TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.7, July 201
4, pp
. 5636 ~ 56
4
4
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i7.572
4
5636
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 1, 201
3; Revi
se
d March 21, 201
4
;
Accepte
d
April 12, 201
4
Information Technology Governance Archetype in an
Indonesian University
Riz
a
Afri
z
a
Islami
1
, I Made Sukarsa
2
, I Ketut Adi P
u
rna
w
an
3
Dep
a
rtment of Information T
e
chno
log
y
,
Ud
ay
an
a
Un
i
v
e
r
si
ty
, Ba
l
i
,
In
do
nesi
a
Bukit Jimbar
an
, Badung, Ba
li, Indon
esi
a
,
T
e
lp. 0361-
78
535
33
Corresp
on
din
g
author, e-mai
l
: riza_isl
ami@
yaho
o.co.id
1
, e_
arsa@
y
a
h
o
o
.com
2
,
adi
purn
a
w
a
n@
it.unud.ac.i
d
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Information T
e
chno
logy (IT
)
gover
nanc
e is
used as
a structure an
d co
ntrol
in al
ig
nment of IT
functions
an
d
busi
ness
go
als
.
One of AB
C
Univers
i
ty
’
s
b
u
s
iness
go
al
is t
o
ac
hiev
e W
o
rl
d Cl
ass U
n
iv
er
sity
in 20
21. T
h
is p
aper pr
esents
a study
in on
e of IT
governan
ce
’
s
co
mp
one
n
t, likely structure of IT
decisions
right or arc
het
ype. It is need
ed to eva
l
u
a
te
right ap
pli
ed
archetyp
e to a
c
hiev
e
the al
ig
nment of bus
in
ess
goa
ls on five
keys of IT
decisions, n
a
m
e
l
y IT
princi
ples, IT architecture, IT
infrastructure, busi
nes
s
app
licati
on
ne
e
d
s, an
d IT
inve
stment.
COBIT
4.1 a
nd th
e re
search
of W
e
il
l
and
Ross
(CISR) w
e
re us
ed
a
s
the fra
m
ew
ork
.
T
he study
w
a
s co
nduct
ed
by col
l
ecti
ng
d
a
ta thro
ug
h o
b
servati
on, q
u
e
stion
nair
e
s, a
n
d
intervi
e
w
s
, as
w
e
ll as
dat
a a
nalysis
b
a
se
d
on th
e
ex
istin
g
con
d
itio
ns, a
n
d
res
pon
de
nts
’
perc
eptio
n.T
h
e
ana
lysis sh
ow
s that there ar
e
still w
eakn
e
sse
s in the ex
istin
g
IT govern
anc
e con
d
itio
ns a
nd arc
hetype,
so
as it
’
s
advis
abl
e the ap
propr
ia
te impr
ove
m
en
t recomme
n
d
a
tions.
Ke
y
w
ords
: IT
gover
nanc
e, ar
chetype, COBIT
4.
1, CISR fra
m
ew
ork, IT
alig
nment
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
ABC Unive
r
si
ty is a p
ublic university in
Indone
sia
wi
th som
e
g
oal
s, on
e of
whi
c
h i
s
to
achi
eve Wo
rl
d Cla
ss
Univ
ersity title in 2021. ABC
University ma
kes u
s
e of IT
on its bu
sin
e
ss
pro
c
e
s
e
ss [1]
.
ABC University has thre
e
different
cam
pus lo
catio
n
s with the num
ber of stud
en
ts
and staff
s
are app
roximat
e
ly 20.506 a
nd 1.614 i
n
seq
uen
ce. A
B
C Unive
r
sit
y
has thirtee
n
f
a
cult
ie
s an
d
is B
a
c
cre
d
it
e
d
.
A
B
C
U
n
iv
e
r
sit
y
is
led
by
Re
ct
or
an
d a
ssi
st
ed
by
f
o
ur v
i
c
e
Re
ct
o
r
s
(PR),
specifically PR I (Academi
c
), PR
II (Fi
nance), PR III (Student
and Alum
ni), and P
R
I
V
(Planni
ng, Developme
n
t, Coo
peration,
and Inform
a
t
ion System).
ABC University has al
re
ady
had an IT unit
under PR IV, howeve
r
the comm
and lin
e
indicate
s th
at the unit is operational o
n
ly
in cha
r
ge of a
ssi
sting the p
r
ocurement o
f
IT in unive
rsity [2]. IT
units are n
o
t fully entitled to give
deci
s
io
ns rela
ted to IT in institution.
Information
Tech
nolo
g
y (IT) gove
r
na
n
c
e i
s
an i
n
tegral
pa
rt of org
anization
whi
c
h
con
s
i
s
ts of
organi
zational
structu
r
e a
s
well as l
ead
ership of de
ci
sio
n
-ma
k
in
g rig
h
t
s sp
ecifi
c
atio
n,
pro
c
e
s
ses an
d a
c
counta
b
il
ity framework at corporat
e
level. The
pu
rpo
s
e
of IT
g
o
verna
n
ce i
s
to
ensure IT ali
gned
with organi
zation’
s
busi
n
e
ss g
o
a
l
s and to
achi
eve IT desi
r
a
b
le beh
aviour [3-
6]. In essen
c
e, the main fo
cu
s of IT gov
erna
nc
e is
no
t about what
deci
s
io
ns
we
re made
but
who
has the
rig
h
t
to de
cide
an
d
ho
w th
at pe
rson
is respon
sible
for hi
s
role [7]. Th
e
p
r
esen
ce
of
CIO
is on
e chara
c
teri
stic of a
good IT g
o
v
ernan
ce
archetype. CIO
is re
sp
on
si
ble for the
ri
ght
deci
s
io
n of IT. Generally, CIO’s
role i
n
IT gover
nan
ce
is op
eratio
na
l and
strategi
c, and th
e oth
e
r
role is a
s
bei
ng a lead
er, spokesperso
n, supe
rvis
o
r
, a
nd reg
u
lating
the reso
urces alloc
a
tion [8].
COBIT is
on
e of govern
m
ent poli
c
e
s
, legi
slation,
and
standa
rd
s [9]. COBIT
4.1 is
comm
on to
many types o
f
comp
anie
s
and
org
ani
zat
i
ons an
d al
so
ca
n b
e
u
s
ed
to a
c
hieve
g
ood
govern
a
n
c
e [
10]. COBIT
4
.
1 ha
s 3
4
g
e
neral
obj
ectiv
e
s
co
ntrol, 3
18 d
e
tailed
control
obje
c
ti
ves,
and 4 d
o
mai
n
s [4, 11]. COBIT 4.1 pro
v
ides ma
nag
ement with
more d
e
taile
d instructio
ns and
more u
p
-to
-
d
a
te informatio
n re
lated to I
T
govern
a
n
c
e
[12].
CISR g
r
oup
s the com
pon
ent of IT go
ver
nan
ce
ba
sed
on the
que
stion ‘wh
o
’ is the
deci
s
io
n ma
ker, ‘what’ i
s
d
e
cid
ed, an
d ‘
how’ i
s
th
e d
e
c
isi
on-ma
king
[3]. ‘who’
qu
estion
de
scri
bes
an IT gove
r
n
ance arch
etypes
whi
c
h
co
nsi
s
ts of
Bu
siness Mo
na
rchy, IT monarchy, federal, IT
duop
oly, and
anarchy. ’wh
a
t’ questio
n
d
e
scrib
e
s five
keys of IT de
cisi
on
s whi
c
h
con
s
ist
s
of IT
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Inform
ation Tech
nolo
g
y G
o
ve
rna
n
ce Archet
ype in
a
n
Indone
sian
Uni
v
ersity
(Ri
z
a Afriza Isla
m
i
)
5637
prin
ciple
s
, IT
architectu
re, I
T
infra
s
tru
c
tu
res,
bu
sine
ss appli
c
ation
n
eed
s, and
IT
investment [7
].
‘how’ q
u
e
s
tio
n
de
scribe
s t
he de
ci
sion
makin
g
me
ch
anism whi
c
h con
s
i
s
ts
of
d
e
ci
sion
-ma
k
in
g
stru
cture, alig
nment pr
ocess, and pe
rson
al comm
uni
cation app
roa
c
h [5].
Re
sea
r
ch o
n
IT govern
ance have
been
done
in som
e
o
r
gani
zation
s i
n
clu
d
ing
universities.
One of it is a
bout
IT governan
ce st
ru
ctu
r
e in Universi
ty of Cincinn
a
t
i (UC). IT uni
t’s
perfo
rman
ce
wa
s con
s
ide
r
ed le
ss effe
ctive to achiev
e IT need
s in
all busi
n
e
ss
units, so as t
h
e
initial step
was
carried out in the recast of
IT gov
erna
nce by
putting CIO
aligne
d with
vice
pre
s
ide
n
t on seni
or man
a
gement [13]. Ackle
s
h P, Peter G, and Jon H
con
d
u
c
ted a re
sea
r
ch
about th
e ef
fectivene
ss
of IT
govern
ance stru
cture
by u
s
ing
Colla
borative Org
ani
zatio
nal
Structu
r
e
(C
OS) to
man
a
ge IT
re
sou
r
ces [1
4]. Do
na
ld Z
and
Judi
th A cond
uct
ed a
research on
IT governan
ce
structu
r
e
s
at
the
University
of California which
ha
s de
centralization
IT
govern
a
n
c
e
p
a
ttern
with m
any bu
sin
e
ss units an
d
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
un
its
.
U
n
ive
r
sity
of California ma
de
the office of the CIO, IST restructu
r
ing
into
Service
-
ori
ented o
r
g
anization, an
d also ali
gni
ng
govern
a
n
c
e
with the cam
pus b
udg
et [15].
Paul B, May-yin D, and Fiona H
con
ducte
d a
re
search ab
out factors influe
ncin
g IT
govern
a
n
c
e.
Those fa
ctors a
r
e
a sha
r
ed un
de
rsta
n
d
ing of
bu
sin
e
ss an
d IT o
b
jective
s
, act
i
ve
involvement of IT steerin
g commite
es, a balanc
e
of busine
s
s and IT rep
r
e
s
entative
s
in
IT
deci
s
io
ns, co
mpre
hen
sive and well
-com
municated IT strategi
es a
n
d
policie
s, an
d plays a role
in
fosterin
g p
r
oj
ect
succe
s
s
and d
e
liverin
g bu
sine
ss v
a
lue [16].
Ro
nald Y a
nd
Jack M in
dicated
that CIOs,
se
nior m
anag
e
m
ent, and b
u
s
ine
s
s unit
s
do not
work t
ogethe
r in
se
veral unive
rsi
t
ies
in the
Unite
d
States
an
d Cana
da. It sp
ecifi
c
ally
results
th
at most
of
t
he universities were
asse
ssed by usin
g the co
mbinat
ion a
r
chetype of IT duopoly, IT
monarchy, and federal [17].
This
pap
er i
s
focused o
n
providin
g re
comm
end
atio
ns to th
e exi
s
ting IT g
o
verna
n
ce
con
d
ition a
n
d
arch
etype
that ca
n b
e
appli
ed to
get the b
e
s
t practi
ce
s
and im
prove
the
perfo
rman
ce
of IT at ABC
University. T
he reco
mme
ndation i
s
also ada
pting th
e su
cce
s
s sto
r
ies
of previou
s
st
udie
s
that ha
ve not been a
pplied to univ
e
rsitie
s in Ind
one
sia.
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
Figure 1. Re
search Meth
od
ology
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5636 – 56
44
5638
2.1. Literatur
e
Stud
y
and
Observ
a
tion
Literatu
re stu
d
y was do
ne
to get the theor
y an
d method
s that sup
port
s
this study.
Observation
wa
s d
one
by
studying
the
university’
s d
o
cum
ents in
orde
r to
kno
w
the b
a
ckg
r
o
u
nd,
busi
n
e
ss g
oal
s, strate
gic o
b
jective
s
, org
anizational
ch
art as
well as
IT unit structu
r
e [2].
2.2. Mapping
COBIT 4.1 a
nd CISR
The initial
sta
ge wa
s m
app
ing bu
sine
ss
goal
s
of ABC University to COBIT 4.1.
Mappin
g
wa
s don
e by busin
ess go
als ide
n
tificati
on, IT goal
s i
dentificatio
n, and IT pro
c
e
ss id
entificati
on
[4, 11]. The n
e
xt step
wa
s
mappin
g
the
acq
u
ire
d
IT
p
r
ocess to
CIS
R
. IT processes th
at will
b
e
use
d
as q
u
e
s
tionnaire’s ite
m
s are those that inte
rse
c
t
s
with CIS
R
a
c
cordi
ng to T
able 1 [18].
Table 1. Map
p
ing COBIT and CISR
COBIT (IT
Process)
C
I
S
R
F
r
a
m
ew
or
k
IT
Principles
IT
Architecture
IT
Infrastructure
Business
Application
IT
Investment
PO
1
PO
2
PO
3
PO
4
PO
5
PO
6
PO
7
PO
8
PO
9
PO
10
AI1
AI2
AI3
AI4
AI5
AI6
AI7
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4
DS5
DS6
DS7
DS8
DS9
DS10
DS11
DS12
DS13
ME1
ME2
ME3
ME4
Dire
ct i
n
terse
c
ts are in
dica
ted by
bla
c
k cells
and
indi
rect inte
rse
c
ts are in
dicated
by g
r
ey
cell
s.
2.3. Data
Col
l
ection
Data
wa
s
coll
ected th
ro
ug
h que
stion
nai
res survey a
n
d
intervie
ws. Que
s
tionn
aires
we
re
given to respond
ents
co
nsi
s
ted of t
h
ree
ty
pes,
namely imp
o
r
tance level
of IT process
que
stionn
aire
whi
c
h
de
rived from th
e p
r
evious
ma
p
p
i
ng, impo
rtan
ce l
e
vel of IT
in unive
rsity’s
busi
n
e
s
s proce
s
s q
u
e
s
tionnai
re, a
n
d
IT p
r
o
c
e
s
s de
ci
sion
-makin
g
right
que
stionn
ai
re.
Que
s
tionn
aires’ respon
de
nts were
se
n
i
or ma
nag
em
ent (Recto
r a
nd Vice
Re
ct
or), h
ead
of IT
unit, head o
f
busine
s
s units, dean
s, and hea
d of departm
ent
s wh
o we
re
con
s
ide
r
ed
to
unde
rsta
nd a
bout IT and b
u
sin
e
ss process in ABC University.
Que
s
tionn
aires of Impo
rtance level o
f
IT proce
sses an
d Impo
rtance level
of IT in
university’s b
u
sin
e
ss
pro
c
ess
were u
s
ed to
m
e
a
s
ure re
sp
ond
ents’ perce
ptions
ab
out
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Inform
ation Tech
nolo
g
y G
o
ve
rna
n
ce Archet
ype in
a
n
Indone
sian
Uni
v
ersity
(Ri
z
a Afriza Isla
m
i
)
5639
importa
nce of
IT in ABC University. Me
asu
r
em
ent score
s on th
e q
uestio
nnai
re
use
d
five-poi
nts
Like
rt
Scale whi
c
h co
nsi
s
t
s
of strongly unimpo
r
t
ant,
not impo
rtant
, not sure, im
portant
and
very
importa
nt [10, 19].
IT pro
c
e
s
s d
e
ci
sion
-ma
k
in
g rig
h
t que
sti
onnai
re
wa
s
use
d
to obtai
n the respon
dents’
perceptio
ns
a
bout who i
s
i
n
ch
arge of
makin
g
de
ci
sion ab
out IT
pro
c
e
s
e
s
s in
ABC Unive
r
sity.
This q
u
e
s
tion
naire’
s
o
p
tion
wa
s ada
pte
d
from the d
e
ci
sion
-ma
k
in
g mechani
sm
matrix [3] and
result of IT proce
s
s from m
appin
g
COBI
T 4.1 and CI
SR [20].
The intervie
w method use
d
semi
-struct
u
red in
te
rvie
w with IT uni
t as the interviewee.
Semi-st
r
u
c
tured intervie
w
is effective t
o
obtai
n
a wide informati
on [21]. Que
s
tion
s list
we
re
adapte
d
from
working rep
o
rt by Weill and Ro
ss at
some com
pani
es. Mean
whil
e, the questi
ons
rose related to IT five k
e
ys
dec
is
ions
[22].
2.4. Data Pro
cessing a
nd Test
Data processing was p
e
rformed to ob
tain
the que
stionn
aire re
sult whi
c
h h
a
s bee
n
answe
red
by
the re
sp
ond
ents. Data p
r
ocessin
g
wa
s do
ne
by calcul
ating Li
kert Scal
e a
n
d
cal
c
ulatin
g the percenta
g
e
of answers. Validity and
reliability test of resp
ond
en
ts’ answe
rs a
l
so
perfo
rmed at
this stage.
Testing th
e data validity
use
d
criteria
or empi
rical
validity method
whe
r
ea
s relia
bility test use
d
non split techni
que
with alpha
coefi
c
ie
nt [23].
2.5. Data
An
aly
s
is
Data analy
s
i
s
wa
s
d
one
by
three
pa
rt
s,
na
mely exi
s
ting IT
gove
r
nan
ce
condi
tion an
d
archetype an
alysis, rep
o
n
dents’
pe
rcep
tions anal
ysi
s
,
as well differen
c
e betwee
n
existing
an
d
perceptio
ns
analysi
s
. The
interview
re
sult with
IT
unit wa
s u
s
e
d
as exi
s
ting
IT governa
n
c
e
con
d
ition an
d archetype
analysi
s
. Re
spo
nde
nts ill
ustrate
d
ab
o
u
t an ideal
archetype th
at is
suitabl
e to
be
appli
ed
at A
B
C
Universit
y
and
the
IT
i
m
porta
nce le
vel at u
n
iversity according
to
their pe
rcepti
ons. Th
e pre
s
entatio
n of these analy
s
is were d
e
scrib
ed in de
cisi
o
n
-ma
k
in
g matrix
[3, 7].
2.6. Impro
v
e
m
ent Re
com
m
endation
A further
re
commen
dation
wa
s given i
n
acco
rdan
ce
with ga
p an
al
ysis b
e
twe
e
n
existing
and ide
a
l a
r
chetype. Som
e
of improvement
re
com
m
endatio
ns
and p
r
op
ose
d
archetype
were
adapte
d
fro
m
seve
ral
compani
es an
d othe
r in
stit
utions’
IT go
vernan
ce
be
st practi
ce
a
n
d
su
cc
es
s st
o
r
i
e
s [
13-
17]
.
3. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
on
3.1. Result o
f
Mapping
COBIT 4.1 and
CISR
The re
sult of mappin
g
bu
si
ness go
als to
CO
BIT 4.1 and CISR is 2
0
IT processes at 3
domain
s
. M
a
pping
re
sult
o
f
ABC University’s b
u
si
ne
ss g
oal
s to
CO
BIT 4.1 an
d
CISR a
r
e
sho
w
n
at Table
2. T
hose results
are
us
ed
as
statement
s it
em on
IT p
r
o
c
e
s
s impo
rta
n
ce
level a
n
d
IT
pro
c
e
ss d
e
ci
sion-m
a
ki
ng ri
ght que
stionn
aire.
Table 2. IT Proce
s
s from M
appin
g
COBI
T 4.1 and CI
SR
Domain IT
Process
PO
PO1, P
O
2, PO3,
PO4, P
O
5, PO6
AI
AI1, AI2, AI3, AI6
,
AI7
DS
DS3, DS4, DS5,
DS6, DS8, DS9,
DS10, DS11, DS
12
3.2. Result o
f
Da
ta Proce
ssing and Te
st
Data processed we
re from
the questio
n
naire
s’ resp
o
n
se
s of 55 re
spo
nde
nts or 90,2%
from the pop
ulation (seni
o
r
manag
eme
n
t, IT unit,
busine
s
s units, facultie
s, dep
artment
s) in
ABC
University. Those results a
r
e sho
w
n o
n
Figure 2 a
nd 3.
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Figure 2. Importan
c
e Level
of IT in
Univ
er
sit
y
’s B
u
sin
e
s
s
P
r
o
c
es
s B
a
se
d on
Re
spo
ndent
s’
Respon
se
Figure 3. Importan
c
e Level
of IT Process
Based o
n
Re
spo
nde
nts’ Resp
on
se
Blue and gre
en are
a
on Fi
gure 2 a
nd 3 above show
s that IT proce
ss i
s
really im
portant
to be a
pplie
d an
d al
so
ABC University need
s IT
on it
s bu
si
ness
pro
c
e
s
s. In a
dditio
n
all
respon
dent
s’ respon
se
s a
r
e valid and re
liable, so tho
s
e data co
uld
be pro
c
e
ed to
the analysi
s
.
3.3. Analy
s
is
of Existing IT Gov
e
rnance Conditio
n
and Ar
che
t
y
p
e
The
data
an
alyzed
were
from the
result of
interview with
IT unit
at ABC
Un
iversity.
Que
s
tion
s po
sed
were rel
a
ted to five keys de
cisi
on
s about IT. According to th
e interviewee
,
IT
prin
ciple
s
a
r
e
decid
ed by
a commite
e team which
consi
s
ts of
se
nior ma
nag
e
m
ent, head o
f
IT
unit, and h
e
a
d
of bu
sine
ss units. All of their
stat
eme
n
t
s are
used a
s
organi
zatio
n
’s
strategy p
l
an
according to the nee
ds of e
a
ch u
n
it.
Acco
rdi
ng to
the intervie
wee, IT u
n
it h
a
s
a
g
r
an
d d
e
sig
n
of
arch
itecture
that
woul
d b
e
use
d
by the o
r
gani
zatio
n
. T
h
is d
e
ci
sion
-makin
g
ab
out
gran
d de
sig
n
wa
s de
cid
ed
together
by PR
IV and IT unit. The grand d
e
sig
n
inclu
d
e
s
an overvie
w
of IT archit
ecture to the level of faculties
and even d
e
partme
n
ts. Howeve
r the di
stan
ce an
d the different of camp
us lo
cat
i
on be
came t
he
rea
s
on
s
why
IT unit coul
d
not cove
r all
of the IT nee
ds in e
a
ch de
partme
n
t. This is al
so
due
to
the limitation
s
of devices
and fund
s. Rector’
s
state
m
ent that “T
his unive
rsity
would b
e
like an
informatio
n a
r
chi
pela
go an
d unites to th
e sam
e
goal
”, explained th
at data we
ren
’
t yet integrated
in ABC Univ
ersity. Ho
we
ver, IT unit
has b
een al
ready p
r
ovidi
ng the data
ware
hou
se
to
accomo
date all
data.
IT unit has st
affs for maint
enan
ce, but
only for the service
whi
c
h
wa
s held by IT unit. If
the busi
n
e
ss
unit held IT by its ow
n, than the respon
sibility doesn’t lies in the IT unit. This sh
o
w
s
that bu
sine
ss unit ha
s it
s
own f
r
ee
dom
to de
cide
its IT and
co
ul
d lead
to mo
re u
n
integ
r
at
ed
informatio
ns.
The intervie
wee also sugg
ested that
e
a
c
h of bu
sin
e
ss unit ha
s its
own IT
staffs
to
perfo
rm main
tenan
ce on their o
w
n with
out waiting fo
r IT unit, because IT unit
only have a little
numbe
r of hu
man re
so
urce
s to deal with
all of the maintenan
ce
s in
university.
Figure 4. Existing IT Deci
si
on-m
a
ki
ng Ri
ght
Matrix Bas
ed on Interview Result
72
24
4
0
Importance Level of IT
in University
's
Business
Process Based on
Respondents'
…
V
e
ry Important
Important
73
25
2
0
Importance Level of IT
Process Based on
Respondents'
Response
V
e
ry Important
Important
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Inform
ation Tech
nolo
g
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o
ve
rna
n
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a
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(Ri
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5641
Acco
rdi
ng to the interviewee, IT invest
ment ha
s not been do
ne in ABC University.
Ho
wever, if t
here i
s
a
n
off
e
r of
coo
pera
t
ion fr
om a
n
o
t
her pa
rtie
s, then the
de
cision-m
a
ki
ng ri
ght
go to se
nior
manag
eme
n
t and the h
e
a
d
of IT unit.
Re
sult of the
interview i
s
sho
w
n in
existing
deci
s
io
n-m
a
ki
ng right matri
x
at ABC University in Fig
u
re 4.
Figure 4
ab
o
v
e sh
ows th
a
t
exis
ting
archetype at AB
C
Universi
ty i
s
the
combi
n
ation of
federal a
nd IT duopoly. Fe
deral type is
use
d
to make
a deci
s
ion a
bout IT prin
ci
ples. IT prin
ci
ples
wa
s de
cided
together by
commitee t
eam. IT duo
poly is use
d
to decide IT architectu
re, IT
infrast
r
u
c
ture,
bu
sine
ss ap
plicatio
n ne
e
d
s, a
nd IT i
n
vestment. O
n
e of d
e
ci
sion
-makin
g exa
m
ple
is that IT
un
it and
bu
sin
e
ss u
n
it de
ci
de a
bout IT
infra
s
tru
c
tu
re an
d a
ppli
c
ation b
a
sed
on
busi
n
e
s
s uni
t’s ne
ed
s, b
e
ca
use b
u
si
ness
unit
i
s
the
one
who
kno
w
s a
bout thei
r
n
eed
specifically.
3.4. Analy
s
is
of Ideal Arc
h
et
y
p
e Base
d on Resp
on
dents’ Perce
p
tions
This a
nalysi
s
is ba
sed o
n
the re
sult of
IT pro
c
e
ss
de
cisi
on-ma
king
right que
stio
nnaire.
The result of
the re
sp
onde
nts’ re
spon
se
s is shown in
ideal d
e
ci
sio
n
-ma
k
in
g rig
h
t matrix ba
se
d
on re
spo
nde
n
t
s’ perceptio
n
at ABC University in Figu
re 5.
Figure 5. Ideal IT Deci
sion
-ma
k
ing
Righ
t Matrix Base
d on Re
sp
on
dents’ Pe
rcep
tion
Figure 5 sho
w
s that the id
eal types b
a
sed
on the
re
spond
ents’ p
e
rceptio
ns a
r
e
busi
n
e
s
s
mona
rchy type on IT principl
es a
n
d
IT inve
stment, IT monarchy on IT architectu
re
, IT
infrast
r
u
c
ture,
and bu
sine
ss appli
c
atio
n pro
c
u
r
eme
n
t.
3.5. Analy
s
is
of Differen
c
es bet
w
e
e
n
Existing and
Perception
Arch
et
y
p
e
The
re
sult of
the a
nalysi
s
sh
ows th
at t
here
i
s
a
big
differe
nce b
e
twee
n exi
s
ting a
n
d
perceptio
ns a
r
ch
etype. Tab
l
e 3 prov
ide
s
the differen
c
e
s
of both.
Table 3. Diffe
ren
c
e
s
betwe
en Existing a
nd Re
sp
ond
e
n
ts’ Perceptio
ns Archetype
IT Decisions
Existing Archet
ype
Respondents’ Perception Archet
ype
IT Principles
Federal
Business Monarch
y
IT Architecture
IT Duopol
y
IT Monarch
y
IT Infrastr
ucture
IT Duopol
y
IT Monarch
y
Business Applica
t
ion Needs
IT Duopol
y
IT Monarch
y
IT Investment
IT Duopol
y
Business Monarch
y
A big difference is
sh
o
w
n fro
m
the
table ab
ove. As we can see a
ccordin
g to
respon
dent
s’ perceptio
n, IT princi
ple
s
shoul
d be de
ci
ded by seni
or managem
en
t. The reaso
n
is
that se
nior m
anag
ement i
s
co
nsi
dered t
o
be
bette
r
o
n
un
derstan
di
ng strategi
c o
b
jective
s
wid
e
ly
and al
so all
o
ws
de
cisi
ons made to b
e
busi
n
e
s
s-en
abling. Th
e
Role
of IT unit is only m
a
kin
g
those st
rategi
c deci
s
io
ns in
to more ope
rational de
cisi
ons like IT archite
c
ture a
n
d
infrast
r
uctu
re.
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44
5642
Ho
wever, b
u
s
ine
s
s mon
a
rchy on IT p
r
i
n
cipl
es
coul
d
lead to a m
o
re
cent
rali
ze
d IT governa
nce
pattern,
while
ce
ntrali
zed
type is
not
su
itable to
b
e
applie
d at a
n
org
ani
zation
that ha
s m
a
ny
busi
n
ess units like ABC
University.
IT mona
rchy type wa
s
chosen
by
re
spo
nde
nts to
deci
de a
b
o
u
t IT archite
c
ture
an
d
infrast
r
u
c
ture.
IT unit is consi
dered to
be expert a
nd better on
understan
di
ng IT need
s in
organization.
It’s not
suitable to apply IT
duopoly
type because it
will sl
ow down the
speed
and
the effective
ness
of IT d
e
ci
sion
-ma
k
in
g. In
a
dditio
n
bu
sin
e
ss
mona
rchy was
ch
osen t
o
b
e
applie
d at IT
investme
nt deci
s
io
n be
cause seni
o
r
manag
eme
n
t is
con
s
ide
r
e
d
to know b
e
tter
about the bu
d
get prio
rity to
cover all n
e
e
d
s of universi
t
y including I
T
.
3.6. Propose
d
Arch
et
y
p
e and Improv
e
m
ent Re
com
m
endation
Based o
n
the analysis a
b
o
v
e, ABC University
ha
s co
nsid
ere
d
IT as an impo
rtan
t part of
achi
eving
bu
sine
ss g
oal
s, proofed
by
the p
r
es
en
ce
of IT u
n
it a
nd the
hig
h
numbe
r
of IT
importa
nce level. However the proble
m
is there i
s
no CIO or I
T
profe
ssi
on
al exist in se
nior
manag
eme
n
t (corporate le
vel) level. Eventhou
gh
P
R
IV (Planni
ng
, Develop
m
e
n
t, Coo
peration,
and Informati
on System)
a
l
so h
andle
s
i
n
formatio
n
sy
stem, it wa
s
con
s
id
ere
d
to
be not fo
cu
se
d
enou
gh o
n
I
T
. This could
delay the
communi
catio
n
to all
bu
si
ness
units
a
bout IT d
e
si
rable
behavio
r and
IT deci
s
ion
s
that have bee
n made. It al
so can m
a
ke mispe
r
ceptio
n about IT un
it is
being u
n
re
sp
onsive.
The imp
r
ove
m
ent re
com
m
endatio
n is to put
CIO
aligned
with
senio
r
ma
n
ageme
n
t.
Ho
wever,
if it’s n
o
t p
o
ssible
to d
o
so, e
d
u
c
ation
an
d ex
tensive t
r
aini
ng p
r
o
c
e
s
s of
IT gove
r
n
a
n
c
e
can be d
one
in senio
r
manag
ement l
e
vel as the ITIL standa
rd, so that IT can be well-
comm
uni
cate
d to all
units. More
over,
CIO a
s
th
e senior
ma
nag
ement rep
r
e
s
entative
can be
dire
ctly involved in IT proje
c
ts, so a
s
the
senio
r
man
a
gement’
s
ove
r
sig
h
t is still runnin
g
.
The p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
of IT g
o
vernan
ce a
r
chet
ype is IT
du
o
poly on IT
pri
n
cipl
es
and
b
u
sin
e
ss
appli
c
ation
procu
r
em
ent, IT mon
a
rchy
on IT a
r
chite
c
ture
an
d IT
infra
s
tru
c
ture, and
bu
sin
e
ss
mona
rchy on
IT investme
nts an
d pri
o
ritiza
tion. T
h
is propo
se
d
archetype i
s
adapted f
r
om
previou
s
to
p
governan
ce
archet
ype
studie
s
in
a
nother comp
anie
s
an
d u
n
iversitie
s
. T
he
adaptio
n al
so was do
ne
by ob
se
rvin
g ABC
Univ
ersity’s
con
c
ern t
o
g
r
o
w
and
evolve
for
achi
eving Wo
rld Cl
ass
Uni
v
ersity in 20
2
1
. The
matrix
of prop
osed
IT govern
a
n
c
e archetype i
s
s
h
ow
n
in
F
i
gu
r
e
6
.
Figure 6. Matrix of Proposed IT Gove
rn
ance Archetype for ABC University
3.7. Result
Comparison b
e
t
w
e
e
n
othe
r Univ
ersities
The
re
sea
r
ch
whi
c
h
cond
ucted
by
Ro
nald Y
in
so
me u
n
iversities i
n
United
States of
America an
d
Can
ada in
dicated that mo
st resp
ond
ent
s agre
ed if IT Govern
an
ce i
s
very effecti
v
e
to improve t
he ali
gnme
n
t between
IT
functio
n
s a
nd b
u
si
ne
ss goal
s [1
7].
Mean
while, t
h
is
resea
r
ch also
indicated th
at IT is really impor
tant an
d critical to bus
in
ess process eventhou
gh
the implemen
tation has no
t been perfe
ct yet becau
se there is no
CIO at seni
or mana
gem
ent
level.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Inform
ation Tech
nolo
g
y G
o
ve
rna
n
ce Archet
ype in
a
n
Indone
sian
Uni
v
ersity
(Ri
z
a Afriza Isla
m
i
)
5643
A re
sea
r
ch
which
cond
uct
ed by A
r
ad
e
a
, Asep
I, an
d Reza El A
in on
e of i
n
st
itution in
Indone
sia
sh
owe
d
that IT
is a
sepa
rate
pa
rt of
its b
u
s
ine
s
s p
r
o
s
e
ss. IT
Gove
rnan
ce
archet
ype
that
used by Institution
X wa
s
Bu
sine
ss M
ona
rchy
on IT
prin
cipl
es
and
IT inv
e
stment, F
e
d
e
ral
on IT a
r
chitecture a
nd
busi
n
e
ss
ap
plicatio
n ne
e
d
s, an
d Fe
u
dal on IT i
n
frastructu
re.
The
recomme
ndat
ion that give
n by Arad
ea
wa
s to impl
e
m
ent IT du
op
oly for IT architecture a
n
d
IT
infrast
r
u
c
ture
and also to
establi
s
h IT unit at
Institution X [24]. Meanwhil
e
, this resea
r
ch
indicated that
ABC
University has
alre
ad
y looked IT
a
s
p
a
rt of it
s p
r
ocess
bu
sin
e
ss a
nd al
so
as
a supp
ort to achi
eve org
a
n
izatio
ns bu
si
ness goal
s.
ABC Universi
ty already ha
d IT unit, so the
sele
ction
of apro
p
ri
ate archet
ype
whi
c
h alre
ady me
ntioned
prev
i
ously in p
r
o
p
o
se
d arch
etype
and imp
r
ove
m
ent re
comm
endatio
n ca
n improve the
a
lignment bet
wee
n
IT and busi
n
e
ss g
oal
s.
4. Conclusio
n
The re
sult
sh
ows that ther
e are 2
0
IT proce
s
se
s on 3
domain
s
corresp
ondi
ng to
COBIT
and CISR m
appin
g
in ABC Unive
r
sity. IT proces
s i
m
porta
nce le
vel is about 9
7
% which is
ver
y
high a
nd
also used to
achieve sho
r
t-term a
nd l
o
n
g
-term
bu
sin
e
ss go
als. T
h
is
re
sea
r
ch
ha
s
su
ccessfully analyzed an
d
prop
os
ed an
ideal IT gov
erna
nce arch
etype to ABC University. One
of the re
co
mmend
ation
s
is to put
CIO alig
ned
with se
nio
r
manag
eme
n
t, which is really
chall
engin
g
b
e
ca
use mo
st
of the unive
rsitie
s in
In
d
one
sia h
a
ve
not assig
ned
CIO on
seni
or
manag
eme
n
t level. Thi
s
resea
r
ch i
s
expecte
d to
be a
refe
re
n
c
e fo
r futu
re
re
sea
r
ch
on
IT
govern
a
n
c
e a
r
ch
etype esp
e
cially at
universitie
s in Ind
one
sia. Future studie
s
are
expecte
d to be
able to use more than two frame
w
o
r
ks ot
her than tho
s
e use
d
in this study.
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