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MA
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m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
I
P
v
4
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
er
v
ice(
T
OS)
is
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
an
d
d
etec
tio
n
i
s
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
it
h
e
n
cr
y
p
ted
I
P
v
4
p
ac
k
et
is
en
cr
y
p
ted
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
ter
n
et
P
r
o
to
co
l a
n
d
o
th
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
-
la
y
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
T
C
P
/I
P
p
r
o
to
c
o
l su
ite
lo
ca
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
P
d
atag
r
a
m
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
cla
s
s
e
s
o
f
I
P
v
4
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ac
es
a
n
d
th
e
y
ar
e
A,
B
,
C
,
D
an
d
E
.
C
las
s
es
A
,
B
,
C
ar
e
o
n
o
f
f
er
f
o
r
th
e
u
ti
lis
at
io
n
b
y
th
e
m
as
s
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
p
r
eser
v
at
io
n
o
f
class
D
is
d
esig
n
ated
w
it
h
m
u
ltica
s
ti
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
m
i
n
d
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
cla
s
s
E
i
s
d
esig
n
ated
w
it
h
f
o
r
th
co
m
i
n
g
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
in
m
i
n
d
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
is
m
a
y
ad
d
r
ess
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
.
T
h
is
I
P
A
d
d
r
ess
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
r
elate
d
to
I
P
v
4
is
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
w
h
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
P
v
6
is
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
u
s
er
s
,
s
i
n
ce
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
lf
i
lled
b
y
I
P
v
4
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
etr
iev
al
o
f
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
f
r
o
m
r
eg
io
n
al
ad
d
r
ess
r
eg
i
s
tr
i
es
f
o
r
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
s
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
I
P
v
4
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
ea
lis
atio
n
o
f
a
n
o
v
e
l
I
n
ter
n
et
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
p
r
ed
icted
to
m
ater
iali
s
ed
in
th
e
i
m
m
ed
iate
y
ea
r
a
f
ter
1
9
9
8
,
b
y
I
E
T
F
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
o
b
il
is
atio
n
o
f
I
P
v
6
;
r
eg
ar
d
ed
to
b
e
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
P
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
n
ex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
(
I
P
n
g
)
ar
o
s
e
[
1
0
]
.
I
P
v
6
p
o
s
s
ess
es
1
2
8
b
its
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ac
e
is
ab
le
to
o
f
f
er
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
3
.
4
×1
0
3
8
ad
d
r
ess
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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&
C
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p
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2502
-
4752
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
in
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s
tig
a
tio
n
s
o
f in
tern
et
p
r
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co
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io
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fo
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A
d
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etw
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(
Ja
b
er H.
Ma
jeed
)
499
T
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
o
f
I
P
v
6
is
h
i
g
h
er
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
at
o
f
I
P
v
4
d
u
e
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ticatio
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en
cr
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p
tio
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tec
h
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iq
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s
u
c
h
as
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SP
.
in
I
P
v
6
,
I
P
Sec
is
n
o
t
o
p
tio
n
al
[
1
1
]
.
Flo
w
lab
el
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
i
s
u
s
ed
in
I
P
v
6
f
o
r
r
o
u
ter
ea
s
y
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ti
o
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o
f
th
e
d
esti
n
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n
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n
f
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m
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
en
t
to
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
I
P
v
4
,
I
P
v
6
h
ea
d
er
s
ize
is
4
0
b
y
te
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
m
ak
in
g
I
P
v
6
h
ea
d
er
s
m
all
i
n
s
ize,
w
it
h
le
s
s
er
co
m
p
lex
it
y
.
M
u
lticas
tin
g
an
d
m
u
lt
i
-
h
o
m
in
g
a
s
w
ell
as
ef
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
t
in
g
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
I
P
v
6
as
a
g
ai
n
s
t
I
P
v
4
[
1
2
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ab
o
v
e,
it
i
s
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
I
P
v
6
is
th
e
in
ter
n
et
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
f
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
in
ter
n
e
t
r
elies
o
n
it.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
e
v
al
u
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
m
en
t
io
n
e
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
n
d
er
I
P
v
6
b
ec
o
m
es
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
i
s
ev
al
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
u
s
e
w
h
en
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
I
P
v
4
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t to
I
P
v
6
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t b
ec
o
m
es
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
[
1
3
-
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
r
o
w
i
n
g
li
g
h
t
o
n
r
elati
v
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
A
ODV
a
n
d
DYM
O
p
r
o
to
co
ls
o
f
Mo
b
ile
A
d
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
Qu
alNe
t
Si
m
u
lato
r
f
o
r
an
av
e
r
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
en
d
to
en
d
d
elay
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
j
itter
ti
m
e
in
t
h
e
ex
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t t
w
o
in
ter
n
et
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
2.
M
ANET
RO
UT
I
N
G
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
S
C
o
m
p
r
is
i
n
g
o
f
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
li
n
k
ed
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ices
w
h
ic
h
i
s
j
o
in
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
w
ir
es,
Ma
n
et
is
also
s
el
f
-
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
.
Sim
p
l
y
p
u
t,
it
en
tai
ls
a
n
ass
e
m
b
lag
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
w
ir
ed
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
m
u
t
u
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
n
o
d
es,
h
o
w
e
v
er
it lac
k
s
f
i
x
ed
in
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
as
w
e
ll a
s
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
w
ir
eles
s
l
in
k
s
.
I
n
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
al
l
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
s
s
er
v
e
as
h
o
s
t a
n
d
r
o
u
ter
.
A
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e,
r
ea
ctiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
is
b
ei
n
g
m
ad
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
a
ch
iev
in
g
t
h
is
.
T
h
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tes
i
n
Ad
h
o
c
On
De
m
an
d
Di
s
tan
ce
Vec
to
r
(
A
ODV)
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
D
y
n
a
m
ic
So
u
r
ce
R
o
u
tin
g
(
DS
R
)
o
n
l
y
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
e
n
d
ea
v
o
u
r
s
b
y
n
o
d
es to
tr
an
s
m
i
t a
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
[
1
6
-
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
is
less
er
b
ec
au
s
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
l
in
k
an
d
r
o
u
tes
u
p
d
ates
is
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
is
lo
w
o
r
m
o
b
i
lit
y
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
h
i
g
h
.
R
o
u
te
s
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
d
esti
n
at
io
n
ar
e
m
a
in
ta
in
ed
b
y
Op
ti
m
ized
L
i
n
k
State
R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
OL
SR
)
a
n
d
Desti
n
ed
Seq
u
e
n
ce
d
Dis
ta
n
ce
Vec
to
r
(
DSDV)
ir
r
esp
ec
t
iv
e
o
f
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic,
u
n
lik
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lo
ca
tin
g
r
o
u
tes
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
is
av
o
id
ed
b
y
t
h
i
s
s
tr
ateg
y
,
w
h
ile
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
en
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
elativ
el
y
s
tatio
n
er
y
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
r
elati
v
e
l
y
h
ea
v
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
h
y
b
r
id
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
2
.
1
.
Ad
-
ho
c
o
n de
m
a
n
d di
s
t
a
nce
v
ec
t
o
r
pro
t
o
co
l
(
AO
DV
)
A
O
DV
is
tailo
r
ed
w
ith
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
ad
h
o
c
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
m
i
n
d
.
an
d
it
h
a
s
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
u
n
ica
s
t
a
n
d
m
u
ltica
s
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
R
o
u
te
s
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
ar
e
b
u
ilt
a
n
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
b
y
A
OD
V
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
esire
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es.
A
O
DV
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
is
co
n
ta
in
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
co
n
tai
n
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l,
an
d
t
h
e
y
ar
e
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
o
f
a
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
(
R
R
E
Q)
p
ac
k
et
b
y
a
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e,
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
I
D,
cu
r
r
en
t
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
latest
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
ar
e
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
R
R
E
Q
p
ac
k
et.
A
r
o
u
te
r
ep
l
y
(
R
R
E
P
)
m
a
y
b
e
s
e
n
t
b
y
a
d
e
s
ti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
af
ter
r
ec
eiv
in
g
t
h
e
R
R
E
Q.
W
h
e
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
R
R
E
P
,
it
b
eg
i
n
s
s
e
n
d
in
g
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
t
h
at
tr
av
el
o
cc
asio
n
all
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
d
esig
n
ated
p
o
in
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
a
r
o
u
te
m
ak
e
s
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
a
n
ac
t
iv
e
o
n
e.
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h
e
m
o
m
en
t
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
p
s
s
e
n
d
in
g
d
at
a
p
ac
k
ets,
ti
m
e
o
u
t
o
f
li
n
k
s
o
cc
u
r
s
as
w
ell
a
s
t
h
ei
r
ev
en
tu
al
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
n
o
d
e
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o
u
ti
n
g
tab
les.
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n
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
,
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
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en
ce
o
f
a
li
n
k
b
r
ea
k
a
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
s
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
te,
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
o
f
r
o
u
te
er
r
o
r
(
R
E
E
R
)
m
ess
a
g
e
b
y
th
e
n
o
d
e
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
th
e
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
li
n
k
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
i
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
ch
ed
.
At
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
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r
ce
n
o
d
e
ac
ce
p
t
s
th
e
R
E
R
R
,
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
ca
n
s
till
b
e
r
ein
i
tiate
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
2
.
2
.
Dy
na
m
ic
M
ANE
T
on
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
(
DYM
O
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p
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s
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o
r
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tin
g
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O
en
ab
les
th
e
r
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ti
n
g
b
et
w
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n
t
h
o
s
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
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o
d
es
in
v
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v
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d
t
h
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
m
u
lti
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h
o
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n
ica
s
t
r
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u
ti
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g
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t
f
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n
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in
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m
an
n
er
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th
t
h
e
A
O
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i
th
m
in
o
r
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o
d
i
f
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io
n
.
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o
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te
d
is
co
v
er
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d
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
p
r
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ce
s
s
es
a
r
e
also
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
h
er
e
in
v
o
lv
e
s
th
e
i
n
itiat
io
n
o
f
d
is
s
e
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
a
R
o
u
te
R
eq
u
e
s
t
(
R
R
E
Q)
in
th
e
e
n
tire
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
id
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
a
r
o
u
te
t
h
at
lead
s
to
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
i
n
atio
n
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
o
p
b
y
-
h
o
p
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
y
ea
ch
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e.
Up
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eip
t
o
f
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
b
y
R
R
E
Q,
a
R
o
u
te
R
ep
l
y
(
R
R
E
P
)
is
s
en
t
in
a
h
o
p
-
by
-
h
o
p
m
an
n
er
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
A
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
tar
g
et
is
cr
ea
ted
b
y
e
v
er
y
i
n
ter
m
ed
i
ate
n
o
d
e
th
at
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
t
h
e
R
R
E
P
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
u
n
ica
s
ti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
R
R
E
P
to
w
ar
d
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
cc
u
r
s
h
o
p
-
by
-
h
o
p
.
A
t
t
h
e
ti
m
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
es
t
h
e
R
R
E
P
,
th
e
estab
li
s
h
m
e
n
t o
f
r
o
u
tes b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
a
ti
o
n
ar
e
e
m
p
lace
d
[
2
5
,
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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9
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500
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ter
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s
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et
w
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k
p
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a
n
ce
.
2
.
3
.
M
et
ho
do
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g
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T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
o
v
er
a
ll
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
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r
th
e
s
i
m
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lat
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p
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ov
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all
m
et
h
o
d
o
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3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
M
O
DE
L
I
NG
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
th
e
s
i
m
u
l
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n
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
av
er
ag
e
en
d
-
to
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e
n
d
d
elay
as
w
ell
as
th
r
o
u
g
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p
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t
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d
a
v
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j
itter
w
er
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u
s
ed
a
s
t
h
e
co
n
tr
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l
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
.
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n
e
cr
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c
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en
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ar
ac
ter
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b
y
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r
ie
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tatio
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e
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d
r
ate
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s
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in
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u
r
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5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
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J
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6
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h
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1
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b
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e
rsio
n
4
(I
P
v
4
)
a
n
d
In
tern
e
t
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
V
e
rsio
n
6
(I
P
v
6
),
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
T
r
e
n
d
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
IJ
CT
T
)
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ju
l
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
A
li
,
A
d
n
a
n
H.,
a
n
d
F
a
r
h
o
o
d
,
A
.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
W
DM
S
c
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
R
a
d
io
o
v
e
r
F
ib
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
w
it
h
Diff
e
re
n
t
F
ib
e
r
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
L
o
ss
e
s,”
Fi
b
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
X
iao
,
H.,
Ib
ra
h
im
,
D.,
Ch
risti
a
n
so
n
,
B.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
in
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s”
.
In
:
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
W
CNC)
,
p
p
.
2
5
9
9
-
2
6
0
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
Co
li
tt
i
,
L
.
,
G
u
n
d
e
rso
n
,
S
.
,
Kli
n
e
,
E.
,
&
Re
f
ic
e
,
T
,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
IP
v
6
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
in
t
h
e
In
tern
e
t.
P
a
ss
iv
e
a
n
d
A
c
ti
v
e
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t”,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
Be
rli
n
H
e
id
e
lb
e
rg
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
-
1
5
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
W
i
-
F
i
P
h
y
sic
a
l
L
a
y
e
r
Ba
se
d
Qo
S
S
y
ste
m
s
o
n
F
i
b
e
r
Us
in
g
OP
NET
M
o
d
e
ler,”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
ft
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
S
CE)
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
,
H.
A
.
,
Ya
h
iy
a
,
T
.
A
.
,
&
A
l
-
S
a
li
h
i,
N.,
“
C
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
tu
d
y
Be
tw
e
e
n
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
P
r
o
a
c
ti
v
e
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
o
f
(M
A
NE
T
)
in
T
e
r
m
s
o
f
P
o
we
r
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
S
e
rv
ice
”
.
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
i
n
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
p
p
.
9
9
-
1
1
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
G
o
v
il
,
J.,
G
o
v
il
,
J.,
Ka
u
r,
N.,
&
Ka
u
r,
H.,
“
A
n
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
IP
v
4
a
n
d
IP
v
6
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
Co
n
st
ra
in
ts
a
n
d
v
a
rio
u
s
tran
siti
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s”
.
IEE
E
S
o
u
th
e
a
st
Co
n
2
0
0
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
4
]
A
.
H.
F
a
rh
o
o
d
,
A
.
D.,
Na
ji
,
M
.
K.,
Rh
a
if
,
S
.
H.,
A
li
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
d
u
a
l
b
a
n
d
i
n
teg
ra
ted
h
e
x
a
g
o
n
a
l
sh
a
p
e
d
m
icro
strip
UWB
a
n
ten
n
a
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
4
-
2
9
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
P
.
Ku
m
a
ri,
S
.
Ku
m
a
r
S
a
h
a
n
a
,
"
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
S
u
rv
e
y
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
E
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
G
a
in
o
f
A
O
DV
,
DSR
a
n
d
OL
S
R
in
M
A
NET
s
"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
EA
T
)
,
V
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
Al
-
Dh
ie
f
,
F
.
T
.
,
S
a
b
ri,
N
.
,
S
a
li
m
,
M
.
S
.
,
F
o
u
a
d
,
S
.
,
A
lj
u
n
i
d
,
S
.
A
.
,
“
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
:
A
OD
V
,
DSR
a
n
d
DSD
V
P
e
rs
p
e
c
ti
v
e
”
,
EDP
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
p
.
0
6
0
2
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
G
u
lati,
M
a
n
d
e
e
p
Ka
u
r,
a
n
d
Kr
ish
a
n
Ku
m
a
r,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls.
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s &
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
1
2
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
8
]
B.
S
a
li
h
Ha
ss
e
n
,
S
.
A
b
d
u
l
-
S
a
tt
a
r
L
a
f
ta,
H.
M
.
No
m
a
n
,
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
"
A
n
a
l
y
z
in
g
th
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
W
S
Ns
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
i
n
G
rid
-
Ba
se
d
Clu
ste
ri
n
g
"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
AS
EI
T
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
1
-
1
2
1
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
9
]
Ku
m
a
r,
R.
,
S
in
g
h
,
P
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
A
OD
V
,
T
OR
A
,
OL
S
R
a
n
d
DSDV
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
u
sin
g
NS2
sim
u
latio
n
”
.
In
t.
J
.
In
n
o
v
.
Res
.
S
c
i.
En
g
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
0
]
H.
M
.
No
m
a
n
,
A
li
A
.
A
b
d
u
lraz
z
a
q
,
M
a
rw
a
h
M
.
Ka
re
e
m
,
a
n
d
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
In
v
e
s
ti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
T
CP
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
s
w
it
h
Av
o
id
in
g
Ne
t
w
o
rk
Co
n
g
e
stio
n
Ba
se
d
o
n
OP
NET
,
”
IOP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
r
ies
:
M
a
ter
ia
ls
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
1
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
F
a
ti
m
a
L
N,
M
a
h
in
S
H,
T
a
ra
n
u
m
F
.
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
stra
teg
i
e
s
in
M
A
NET
s
-
a
re
v
ie
w
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Rec
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
RT
E)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
6
S
,
p
p
.
3
3
-
3
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
M
.
K.
Na
ji
,
A
.
D.
F
a
rh
o
o
d
,
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
“
No
v
e
l
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
RF
M
EM
S
sh
u
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
sw
it
c
h
f
o
r
ra
d
a
r
a
n
d
sa
telli
te
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
7
1
-
9
7
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
A
n
a
s
A
.
Hu
ss
ien
,
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
“
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
h
e
re
n
t
o
p
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
-
Ro
F
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
1
6
QA
M
e
x
tern
a
l
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
h
a
u
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
0
7
-
2
6
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
[2
4
]
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
H
a
y
d
e
r
J.
A
lh
a
m
d
a
n
e
a
n
d
Be
g
a
re
d
S
.
Ha
ss
e
n
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
W
DM
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
w
it
h
CO
-
OFDM
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
ra
d
io
o
v
e
r
f
ib
e
r
s
y
s
tem
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
Ka
n
d
a
ri
S
,
P
a
n
d
e
y
M
K.,
“
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
b
y
n
o
d
e
s
o
f
M
A
NE
T
”
,
In
:
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Rec
e
n
t
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s In
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
lIT
Ro
o
rk
e
e
In
d
ia,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
M
.
A
.
S
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