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Science
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201
8
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4
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SS
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DOI
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ith
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I
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T
h
e
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tili
tie
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ld
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cr
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en
tit
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o
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atis
f
ac
to
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y
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er
v
ices
f
o
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co
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s
u
m
er
s
,
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
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m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
at
a
p
r
o
p
er
lev
el
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Vo
ltag
e
s
tab
il
i
t
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
esp
ec
iall
y
v
o
lta
g
e
co
llap
s
e,
b
ec
o
m
e
s
a
m
aj
o
r
is
s
u
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
b
lack
o
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ts
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
m
a
n
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
f
o
r
th
e
p
ast
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
ter
m
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
al
w
a
y
s
r
ef
er
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ed
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
w
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s
y
s
te
m
to
m
ain
tain
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
o
ltag
es
as
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
a
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
t
h
at
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
.
C
o
n
t
in
g
e
n
c
ies
a
n
d
f
ai
lu
r
es
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
a
r
e
th
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
lead
to
v
o
lt
ag
e
i
n
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
]
.
Du
e
to
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
m
a
y
u
n
d
er
g
o
th
e
m
o
s
t ser
io
u
s
m
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
: v
o
lta
g
e
co
llap
s
e.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
i
n
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ca
u
s
e
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
s
ta
b
ilit
y
w
h
er
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
is
u
n
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
[
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
to
m
iti
g
ate
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
i
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
Fle
x
ib
le
A
lt
er
n
atin
g
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
S
y
s
te
m
(
F
AC
T
S)
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
U
n
if
ied
P
o
w
er
Flo
w
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
UP
FC
)
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
F
AC
T
S
d
ev
ices,
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
as
i
t
ca
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
th
e
e
v
en
t
o
f
lar
g
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
an
d
f
au
lts
[
4
]
.
B
esi
d
es
th
at,
T
h
y
r
is
to
r
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
Ser
ies
C
ap
ac
ito
r
(
T
C
SC
)
ca
n
b
e
s
u
itab
le
d
e
v
ice
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
i
s
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
at
t
h
e
F
AC
T
S
d
ev
ices
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
[
6
]
-
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
201
8
:
4
9
7
–
5
0
4
498
T
o
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
F
A
C
T
S
d
ev
ice
s
,
p
r
o
p
er
p
lace
m
e
n
t
(
lo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
in
s
tal
l
atio
n
)
an
d
s
izin
g
(
r
ati
n
g
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
s
y
s
te
m
ati
ca
ll
y
as
th
e
y
p
r
o
m
i
s
e
t
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
s
an
d
lo
s
s
e
s
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
[
8
]
–
[
9
]
.
W
h
ile
p
lace
m
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
al
y
tica
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
b
u
s
r
an
k
i
n
g
,
s
iz
in
g
is
f
r
eq
u
en
t
l
y
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
-
ca
lled
„
tr
ial
an
d
er
r
o
r
‟
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
is
r
ar
el
y
u
s
ed
w
h
en
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
F
A
C
T
S
d
ev
ices
as
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
f
f
er
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
I
t
w
a
s
s
aid
th
a
t
p
r
o
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
lace
m
e
n
t
lo
ca
tio
n
ca
n
lead
to
ef
f
icien
t
li
n
e
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
b
u
s
v
o
lt
ag
es
at
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lev
el
s
,
th
u
s
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
ed
g
es
[
1
0
]
.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
ec
ess
itate
s
f
o
r
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
l
i
k
e
Gen
e
ti
c
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
G
A
)
,
P
ar
ticle
Sa
w
r
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
,
A
n
t
C
o
lo
n
y
Op
t
m
iza
ti
o
n
(
AC
O)
,
B
ac
ter
ial
Fo
r
ag
i
n
g
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
B
F
A
)
an
d
th
e
late
s
t o
n
e
Flo
w
er
P
o
llin
atio
n
A
l
g
o
r
it
h
m
(
FP
A
)
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tab
ilit
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
T
C
S
C
a
n
d
Flo
w
er
P
o
llin
atio
n
A
lg
o
r
it
h
m
(
FP
A
)
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
co
n
t
in
g
e
n
c
y
s
it
u
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
li
n
e
o
u
ta
g
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
cl
u
d
e
s
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
T
C
SC
p
lace
m
en
t
as
w
ell
as
its
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
s
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
ti
n
g
e
n
cie
s
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
FP
A
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
a
ll
b
e
ass
ess
e
d
af
ter
w
ar
d
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
p
ti
m
alit
y
.
L
a
s
tl
y
,
all
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
ill b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
t
io
n
,
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
o
f
T
C
S
C
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FP
A
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
b
r
ief
l
y
e
x
p
lain
ed
.
2
.
1
.
T
CSC
in P
o
w
er
Sy
s
t
em
T
C
SC
i
s
a
F
AC
T
S
d
ev
ice
in
s
talled
i
n
s
er
ies
w
it
h
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
l
in
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
ec
h
n
icall
y
,
T
C
S
C
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
s
h
u
n
t
ed
b
y
T
h
y
r
i
s
to
r
C
o
n
tr
o
lled
R
e
ac
to
r
(
T
C
R
)
.
Su
c
h
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
m
o
o
th
v
ar
iab
le
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
i.e
.
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
ctio
n
tak
e
n
o
n
th
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
w
ill
g
iv
e
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
(
eith
er
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
o
r
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
)
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
T
C
SC
i
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t,
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
T
C
SC
co
n
n
ec
ted
alo
n
g
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e.
T
h
e
w
h
o
le
cir
cu
itr
y
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
in
d
u
cto
r
an
d
t
w
o
t
h
y
r
i
s
to
r
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
b
asic
T
C
SC
c
ir
cu
it
as i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
[
1
1
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
ca
p
ac
iti
v
e
an
d
i
n
d
u
cti
v
e
r
ea
cta
n
ce
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
T
C
S
C
‟
s
eq
u
i
v
al
en
t r
ea
ctan
ce
,
X
T
CSC
.
Z
l
i
n
e
X
C
X
L
T
C
S
C
B
u
s
i
B
u
s
j
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
T
C
SC
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
T
C
SC
r
ea
ctan
ce
to
b
e
u
s
ed
is
b
et
w
ee
n
-
0
.
7
p
.
u
.
an
d
0
.
2
p
.
u
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
FP
A
w
ill
s
ea
r
c
h
t
h
e
b
est
T
C
S
C
s
ize
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
w
h
ile
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
v
io
latio
n
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
.
T
h
e
alg
e
b
r
aic
s
u
m
m
a
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
lin
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
a
n
d
T
C
SC
r
ea
ctan
ce
w
ill
r
esu
lt
i
n
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
alo
n
g
t
h
e
l
in
e,
h
en
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
th
e
d
esir
ed
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
w
ill
g
iv
e
a
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es
as
w
ell
a
s
lo
s
s
es
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
P
r
io
r
t
o
th
at,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
C
S
C
w
i
ll
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
L
o
ad
ab
ilit
y
I
d
en
tif
icat
io
n
(
ML
I
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
it
i
v
e
lin
e
s
m
a
y
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
.
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
Alg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
F
P
A
Yan
g
in
[
1
2
]
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
t
i
m
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
m
i
m
ics
t
h
e
p
o
llin
a
tio
n
o
f
f
lo
w
er
s
,
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
h
e
Flo
w
er
P
o
llin
ati
o
n
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
FP
A
)
.
T
h
e
b
io
l
o
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
o
llin
atio
n
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
p
o
llin
a
to
r
s
,
s
o
m
eti
m
es
ca
lled
as
p
o
ll
en
-
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
ag
e
n
t,
f
o
r
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
llen
s
.
I
n
s
ec
t
s
ca
n
b
e
th
e
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
p
o
llin
ato
r
s
.
B
asicall
y
,
t
h
e
FP
A
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
n
a
m
el
y
lo
ca
l
an
d
g
lo
b
al
p
o
llin
atio
n
.
Glo
b
al
p
o
llin
atio
n
r
ef
er
s
to
b
io
tic
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
p
o
lli
n
atio
n
w
h
er
eb
y
t
h
e
p
o
l
lin
ato
r
s
tr
a
v
el
i
n
a
p
ath
th
at
o
b
e
y
s
L
e
v
y
f
li
g
h
t.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
ec
es
s
itate
s
f
o
r
p
o
llin
ato
r
s
tr
av
e
llin
g
at
a
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Op
tima
l V
o
lta
g
e
S
ta
b
ilit
y
I
mp
r
o
ve
men
t u
n
d
er C
o
n
tin
g
e
n
cies u
s
in
g
F
lo
w
er…
(
Zu
lkiffl
i A
b
d
u
l H
a
mid
)
499
h
an
d
,
lo
ca
l
p
o
llin
at
io
n
r
e
f
er
s
t
o
ab
io
tic
an
d
s
el
f
-
p
o
lli
n
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
o
llen
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
lo
w
er
f
er
tili
ze
s
to
b
e
an
o
t
h
er
f
lo
w
er
.
Us
u
all
y
,
n
o
p
o
llin
ato
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
n
s
ec
ts
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
l
atio
n
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
p
r
esen
te
d
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
(
)
*
+
(
1
)
W
h
er
e:
,
-
(
2
)
Su
b
j
ec
t to
:
(
3
)
∑
∑
(
4
)
(
5
)
W
h
er
e,
X
i
t
is
i
-
t
h
s
o
l
u
tio
n
(
i.e
.
th
e
p
o
llen
)
at
t
-
t
h
iter
atio
n
,
X
TCSC
is
t
h
e
T
C
SC
r
ea
ctan
ce
,
N
is
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
T
C
SC
to
b
e
in
s
talled
,
P
G
is
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
p
o
w
er
,
P
D
is
th
e
t
o
tal
d
em
a
n
d
,
P
loss
is
th
e
to
tal
l
o
s
s
es,
F
V
S
I
max
is
a
s
tab
ilit
y
in
d
e
x
p
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Mu
s
ir
in
[
1
3
]
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
v
io
lati
o
n
ch
ec
k
,
f
(
X
i
t
)
is
th
e
f
itn
e
s
s
t
o
b
e
o
p
ti
m
ized
an
d
V
k
is
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
at
k
-
t
h
b
u
s
.
He
n
ce
,
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
FP
A
i
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
at
all
b
u
s
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FP
A
alg
o
r
it
h
m
in
t
h
e
co
n
t
ex
t o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
p
r
esen
t
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
Ste
p 1
:
ini
t
ia
liza
t
io
n
A
t
f
ir
s
t,
in
itializatio
n
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
p
ec
if
i
y
in
g
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
FP
A
‟
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
h
eu
r
i
s
ticall
y
.
Nex
t,
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
in
itial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
is
g
e
n
er
ated
r
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d
o
m
l
y
w
h
ile
s
ati
s
f
y
i
n
g
all
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
as i
n
(
3
)
,
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
.
Ste
p 2
:
f
it
nes
s
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
L
ater
,
all
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
g
e
n
er
ated
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
ev
al
u
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ad
f
lo
w
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
ai
m
is
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
at
all
b
u
s
es a
s
i
n
d
icate
d
in
(
1
)
.
Ste
p 3
:
g
ener
a
t
e
ne
w
po
llens
T
h
is
is
th
e
s
tep
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
d
ec
id
e
eith
er
to
u
s
e
g
lo
b
al
o
r
lo
ca
l
p
o
llin
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
en
er
ati
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
w
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
o
llen
s
,
i.e
.
X
i
t+
1
.
Fi
r
s
t,
in
g
lo
b
al
p
o
llin
atio
n
,
f
lo
w
er
p
o
llen
g
a
m
e
tes
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
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y
p
o
lli
n
ato
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
i
n
s
ec
t,
an
d
p
o
llen
ca
n
tr
av
el
o
v
er
a
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
i
n
s
ec
t
s
ca
n
o
f
te
n
f
l
y
a
n
d
m
o
v
e
i
n
a
m
u
c
h
lo
n
g
er
r
an
g
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it c
an
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
l
y
as
:
(
)
(
)
(
6
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W
h
er
e,
g
*
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th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
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es
t
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tio
n
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n
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m
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r
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iter
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a
s
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li
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g
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ac
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n
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o
l
s
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s
ize.
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h
e
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g
f
ac
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r
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γ
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s
et
to
0
.
0
1
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
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(
λ
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th
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ar
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eter
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at
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r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
p
o
llin
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n
,
w
h
ich
e
s
s
e
n
tiall
y
is
also
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
(
i.e
.
s
)
w
it
h
λ
is
s
e
t
to
1
x
1
0
–
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.
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ce
in
s
ec
ts
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a
y
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o
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e
o
v
er
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lo
n
g
d
is
ta
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h
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ar
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ta
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n
u
s
e
L
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ig
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t
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m
i
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is
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h
ar
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ter
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tic
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icie
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h
at
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to
d
r
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w
L
(
λ
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>
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r
o
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a
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is
tr
ib
u
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T
h
is
is
g
i
v
en
as
f
o
llo
w
s
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(
)
(
)
.
/
(
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Г
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λ
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ta
n
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ar
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n
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alid
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n
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h
e
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d
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h
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l p
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ep
r
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ted
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y
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h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
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)
(
8
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h
er
e,
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j
t
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o
llen
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
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t
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h
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s
a
m
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la
n
t
s
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ec
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i.e
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r
an
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o
m
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o
lu
tio
n
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d
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n
d
o
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n
u
m
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er
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r
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n
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r
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m
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u
n
if
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r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
[
0
,
1
]
.
Ste
p 4
:
up
da
t
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t
he
po
pu
la
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Af
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ated
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h
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y
w
il
l
b
e
e
v
alu
a
ted
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r
o
u
g
h
s
tep
2
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Nex
t
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o
th
t
h
e
cu
r
r
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t
a
n
d
n
e
w
p
o
p
u
latio
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e
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m
b
i
n
ed
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s
o
r
ted
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d
d
is
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r
d
ed
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
ize
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
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I
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1
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u
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
t
h
is
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ap
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ith
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it
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t
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FP
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ca
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b
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r
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w
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ter
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ce
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d
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tim
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it
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lu
ti
o
n
.
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NO
WL
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D
G
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M
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NT
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h
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th
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s
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o
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n
s
tit
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te
o
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R
esear
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n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
atio
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(
I
R
MI
)
UiT
M
Sh
ah
Ala
m
,
S
elan
g
o
r
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Ma
la
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s
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h
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h
is
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ch
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s
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u
p
p
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ted
b
y
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MI
u
n
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er
t
h
e
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e
s
ea
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ch
Gr
an
t
Sch
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m
e
w
it
h
p
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t
co
d
e:
6
0
0
-
I
R
MI
/M
y
R
A
5/
3
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ST
A
R
I
(
0
0
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4
/2
0
1
6
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Y.
K.
W
u
,
S
.
M
.
Ch
a
n
g
,
Y
.
L
.
Hu
,
“
L
it
e
ra
tu
re
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
Blac
k
o
u
ts”
,
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
Vo
l
.
1
4
1
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
2
8
-
4
3
1
.
[2
]
S
.
D.
Na
ik
,
M
.
K.
Kh
e
d
k
a
r,
S
.
S
.
Bh
a
t,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
li
n
e
c
o
n
ti
n
g
e
n
c
y
o
n
sta
ti
c
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
lo
a
d
a
b
il
it
y
in
larg
e
m
u
lt
i
b
u
s
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
P
o
we
r
&
En
e
r
g
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
Vo
l.
67,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
4
4
8
-
4
5
2
.
[3
]
A
.
M
o
h
a
n
ty
,
M
.
V
isw
a
v
a
n
d
y
a
,
S
.
M
o
h
a
n
ty
,
P
.
K.
Ra
y
,
S
.
P
a
tra,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
,
sim
u
latio
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
is
a
ti
o
n
o
f
ro
b
u
st
P
V
b
a
se
d
m
icro
g
rid
f
o
r
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in
sta
b
il
it
y
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
Po
we
r
&
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e
rg
y
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y
ste
ms
,
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o
l
.
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1
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Oc
to
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e
r
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
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4
4
-
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5
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.
[4
]
S
.
Du
tt
a
,
P
.
M
u
k
h
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
,
P
.
K.
Ro
y
,
D.
Na
n
ti
,
“
Un
if
ied
p
o
w
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fl
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w
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o
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tr
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ll
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r
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a
se
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re
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p
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r
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p
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tch
u
sin
g
o
p
p
o
siti
o
n
a
l
k
rill
h
e
rd
a
lg
o
rith
m
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s
V
o
l
.
8
0
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
-
25.
[5
]
R.
Ag
ra
wa
l,
S
.
K.
Bh
a
ra
d
wa
j,
D
.
P
.
Ko
th
a
ri,
“
P
o
p
u
lati
o
n
b
a
se
d
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
ry
o
p
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
siz
in
g
o
f
T
h
y
rist
o
r
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
S
e
ries
Ca
p
a
c
it
o
r”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le o
n
li
n
e
7
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
H.
B.
Na
g
e
sh
a
n
d
P
.
S
.
P
u
tt
a
sw
a
m
y
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Vo
lt
a
g
e
S
tab
il
it
y
M
a
rg
in
Us
in
g
F
A
CT
S
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
V
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
–
2
6
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
S
.
Ra
j,
B.
B
h
a
tt
a
c
h
a
ry
y
a
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
CS
C
a
n
d
S
V
C
f
o
r
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
u
sin
g
W
h
a
le
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
”
,
S
wa
rm
a
n
d
Evo
l
u
ti
o
n
a
ry
Co
mp
u
ta
t
io
n
,
Av
a
il
a
b
le o
n
li
n
e
2
3
De
c
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m
b
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2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
A
.
S
o
d
e
-
Yo
m
e
,
N.
M
it
h
u
lan
a
n
t
h
a
n
,
K.
Y.
L
e
e
,
“
S
tatic
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
tab
il
it
y
m
a
r
g
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
u
sin
g
S
TAT
COM,
T
CS
C
a
n
d
S
S
S
C
,
”
Pro
c
.
I
EE
E
P
o
we
r E
n
g
.
S
o
c
.
T
r
a
n
sm
.
Distri
b
.
Co
n
f.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
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I
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201
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[9
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C.
T
.
V
.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
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.
B.
Re
d
d
y
,
“
Co
m
p
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S
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v
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s
to
Re
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w
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p
ro
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lt
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tab
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y
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g
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iza
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h
n
i
q
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e
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”
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ter
n
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ti
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l
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Res
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p
p
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[1
0
]
C.
Ra
m
b
a
b
u
,
D.
Y.
P
.
Ob
u
les
u
,
a
n
d
D.
C.
S
a
ib
a
b
u
,
“
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p
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o
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ts
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ter
n
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ti
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l
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D.
K.
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K.
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a
h
u
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G
.
T
.
C.
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e
k
h
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.
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ries
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o
m
p
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to
r”
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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trica
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.
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.
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.
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o
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s 8
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3
]
I.
M
u
sirin
,
T
.
K.
A
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
"
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lu
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iz
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4
]
P
.
A
c
h
a
rjee
,
“
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
lo
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m
it
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we
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k
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u
se
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u
sin
g
se
c
u
rit
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c
o
n
stra
in
t
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r &
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
V
o
l
.
3
6
,
Iss
u
e
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
0
-
5
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.