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s
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
s
[
1
3
,
1
6
]
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
m
e
n
d
ed
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
.
W
en
s
h
e
n
g
et
al
[
1
7
]
d
esig
n
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
lin
k
-
s
y
s
te
m
le
v
el
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
lat
f
o
r
m
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
it
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
to
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
n
e
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
ax
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
lin
k
ad
ap
tatio
n
b
ased
d
u
al
p
a
r
am
e
ter
co
s
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
d
ea
l
w
it
h
f
ad
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
aim
s
to
ap
p
l
y
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
s
t
f
u
n
cti
o
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
it
h
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
ea
t
u
r
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to
co
m
b
at
w
it
h
t
h
e
v
ar
y
in
g
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
en
h
an
ce
d
u
al
co
s
t
f
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alg
o
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h
m
f
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in
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n
n
e
l
is
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
w
h
ile
m
a
in
tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
Qo
S
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
li
m
iti
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata
r
ate
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
w
h
ic
h
r
e
s
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
el
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
at
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
ite.
T
h
u
s
,
in
f
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
ata
r
ate
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
(
in
id
ea
l
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
)
is
a
g
ai
n
ad
ap
ted
b
ased
o
n
ch
a
n
n
el
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
r
ep
r
esen
ts
b
y
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
w
er
)
an
d
n
e
w
d
ata
r
ate
w
i
ll v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
lev
el
u
p
to
th
e
ce
ilin
g
r
ate
o
n
l
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
in
d
etails
en
h
an
ce
d
u
al
co
s
t
f
u
n
cti
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
ea
t
u
r
es
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
f
ad
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
e
n
h
an
ce
tech
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
l
y
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
as
p
r
ese
n
ted
f
o
r
i
d
ea
l
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
)
[
1
4
]
w
i
th
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
ate/p
o
w
er
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
co
n
d
i
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
b
y
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
.
2
.
1
.
Dua
l P
a
ra
m
et
er
Co
s
t
F
un
ct
i
o
n Alg
o
rit
h
m
T
h
e
d
u
al
p
ar
am
eter
co
s
t
f
u
n
c
tio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
4
]
,
in
itiall
y
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
id
ea
l
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
id
ea
l
c
h
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ate/p
o
w
er
s
ele
ct
io
n
i
s
s
o
lel
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
F(t,
Q)
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
e
F(t,
Q)
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
elay
,
cu
r
r
en
t
q
u
e
u
e,
q
u
e
u
e
th
r
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h
o
ld
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d
a
t
u
n
ab
le
p
ar
am
eter
,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
r
ate
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
p
ar
am
eter
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
F(t,
Q
)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as:
(
1
)
T
h
e
n
o
v
elt
y
o
f
t
h
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
a
r
ate
s
elec
ti
o
n
b
ased
o
n
d
u
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
ap
p
r
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ac
h
,
w
h
er
e
a
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
tak
e
s
ac
co
u
n
t
a
n
av
er
ag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
elay
o
f
t
h
e
tr
af
f
ic
a
n
d
th
e
q
u
eu
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
,
C
i
s
a
r
ate
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
f
ac
to
r
,
T
tar
g
et
is
t
h
e
tar
g
et
d
ela
y
,
T
cu
r
r
en
t
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
elay
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Qc
u
r
r
en
t,j
is
th
e
j
th
ter
m
i
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
q
u
e
u
e
len
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
q
u
eu
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
T
th
r
esh
o
ld
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as
a
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
av
er
ag
e
q
u
e
u
e
len
g
t
h
ca
lc
u
lated
in
th
e
p
ast
a
v
er
ag
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
a
v
er
ag
e
q
u
eu
e
s
ize
is
u
p
d
ated
f
o
r
ev
er
y
N
p
ac
k
ets,
b
ased
o
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
.
Qi
is
a
n
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
q
u
eu
e
le
n
g
t
h
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
i.
(
2
)
T
h
e
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
ad
j
u
s
ts
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
a
ta
r
ate
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
d
u
al
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
t
h
e
en
d
to
en
d
d
ela
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
q
u
eu
e
le
n
g
th
.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
m
ap
p
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
F(t,
Q)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
r
ate
m
ap
p
in
g
tab
le,
as
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
[
1
4
]
.
A
t
v
er
y
l
ig
h
t
lo
ad
s
,
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
F(t,
Q)
r
esu
lt
s
in
lo
w
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v
a
lu
e
s
,
th
u
s
ad
ap
tin
g
to
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
lo
w
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d
ata
r
ates.
A
s
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
f
u
n
ct
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n
F(t,
Q)
s
h
o
w
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
is
es,
th
er
e
b
y
ad
ap
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g
to
h
ig
h
er
lev
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o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
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d
ata
r
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Fo
llo
w
in
g
th
at,
an
(
,
)
=
1
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×
,
,
1
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(
−
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1
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Lo
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2
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2
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E
nh
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F
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ased
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Algorithm: Adaptive Rate
1:
→ Average received power
2:
→ Limit the ceiling for transmission data rate
3:
→ new transmi
ssion data rate based on adaptation
4:
for each block of packet (short term average)
5:
Check
to limit the ceiling rate
6:
if
≤
−
82dB
m
,
;
7:
if
−
82
≪
≪
−
81
,
=
6
;
7:
else if
−
81dB
m
<
≪
−
79dB
m
,
=
9
;
8:
else if
−
79dB
m
<
≪
−
77dB
m
,
=
12
;
9:
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−
77dB
m
<
≪
−
74dB
m
,
=
18
;
10
:
else if
−
74dB
m
<
≪
−
70dB
m
,
=
24M
b
ps
;
11:
else if
−
70dB
m
<
≪
−
66dB
m
,
=
36
;
12:
else if
−
66dB
m
<
≪
−
65dB
m
,
=
48
;
13:
if
>
−
65dB
m
,
=
54
;
14:
From adaptation based on cost function →
15:
is compares with
and limit the ceiling for new data rate
16:
if
>
,
=
;
17:
end if
=
±
∆
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Fr
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ig
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Per
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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p
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N:
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k
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ith
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683
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u
r
e
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ar
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er
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its
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co
n
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g
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ad
Fig
u
r
e
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s
h
o
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ete
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ad
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g
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ig
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m
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air
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ete
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=0
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4
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o
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e.
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s
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o
v
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y
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a
v
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
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o
m
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ar
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o
f
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v
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a
g
e
ete
d
ela
y
f
o
r
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
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n
cr
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s
i
n
g
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
id
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l
ch
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n
el
co
n
d
it
io
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t
h
e
ad
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tatio
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ased
o
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t
h
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co
s
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f
u
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c
tio
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e
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ata
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co
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th
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h
ich
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s
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th
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in
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t
h
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ata
r
ates
f
r
o
m
lo
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r
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es
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d
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r
in
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co
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a
n
d
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u
all
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m
o
v
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ig
h
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r
ates
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at
h
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w
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l,
d
u
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tu
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en
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tio
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to
co
m
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at
t
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ch
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l
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ct
u
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itti
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it
h
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o
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u
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.
I
t
ca
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b
e
s
aid
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n
n
el,
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e
tr
a
n
s
m
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i
n
d
ep
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en
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ep
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b
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t
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r
e,
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h
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p
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ith
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ap
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t
f
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ctio
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th
a
n
ad
d
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n
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f
ea
t
u
r
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co
p
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w
it
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t
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f
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co
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itio
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b
y
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m
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t
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ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
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ec
ei
v
ed
p
o
w
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v
al
u
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
E
y
u
p
o
g
lu
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Ay
d
in
,
"
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
c
y
in
Ba
c
k
b
o
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e
Ne
t
w
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rk
s,
"
Pro
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ia
-
S
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a
n
d
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a
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9
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p
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1
9
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6
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9
7
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0
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.
[2
]
M
.
M
e
o
,
E.
L
e
Ro
u
z
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R.
Cu
e
v
a
s,
a
n
d
C.
G
u
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ro
,
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se
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h
c
h
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ll
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g
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rg
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icie
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two
rk
in
g
d
e
si
g
n
,
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Co
mp
u
ter
C
o
mm
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o
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0
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p
p
.
1
8
7
-
1
9
5
,
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1
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0
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.
[3
]
"
Cisc
o
v
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l
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tw
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rk
in
g
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d
e
x
:
F
o
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g
y
,
2
0
1
1
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0
1
6
,
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2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
Hw
i
Yo
u
n
g
Lee
,
W
o
n
Jin
L
e
e
,
“
Ch
a
n
n
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a
ll
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ti
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d
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s
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r
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b
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WL
A
N
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v
iro
n
m
e
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ts”
,
2
0
1
7
In
ter
n
a
ti
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l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
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Ne
tw
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g
(
ICOIN)
,
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n
u
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ry
2
0
1
7
.
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
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3
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4
4
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5
5
0
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0
5
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
2
5
0
.
3
0
.
4
Av
er
a
g
e
E
nerg
y
/bi
t
s
(
µ
J
)
Net
w
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rk
L
o
a
d
id
eal
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ad
i
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=3
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f
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0
50
1
0
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5
0
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1
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2
0
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2
5
0
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3
0
.
4
Av
er
a
g
e
et
e
dela
y
(
m
s
)
Net
w
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rk
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o
a
d
id
eal
f
ad
i
n
g
(
k
=3
)
f
ad
i
n
g
(
k
=1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
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n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
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C
o
m
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1
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,
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2
,
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er
201
8
:
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77
–
6
8
4
684
[5
]
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
n
/ac
P
HY
/M
A
C
Hig
h
T
h
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
o
v
e
r
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt/
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
L
a
y
e
r
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
–
A
S
u
rv
e
y
”
,
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
S
u
rv
e
y
a
n
d
T
u
t
o
ria
ls
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
“
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
c
L
in
k
A
d
a
p
tatio
n
u
n
d
e
r
M
o
b
il
it
y
”
,
2
0
1
7
IEE
E
4
2
n
d
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
L
o
c
a
l
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
,
Ra
ja
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m
a
k
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r,
S
a
m
iran
Ch
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tt
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p
a
d
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y
a
y
,
2
0
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7
[7
]
T
h
o
m
a
s
Ch
a
p
m
a
n
,
Eri
k
L
a
rss
o
n
,
P
e
ter
v
o
n
W
r
y
c
z
a
,
Eri
k
Da
h
lma
n
,
S
tef
a
n
P
a
rk
v
a
ll
,
Jo
h
a
n
S
k
ö
ld
,
“
Ch
a
p
ter
5
-
S
c
h
e
d
u
l
in
g
,
li
n
k
a
d
a
p
tat
io
n
,
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
-
A
RQ”
,
Ed
it
o
r(s):
T
h
o
m
a
s
Ch
a
p
m
a
n
,
Eri
k
Lars
so
n
,
P
e
ter
v
o
n
W
ry
c
z
a
,
Eri
k
Da
h
lm
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n
,
S
tefa
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P
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rk
v
a
ll
,
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h
a
n
S
k
ö
ld
,
H
S
P
A
Ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
,
Aca
d
e
mi
c
Pre
ss
,
2
0
1
5
,
P
a
g
e
s 7
1
-
8
7
,
[8
]
M
.
Á
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
,
M
.
R.
B.
S
h
a
n
k
a
r,
C.
Ko
u
ro
g
i
o
rg
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s,”
P
re
c
o
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n
g
,
S
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
a
n
d
L
in
k
A
d
a
p
tatio
n
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n
M
o
b
il
e
In
tera
c
ti
v
e
M
u
lt
ib
e
a
m
S
a
telli
te S
y
ste
m
s
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W
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2
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IEE
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c
if
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M
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,
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.
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