Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
1
40
1
~
1
406
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
2
.i
3
.pp
1
40
1
-
1
406
1401
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Provisi
on
ing of Street
Ligh
ting based
on Am
bience In
tensity for
Sm
ar
t C
ity
Rajina R
Mo
h
amed
1
,
Moh
am
ad
A M
oha
med
2
, Arniy
at
i Ahm
ad
3
,
Mu
ha
m
ad
A H
A
bd
H
alim
4
1
Coll
ege of
Com
pute
r
Sc
ie
nc
e an
d
Inform
at
ion
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
n
aga Na
sional
,
Mal
a
y
si
a
2
Facul
t
y
of
Infor
m
at
ic
s a
nd
Com
puti
ng,
Univer
sit
i
Sulta
n
Z
ai
n
al
Abidin,
B
esut
C
ampus
,
Malay
si
a
3,4
Facul
t
y
S
ci
en
c
e
and
T
ec
hnolog
y
D
efe
n
ce
,
Univ
ersit
i
Perta
h
ana
n
M
al
a
y
si
a, Sg.
B
esi
Camp,
Malays
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
S
ep
30
, 201
8
Re
vised
Oct
2
4
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
N
ov
3
, 2
01
8
Stree
t
li
ght
ing
i
s
a
component
t
hat
req
u
ire
an
e
ffic
i
ent
ene
rg
y
m
ana
gemen
t
s
y
stem
for
comprehe
nsive
ene
rg
y
savings.
It
shoul
d
provide
ultim
at
e
comfort
and
safe
t
y
to
ro
a
d
users
that
contribute
to
the
stab
il
ity
of
ec
onom
y
and
soc
ial
of
the
count
r
y
a
s
well
to
th
e
sm
art
c
ity
d
eve
lop
m
ent
.
Curre
n
tly
m
an
y
stre
e
t
li
ghti
ng
espe
ci
a
l
l
y
in
Ma
lay
si
a,
which
is
ON
in
the
eve
ning
and
OF
F
bef
ore
the
sun
sets
without
ta
king
in
to
c
onsidera
t
ion
the
ambient
bright
n
e
ss
and
al
so
the
num
ber
of
vehi
c
le
s.
Th
is
c
ondit
ion
m
a
y
in
cre
ase
the
use
o
f
ene
rg
y
as
well
as
dang
ero
u
s
to
m
otori
st.
Th
us
thi
s
Am
bie
nt
Stree
t
L
ight
ing
proje
c
t
was
deve
lop
ed
usin
g
embedde
d
-
b
a
sed
Arduino
m
ic
roc
ontroller
for
l
ight
ing
m
ana
gement
ba
sed
on
the
c
ir
cums
ta
nce
s
surrounding
of
th
e
roa
d.
A
thre
shold
v
al
ue
i
s set
base
d
on
a
r
ea
ding
of
th
e
a
ctual
situ
at
ion
i
n
o
rde
r
to
te
st
the
func
ti
ona
li
t
y
of
the
proto
t
y
p
e.
Th
e
Am
bie
nt
Stree
t
Li
ght
ing
prototy
pe
have
re
ac
t
ed
with
succ
ess
tow
ard
s
surrounding
bright
ness/dar
kness
and
num
ber
of
c
ars
p
assing
b
y
on
the
stree
t
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Am
bient I
nte
nsi
ty
Energy E
ff
ic
ie
nt
Energy Sa
ving
s
Sm
art City
Street
Lig
htin
g
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
j
ina R M
oha
m
ed
,
Coll
ege
of
C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nc
e an
d Inform
ation
Tech
nolo
gy
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
na
ga Nasi
onal
,
Ma
la
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
raj
ina@
un
it
en
.edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
te
r
net
of
Th
ing
s
(
I
oT)
is
an
ev
olu
ti
on
to
a
sit
uation
wh
e
re
m
any
dev
ic
es
ca
n
be
con
tr
olle
d
rem
otely
and
autom
at
ic
al
l
y.
I
oT
has
a
do
m
inant
im
pact
for
e
nerg
y
eff
ic
ie
ncy
a
nd
or
gan
iz
e
d
energy
m
anag
em
ent.
Orga
nized
ene
rg
y
m
anag
em
e
nt
can
be
ac
hieved
t
hroug
h
sm
art
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
.
Street
li
gh
ti
ng
re
qu
ir
es
an
ef
fici
ent
energy
m
ana
gem
ent
syst
e
m
for
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
e
nergy
s
avin
gs
but
pro
vidi
ng
ultim
at
e
co
m
fo
rt
and
sa
fety
to
ro
a
d
us
e
rs
tha
t
con
trib
ute
to
the
sta
b
il
it
y
of
econom
y
and
so
ci
al
of
the
co
un
t
ry
towa
rd
s
sm
art ci
ty
[
1
-
3].
Pr
ovisi
on
of
st
reet
li
gh
ti
ng
in
fr
ast
r
uctu
re
is
on
e
of
the
ways
to
le
ssen
t
he
rate
of
r
oad
ac
ci
den
ts
[
4].
Pr
ovisi
on
of
st
reet
li
gh
ti
ng
re
qu
i
res
high
c
ost
since
street
l
igh
ti
ng
m
anage
m
ent
need
to
be
ver
y
e
ff
ic
ie
nt.
As
m
entioned
i
n
[
7],
sm
art
street
li
gh
ti
ng
c
on
t
ribu
te
s
to
e
nerg
y
saving
s
w
hereby
li
gh
t
dim
m
ing
can
lo
we
r
40%
of
the
e
nergy
use
d
an
d
save
s
50%
of
m
ai
ntenan
ce
c
os
t
an
d
prolo
ng
e
d
la
m
p
li
fe
to
25%
longe
r
as
su
m
m
arized
by Ta
ble 1.
T
able
1
.
L
ED
Acti
vity
and Sa
ving
LE
D
Activity
Ben
ef
it
Re
m
o
te O
N/OFF
a
n
d
di
m
m
in
g
of
ligh
ts
4
0
% o
f
energy savin
g
5
0
% o
f
ligh
t
m
ain
t
en
an
ce c
o
st
Prolo
n
g
la
m
p
lif
e 25
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
40
1
–
1
406
1402
Currentl
y
m
any
street
li
gh
ti
ng,
wh
ic
h
is
fixe
d
to
be
O
N
i
n
the
e
ve
ning
a
nd
OF
F
be
fore
t
he
su
n
set
[
6]
without
ta
king
int
o
co
ns
ide
rati
on
the
am
bient
br
i
gh
t
ness
a
nd also
the
num
ber
of
v
ehicl
es.
F
igure
1
sh
ows
the
real
conditi
on
on
a
street
in
Klang
Vall
ey
area
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
at
4:
30
pm
bu
t
it
was
ver
y
cl
oudy
and
dark.
Howe
ve
r
, th
e
street
li
gh
ts
are stil
l OF
F
. T
his situat
io
n p
rovides
less c
om
fo
rt to
m
otorist
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
s
witc
hing
on
th
e
li
gh
ts
increa
ses
the
us
e
of
energy.
T
hu
s
,
Am
bient
Street
Ligh
ti
ng
Syst
e
m
was
de
velo
ped
to
c
on
trol
the
O
N
/
O
FF
street
li
ghti
ng
base
d
on
th
e
am
bient
br
ig
htn
ess
,
i.e.
we
at
he
r
and the
num
ber
of
ve
hicle
s, while
pro
vid
in
g
sa
fety
for
t
he
road
u
se
rs.
Am
bient
Street
Ligh
ti
ng
is
a
prototype
to
con
t
ro
l
aut
oma
ti
cal
ly
the
street
li
gh
ts
base
d
on
hybri
d
factors
i.e.
am
bient
br
i
gh
t
nes
s
an
d
nu
m
ber
s
of
ve
hicle
s
on
the
r
oa
d.
Ambi
ent
br
i
gh
t
nes
s
facto
rs
i
nclu
de
th
e
change
of
day
and
ni
gh
t
as
well
as
cl
ou
dy
weather
that
con
t
rib
utes
to
dark
at
m
os
ph
e
re
eve
n
thou
gh
it
i
s
dayt
i
m
e.
Figure
1
.
The
Re
al
Situat
ion
At A Street
D
uri
ng
Dayt
i
m
e
The
rem
ai
nd
er
of
this
w
ork
is
or
ga
nize
d
as
f
ollows.
Sect
io
n
II
descr
i
bes
the
relat
ed
w
orks
that
ha
ve
al
read
y
been
i
m
ple
m
ented.
S
ect
ion
III
desc
ribes
t
he
syst
e
m
ov
erv
ie
w
a
nd
the
blo
c
k
diagr
am
of
this
proj
ect
.
Finall
y,
Sect
io
n
IV
disc
us
ses
prot
otype
te
sti
ng
an
d
validat
i
on.
Sect
io
n
V
con
cl
ud
e
s
this
pap
e
r
a
nd
disc
us
ses
directi
ons
for p
otentia
l f
uture
work.
2.
RELATE
D
W
ORKS
Ma
ny
m
et
ho
ds
pr
e
viously
propose
d
f
or
stre
et
li
gh
ti
ng
s
uc
h
as
usi
ng
a
G
SM
te
chn
i
qu
e
to
rem
otely
con
t
ro
l
the
str
eet
li
gh
ts
[5
]
.
This
te
chn
i
que
us
es
LDR
ins
ta
ll
ed
on
the
street
s
li
gh
ti
ng
to
detect
day/
ni
gh
t
as
well
as
the
la
m
p
li
fe.
Hen
ce
,
the
street
li
ghts
a
re
switc
he
d
ON
base
d
on
the
bri
ghtnes
s
an
d
dark
ness
of
da
y
and
ni
gh
t.
The
te
chn
i
qu
e
in
t
his
pa
pe
r
al
so
m
on
it
or
s
the
l
a
m
p
li
fe
so
im
m
ediat
e
act
ion
can
be
ta
ke
n
if
the
li
gh
ts
are
dam
aged.
In
[
7],
pro
posed
a
m
eth
od
t
o
a
uto
m
atical
ly
con
trol
s
treet
li
gh
ti
ngs
us
in
g
L
DR
se
nsor
t
o
detect
street
intensit
y
in
real
tim
e
fo
r
energ
y
saving.
I
n
[
8]
,
dev
el
ope
d
a
prototype
t
o
pr
ov
i
de
a
sm
art
street
li
gh
ti
ng
by
usi
ng
L
ED
l
um
in
aries
thr
ough
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
ci
rcu
it
s
to
se
nd/recei
ve
data
from
the
central
node
and LE
D
se
nso
rs.
Th
is i
s
an I
OT base
d pro
je
ct
to
sa
ve
e
ne
rg
y a
nd ease
of
contr
ol of stre
et
li
gh
ti
ng [9].
3.
AM
BIE
NT S
TREE
T L
IG
HTING
D
ES
I
GN
Am
bient
Street
Ligh
ti
ng
is
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
w
ay
to
reduce
the
powe
r
co
nsum
ption
in
the
street
s
and
m
ake th
e street
li
gh
ti
ng
syst
e
m
m
or
e eff
ic
ie
nt.
It is a p
ro
t
ot
ype that auto
m
at
ic
ally con
trol li
gh
ti
ng at th
e street
base
d
on
am
bi
ent
intensit
y
and
al
s
o
num
ber
of
passi
ng
by
veh
ic
le
s
on
th
e
ro
a
d.
Am
bie
nt
intensit
y
co
nd
it
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Provisio
ning
of
S
tre
et
Lig
htin
g ba
s
ed
on A
m
bience
I
ntensit
y for
Smart Ci
t
y
(
Rajina R
Mo
hame
d
)
1403
is
detect
ed
by
us
in
g
L
DR
se
nsors
w
hile
stre
et
traff
ic
is
m
on
it
or
e
d
us
in
g
phot
oelect
ric
se
ns
ors.
He
nce,
street
li
gh
ti
ng
is
O
N
if
the
su
rroun
ding
is
dar
k
a
nd
br
i
gh
t
ness
is
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
if
f
ewer
ve
hicle
s
passing
by
to
pro
vid
e
safer
s
urr
ound
ing
s
.
Wh
il
e
th
e
br
i
gh
t
ness
le
vel
of
the
stre
et
li
gh
ts
will
be
dim
m
ed
in
darker
s
urr
ou
nd
i
ngs
hav
i
ng
la
rg
e num
ber
of
v
e
hicle
s
passing
by. Th
is
is
the
fact
or
t
o
saves
e
ne
rg
y
as
the
st
ree
ts
will
be
li
t
up
with
the v
e
hicle
s la
m
p.
H
ence,
thi
s tech
nique sa
ve
s m
or
e ene
rg
y
as the
li
gh
t i
s
ON b
ase
d o
n n
eeds.
The
com
ponent
s
fo
r
the
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
h
ave
bee
n
cl
a
ssifie
d
into
a
few
com
po
nen
ts
gro
up;
inp
ut
,
ou
t
pu
t
an
d
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
T
wo
ty
pe
of
in
put
us
e
d
in
this
syst
em
;
po
wer
s
uppl
y
and
sens
or
.
The
powe
r
sup
ply
is
m
eant
to
pr
ovi
de
el
ect
rici
ty
powe
r
for
the
ov
e
rall
syst
e
m
wh
il
e
the
sen
so
r
is
us
e
d
to
sense
da
r
k
an
d
li
gh
t
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng.
T
wo
ty
pes
of
se
ns
ors
we
re
us
e
d,
i.
e.
Li
ght
D
epends
Re
sist
or
(
LDR
)
a
nd
Ultraso
nic
Dis
ta
nce
Sensor
(
U
DS
)
,
i.e.
for
s
urr
ound
i
ng
inte
ns
it
y
sensi
ng
a
nd
to
detect
the
nu
m
ber
of
cars
pa
ssing
by
the
s
treet
,
resp
ect
ively
.
N
ext,
A
rduin
o
U
NO
Atm
ega
32
8
P
-
P
U
has
be
en
sel
ect
ed
as
the
co
ntro
ll
er
i
n
this
syst
e
m
du
e
to
the
lo
w
cost
,
c
om
patibil
ity,
com
pact
siz
e
and
easy
inter
fac
ing
over
se
ve
r
al
ty
pe
of
oth
e
r
co
ntr
oller
inc
lud
in
g
Fiel
d
Pr
og
ram
m
able
Gate
Array
(F
P
GA),
Pro
gr
am
m
a
ble
Lo
gic
Con
tr
oller
(P
LC)
and
Pro
g
ram
m
able
In
te
gr
at
ed
Ci
rc
uit (P
IC).
Ligh
t
i
ntensity
are
the
outp
ut
us
e
d
in
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
syst
em
a
nd
co
nnect
ed
t
o
the
m
ic
ro
cont
ro
ll
er.
Th
e
LED
m
od
ule
r
epr
ese
nts
the
s
treet
li
gh
t
an
d
the
intensit
y
m
odule
co
ntr
ols
the
br
i
ghtness
of
the
LED
.
T
hr
ee
le
vel
of
bri
g
ht
ness
val
ue
ha
ve
been
incl
ud
e
d
in
the
inten
sit
y
m
od
ule
as
a
respo
ns
e
to
the
conditi
on
a
nd
sen
s
or
input
inclu
ding
the
street
la
m
p
pe
rio
d.
As
for
the
s
of
t
war
e
par
t,
Ard
uino
Pr
og
ram
m
ing
has
been
us
e
d
for
the
Ardu
i
no
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
to
instru
ct
the
pro
gr
am
of
th
e
prototype
.
T
he
bl
ock
diag
ram
of
the
propos
e
d
prototype
is po
rtrayed
by Fi
gure
2.
The
syst
em
is
op
e
rated
base
d
on
tw
o
m
ai
n
factor
s
i.e
.
s
urr
oundin
g
br
ig
ht
ness
a
nd
num
ber
of
ca
rs.
In
our
ex
per
im
ent,
the
cal
culat
i
on
of
the
nu
m
ber
of
cars
a
re
to
si
m
ulate
e
nh
a
nce
d
bri
ghtness
f
ro
m
car
li
gh
ts.
Hen
ce
, duri
ng
day li
gh
t t
he hi
gh inten
sit
y wil
l reduce/
dim
med or OF
F t
he
l
igh
t.
Figure
2.
A
Bl
ock D
ia
gr
am
of the
Street Li
ghti
ng P
ro
t
otyp
e
The
syst
e
m
is
op
e
rated
ba
sed
on
two
m
ai
n
factor
s
i.e
surr
oundin
g
bri
ghtn
ess
and
num
ber
of
cars
.
I
n
this
case,
the
cal
culat
ion
of
the
num
ber
of
cars
are
to
sim
ulate
enh
a
nce
d
br
ig
htn
ess
fro
m
car
li
gh
ts.
Hen
ce
,
durin
g
day
li
ght
the
high
inte
ns
it
y
will
redu
ce/
di
m
m
ed
or
OF
F
t
he
li
ght.
Durin
g
the
ni
ght
tim
e,
low
in
te
ns
it
y
wil
l
ON
the
li
ghts.
H
ow
e
ver,
if
num
ber
of
c
ars
inc
reases
,
t
he
street
li
gh
ti
ng
bri
ghtnes
s
will
be
reduce
d
base
d
on num
ber
of
c
ars.
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
flo
wch
a
rt
of
the
desi
gn
e
d
syst
e
m
.
Firstly,
the
syst
e
m
will
sta
rt
with
detect
ing
th
e
br
i
gh
t
ness
of
t
he
s
u
r
rou
nd
i
ng
env
i
ronm
ent,
if
the
val
ue
is
m
or
e
than
the
t
hr
es
hold
value
,
then
t
he
stree
t
li
gh
t
will
turn ON w
it
h
low i
nten
sit
y. The
n,
as a tr
igg
e
r
it
w
il
l st
art co
unti
ng ho
w
m
any traff
ic
us
ers
on t
hat c
urrent
tim
e,
if
there
i
s
no
veh
ic
le
pa
ssing
by
the
r
oad,
the
n
it
wi
ll
go
bac
k
to
de
fau
lt
bri
ghtne
ss
w
hich
is
t
he
low
intensit
y.
If
the
sens
or
detect
t
he
tra
ff
ic
at
the
ro
a
dway
s
is
not
busy,
only
f
ew
veh
ic
le
pas
sing
by
the
r
oa
d,
t
he
br
i
gh
t
ness
of
t
he
street
li
gh
t
will
beco
m
e
hig
h
i
ntensity
th
en
if
the
se
nso
r
dete
ct
the
r
oa
d
is
busy,
it
wi
ll
send
the sig
nal to
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
oller t
o pro
vid
e m
edium
intensit
y of t
he
street
li
gh
t
brig
htn
ess
.
In
order
t
o
se
t
the
threshold
values,
a
few
intensit
y
readi
ng
s
wer
e
ta
ke
n
base
d
on
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
dark
ness
an
d
bri
ghtness
as
sum
m
arized
by
Table
2.
T
he
thres
hold
val
ue
is
set
to
500
base
d
on
the
weath
e
r
conditi
ons
a
nd
surr
oundin
gs
sit
uation.
Wh
il
e
for
num
ber
of
ca
rs,
the
t
hresh
old
value
i
s
set
to
3
in
the
l
a
b
exp
e
rim
ent. F
or
the
lab test
in
g,
we deci
de
d 3 ca
rs
c
ou
l
d be
enoug
h
to
sim
ulate
the s
urr
oundin
g b
rig
htne
ss.
All t
he
com
po
nen
ts m
entione
d
earli
er w
e
re
connecte
d
t
o
each o
the
r
us
i
ng e
m
bed
de
d
-
bas
ed
pro
gr
am
.
Figure
4 de
picte
d
the
f
i
nal sett
ing
of the
co
m
plete
pro
t
otype
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
40
1
–
1
406
1404
Figure
3
.
A
Fl
ow D
ia
gr
am
o
f
the S
t
reet Li
ghti
ng P
ro
t
otyp
e
Table
2.
Rea
di
ng of s
urr
ound
ing
da
rkness
a
nd brig
htn
es
s i
ntensity
Ti
m
e
(
a
m
/p
m
)
A
m
b
ien
t Co
n
d
itio
n
Inten
sity
(
V)
Ligh
t Resp
o
n
se
8
.00
a.
m
Su
n
n
y
36
OFF
9
.00
a.
m
Su
n
n
y
30
OFF
1
2
p.
m
Su
n
n
y
20
OFF
4
p.
m
Su
n
n
y
60
OFF
6
p.
m
Su
n
n
y
50
OFF
1
2
p.
m
Rain
y
207
OFF
1
5
p.
m
Rain
and
Clo
u
d
y
295
OFF
1
6
p.
m
Rain
and
Dar
k
500
ON
1
8
5
0
p.
m
Du
sk
y
905
ON
2
0
0
0
p.
m
Ver
y
dark
994
ON
Figure
4
.
The
Com
plete
Pr
ot
otype Set
up
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Provisio
ning
of
S
tre
et
Lig
htin
g ba
s
ed
on A
m
bience
I
ntensit
y for
Smart Ci
t
y
(
Rajina R
Mo
hame
d
)
1405
4.
SY
STE
M
TE
STING
AN
D VA
LI
D
ATIO
N
Test
co
nducted
on
co
nnect
ed
and
cal
ibrate
d
com
plete
d
prot
otype.
L
DR
is
cov
e
re
d
with
c
ork
to
te
st
LDR
ca
pab
il
it
y
for
dark
s
urr
oundin
gs
.
F
or
t
his
te
st,
t
her
e
a
re n
o
ve
hicle
s o
n
the road
. A
s
a
res
ult,
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
5
t
he
st
reet
li
gh
ts
m
od
el
will
be
ON
with
lo
w
inten
sit
y.
The
br
i
gh
tness
le
vel
is
lowe
re
d
due
to
energy
savin
g
as
t
her
e
is
none
a
ny
ve
hicle
s
passi
ng
by
on
t
he
stre
et
at
that
tim
e.
Ex
per
im
ental
Re
su
lt
s
of
U
ni
form
Ra
ndom
-
3
-
S
A
T Benc
hm
ark
Instances
.
Figure
5
.
Stree
t Li
gh
t
O
N wit
h
L
ow Inte
nsi
ty
In
Fig
ur
e
6,
L
DR
is
cl
os
e
d
t
o
sim
ulate
dar
k
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
s
bu
t
5
ca
rs
are
us
e
d
on
t
he
street
s
of
th
e
prototype
.
E
ve
n
th
ough
t
he
va
lue
of
i
ntensit
y
is
990,
bu
t
U
DS
detect
ed
m
edium
intensit
y
du
e
to
the
e
xi
ste
nce
of
a
num
ber
of
ca
rs
on
th
e
street
.
As
s
uch,
the
stree
ts
li
gh
ts
ar
e
ON
with
m
edium
intensit
y
as
the
su
r
rou
nd
i
n
gs
ha
ve been
li
t u
p wit
h
the
cars
li
gh
t.
Figure
6
.
Stree
t Li
gh
t
O
N wit
h
Me
diu
m
I
ntensity
In
Fig
ur
e
7,
w
e
te
ste
d
f
or
f
ul
l
dar
kness
,
with
99
0
inten
sit
y,
bu
t
with
3
nu
m
ber
of
ca
r
s.
Th
e
li
gh
t
intensit
y
is
at
hi
gh
due
to
the
f
act
that
it
is
suppose
d
t
o
l
ig
ht
up
the
street
f
or
t
he
m
oto
rist
s
passi
ng
by.
I
n
our,
exp
e
rim
ent,
we
on
ly
cond
uc
t
te
sts
fo
r
the
capab
il
it
y
of
the
LDR
an
d
UD
R
to
detect
li
gh
t
intensit
y
and
nu
m
ber
of
car
s
in
or
de
r
f
or
the
street
li
g
hts
to
be
ON
and
OF
F
.
W
e
do
not
cond
uc
t
any
te
st
fr
om
t
he
prototype
for
m
ai
ntenan
ce
c
os
t
an
d
ene
r
gy
savin
g
as
well
as
the
lam
p
li
fe.
It
will
be
co
ns
ide
red
i
n
the
fu
tu
re
ph
a
se
of
t
he re
search
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
40
1
–
1
406
1406
Figure
7
.
Stree
t Li
gh
t
O
N wit
h Hig
h In
te
ns
it
y
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
street
li
gh
ts
prototype
ba
sed
on
surr
oundin
g
fact
or
s
ha
ve
be
en
de
velo
ped
an
d
te
ste
d
with
a
f
e
w
scenari
os
i.e.
da
rk,
sem
i
-
dar
k,
and
br
i
gh
t.
Plus
with
so
m
e
nu
m
ber
of
ca
rs
t
o
sho
w
the
ca
pa
bili
ty
of
the
s
ens
or
detect
ing
s
urroundin
g
li
ght
intensit
y
with
num
ber
of
cars
pa
ssing
by
on
t
he
street
.
Stree
t
li
gh
ts
hav
e
re
act
e
d
with
su
cce
ss
towa
r
ds
surr
ou
nd
i
ng
br
i
gh
t
ne
ss/dar
kness
an
d
num
ber
of
cars
pas
sin
g
by
on
the
stree
t.
Th
e
prototype
ca
n
be
i
m
pr
ove
d
f
ur
t
her
by
co
nsi
der
in
g
the
ene
rg
y
savi
ng
a
nd
m
ai
ntenan
ce
cost
eff
ect
f
or
fu
t
ur
e
researc
h.
In
ge
ner
al
,
t
his
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
usa
ble
on
the
s
treet
s
as
a
good
im
pr
ovem
e
nt
for
the
e
xi
sti
ng
infr
a
struct
ur
e
tow
a
r
ds
sm
art ci
ty
an
d
e
nergy
savin
g
as
w
el
l
as for
road
use
rs’
com
fo
rt a
nd sa
fety
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
res
earc
h
is
par
ti
al
ly
fund
e
d
by
U
nive
rsity
Tenag
a
Nasio
nal
a
nd
U
ni
ver
sit
i
S
ul
ta
n
Zai
nal
Ab
i
din
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
“
Roy
al
Soci
ety
for
the
Preve
nti
on
of
Ac
ci
den
ts
-
Stree
t
Li
ghti
ng
and
Road
Safe
t
y”.
Availabl
e
a
t
htt
p://ww
w.rospa.
com/roa
d
-
safe
t
y
/
advice
/ro
ads/st
ree
t
-
li
ght
ing/
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nba
ch
R,
Per
kins
C,
Tomps
on
L,
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S,
Arm
strong
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Gree
n
J,
Grund
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il
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“
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u
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t
l
ight
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lties
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ime
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and
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d
W
al
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cont
ro
ll
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d
int
err
upt
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m
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serie
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pide
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iol Co
m
m
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wan
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“
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he
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pac
t
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Ne
w
Stree
t
L
ight
in
g
Te
chno
logi
es
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Tra
ffi
c
Safe
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y
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Journal
of
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aff
ic
and
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isti
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20
14;
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205
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[4]
Jaa
far
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R,
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ta
fa
M
F,
Kem
in
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“
Kem
al
anga
n
Jala
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Ra
y
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:
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Mem
babi
tka
n
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”
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l Te
knolog
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13;
38(B):1
–
14
.
[5]
Raj
put
K
Y,
Khata
v
G,
Pujar
i
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Yada
v
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“
Intelli
gen
t
Street
Lighting
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y
stem
Us
ing
GS
M”.
Inte
rna
ti
on
al
Journal
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
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ci
en
ce Inve
nt
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60
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69.
[6]
Yus
nani
M
Y,
Roszai
ni
za
R
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U
K,
Mus
ta
ffa
S.
“
Towa
rds
Sm
a
rt
Stree
t
Li
ght
ing
S
y
st
e
m
in
Malay
s
ia”.
In
Proc.
IEEE
S
y
m
posium
on
W
i
rel
ess
Technol
o
g
y
and
Appl
icat
ions
(ISW
TA),
Septe
m
ber
22
-
2
5,
2013,
Kuchin
g,
Malay
s
ia.
[7]
Dere
k
Markh
am,
“
Global
W
arming
Eff
ects
and
Causes:
A
Top
10
Li
st.
Availabl
e
a
t
htt
p://pla
n
et
sav
e
.
com/
2009/06/
07
/gl
obal
-
w
arming
-
eff
ects
-
and
-
c
au
ses
-
a
-
top
-
10
-
li
st
/
[8]
Ruchi
tha
K
S,
Agarwal
N
,
Anan
d
S,
Das
A,
Raja
sree
P
M.
“
Design
and
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el
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m
ent
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a
ti
c
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ent
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f
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t
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gh
t
Intens
ity
”.
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ern
ati
onal
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of
Advanc
ed
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in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
,
El
ec
t
ro
nic
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Instrum
ent
at
ion
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ne
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20
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21.
[9]
Eshika
S,
V
ai
b
hav
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Dr.
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“
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Autom
at
ed
Stree
t
Li
ghts:
A
Novel
Approac
h
towar
ds
IoT
(Inte
rne
t
of
Thi
ngs)
”.
In
Proc.
Rece
nt
Innova
ti
ons
i
n
Scie
nce
and
E
ngine
er
ing
(RISE
2016)
30th
Ap
ril
2016,
Bang
al
or
e
,
Indi
a.
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