Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
M
arch
201
9
, p
p.
1022
~
1030
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1022
-
1
030
1022
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Internet
of
thin
gs
(IoT) based i
-
v cu
rve tr
acer f
or
p
hotov
oltaic
monito
rin
g syste
ms
H.
B.
Chi
1
, M.
F. N.
Ta
ju
ddi
n
2
, N. H.
Gh
az
ali
3
, A
. Az
mi
4
, M.
U.
M
aa
z
5
1,2,4
Cent
er
of Ex
ce
l
le
nc
e
for
Ren
ewa
ble E
n
erg
y
,
School
of El
ec
tr
i
ca
l
S
y
st
ems
Engi
nee
r
ing,
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perl
is
,
Ma
lays
ia
3
School
of
Com
pute
r and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
,
Malay
s
ia
5
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
and
Infor
m
at
i
on
T
ec
hnolo
g
y
,
Univer
si
t
y
of
Pader
born
,
Pade
rborn,
Germ
an
y
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
2
1,
2018
Re
vised Dec
10, 2
018
Accepte
d
D
ec
2
2
, 201
8
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
low
-
cost
PV
cur
ren
t
-
voltage
or
I
-
V
cur
v
e
trace
r
th
a
t
has
the
Internet
of
Thi
ngs
(IoT
)
ca
pab
il
i
t
y
.
Singl
e
ende
d
pr
imar
y
induc
ta
n
c
e
conve
rt
er
(SEPI
C)
is
used
to
de
vel
op
the
I
-
V
tr
ac
er
,
whi
ch
is
a
ble
to
cop
e
with
rap
idly
changing
irr
adi
a
ti
on
condi
t
ions.
The
I
-
V
trace
r
cont
r
ol
softwar
e
al
so
has
the
abi
li
t
y
to
au
tomatica
l
l
y
ada
pt
t
o
the
var
y
ing
irra
di
at
io
n
condi
ti
ons
.
The
per
form
anc
e
of
t
he
I
-
V
cur
ve
trace
r
is
ev
al
u
at
ed
and
ver
if
ied
using simulat
ion
and expe
r
iment
al
te
sts.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
DC
-
DC con
vert
er
In
te
r
net
of thin
gs
I
-
V
c
urve trace
r
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c s
yst
e
m
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nur Hafiza
h G
hazali
,
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s,
First Flo
or,
Pa
uh P
utra
Ca
m
pu
s, 0
2600,
Ara
u,
Perlis,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: haf
iz
ah
gh
azal
i@
unim
ap
.e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
wides
prea
d
a
nd
ra
pid
de
velo
pm
ent
and
integ
rati
on
of
phot
ovoltai
c
(
PV
)
syst
em
s
hav
e
c
reated
the
dire
nee
d
fo
r
pr
eci
se
a
nd
acc
ur
at
e
m
et
hods
to
cal
culat
e
and
m
ea
su
re
the
healt
h,
de
gradati
on
,
an
d
perform
ance
of
PV
m
od
ules
.
W
hile
the
current
m
on
it
ori
ng
m
et
ho
ds
pro
vid
e
a
good
ind
ic
at
ion
of
these
at
tribu
te
s,
they
are
incapa
ble
of
pr
ese
ntin
g
the
necessa
ry
in
form
ation
to
ac
cur
at
el
y
deter
m
ine
these
at
tribu
te
s.
The
c
urren
t
-
volt
age
(
I
-
V)
c
urve
of
a
P
V
m
od
ule
can
pr
ov
i
de
this
in
f
or
m
at
ion
,
m
aking
it
a
far
s
uperi
or
appr
oach
to
t
he
cu
rr
e
ntly
em
plo
ye
d
m
on
it
ori
ng
m
et
ho
ds.
Howe
ver,
the
too
ls
a
nd
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
requir
ed
to
extract
the
I
-
V
curve
are
highly
inv
asi
ve
a
nd
undesi
rab
le
.
In
order
t
o
de
rive
the
I
-
V
curve,
the
PV
m
od
ule
has
to
be
disc
onnecte
d
f
ro
m
i
ts
load
a
nd
c
onnecte
d
to
a
to
ol.
T
he
I
-
V
tra
cers
m
on
it
or
s
ever
al
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
of
a
PV
m
od
ule
includi
ng
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
current
(
Isc),
open
ci
rc
uit
volt
age
(V
oc
),
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
(
W),
vo
lt
age
at
m
axi
m
u
m
po
we
r
(
Vm
p)
,
cu
rr
e
nt
at
m
axi
m
u
m
p
ow
e
r
(
Im
p)
an
d
the
c
onve
rsion
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
(
%)
[
1].
The
cu
rr
e
nt
form
of
I
-
V
trac
ing
is
not
feas
ible
or
fina
nci
al
ly
viable
and
therefore
the
r
e
are
no
know
n
PV
op
e
rati
on
a
nd
m
ai
ntenan
ce
(
O&M)
com
pan
ie
s
that
em
plo
y
it
as
a
m
onit
or
in
g
a
pproa
ch.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
since
the
I
-
V
c
urve
s
are
traced
m
anu
al
ly
,
the
process
ca
nnot
be
re
peate
d
re
gu
la
rly
.
F
reque
nt
an
d
pe
rio
dic
m
easur
em
ent a
nd
recor
d
of I
-
V
cu
rv
e
s can b
e extrem
el
y
helpful and
i
nform
at
ive f
or
trac
king the per
for
m
ance
and d
e
gradati
on
of PV m
od
u
l
es.
Ther
e
are
m
ulti
ple
I
-
V
trac
er
s
avail
able
c
om
m
ercially
,
var
yi
ng
i
n
pr
ic
e,
accu
racy,
a
nd
portabil
it
y.
Howe
ver,
al
l
su
ch
pro
du
ct
s
a
re
operate
d
in
a
si
m
i
la
r
m
ann
er.
Th
e
PV
m
od
ule
(s)
or
stri
ng(s
)
are
disco
nnect
ed
from
the g
enera
ti
on
circ
uit an
d
the
n
at
ta
ch
ed
to
the posit
ive
an
d ne
gative term
inals of
the
I
-
V
tracer
. T
he
n
ext
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
te
r
net o
f t
hings (I
oT
)
b
as
e
d i
-
v curve
trace
r for
phot
ovo
lt
aic mo
nitorin
g syst
ems
(
H.
B.
Chi
)
10
23
ste
p
is
to
trace
and
ca
pture
th
e
I
-
V
c
urve
for
the
at
ta
ched
m
od
ule/st
ring,
store
the
capt
ured
cu
r
ve
to
a
dev
ic
e,
and
t
he
m
od
ul
es
are
re
-
c
onne
ct
ed
to
thei
r
gen
e
rati
on
ci
rc
uit.
This
se
ries
of
ste
ps
m
us
t
be
re
peated
f
or
each
m
od
ule
or
st
ring
t
o
ext
ract
their
I
-
V
cu
rv
e
s
.
This
disco
nn
ect
ion
a
nd
re
-
c
onnecti
on
of
P
V
m
od
ules
are
highly
undesira
ble
f
or
a
PV
plant
owner
si
nce
it
ad
ds
to
the
c
os
t
a
nd
re
quires
e
xtr
a
la
bor.
M
or
e
over
,
m
os
t
PV
pl
ants
ar
e
locat
ed
in
areas
with
ve
r
y
low
popula
ti
on
den
sit
ie
s,
th
eref
or
e
a
ny
av
ai
la
ble
O&M
te
chn
ic
ia
ns
are
locat
ed
far
f
r
om
the
plant
and
w
ou
l
d
re
qu
i
re
sig
ni
ficant
tim
e
to
disp
at
c
h
a
so
l
ution.
T
he
ow
ner
s
of
PV
pla
nts
are
therefo
re in
te
re
ste
d
in
a m
or
e
autom
at
ed
m
o
nitor
i
ng syst
em
that req
uires
li
tt
le
o
r
no m
anu
al
la
bor.
The
de
velo
ped
I
-
V
t
racer
offe
rs
a
l
ow
-
c
os
t
s
olu
ti
on
t
o
the
issue.
It
is
integ
rated
with
I
oT
te
chnolo
gy
and
ca
n
be
placed b
et
wee
n
a
string
of
m
odul
es
an
d
th
e
in
ve
rter.
A
po
wer el
ect
ro
nics
inte
rf
ace
i
s
al
so
re
qu
i
red
wh
ic
h
traces
the
stri
ng.
T
he
I
-
V
c
urve
ca
n
be
trace
d
once
a
day
or
m
ul
ti
ple
tim
es
duri
ng
t
he
da
y.
Th
e
autom
at
ed
appro
ac
h
of
t
he
I
-
V
trace
r
el
i
m
i
nates
any
hum
an
el
em
ent
and
e
xtra
la
bor
c
os
ts
ass
ociat
ed
with
conve
ntion
al
I
-
V
tr
acers
.
T
he
pr
e
s
ente
d
ap
proac
h
can
al
so
be
im
ple
m
en
te
d
at
the
stri
ng
le
vel,
w
her
e
it
can
pro
vid
e
an
e
xh
austive
m
easure
of
the
P
V
sy
stem'
s
healt
h.
More
ov
e
r,
the
regular
data
stora
ge
can
be
use
d
to
com
pu
te
de
gr
a
dation
rates.
A
ny
issues
with
the
P
V
syst
em
includi
ng
fail
ures
a
nd
une
xp
e
ct
ed
de
gradati
on
ca
n
be dete
ct
ed
ea
r
li
er and
a
pprop
riat
e m
easur
es
can
be
ta
ke
n.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
2
.
1.
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
Ch
ar
ac
te
ri
stics of P
V Modul
es
The
im
po
rtant
PV
cha
racteri
s
ti
cs
li
ke
the
op
tim
u
m
vo
lt
ag
e,
op
ti
m
u
m
cur
re
nt,
an
d
opti
m
u
m
po
we
r
can
be
ext
racted
f
ro
m
it
s
curv
es.
T
he
I
-
V
cu
rv
e
s
how
s
the
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
t
he
P
V
current
a
nd
vo
lt
age,
wh
il
e
the
relat
i
on
s
hi
p
betwe
e
n
P
V
outp
ut
volt
age
an
d
power
is
s
how
n
by
the
P
-
V
c
urve.
Howe
ver
,
t
her
e
a
re
sever
al
exte
rn
a
l
factor
s
that
gove
r
n
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
a
PV
m
od
ule
in
cl
ud
in
g
irra
dia
nce
an
d
tem
per
at
ur
e
.
Figures
1
a
nd
2
s
how h
ow th
ese facto
rs
ca
n affect t
he
ou
t
put p
ower
of PV
m
od
ules.
2
.
2
.
Im
po
r
t
ance
of
I
-
V
Cu
r
ve
Tr
acer
an
d
D
if
feren
t Met
ho
ds
Used
The
I
-
V
trace
r
play
s
a
cru
ci
a
l
ro
le
in
deter
m
inin
g
the
pe
r
form
ance
of
a
PV
m
od
ule
or
syst
e
m
by
act
ing
as
a
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
.
The
traced
current
a
nd
volt
age
rati
ng
giv
es
a
m
easur
e
of
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
P
V
m
odule.
It
is
the
fas
te
st
m
et
ho
d
f
or
perform
ance
evalu
at
ion
in
com
m
ercial
PV
a
rr
ay
s
a
nd
is
the
s
ta
nd
a
rd
t
oo
l
use
d
by
el
ect
rical
con
tract
ors
and
P
V
syst
em
instal
le
rs
for
both
c
omm
ercial
and
util
it
y
PV
.
I
-
V
tracers
ca
n
e
va
luate
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
a
PV
syst
em
reg
ar
dless
of
w
hethe
r
it
is
arra
ng
e
d
i
n
m
od
ules
or
arr
ay
s,
an
d
pr
ov
i
des
a
gr
a
phic
al
rep
re
sent
at
ion
of
the
operati
ng
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
of
the
PV
syst
em
.
This
gr
a
phic
al
r
e
pr
e
sentat
ion can
be use
d
t
o detec
t any u
nfo
resee
n
c
hanges
or si
gn
s
of
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
.
Figure
1.
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
c
urves unde
r diffe
ren
t
te
m
per
at
ure
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
M
a
r
c
h
201
9
:
1
0
2
2
–
1
0
3
0
1024
Figure
2.
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
c
urves unde
r
diff
e
ren
t
irr
a
diance
Ther
e
are
se
ve
ral
m
et
ho
ds
us
e
d
to
obta
in
the
I
-
V
c
urv
e
su
c
h
as
ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
chargi
ng,
var
ia
ble
resist
ors,
a
nd
DC
-
DC
co
nve
rter.
In
orde
r
t
o
trace
th
e
cha
racteri
sti
cs
curves,
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
and
volt
age
m
us
t
be
var
ie
d.
By
us
ing
a
ca
pacit
ive
load,
the
ca
pacit
or
will
discharge
a
nd
c
harge
as
co
ntr
olled
by
the
s
witc
he
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
3.
M
or
e
over
,
the
cha
rg
i
ng
tim
e
is
determ
i
ned
by
open
ci
rcu
it
volt
age,
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
cu
r
ren
t
,
and
capaci
to
r
r
at
ing
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
c
apacit
a
nce
m
us
t
be
hi
gh
e
noug
h
to
e
nab
le
sl
ow
c
ha
rg
i
ng,
w
hich
a
vo
i
ds
fast tra
ns
ie
nts t
hat w
il
l dam
ag
e the ca
pacit
or
and sw
it
c
hes.
Figure
3. The
m
et
ho
d o
f
ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
load
[2]
On
the
oth
er
ha
nd,
the
co
nv
e
ntion
al
I
-
V
c
urve
tracer
us
e
s
var
ia
ble
resist
ors
to
var
y
the
vo
lt
age
a
nd
current
rati
ng
i
n
or
der
to
plo
t
the
cu
rv
e
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gur
e
4.
T
he
value
of
resist
ance
is
var
ie
d
f
ro
m
zero
t
o
infin
it
y
in
ord
er
to
captu
re
the
po
i
nts
fro
m
sh
or
t
ci
rcu
i
t
to
op
e
n
ci
rc
uit.
Howe
ver,
this
m
et
ho
d
is
no
t
reco
m
m
end
ed
for
high
po
wer
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
as
sho
rt
ci
rcu
it
c
urren
t
cannot
reach
and
the
re
verse
bias
char
act
e
risti
cs cannot
be dete
r
m
ined.
Figure
4
.
The
m
et
ho
d o
f vari
able resist
or
[
2]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
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E
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c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
te
r
net o
f t
hings (I
oT
)
b
as
e
d i
-
v curve
trace
r for
phot
ovo
lt
aic mo
nitorin
g syst
ems
(
H.
B.
Chi
)
1025
The
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rter
m
e
tho
d,
as
show
n
in
Figure
5,
va
ries
the
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
curre
nt
rati
ng
s
by
adjustin
g
t
he
duty
cy
cl
e
.
Ge
ne
rall
y,
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
the
loa
d
is
va
r
ie
d
by
t
he
duty
cy
cl
e
and
th
e
input
vo
lt
age
. In
this
w
ay
, th
e c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
cu
rv
e
of
c
urre
nt and v
oltage ca
n be
plo
tt
ed
acc
ordi
ng
t
o
the
du
ty
cy
cl
e.
Th
us
,
with
zer
o
duty
cy
cl
es,
vo
lt
age
rati
ng
beco
m
es
the
op
e
n
ci
rc
uit
volt
age
an
d
c
urren
t
beco
m
es
zero.
On
t
he
ot
her
ha
nd,
with
c
omplet
el
y
on
e
du
ty
cy
cl
e,
the
vo
lt
age
rati
ng
be
com
es
zero
and
c
urre
nt
bec
om
es
sh
ort
ci
rcu
it
current.
T
he
op
en
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
an
d
sho
rt
ci
rcu
it
current
can
be
ta
ke
n
f
ro
m
the
PV
m
odule
s
datasheet
[2]
.
Figure
5. The
m
et
ho
d o
f DC
-
DC c
onver
te
r
[
2]
2
.
3
.
I
-
V
C
urve
Tracer B
as
e
d on the
DC
-
DC Con
verte
r
Lit
eratur
e
B
uc
k
a
nd
boos
t
c
onve
rters
a
re
no
t
su
it
able
f
or
P
V
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
s
due
t
o
t
heir
pa
rtia
l
op
e
rati
onal
re
gi
on
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ures
6
-
8.
Gen
e
rall
y,
a
buck
c
onve
rter
i
s
able
to
on
ly
ste
p
dow
n
th
e
input
vo
lt
age
a
nd
not
able
to
ste
p
up
the
input
volt
age.
The
refore
,
the
bu
c
k
co
nverter
is
not
suffici
ent
to
be
use
d
i
n
traci
ng
I
-
V
c
urve
f
or
PV
m
od
ules
.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
th
e
boos
t
c
onvert
er
i
s
on
ly
a
ble
to
ste
p
up
t
he
inpu
t
vo
lt
age
but
is
no
t
a
ble
t
o
ste
p
dow
n
the
in
put
volt
age
.
I
n
t
his
way,
a
boost
co
nv
e
rter
is
al
so
no
t
a
ppli
cable
in
traci
ng
I
-
V
cu
rv
e
f
or
P
V
m
od
ules
.
Howe
ve
r,
a
buc
k
-
boost
conve
rter,
Cuk
co
nverte
r,
and
SE
PI
C
c
onve
rte
r
can
perf
or
m
w
el
l
in
traci
ng
I
-
V
c
urve
as
s
ho
wn
in
Fig
ure
8.
SE
PI
C
is
ch
ose
n
i
n
t
his
w
or
k
beca
us
e
it
ha
s
no
inv
e
rting
outp
ut
val
ues
c
ompare
d
t
o
the
bu
c
k
-
bo
os
t
co
nv
e
rter
a
nd
ha
s
highe
r
ef
fi
ci
ency
than
th
e
Cu
k
conve
rter.
Figure
6. O
perat
ion
al
r
e
gion
of buc
k
c
onv
er
te
r
[
3]
Figure
7. O
perat
ion
al
r
e
gion
of bo
os
t co
nve
rter
[3
]
3.
SEPIC B
AS
E
D
I
-
V
CU
RVE
TRACER
The
sin
gle
-
e
nded
pr
im
ary
-
inducta
nce
c
on
ver
te
r
(S
E
PI
C
)
co
nverter
is
a
non
-
i
nverti
ng
DC
-
DC
conve
rter
ca
pa
ble
of
produci
ng
an
outp
ut
volt
age
le
ss
t
ha
n,
gr
eat
e
r
tha
n,
or
e
qu
al
to
it
s
outp
ut
volt
ag
e.
It
is
adv
a
ntage
ous
f
or
I
-
V
traci
ng
du
e
to
it
s
abili
ty
to
bu
c
k
a
nd
boos
t,
it
s
non
-
in
ver
ti
ng
in
pu
t,
an
d
it
s
co
ntinuo
us
input
cu
rr
e
nt
[
4
-
7].
A
su
i
ta
bl
e
load
resist
or
is
cho
se
n
with
a
value
t
hat
en
su
res
the
S
EPIC
conve
rter
re
m
ai
ns
in conti
nuous
c
onduct
ion m
od
e (CCM
) for th
e entiret
y o
f
th
e trace.
It is h
el
pful to kee
p
t
he
conv
e
rter i
n C
CM
for
analy
sis
an
d
co
ntr
ol
purposes,
as
the
dy
nam
ic
s
of
the
conv
erter
c
ha
ng
e
as
it
enters
the
disc
on
ti
nuous
cond
uction
m
od
e
(
DCM)
.
I
n
CC
M,
the
co
nverter
can
be
a
ssu
m
ed
to
ha
ve
two
sta
te
s,
O
N
or
OF
F
.
I
n
t
he
fi
rst
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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:
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
M
a
r
c
h
201
9
:
1
0
2
2
–
1
0
3
0
1026
sta
te
,
O
N,
t
he
switc
h
is
tu
rn
e
d
on
a
nd
the
in
pu
t
volt
age
sou
rce
c
harges
the
first
i
nduct
or
.
The
seco
nd
in
duc
to
r
ta
kes
ene
r
gy
from
cou
plin
g
c
apacit
or
C
P.
I
n
this
sta
te
,
th
e
diode
is
no
t
tur
ned
on.
In
t
he
sec
ond
sta
t
e,
OFF
,
the
switc
h
is
tu
rn
e
d
off
a
nd
th
e
first
inducto
r
charges
the
c
ouplin
g
ca
pacit
or
a
nd
pro
vid
e
s
current
to
t
he
load.
The
sec
ond
in
du
ct
or
al
so
pro
v
ides
cu
rr
e
nt
t
o
the
loa
d.
Fig
ur
e
9
sho
ws
t
he
overall
set
up
of
the
de
velo
pe
d
I
-
V
tracer a
nd Fig
ure
10 sho
ws
t
he
h
a
rdwar
e
test
setu
p.
Figure
8. O
perat
ion
al
r
e
gion
of
buc
k
-
boos
t
conve
rter
,
SEP
IC
an
d
C
uk [3]
Figure
9.
O
veral
l
blo
ck
d
ia
gra
m
o
f
t
he deve
lop
e
d
I
-
V
tracer
Figure
10. Sna
ps
hot
of the
ha
rdwar
e
setu
p
i
n
the
lab
or
at
ory
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
4
.
1
.
O
pt
im
iz
e The
I
-
V
C
ur
ve
Tr
acer Per
fo
rm
an
ce
The
sam
pling
tim
e
and
the
ste
p
siz
e
m
us
t
be
wisel
y
cho
se
n
to
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
per
f
orm
ance
l
evel
of
I
-
V
curve
tracer
[
9
-
12]
.
Since
the
du
ty
cy
cl
e
pr
ovide
d
by
SEP
I
C
will
be
gen
erated
in
autom
at
ic
m
od
e,
sa
m
pling
tim
e
and
ste
p
siz
e
play
ver
y
i
m
po
rtant
ro
le
s
in
dete
rm
ining
the
I
-
V
c
urv
e
tracer
perfor
m
ance.
The
sa
m
pl
ing
tim
e
ind
ic
at
es
t
he
tim
e
ta
ken
f
or
each d
uty
cy
cl
e
chan
ge,
e.
g.
the
tim
e
ta
ken
for
duty
cy
c
le
chan
gi
ng
f
r
om
0.
1
to
0.2
is
the
sa
m
pl
ing
tim
e.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
th
e
ste
p
siz
e
indi
cat
es
the
interval
of
duty
cy
cl
e
wh
e
n
it
ch
ang
e
s.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
t
he
ste
p
siz
e
will
be
0.
01
if
the
du
ty
cy
cl
e
is
change
d
from
0.1
to
0.11.
Se
ver
al
analy
ses
of
I
-
V
curve
trace
r
pe
rfor
m
ance
are
carried
out
with
the
ai
m
to
hav
e
the
fa
ste
st
and
sm
oo
th
est
curve
traci
ng
sy
stem
as sho
wn in T
a
ble 1
-
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
te
r
net o
f t
hings (I
oT
)
b
as
e
d i
-
v curve
trace
r for
phot
ovo
lt
aic mo
nitorin
g syst
ems
(
H.
B.
Chi
)
1027
Table
1.
O
pti
m
al
Step
Size
Se
tt
ing
s
Sa
m
p
lin
g
ti
m
e
Step
size
1
0
0
m
s
0
.1
0
.01
0
.05
Table
2
.
O
pti
m
al
Sam
pling
Tim
e Sett
ing
s
Step
size
Sa
m
p
lin
g
ti
m
e
0
.01
5
0
m
s
1
0
m
s
Thro
ughout
al
l
the
a
naly
ses, 50
m
s
sa
m
pling
tim
e
with
0.0
1
ste
p
siz
e
set
ti
ng g
ives
the b
es
t
I
-
V
cu
r
ve
tracer p
e
rfo
rm
ance as s
how
n i
n
Fig
ur
e
11. T
he
total
traci
ng
tim
e d
epends
on
t
he
num
ber
of
sam
pling
s a
nd
t
he
ste
p
siz
e.
For a
step size
of
0.01,
the
total
sa
m
pl
ing
s a
re
83. T
hu
s
, eac
h
tra
ci
ng
ti
m
e is aro
un
d 4s.
Figure
11. Te
ste
d wit
h 50
m
s sa
m
pling
ti
m
e a
nd 0.01 ste
p
si
ze
4
.
2
.
H
ardw
ar
e tes
ting un
d
er a unif
orm c
on
diti
on w
ith
differen
t
ir
r
adi
an
ce
It
can
be
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
a
higher
ir
ra
diance
has
highe
r
cu
rr
e
nt,
volt
age
an
d
powe
r
rati
ngs.
If
com
par
ed
to
c
urren
t
an
d
po
wer
rati
ngs
,
volt
age
rati
ngs
unde
r
dif
fer
e
nt
irrad
ia
nc
e
are
con
sist
ent.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
sho
rt
ci
rc
ui
t
cur
re
nt
a
nd
op
e
n
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
unde
r
di
ff
ere
nt
ir
rad
ia
nce
a
re
no
t
t
he
sam
e.
The
hi
gh
e
r
irrad
ia
nce
has
higher
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
current
a
nd
op
e
n
ci
rcu
i
t
vo
lt
age.
The
irrad
ia
nce
of
1000
W
/m
2
has
the
highest m
axi
m
um
p
ow
e
r p
oint
as sho
wn in F
igure
12.
4
.
3
.
I
oT B
as
e
d
I
-
V
C
urve T
ra
cer
In
the
final
sta
ge,
both
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
cu
rv
e
s
are
disp
la
ye
d
in
the
we
b
-
bas
ed
c
urves
t
hro
ugh
a
local
serv
e
r.
In
this
way,
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
PV
m
od
ules
can
be
evaluated
a
nd
exam
ined
an
yt
i
m
e
by
the
us
ers
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
a
ll
the
data
is
based
on
real
-
ti
m
e
and
thu
s
t
he
us
ers
ca
n
ev
al
uate
the
real
-
tim
e
con
diti
on
of
P
V
m
od
ules.
Fig
ure
13
sho
ws
bot
h
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
curves
in
real
-
tim
e.
The
pr
e
vi
ou
s
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
m
axi
m
u
m
p
owe
r
execu
te
d
f
r
om
PV
m
odules
is
al
so
trac
ke
d
in
the
la
st
c
har
t
as
sho
wn
in
F
igure
13.
This
Io
T
base
d
I
-
V
cu
r
ve
tracer h
as
high
er co
m
m
ercial
po
te
ntial
if co
m
par
ed
to the e
xisti
ng
c
omm
ercial
tracers [13
-
18
]
. T
he
de
velo
ped
tracer
is
able
to
track
al
l
the
vo
lt
age
,
cu
rr
e
nt
,
and
powe
r
e
xecu
te
d
f
ro
m
t
he
P
V
m
od
ule
s
in
real
tim
e
a
nd
t
he
char
act
e
risti
cs
perform
ances
of
P
V
m
od
ule
s
are
store
d
in
web
-
base
d
cu
rv
es
.
Th
rou
gh
integrati
on
wit
h
I
oT
te
chnolo
gy,
t
he
tracer
bec
ome
s
m
or
e
po
werfu
l
a
nd
e
ff
ect
i
ve.
It
al
s
o
pr
es
ents
the
op
port
un
it
y
f
or
us
ers
arou
nd
the wo
rld
t
o
s
ha
re th
e
sam
e inf
orm
ation
a
nd
analy
ze the
da
t
a at t
he
sam
e tim
e w
it
h
the
sa
m
e resu
lt
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
M
a
r
c
h
201
9
:
1
0
2
2
–
1
0
3
0
1028
Figure
12
.
I
-
V
curve a
nd P
-
V
curve
unde
r dif
fer
e
nt irr
a
dia
nc
e
Figure
13
.
We
b
-
base
d
data
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
In
te
r
net o
f t
hings (I
oT
)
b
as
e
d i
-
v curve
trace
r for
phot
ovo
lt
aic mo
nitorin
g syst
ems
(
H.
B.
Chi
)
1029
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
si
nce
the
tracer
is
able
t
o
exam
ine
an
d
m
on
it
or
P
V
m
odules
perf
or
m
ances
al
l
th
e
tim
es,
it
beco
m
es
ver
y
us
e
f
ul
par
ti
cularly
wh
e
n
th
e
P
V
m
od
ules
are
in
sta
ll
ed
at
the
r
oofto
p
or
i
n
a
r
ur
al
a
rea.
Fo
r
exam
ple,
if
PV
m
odule
is
instal
le
d
a
t
the
r
oofto
p,
the
us
e
rs
face
dif
ficult
ie
s
in
m
on
it
or
ing
the
P
V
m
od
ules
thr
ou
gh
co
nventio
na
l
tracers.
W
it
h
the
de
velo
pe
d
trace
r
with
I
oT
te
c
hnology,
us
e
rs
ca
n
m
onit
or
the
PV
m
od
ules
pe
rfor
m
ances
conve
niently
.
G
ener
al
ly
,
PV
powe
r
pla
nts
ar
e
bu
il
t
in
r
ur
al
areas,
a
nd
for
su
ch
cases,
the
pow
er
pla
nt
operat
or
s
ca
n
e
xec
ute
the
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
a
naly
sis
anyt
i
m
e
The
IoT
base
d
trace
r
has
a
bette
r
ef
fici
enc
y
com
par
ed
to
conve
ntion
al
a
nd
c
omm
ercially
avail
able
traces
beca
us
e
it
enab
le
s
PV
m
od
ules
to b
e
m
on
it
or
e
d
c
onve
niently
a
nd all
ows
for
early
f
a
ult det
ect
ion
of P
V
m
odules.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pap
e
r,
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
a
low
-
c
os
t
I
-
V
tracer
us
i
ng
a
SEPI
C
co
nvert
er
with
I
oT
ca
pab
il
it
y
has
been
pr
ese
nted
.
The
desi
gn
e
d
I
-
V
cu
r
ve
tracer
offers
a
high
de
gr
ee
of
flexibili
ty
con
side
rin
g
the
var
i
ou
s
current
an
d
vo
lt
age
scal
e
le
ve
ls
an
d
a
dap
ta
ti
on
t
o
ir
rad
ia
nce
c
onditi
on.
The
prese
nted
flexible
I
-
V
cu
rve
tracer
is
su
it
ab
le
fo
r
te
sti
ng
phot
ovoltai
c
pa
nels
of
dif
fer
e
nt
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
current
le
vels,
in
var
i
ou
s
ir
ra
diance
conditi
ons.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENT
The
aut
hors
would
li
ke
to
thank
Un
i
versi
ti
Malay
sia
Perlis
and
Mi
nistry
of
Hi
gher
Ed
ucati
on
(MO
HE)
Ma
la
ysi
a
fo
r
pr
ovidin
g
t
he
f
a
ci
li
ti
es
and
fi
nan
ci
al
s
uppo
rt
(Fu
nd
am
ental
Re
search
Gr
a
nt
Schem
e
(F
RG
S)
unde
r
a
gr
a
nt
num
ber
of
FRGS/1/
2015/
TK
10
/
UNIMA
P
/03
/
2)
a
nd
(
S
hort
Term
Gr
a
nt
N
o.
9001
-
0056
7)
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Roger
A.
Mess
enge
r
and
Jerr
y
Ventr
e.
Photovo
lt
aic
S
y
st
ems
Engi
nee
r
ing,
2nd
ed.
New
York:
Tay
lor
&
Fran
cis
,
2005,
pp
.
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-
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8.
[2]
C.
Paper
,
C.
Re
cor
d,
I
.
Photovo
lt
aic,
and
S.
Co
nfe
ren
c
e,
“
Diffe
ren
t
m
et
hods
to
obta
in
the
I
–
V
cur
ve
of
PV
m
odule
s :
A re
v
i
ew,
”
no.
June,
2
015.
[3]
R.
F.
Coel
ho,
F.
M.
Conce
r,
and
D.
C.
Marti
ns,
“
A
sim
pli
fie
d
an
aly
s
is
of
DC
-
D
C
conve
rte
rs
ap
pli
ed
as
m
axi
m
um
power
point
tr
acker
in
photovolt
ai
c
s
y
st
ems
,
”
2nd
Int.
Sy
m
p.
Pow
er
El
ectron.
Di
strib.
Gene
r.
S
y
s
t.
,
no.
2,
pp.
29
–
34,
2010
.
[4]
D.
Hart
,
In
trodu
ct
ion
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er elec
tron
ic
s,
1st
ed. Ne
w York,
N.Y.:
McGr
aw
Hill, 2011,
pp
.
196
-
2
64.
[5]
A.
P.
Module,
“
Perform
anc
e
Com
par
ison
bet
wee
n
ĆUK
and
SEP
IC
Convert
ers
for
Maximu
m
Po
wer
Point
Tra
ck
ing
Us
ing
Inc
rement
a
l
Con
duct
an
ce
T
ec
hni
que
in
Solar
Pow
er
Applic
a
ti
on
s,”
vol.
7
,
no.
12
,
pp.
1148
–
1153
,
2013.
[6]
A.
B.
Geir
Opda
hl
Alex
Youaki
m
,
“
Photovolt
aic
Maximum
Powe
r
Point
Tr
ac
ker
,
”
no.
Novem
ber
,
2010.
[7]
S.
Gane
sh,
J.
Jana
ni,
and
G.
B.
Angel,
“
A
Maximum
Pow
er
Point
Tra
ck
er
for
PV
Panel
s
Us
ing
SEP
IC
Convert
er,
”
vol.
8
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
356
–
361,
2014
.
[8]
A.
Chouder
,
S.
Silve
stre
,
B.
T
a
ghez
oui
t,
and
E.
Kara
t
epe,
“
Monitori
ng
,
m
odel
l
i
ng
and
sim
ulati
on
of
PV
s
y
st
e
ms
using L
abVIE
W
,
”
Sol
.
Ene
rg
y
,
v
ol.
91
,
pp
.
337
–
3
49,
2013
.
[9]
F.
Toua
t
i,
M.
A.
Al
-
Hitmi,
N
.
A.
Chowdhur
y
,
J.
A.
Ham
ad,
an
d
A.
J.
R.
San
Pedro
Gonza
le
s
,
“
Inve
stiga
ti
on
o
f
solar
PV
per
for
m
anc
e
under
Doha
wea
the
r
usi
ng
a
customized
m
ea
surem
ent
and
m
onit
oring
s
y
stem,”
Renew
.
Ene
rg
y
,
vol
.
89
,
pp.
564
–
577
,
20
16.
[10]
A.
Riva
i
and
N.
A.
Rahi
m
,
“
A
low
-
cost
photovol
ta
i
c
(PV
)
arr
a
y
m
onit
oring
s
y
stem,”
CEAT
2013
-
2013
IEE
E
Conf.
Cl
ea
n
Energ
y
Technol
.
,
no
.
Sept
ember, pp.
169
–
174,
2013
.
[11]
R.
F.
Coel
ho,
F.
M.
Conce
r,
and
D.
C.
Marti
ns,
“
A
sim
pli
fie
d
an
aly
s
is
of
DC
-
D
C
conve
rte
rs
ap
pli
ed
as
m
axi
m
um
power
point
tr
acker
in
photovolt
ai
c
s
y
st
ems
,
”
2nd
Int.
Sy
m
p.
Pow
er
El
ectron.
Di
strib.
Gene
r.
S
y
s
t.
,
no.
2,
pp.
29
–
34,
2010
.
[12]
R.
Garc
ía
-
v
al
ver
de
et
a
l.,
“
Solar
Ene
rg
y
Ma
te
ri
als
&
Solar
C
el
ls
Po
rta
ble
and
wir
el
ess
IV
-
cur
ve
tr
ac
er
for
>
5
k
V
orga
nic phot
ovol
ta
i
c
m
odule
s,
”
S
ol.
Ene
rg
y
M
ater
.
Sol.
Ce
ll
s,
vol.
151,
pp
.
60
–
65
,
2016.
[13]
J.
Jos
eba
,
M.
Ibirr
ia
ga
,
X.
Mique
le
z
,
D.
M.
Pena,
and
A.
Oprite
sc
u,
“
Low
-
cost,
High
Flexi
bilit
y
I
-
V
Curve
Tra
ce
r
fo
r
Photovolt
aic
Modules
Low
-
cost,
high
fl
exi
b
il
ity
I
-
V
cur
v
e
t
rac
er
for
pho
tov
olt
aic
m
odule
s,”
no.
Ma
y
2010
,
2014.
[14]
V.
Le
i
te
and
F.
Chenl
o,
“
An
Im
prove
d
El
e
ct
r
onic
Cir
cui
t
for
Tra
c
ing
th
e
I
-
V
Chara
cteri
st
ics
of
Photovolt
aic
Modules
and
Str
ings Ke
y
words
,
”
vol
.
1
,
no
.
8
,
p
p.
1224
–
1228
,
2
010.
[15]
C.
W
.
R
il
e
y
,
“
A
n
Autonom
ous Onli
ne
I
-
V
Trac
er
for
PV
Monit
oring
Appli
ca
t
io
ns,”
2014
.
[16]
P.
Papage
org
as,
D.
Pirom
al
is, T.
Vala
van
is,
S.
Ka
m
basis,
T.
I
li
opo
ulou,
and
G.
Vokas,
“
A l
ow
-
cost
and
f
ast
PV
I
-
V
cur
ve
tr
acer
bas
ed
on
an
open
s
ourc
e
pl
at
form
with
M2M
com
m
unic
at
ion
ca
pa
bil
ities
for
pre
v
e
nti
ve
m
onit
oring
,
”
Ene
rg
y
Proc
edia
,
vol
.
74
,
pp
.
423
–
438,
2015
.
[17]
"P
V
A
naly
z
er
I
-
V
Curve
Tra
ce
r
s"
,
Sol
m
et
ric
.
com,
2016.
[Online
]
.
Availab
le
:http:/
/www
.
solm
et
ric.c
om
/pvanal
y
z
ermat
rix
.
ht
m
l.
[Acc
essed:
0
4
-
Ma
y
-
2017]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
M
a
r
c
h
201
9
:
1
0
2
2
–
1
0
3
0
1030
[18]
"I
-
V
400w,
Ph
otovol
taic
Te
ste
rs,
I
-
V
Curve
t
rac
ers
|
HT
Instrum
ent
s"
,
Ht
-
in
strum
ent
s.c
om
,
2015.
[Online
]
.
Avail
ab
le
:
htt
ps://
ww
w.ht
-
instru
m
ent
s.c
om
/e
n/pr
oduct
s/photovol
t
ai
c
-
te
sters/I
-
V
-
c
urve
-
trace
rs/I
-
V
400w/
.
[Acc
essed:
04
-
Ma
y
-
2017]
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Moham
m
ad
Faridun
Naim
Tajud
din
re
ce
iv
ed
his
B.
Eng
.
and
M.
Eng.
from
th
e
U
nive
rsi
t
y
of
Malay
a
(UM
),
Mal
a
y
s
ia
in
20
04
and
2007
r
espe
ctively
,
and
th
e
Ph.D.
d
egr
e
e
f
rom
the
Univer
siti
T
ekn
ologi
Malay
sia
(
UTM),
Johor,
Malay
s
ia
in
20
15.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
wi
th
School
of
E
lect
ric
a
l
S
y
st
em
E
ngine
er
ing,
Uni
ver
siti
Ma
lay
si
a
Perli
s
(UniM
AP
).
His
rese
arc
h
int
e
rest
s
inc
lude
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs
control,
photovo
lt
a
ic
m
odel
li
ng
and
cont
rol
,
int
ellige
n
t
con
tr
ol
and
opti
m
i
za
t
i
on
te
chn
ique
s
such
as
diffe
r
ent
i
al
evol
uti
on
(D
E),
par
ticle
sw
arm opt
imiza
t
ion
(PS
O) a
nd
f
i
ref
l
y
al
gori
thm (
FA
).
Nur Hafi
z
ah
Gh
az
a
li
r
ecei
v
ed
he
r
B.
Sc.
and
Ph
.
D from the
Univ
ersit
i
Te
kno
logi
Malay
s
ia
(UTM),
Johor, M
al
a
y
s
ia i
n
200
6
and
2015
respe
ct
iv
ely
,
and
th
e M
.
Sc.
degr
ee
fr
om
the
Univer
siti
Utar
a M
al
a
y
s
ia (UUM
),
Mal
a
y
s
ia i
n
20
10.
She
is c
ur
ren
tly
with
School
of
Com
pute
r
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing, Univ
ersit
i
Malay
si
a
P
erl
is (
UniMA
P). H
er
rese
arc
h
in
te
rest
s inc
lud
e
imag
e proce
ss
ing,
data hiding and arti
f
i
ci
a
l
in
te
l
li
gen
t.
Azra
lmukm
in
bin
Azm
i
obta
ine
d
his
B.
Eng.
(Hons
)
(El
ec
ri
cal
S
y
stem
Engi
nee
rin
g)
from
the
Univer
sit
y
Malay
s
ia
Perl
is
(UniMA
P)
in
2
007
and
M.
En
g.
(Elec
tr
ical
-
Pow
e
r)
from
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Malay
sia
(UTM)
in
2009.
Curre
ntly
h
e
is
a
le
ct
ur
er
at
School
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
S
y
ste
m
Engi
nee
ring
,
UnM
AP
.
His
rese
arc
h
inter
ests
inc
lud
ed
art
if
ic
i
al
int
ellige
n
t
and
opti
m
iz
ation,
po
wer
sy
st
em,
power
el
ectroni
c
,
high
volt
age
and
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.