo
s
o
me
C
o
d
e
: Th
e de
cimal int
eger
co
dificat
i
on is
ado
pte
d
. The
chrom
o
som
e
inclu
d
e
s
thre
e seg
m
ent
s whi
c
h a
r
e o
r
d
e
rly rep
r
e
s
e
n
t
ative for types, locatio
n
s
a
nd ca
pa
cities of
DG
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
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046
TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2582 – 2
591
2588
2)
Ge
netic O
peratio
n
: The
new ge
ne
rat
i
on wa
s sele
cted by elitist
-
preserving a
nd dual
tourna
ment a
ppro
a
ch. Both crossove
r
operati
on a
n
d
mutation o
peratio
n is to
adopt segm
ent
point cro
s
sov
e
r
a
nd se
gm
ent
point mu
tation.
T
hat i
s
, on
e rand
o
m
point
of DGs type
s in
a
chromo
som
e
exch
ang
ed
with the
corresp
ondi
ng p
o
int DGs types i
n
a
nothe
r
chromo
som
e
.
Similarly, it is suitable fo
r the DGs l
o
catio
n
and
DG
s capa
cit
y
to carry o
u
t the crossover
operation an
d
mutation ope
ration.
4.2. The Mon
t
e Ca
rlo Simulation
On the
ba
sis of the p
r
evio
usly e
s
tabli
s
h
ed
di
strib
u
tio
n
fun
c
tion fo
r wind
po
we
r
output,
load an
d sol
a
r po
we
r, th
e Monte
Carlo simul
a
tion
[23] gives t
he stati
s
tical
estimate of
the
obje
c
tive and
con
s
traint
s. The sim
u
latio
n
pro
c
e
ss i
s
:
1) Set confid
ence level for two con
s
traints:
β
v
and
β
l
.
2) Ra
ndomly
extract mu
ch enou
gh
N
sa
mples a
c
cord
ing to the foregoin
g
discre
te-data
for wind p
o
wer output, ph
otovoltaic en
ergy and lo
ad
s.
3) Aim at ea
ch
sampli
ng,
both in
spe
c
ti
on of con
s
tra
i
nt and the
cacul
a
tion of
obje
c
tive
function valu
es a
r
e carrie
d out. For ea
ch con
s
traint,
if the numbe
r sati
sfying condition
s is
more
than
β
i
×
N
,
i
= 1, 2, the
sampl
e
s i
s
q
ualified; For
obj
ec
tive func
tion, the following es
timate
equatio
n is a
pplied.
1
(,
)
[(
,
)
]
N
k
fx
Ef
x
N
(15
)
Whe
r
e
N
i
s
th
e numbe
r of sample
s.
f
(
x,
ξ
) stand
s for th
e obje
c
tive formulatio
n.
4.3. AHP
AHP is empl
o
y
ed to give a sci
entific an
d re
a
s
on
able
weighted ve
cto
r
in acco
rda
n
c
e with
the expert ex
perie
nce o
r
DGs inve
stors
prefe
r
. T
he first step
of det
ermini
ng
wei
ghted ve
ctors is
to con
s
tru
c
t a
judgme
n
t ma
trix formed by
experts
or
i
n
vestors sco
ri
ng.
Then mat
r
ix’s
maximi
zed
eigenvalu
e
a
nd co
rrespon
ding eige
nve
c
tors are
cal
c
ulate
d
. Fina
lly the weigh
t
ed factors is
obtaine
d by:
3
1
1,
2
,
3
i
i
k
k
v
wi
v
(16
)
Whe
r
e
v
i
is t
he
i
th num
be
r of eige
nvectors
v.
w
i
i
s
th
e rep
r
e
s
e
n
ts for improve
m
ents of p
o
w
er
loss, voltage and environm
ent respe
c
tively.
5. Example Studies
5.1. Test Sy
s
e
tem and Si
mulation Par
a
meter
s
Figure 4. The Topological
St
ructure for IEEE 37-bus
System
To demo
n
st
rate the perfo
rmance of the
prop
osed m
e
thod, sim
u
la
tion is carried
out on
IEEE 37-bus system. Its topologic
al structure
i
s
shown
in
Fi
gure 4
and
the branch, l
oad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Optim
a
l Multi-Di
strib
u
ted
Gene
rato
rs P
l
annin
g
Und
e
r Un
ce
rtainty
usin
g… (Wan
xing She
n
g
)
2589
para
m
eters can be foun
d
in [14]. But con
s
ide
r
in
g
the unce
r
tai
n
ty as well
as for sake of
simpli
city, all load
s is e
qua
l to the sum
of base case
data and
a
norm
a
l ra
ndo
m variable. A
nd
here a
s
sum
e
that 0 and 0.01 is the me
an and
st
and
ard deviatio
n
at every load node. Let take
the bu
s 3
0
a
s
an exam
ple,
its load
can b
e
divi
ded i
n
to
10 inte
rvals
unde
r the
co
nfiden
ce level
of
95%.The di
screte-data is gi
ven in Table
1.
Table 1.
T
he
Discrete-Data
of the Load o
n
Bus 30 Nod
e
inter
v
als
load
(
p.u.
)
Cumulative pr
obability
inter
v
al
[0.06, 0.066]
0.063
(0, 0.0068]
(0.066, 0.0
72]
0.069
(0.0068, 0.
0346]
(0.072, 0.0
78]
0.075
(0.0346, 0.
1137]
(0.078, 0.0
84]
0.081
(0.1137, 0.
2729]
(0.084, 0.0
9
]
0.087
(0.2729, 0.
4987]
(0.09, 0.09
6]
0.093
(0.4987, 0.
7244]
(0.096, 0.1
02]
0.099
(0.7244, 0.
8836]
(0.102, 0.1
08]
0.105
(0.8836, 0.
9627]
(0.108, 0.1
14]
0.111
(0.9627, 0.
9905]
(0.114, 0.1
2
]
0.117
(0.9905, 0.
9973]
In Monte
Ca
rl
o sim
u
lation,
1000 i
s
ta
ke
n
as th
e rand
o
m
sa
mple
nu
mber. T
he m
a
in GA
para
m
eters in
our tests a
r
e:
0.9 for sele
ct rate;
0.9 for cro
s
sove
r rat
e
; 0.05 for mutation rate; 1
00
for ch
rom
s
om
e numbe
rs; 30 for max gen
etic gen
eratio
n.
Total rate
d
capa
city of DGs i
s
e
qual t
o
thir
ty pe
rce
n
t of total ba
se lo
ad in
di
stributio
n
netwo
rk.
For
WTG:
WTG
output a
c
tive
power i
s
one
or m
o
re
integ
e
r time
s th
an
100
kW an
d t
he
power facto
r
i
s
0.8;
win
d
speed
pa
ram
e
ters
V
i
,
V
o
,
V
r
,
k
a
nd
c
are o
r
de
rly 4, 1
0
,
25, 2
and
8.
The
discrete
-d
ata
is presented
in Table 2.
For PV:
Maximum a
c
tive power o
u
tput
is the integ
e
r
multiples
of 4
0
kW; the cal
c
ulatio
n meth
od of re
activ
e
po
wer i
s
th
e sam
e
a
s
th
at of WTG;
PV
gene
ration
ef
ficien
cy pa
ra
meters a
r
e
a
=
0.1, b
=
0.6.
The
discrete-data fo
r PV i
s
illu
strated i
n
Table 3.
Furthm
ore, P
o
we
r flo
w
cal
c
ulatio
n is to
use
the im
proved ba
ck/forward
sweep
method
prop
osed in
[16]. And we
assume tha
t
voltage ba
se is
10 kV,
powe
r
ba
se
is 10M
W a
nd
conve
r
ge
nce accuracy is 1
0
-4
.
Table 2.
T
he
Discrete-Data
for The Win
d
Speed and t
he Output Po
wer of the
Wi
nd Turbine
s
inter
v
als
Wind speed
(
m/
s
)
O
u
tput pow
er
Cumulative pr
obability
inter
v
al
[0
,
4]
4 0
(0.4013,0.
5987]
(
4
,
5]
5 10
(0.5987,0.
6462]
(
5
,
6]
6 20
(0.6462,0.
6915]
(6, 7]
7
30
(0.6915,0.
7340]
(7, 8]
8
40
(0.7340,0.
7734]
(8, 9]
9
50
(0.7734,0.
8092]
(9, 10]
10
60
(0.8092,0.
8413]
(10, 11]
11
70
(0.8413,0.
8697]
(11, 12]
12
80
(0.8413,0.
8944]
(
12
,
13]
13 90
(0.8944,0.
9154]
(
13
,
14]
14 100
(0.9154,0.
9332]
(
14
,
25]
25 100
(0.9332,0.
9980]
5.2. Results and Disc
uss
i
on
The prog
ram
is simul
a
ted
with Matlab
2008
rb o
n
a
person
a
l com
puter. Th
e weighted
factors obtain
ed by AHP is
w
1
=0.37,
w
2
=0.36,
w
3
=0.27.
Table 4 list the re
sults of
DG
s planni
n
g
unde
r sp
ecifi
ed co
nfiden
ce levels:
β
v
=0.9 and
β
L
=
0
.9.
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2582 – 2
591
2590
Table 3. The
Discrete-Data
of the Power Efficiency of PV
inter
v
als
O
u
tput efficiency
O
u
tput pow
er
Cumulative pr
obability
inter
v
al
[10%
,
15
%
]
12.5%
5
(0.1667,
0.
2500]
(15%
,
20%]
17.5%
7
(0.2500,
0.
3333]
(20%
,
25%]
22.5%
9
(0.3333,0.
4167]
(25%
,
30%]
27.5%
11
(0.4167
,
0.5000
]
(30%
,
35%]
32.5%
13
(0.5000,0.
5833]
(35%
,
40%]
37.5%
15
(0.5833,0.
6667]
(40%
,
45%]
42.5%
17
(0.6667,0.
7500]
(45%
,
50%]
47.5%
19
(0.7500,0.
8333]
(50%
,
55%]
52.5%
21
(0.8333,0.
9167]
(55%
,
60%]
57.5%
23
(0.9167,1.
0000]
Table 4. The
Discrete-Data
of the Power Efficiency of PV
inter
v
als
O
u
tput efficiency
O
u
tput pow
er
Cumulative pr
obability
inter
v
al
[10%
,
15
%
]
12.5%
5
(0.1667,
0.
2500]
(15%
,
20%]
17.5%
7
(0.2500,
0.
3333]
(20%
,
25%]
22.5%
9
(0.3333,0.
4167]
(25%
,
30%]
27.5%
11
(0.4167
,
0.5000
]
(30%
,
35%]
32.5%
13
(0.5000,0.
5833]
(35%
,
40%]
37.5%
15
(0.5833,0.
6667]
(40%
,
45%]
42.5%
17
(0.6667,0.
7500]
(45%
,
50%]
47.5%
19
(0.7500,0.
8333]
(50%
,
55%]
52.5%
21
(0.8333,0.
9167]
(55%
,
60%]
57.5%
23
(0.9167,1.
0000]
The sim
u
lati
on sh
ows that the sch
e
me
of DG
s plan
ning
con
s
id
erin
g with the
uncertaintie
s
is di
stin
ct fro
m
that of
wit
h
the
ce
rtaint
ies,
whi
c
h i
n
dicate
s th
at it is
ne
ce
ssary
to
con
c
e
r
n
with
the uncertai
n
ties when
carryin
g
on
DGs pl
annin
g
. And plenty of simulatio
n
also
sho
w
s that the re
sults of
DGs pl
anni
ng are
clo
s
e
l
y related wi
th samplin
g freque
ncy an
d
spe
c
ified con
f
idence levels inclu
d
ing. F
o
r sam
p
ling f
r
equ
en
cy, the large
r
the sampling nu
m
ber
is, the m
o
re
rea
s
on
able
the DGs pla
n
n
ing
schem
e
is. So
sam
p
ling fre
que
ncy must b
e
la
rge
enou
gh in
order to
re
ceiv
e the rea
s
on
able
scheme
.
For
spe
c
ifi
ed confide
n
ce levels,
He
re
simulatio
n
example
s
sh
ows that DG
s pl
annin
g
ch
a
n
g
e
s with the di
fferent confid
ence level, and
the chan
ge
coming f
r
om
the voltag
e
co
nfiden
ce l
e
ve
l is
differe
nt from th
at com
i
ng from b
r
a
n
c
h
cap
a
city co
nfiden
ce level. DG
s plan
nin
g
have
little cha
nge u
nde
r different vol
t
age co
nfiden
ce
level due to
the less
DGs p
enet
ration. Di
stinct
cha
nge
of DG plan
ning
will ha
ppen
unde
r
different b
r
a
n
ch
ca
pa
city confid
en
ce
level due
to
different b
r
anch capa
cit
y
limit in 37
bus
system.
Gen
e
rally
spe
a
ki
n
g
, the hi
ghe
r t
he
confid
en
ce level i
s
, the larger the
si
mulation tim
e
r is.
In orde
r to ensu
r
e the a
c
curacy of the
result
s
and i
m
prove the a
l
gorithm effici
ency, this pa
per
recomme
nd
s the confid
en
ce level of 0.9 as t
he refere
nce by ple
n
ty of simulation
s.
6. Conclusio
n
The dive
rsity
and u
n
certai
nty of DGs
b
r
ing
s
out all
kind
s of n
e
w probl
em
s an
d make
DG
s planni
n
g
become
more a
nd m
o
re complex.
Aiming at these circul
ations, this pa
per
pre
s
ent
s a
n
e
w m
e
thod
o
f
DG
s pla
nni
ng in di
stri
bu
tion networks con
s
id
erin
g
with un
ce
rtai
nty.
Acco
rdi
ng to
the probabilit
y distrib
u
tion
of load,
WTG
and
PV,
the relatively
accurate sam
p
lin
g
data are obt
ained by different di
screti
zation m
e
th
o
d
s. Thi
s
not only can a
ccurately and f
u
lly
con
s
id
er the
uncertaintie
s
,
but also ca
n the samp
l
e
space red
u
ce the comp
utational difficulty of
the Monte
Ca
rlo
simulatio
n
.
The p
r
op
osed mo
del fr
om th
e
as
pe
c
t
o
f
D
i
s
t
r
i
bu
tion
Co
mp
an
y ca
n
reflect the in
fluences of DG
s on the distrib
u
ti
on n
e
tworks invol
v
ing powe
r
loss, the syst
em
voltage qualit
y and enviro
n
ment. The
simulatio
n
re
sults
of com
p
licate
d
exa
m
ple optimi
z
ation
also
sh
ow th
at the em
ployment of the t
he Mo
nt
e Carlo sim
u
lation,
AHP an
d GA
can
qui
ckly a
nd
efficiently sol
v
e DGs pla
n
n
ing co
nsi
d
e
r
ing unc
ertai
n
ty.
And improved crossov
e
r and mutati
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Optim
a
l Multi-Di
strib
u
ted
Gene
rato
rs P
l
annin
g
Und
e
r Un
ce
rtainty
usin
g… (Wan
xing She
n
g
)
2591
operation i
s
much
mo
re
effective tha
n
the
stan
da
rd
crossove
r and
mutatio
n
op
eratio
n.
The
simulatio
n
re
sults
can
pro
v
ide referen
c
e of DG
s pla
nning u
nde
r the un
ce
rtain
environ
ment
s for
Distri
bution Company.
Referen
ces
[1]
JA Peças Lopes, N Hatziar
g
y
r
i
ou, J Mutal
e
, P Djapic, N
Jenki
n
s.
Integr
ating distrib
u
te
d
ge
nerati
o
n
i
n
to
el
e
c
tri
c
pow
er sy
ste
m
s:A
re
vi
e
w
o
f
driv
er
s, chall
eng
es a
nd o
p
p
o
rtuniti
e
s
.
Electric Power System
s
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. 20
0
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; 77(9): 11
89-
120
3.
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J
Hua
ng, C
Ji
ang, R Xu.
A
revie
w
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i
stribute
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ner
g
y
resourc
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d
microGrid.
Re
new
abl
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d
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[3]
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homson, DG Infield. Net
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u
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aozh
o
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ub
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h
an
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ong
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w
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pa
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an
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