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ea
r
ch
[
3
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
s
ar
e
tr
y
i
n
g
to
f
i
g
u
r
e
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
th
at
is
b
ein
g
tr
an
s
m
itted
w
ir
ele
s
s
l
y
a
n
d
als
o
m
eth
o
d
s
to
m
ak
e
h
u
m
an
b
ei
n
g
s
an
d
t
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
af
er
as
w
ell
a
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
is
c
h
ea
p
er
an
d
h
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
co
m
m
er
cialize
d
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
s
t
ill
in
th
e
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
es,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
a
n
ies
t
h
at
h
av
e
b
eg
u
n
to
r
o
ll
o
u
t
d
ev
ices
t
h
at
ca
n
w
ir
e
less
l
y
tr
a
n
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
h
o
w
to
m
ak
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
(
W
P
T
)
is
tak
e
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
E
lectr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
co
il
g
en
er
ati
n
g
a
ce
r
tain
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ield
an
d
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
il
b
e
in
g
w
it
h
i
n
th
a
t
f
ield
s
o
a
cu
r
r
en
t
is
i
n
d
u
ce
d
w
i
th
i
n
i
ts
c
o
i
ls
.
T
h
is
ca
u
s
es
t
h
e
r
elativ
el
y
s
h
o
r
t r
an
g
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
i
eld
.
I
n
2
0
0
7
,
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
r
o
m
MI
T
d
id
a
r
esear
ch
o
n
W
P
T
an
d
m
an
a
g
ed
to
p
o
w
er
a
lig
h
t
b
u
lb
o
f
6
0
W
o
v
er
d
is
tan
ce
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
2
m
eter
s
w
i
th
a
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
4
0
%
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
w
as
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
air
o
f
r
eso
n
ato
r
s
t
h
at
m
a
g
n
etica
ll
y
co
u
p
led
.
T
h
o
s
e
p
air
o
f
t
h
e
r
eso
n
a
to
r
is
ca
l
led
a
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
an
d
a
r
ec
eiv
er
,
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
r
eso
n
a
n
t
p
air
o
r
in
an
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
m
a
g
n
etic
r
eso
n
an
ce
co
u
p
li
n
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
n
,
m
an
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
s
tar
ted
d
o
in
g
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
o
n
w
ir
eles
s
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
.
1
.
1
.
Curre
nt
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Wirele
s
s
P
o
w
er
T
ra
ns
f
er
a)
Mic
r
o
w
a
v
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
Mic
r
o
w
a
v
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
io
n
ee
r
i
n
w
ir
eles
s
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
,
W
illi
a
m
C
B
r
o
w
n
.
He
ex
p
lai
n
ed
h
o
w
a
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
ic
r
o
w
av
e
s
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
5
]
.
Fig
ur
e 1.
B
l
ock
D
i
ag
r
am
of
pow
er
t
r
a
nsm
i
ss
i
o
n us
i
ng
m
i
cr
ow
av
e
[
10]
A
s
t
he
bl
o
ck
di
ag
r
am
sh
ow
s,
f
r
om
t
he
g
ene
r
at
i
on
si
d
e,
t
he
m
i
cr
ow
av
e
po
w
er
sou
r
c
e
g
ene
r
at
es
pow
er
.
Me
a
nw
hi
l
e,
t
h
e
ou
t
pu
t
pow
e
r
i
s
c
ont
r
o
l
l
ed
by
e
l
ec
t
r
o
ni
c
co
nt
r
o
l
c
i
r
cui
t
s
t
h
e
w
av
eg
ui
de
ci
r
cul
at
o
r
p
r
ot
ec
t
s
t
h
e
m
i
cr
ow
av
e
sou
r
c
e
f
r
om
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
ba
ck
t
h
r
oug
h
t
he
coa
x
-
w
av
eg
ui
de
ada
p
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
t
u
ner
w
i
l
l
m
at
ch
t
h
e
i
m
peda
nce
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
t
r
an
sm
i
t
t
i
ng
ant
enn
a
and
t
h
e
m
i
cr
ow
av
e
sour
ce
.
T
he
t
r
ans
m
i
t
t
i
ng
ant
enna
r
adi
at
e
s
t
h
e
p
ow
er
t
h
r
oug
h
f
r
e
e
spa
ce
t
ow
ar
d
s
t
h
e
r
ec
e
i
v
i
ng
ant
e
nna. Onc
e t
he
r
ec
e
i
v
i
ng
ant
e
nna
r
ec
ei
v
ed
pow
er
,
i
t
w
i
l
l
conv
er
t
i
t
i
nt
o D
C
pow
er
.
b)
So
lar
P
o
w
er
Satelli
te
(
SP
S)
T
h
e
id
e
a
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
s
a
telli
te
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
P
eter
Glaser
in
1
9
6
8
’
s
.
So
lar
p
o
w
er
s
ate
llit
e(
SP
S)
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
Sp
ac
e
P
o
w
er
Statio
n
,
Satell
ite
P
o
w
er
S
y
s
t
e
m
,
Sp
ac
e
P
o
w
er
S
y
s
te
m
,
S
o
lar
Po
w
er
Sta
tio
n
,
Sp
ac
e
So
lar
P
o
w
er
S
tatio
n
u
s
e
th
e
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
tr
an
s
m
it
to
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
to
E
ar
th
s
tatio
n
s
[
6
]
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
O
il
C
r
is
es
o
f
1
9
7
0
’
s
,
th
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id
ea
o
f
s
o
lar
s
atellite
g
ai
n
ed
atten
tio
n
f
o
r
en
g
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n
ee
r
s
b
u
t
a
f
ter
th
e
p
r
ices
o
f
o
il
s
tab
ilized
,
t
h
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
u
m
d
r
o
p
p
ed
d
r
asti
ca
ll
y
.
T
h
e
r
estrictio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
co
n
ti
n
u
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
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j
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t
is
th
e
la
u
n
ch
i
n
g
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
atellite
i
s
co
s
tl
y
a
n
d
les
s
er
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
’
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
B
u
t
th
en
a
g
ai
n
,
th
e
U
S
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
n
er
g
y
R
esear
ch
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
a
p
r
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g
r
a
m
m
e
ab
o
u
t SP
S f
r
o
m
1
9
7
8
u
n
til 1
9
8
1
.
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201
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–
5
9
9
594
1
.
2
.
H
is
t
o
r
y
o
f
Wirele
s
s
P
o
w
er
T
ra
ns
f
er
T
h
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
w
ir
eles
s
p
o
w
e
r
tr
an
s
f
er
s
tar
ted
i
n
1
8
2
0
,
w
h
er
e
An
d
r
é
-
Ma
r
ie
Am
p
èr
e,
a
p
h
y
s
ic
is
t,
an
d
m
at
h
e
m
aticia
n
f
r
o
m
Fre
n
ch
d
ev
elo
p
ed
Am
p
er
e’
s
la
w
.
Du
r
in
g
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
h
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ield
[
7
]
.
T
h
en
in
t
h
e
y
ea
r
o
f
1
8
3
1
,
an
E
n
g
lis
h
s
cie
n
tis
t
,
Mic
h
ae
l
Far
ad
a
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
Far
ad
ay
’
s
la
w
.
F
ar
ad
ay
's
L
a
w
o
u
t
lin
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
o
r
ce
in
d
u
ce
d
in
a
co
n
d
u
cto
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
a
g
n
etic
f
lu
x
[
8
]
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
r
ea
l
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
ac
t
u
all
y
cr
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ted
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id
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eles
s
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tr
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e
Hei
n
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ic
h
Her
tz
a
n
d
Ni
k
o
la
T
esla a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
y
e
ar
1
8
9
0
'
s
[
8
]
.
I
n
1
8
9
9
,
Nik
o
la
T
esla b
u
ilts
a
h
u
g
e
co
il
to
w
er
to
co
n
d
u
ct
h
i
s
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
s
in
C
o
lo
r
ad
o
Sp
r
in
g
s
,
C
o
lo
r
ad
o
.
T
h
e
to
w
er
’
h
e
ig
h
t
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
6
0
m
h
ad
a
co
p
p
er
b
all
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
at
t
h
e
to
p
.
An
d
th
er
e
also
w
a
s
an
ir
o
n
r
o
o
t
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
g
o
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n
d
e
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
9
0
m
eter
s
,
as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
[
9
]
.
T
esla
g
o
t
h
is
f
u
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
C
o
lo
n
el
J
o
h
n
J
ac
o
b
A
s
to
r
,
o
w
n
e
r
o
f
th
e
W
ald
o
r
f
-
A
s
to
r
ia
Ho
t
el
in
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
C
it
y
,
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
$
3
0
,
0
0
0
.
I
n
h
is
v
is
io
n
,
h
e
w
an
ts
h
i
s
in
v
e
n
tio
n
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
He
w
as
w
id
el
y
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
Am
er
ica
’
s
g
r
ea
te
s
t
elec
tr
ical
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
1
9
0
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’
s
.
An
o
t
h
er
T
esla’
s
i
n
v
en
t
io
n
s
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
T
esla’
s
co
ils
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f
l
u
o
r
escen
t la
m
p
s
a
n
d
r
ad
io
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
esla'
s
to
w
er
o
n
L
o
n
g
I
s
la
n
d
,
Ne
w
Yo
r
k
[
9
]
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
T
esla
th
e
n
b
ee
n
co
n
tin
u
ed
b
y
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ill
ia
m
C
.
B
r
o
w
n
.
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co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
m
u
c
h
to
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
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d
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elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
icr
o
w
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v
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p
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an
s
m
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n
w
h
ich
d
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m
in
ate
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s
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d
e
v
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o
p
m
e
n
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f
w
ir
eless
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an
s
m
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ate
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3
.
M
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3
[
1
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to
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asicall
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1
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u
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4
s
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u
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4
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Flo
w
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2
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1
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Resna
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tr
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s
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[
1
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
E
lect
ro
m
a
g
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ic
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ra
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m
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T
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tr
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p
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t
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c
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s
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also
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icall
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2
.
3
.
Circ
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dia
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Fig
u
r
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to
Fig
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ir
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4752
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Fig
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3.
RE
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f
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ith
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h
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elate
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d
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m
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0
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e
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p
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0
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8
8
W
at
th
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4
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h
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s
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itted
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1
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p
p
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w
it
h
0
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6
1
m
m
d
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m
eter
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n
d
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n
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m
p
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N:
2502
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4752
A
n
a
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o
f W
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P
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Tr
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(
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ti C
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)
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f
0
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m
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s
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r
ap
h
is
d
ec
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ea
s
in
g
as
t
h
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d
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n
cr
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s
es.
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h
e
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f
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n
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d
r
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p
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r
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4
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m
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w
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p
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m
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h
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p
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f
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itter
.
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u
r
th
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t
h
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ta
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,
th
e
less
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h
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f
l
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x
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
As
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
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ec
t,
th
is
p
r
o
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t
h
as
s
u
cc
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s
f
u
ll
y
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n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
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tiv
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o
f
an
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z
in
g
th
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
p
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a
n
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er
was
ac
h
ie
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.
T
h
e
r
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lts
th
a
t
ar
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o
r
d
e
d
h
ad
s
h
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t
h
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d
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et
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f
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t
t
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f
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c
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o
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p
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.
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h
e
f
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h
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b
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W
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
l
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
h
ar
n
es
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
L
ast
l
y
,
th
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
d
e
v
elo
p
m
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n
t
o
f
s
ec
u
r
it
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
o
r
p
o
w
er
t
h
at
is
b
ei
n
g
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
.
As t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
b
ei
n
g
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
b
y
e
lectr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ie
ld
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
en
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
t
h
at
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
r
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
ca
n
in
ter
f
er
e
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
r
ec
eiv
er
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ca
n
b
e
a
r
ea
ll
y
p
r
o
f
ita
b
le
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
V
.
K
h
a
y
ru
d
in
o
v
,
"
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
sfe
r
S
y
ste
m
,
"
n
o
.
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
[
2
]
M
.
A
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
A
.
El
z
a
w
a
w
i,
F
.
F
ield
,
a
n
d
N.
F
ield
,
“
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
sfe
r
th
ro
u
g
h
I
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
Co
u
p
li
n
g
,
”
p
p
.
115
–
1
1
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
3
]
T
.
S
.
H.
a
n
d
R.
M
.
H.
S
a
g
o
lse
m
Krip
a
c
h
a
ri
y
a
S
in
g
h
,
“
W
irele
s
s
T
r
a
n
s
m
issio
n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
Ov
e
rv
ie
w
o
f
Re
c
e
n
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
&
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
”
In
t.
J
.
C
o
mp
u
t.
E
lec
tr.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
–
2
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
4
]
D.
M
.
S
.
R.
YIN
QU
A
N T
EO,
“
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
s
m
issio
n
in
t
h
e
S
m
a
rtHo
m
e
,
”
v
o
l.
2
0
1
0
.
[
5
]
D.
Ka
jare
e
a
n
d
R.
Be
h
e
ra
,
"
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
Web
Cra
w
ler
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s,"
In
t.
J
.
In
n
o
v
.
Res
.
Co
m
p
u
t
.
Co
m
mu
n
.
E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
2
–
1
3
0
9
,
2
0
1
7
[
6
]
M
.
S
.
G
.
S
a
tav
e
k
a
r,
"
S
o
lar
P
o
w
e
r
S
a
telli
tes
a
n
d
M
icro
w
a
v
e
W
irel
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
"
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
–
2
0
0
,
2
0
1
4
[
7
]
A
.
A
.
A
ta
y
e
ro
,
O.
A
ji
jo
la,
S
.
I.
P
o
p
o
o
la,
a
n
d
V
.
O.
M
a
tt
h
e
w
s,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
w
irele
ss
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sf
e
r
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
a
re
so
n
a
n
t
in
d
u
c
t
iv
e
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
,
"
L
e
c
t.
No
tes
En
g
.
C
o
mp
u
t.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l.
2
2
2
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
8
]
S
.
L
iao
,
P
.
Do
u
rm
a
sh
k
in
,
a
n
d
J.
W
.
Be
lch
e
r,
“
Ch
a
p
ter
1
1
In
d
u
c
ta
n
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
En
e
rg
y
,
”
Ph
y
s
.
8
.
0
2
El
e
c
tri
c
.
M
a
g
n
.
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
3
,
2
0
0
4
.
[
9
]
A
.
Bo
m
b
e
r,
“
W
irele
s
s P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
sm
issio
n
:
A
n
Ob
sc
u
re
Histo
ry
,
P
o
ss
ib
ly
a
Brig
h
t
F
u
t
u
re
,
”
2
0
0
6
.
[
1
0
]
R.
Ja
in
,
"
Cu
t
th
e
Co
rd
:
W
irele
s
s
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
sfe
r,
it
s
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
it
s
li
m
it
s
A
b
stra
c
t :
K
e
y
w
o
rd
s :
Tab
le
o
f
Co
n
ten
ts
,
"
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
1
]
A
.
H
a
n
e
lt
,
I.
Na
stju
k
,
H.
Krü
p
,
M
.
Ei
se
l,
a
n
d
C.
Eb
e
rm
a
n
n
,
“
Disru
p
ti
o
n
o
n
th
e
W
a
y
?
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
Diff
u
sio
n
,
”
W
I
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
b
u
t
.
In
tell.
An
a
l.
Fro
m
Bi
g
Da
ta
T
o
Bi
g
Imp
a
c
t
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
3
–
1
0
3
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
A
u
g
u
stin
e
a
n
d
M
.
D
u
k
e
,
“
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
,
”
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
–
1
2
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
3
]
A
.
Ku
m
a
r,
R.
A
.
S
id
d
iq
u
i,
S
.
P
a
h
u
ja,
M
.
S
u
k
a
l
ik
a
r,
a
n
d
V
.
G
a
m
b
h
ir,
“
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
T
r
a
n
s
m
issi
o
n
Us
in
g
M
u
tu
a
l
In
d
u
c
tan
c
e
,
”
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
3
0
1
–
6
3
0
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
1
4
]
P
r
o
f
.
Bu
ra
li
Y.
N,
2
,
P
ro
f
.
P
a
ti
l
C.
B.
,
“
W
irele
ss
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
T
r
a
n
s
m
issio
n
Ba
se
d
On
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
a
n
d
Re
so
n
a
n
c
e
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Co
u
p
li
n
g
”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
Of
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
(ij
c
e
ro
n
li
n
e
.
c
o
m
)
V
o
l
.
2
Iss
u
e
.
7
,
p
p
.
4
8
-
5
1
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
2
.
[
1
5
]
A
.
Ku
rs
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
irele
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tran
sf
e
r
v
i
a
S
tro
n
g
ly
Co
u
p
led
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Re
so
n
a
n
c
e
s,” v
o
l.
8
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
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