Indonesian J
ournal of Ele
c
trical Engin
eering and
Computer Sci
e
nce
Vol. 1, No. 3,
March 20
16, pp. 456 ~ 4
6
3
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/ijeecs.v1.i3.pp45
6-4
6
3
456
Re
cei
v
ed O
c
t
ober 2
8
, 201
5; Revi
se
d Febru
a
ry 17, 2
016; Accepte
d
February 2
8
, 2016
Investig
ation of Solar Panel Performance Based on
Different Wind Velocity Using ANSYS
W.Z. Leo
w
1,
*
, Y.M.
Ir
w
a
n
1,2
, M. Asri
3
, M.
Ir
w
a
nto
1,4
, A.R. Amelia
1
, Z.
S
y
afiqah
1
,
I. Saf
w
ati
5
1
Centre of Exc
e
lle
nce for Re
n
e
w
a
ble En
erg
y
, School of
Ele
c
trical S
y
stem
Engi
neer
in
g, Universiti Ma
la
ysia
Pe
rl
i
s
, Ma
lay
s
ia
2
Centre for Dip
l
o
ma Studi
es, Univers
i
ti Mal
a
ysi
a
Perlis, Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
3
School of Elec
trical S
y
stem E
ngi
neer
in
g, Uni
v
ersiti Mala
ys
i
a
Perlis, Mal
a
ysia
4
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, Me
da
n Institute of
T
e
chn
o
lo
g
y
, Ind
ones
ia
4
Institute of Engin
eeri
ng Math
ematics,
Univ
e
r
siti Mala
ysi
a
P
e
rlis, Mala
ys
ia
e-mail: le
o
w
w
a
izhe@
gma
il.co
m
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he low
co
nve
r
sion
en
ergy e
fficiency of s
o
l
a
r pa
ne
l is
affected
by the s
e
vera
l w
eather
issue
s
.
Solar ra
di
ation,
ambie
n
t temp
erature, d
u
st a
ccumul
a
tion
an
d w
i
nd vel
o
city
are the w
eath
e
r prob
le
ms. T
h
is
ma
in g
o
a
l
of this pa
per is to
und
erstand
in
g
the so
lar
pan
el be
hav
ior u
n
der w
i
nd ve
loc
i
ty effect. A three-
di
me
nsio
n (3-D
) mo
del of so
la
r pane
l is con
d
u
cted in th
is
in
vestigati
on. T
h
e solar
pan
el
mo
de
l is si
mul
a
te
d
und
er differe
nt w
i
nd veloc
i
ty. F
our different
of w
i
nd ve
locit
y
w
i
th 0 m/s, 0.43 m/
s, 2.5
m/s and 6.9
5
m/s
are
selecte
d
to examin
e the sola
r pane
l perfor
m
a
n
ce. T
he si
mu
lati
on resu
lts are obtai
ne
d
w
i
th using AN
SYS
simulati
on s
o
ftw
are. The temperatur
e distri
b
u
tion
of t
he sol
a
r pan
el
mo
de
l
w
ill be disc
uss
ed in th
is curre
nt
pap
er. T
he s
i
mu
lati
on r
e
sult
is sh
ow
ed
hig
hest w
i
nd
vel
o
city can
be
pro
v
ide
d
g
o
o
d
co
olin
g
effect for th
e
solar p
ane
l mo
del i
n
order to
ena
ble th
e sola
r pane
l c
an b
e
oper
ated to per
form w
e
ll at lo
w
e
r temper
atur
e.
Ke
y
w
ords
: Sol
a
r pan
el, ANS
YS simu
lati
on, W
i
nd vel
o
city, T
e
mp
eratur
e di
stributio
n
1. Introduc
tion
Solar en
ergy
is one of the most e
sse
ntial
forms of
rene
wabl
e e
nergy. Earth
receives
quantity of solar i
rra
diatio
n from
sun i
s
more th
an t
he con
s
umpti
on of hum
an
s ne
ed [1]. Solar
panel i
s
a
solar d
e
vice
whi
c
h a
b
sorbs
sola
r radi
ation from th
e Sun di
re
ctly convert
s
i
n
to
electri
c
al
ene
rgy. All the solar
panel
s
a
r
e ma
nuf
a
c
tu
red
acco
rdin
g to Standa
rd Te
st Co
ndi
tion
(STC) whi
c
h
is rated i
s
solar radiatio
n
of 1000 W/
m
2
, panel temperature
of 25
°
C a
nd l
i
ght
s
p
ec
trum wit
h
an air mass
(AM) is
1.5 [2]. But,
whe
n
the sol
a
r system is ap
pl
ied for do
me
stic
purp
o
ses in
certai
n re
gio
n
s, the sol
a
r panel
pe
rformance will b
e
impacte
d by the weat
her
probl
em
s for the are
a
. Therefo
r
e, the
sola
r pan
el
can
not pe
rform actual
perf
o
rma
n
ce as t
he
spe
c
ification
given by the manufa
c
turer.
Solar pan
el work great
i
n
spe
c
ific weat
her condit
i
ons,
but, du
e to the
we
ather i
s
con
s
tantly
ch
angin
g
; majo
rity sola
r p
a
nel
cann
ot functio
n
no
rm
ally unde
r
n
o
rmal
ope
rati
ng
con
d
ition
s
. Not only are th
e basi
c
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of
solar pa
nel wil
l
affect its pe
rforma
nce, the
weath
e
r p
r
o
b
l
ems al
so
are one
of the facto
r
s.
S
o
lar
radi
ation
,
ambient te
mperature, d
u
st
accumul
a
tion
and
win
d
ve
locity are the
we
ather
pro
b
lems that p
e
rform
si
gnifi
cant
role
in t
he
conve
r
si
on p
r
oce
s
s of sola
r panel.
In this investi
gation, the e
ffect of wind
velocity is focu
s on the
perfo
rman
ce
of sola
r
panel. Several resea
r
ch
e
r
s were focu
sed to in
vestigate the so
lar pan
el pe
rforma
nce that
affected
by wind vel
o
city
effect. Latifa Sabri
an
d
Moham
mad
Benzi
r
a
r
[3]
ca
rrie
d
o
u
t the
different amo
unt of wind velocity re
sults in so
lar pa
n
e
l operating tempe
r
ature. Whe
n
increa
se
s
in wi
nd vel
o
ci
ty, the sol
a
r
panel
tempe
r
ature
de
cr
ea
sed
an
d e
n
h
ance in
po
we
r g
ene
rated.
Thi
s
is be
cau
s
e th
e high wi
nd velocity ca
n b
e
dissipate
d
more h
eat fro
m
the sola
r p
anel surfa
c
e. In
the wo
rk of S
Mekhilef et
al [4], environmental is
su
es were su
gg
ested ta
ken i
n
to con
s
id
era
t
ion
whe
n
appli
e
d sola
r a
ppli
c
ation
syste
m
. Dust
a
ccumulated, h
u
m
idity and
wind velo
city as
environ
menta
l
issue
s
that can b
e
imp
a
cted th
e sol
a
r pa
nel p
e
rf
orma
nce. Th
e experim
ent
al
result is
sho
w
ed th
e bett
e
r sola
r pan
el perfo
rma
n
c
e
whe
n
the
highe
r wi
nd
velocity ca
n
be
remove
d the
temperature
of sola
r p
a
n
e
l. Ha
ss
an B
S
et al [5] st
ate that the
exce
ss
photo
n
energy is dissipated in the form of heat i
m
pacte
d the perfo
rman
ce
of solar p
anel
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
1, No. 3, March 20
16 : 456 – 463
457
Jia Y
ang
et
al [6] con
s
tru
c
ted
an
expe
riment
al
to in
vestigate th
e
impa
ct of th
e wi
nd
velocity on th
e perfo
rma
n
ce of sola
r a
r
ray. The ra
ng
e of wind vel
o
city is vari
a
b
le from 2 to
8
m/s. The re
sult of the experim
ental is carri
ed out the increa
sin
g
wind velocit
y
improved the
power
gen
erated by
sola
r panel. S A
r
mstro
ng a
nd
WG
Hu
rley [
7
] analyzed t
he he
at tran
sfer
from the
sola
r pa
nel
su
rfa
c
e un
der varyi
ng
wind
ve
lo
city conditio
n
.
The va
riabl
e
of win
d
velo
city
is 0.7
7
m/s,
2.14 m/s an
d
5.76 m/
s fo
r analy
s
is
th
e
heat tra
n
sfe
r
rate. It ca
n o
b
vious that 5.
76
m/s of wind
velocity can
be tran
sferre
d more h
eat gene
rated by
the solar p
a
nel com
p
a
r
e
d
to
other wi
nd ve
locity value.
Being the sol
a
r ene
rgy ha
s sta
r
ted to becom
e mo
re widely u
s
e
d
; actually there is
a
need to
spe
ed up inve
stigation to find out the effect of win
d
velocity towa
rds th
em. A fast
method
wh
en
co
mpa
r
ed
to
co
ndu
ct exp
e
rime
ntal
i
s
b
y
the way of
comp
utationa
l fluid dyn
a
mi
c
(CF
D
). In the present
study, ANSYS simulation
software is
used
to analyze the performance of
sola
r pa
nel u
nder va
rying
of wind velo
city from 0
m/s up to 6.
95 m/s u
nde
r Kang
ar, Pe
rlis,
Malaysia. A
N
SYS can be perform
ed to simul
a
te the test or
even operati
ng condition tha
t
enabl
es for e
x
perime
n
ting
in a simulatio
n
envir
on
men
t
before buildi
ng a prototyp
e prod
uct.
2. Experimental
2.1. Effec
t
of Heat T
r
ans
f
er and Wind
Velocit
y
for
Solar Panel Performan
c
e
Duri
ng op
eration of sola
r p
anel, the excessiv
e sol
a
r radiation a
nd
high temp
era
t
ure are
the maj
o
r fa
ctory cau
s
e th
e sola
r p
anel
facin
g
ove
r
h
eating. T
h
is result to
sola
r pan
el p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
less po
wer o
u
tput. It is also foun
d tha
t
perform
an
ce of sola
r p
anel is very
sen
s
itive to its
operating te
mperature. T
he he
at ene
rgy produ
ce
d by sol
a
r
panel
and h
eat loss to
the
environ
ment
will be leadi
ng to equilib
rium of so
l
a
r panel op
era
t
ing temperature. Thi
s
he
at
energy can b
e
transf
e
rred
away by co
nd
uction, c
onve
c
tion an
d radi
ation as
sho
w
n in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The
heat tran
sfer of
a conventi
onal solar p
a
nel
The con
c
ept
of con
d
u
c
tion
is ca
rri
ed o
u
t
in t
he ca
se
of the two ob
jects i
n
co
nta
c
t; it is
passe
d from
the hig
her te
mperat
ure
to
anothe
r lo
we
r tempe
r
atu
r
e.
Co
ndu
ctive
heat lo
sse
s
t
hat
occurre
d
on
the sol
a
r
pa
nel a
r
e d
ue
to the
therm
a
l gradient
s
betwe
en the
sola
r p
anel
and
ambient
surroundi
ng
co
n
d
ition the
solar pan
el
conne
cted. In
the
one
-di
m
ensi
onal
in
a
recta
ngul
ar
coordi
nate, the
following e
q
u
a
tion ca
n be
cal
c
ulate
d
by [8]:
Q
k
A
∆
k
A
∆
k
A
∆
∆
(1)
Whe
r
e, Q is
repre
s
e
n
t heat
transfe
r rate
(W), K
is the therm
a
l co
ndu
ctivity [W/(m·K)], A is cro
s
s-
se
ctional
are
a
(m
2
), T
H
i
s
t
e
mpe
r
ature o
f
hot
surfa
c
e,
T
C
is the
te
mperature
of
cold
surfa
c
e,
∆
T
is the differen
c
e bet
wee
n
h
o
t and col
d
temperature a
n
d
∆
x is thickn
ess of the pla
ne.
Solar ra
diatio
n
rea
c
he
s on
solar
panel
Solar pa
nel radiate
s
heat to the
surro
undi
ng.
Conve
c
tive
heat tra
n
sfe
r
of
the
enti
r
e sol
a
r panel
cau
s
ed
b
y
wind
SOLAR PANEL
Heat is transf
e
rred to the
con
d
u
c
tion via matter
from pa
rticle t
o
particl
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Inve
stigation
of Solar Pane
l Perform
ance Bas
ed on Different Wind
Veloc
i
ty
…
(W.Z. Leow)
458
Conve
c
tion h
eat tran
sfer i
s
tran
sfer of
heat
by the movement of
a fluid from higher
temperature
region to th
e l
o
we
r temp
erature
regi
on.
The lo
we
r te
mperature
of
fluid is m
o
ve
to
the high tem
peratu
r
e of fluid. Then, th
e lowe
r te
mp
eratu
r
e of fluid will take t
he pla
c
e of the
highe
r tempe
r
ature. Gen
e
r
ally, liquid a
nd ga
s a
r
e the domi
nant
form of this heat tran
sfe
r
.
Conve
c
tion h
eat transfe
r can be
occu
rred either n
a
tural conve
c
tion or forced
conve
c
tion. T
h
e
natural
conv
ection
is by
den
si
ty differences withi
n
fluid th
at h
appe
ned
du
e
to temp
erature
gradi
ent an
d
without a
n
y e
x
ternal sou
r
ce of su
ppo
rt. Forced
co
nve
c
tion i
s
move
ment of the fl
uid
that is
pro
d
u
c
ed
by a
n
ex
ternal
so
urce.
B
y Newto
n
’s
law
of coolin
g, the rate of
co
nvective
h
eat
transfe
r can b
e
cal
c
ulate
d
is given by [9]:-
Qh
A
(2)
h = 5.7 + 3.8v
(3)
The q
uantity of Q
(W) i
s
kn
own a
s
t
he rate of
convective he
at
tran
sfer, h
is rep
r
e
s
e
n
t
the
coeffici
ent of conve
c
tive heat tran
sfer (W/m
2
°
C), A is the are
a
of conta
c
t betwe
en the
two
material
s (m
2
), T
s
is temp
eratu
r
e of
su
rface, T
f
i
s
te
mperature
of fluid and v i
s
re
present
wind
velocity. In th
e Equ
a
tion1,
it can
b
e
see
n
the
variatio
n of
win
d
vel
o
city will
play
an
impo
rtant
rol
e
on the win
d
h
eat tran
sfer coefficient.
Radi
ation h
e
a
t tran
sfer is
not simil
a
r
as t
he con
c
ept
of co
ndu
ction
and
co
nvecti
on. Both
con
d
u
c
tion a
nd conve
c
tio
n
is the tran
sfer of he
at
via matter. Whil
e, radiatio
n is transfe
r the
heat
in form of el
e
c
trom
agn
etic
wave
s. Ra
dia
t
ion is
the
he
at tran
sfer fro
m
the body a
c
cordi
ng to th
e
temperature;
it increa
se
s a
s
the body temperature in
crea
se
s.
Whe
n
the heat re
ach
e
s to anot
her
surfa
c
e of th
e body, they
may be abso
r
bed, reflec
te
d or tran
smitted. The emitted ene
rgy by a
blackb
ody is
given by Stefan-Bolt
zman
n law a
s
[10]:
P
σ
(4)
Whe
r
e P is t
he PV panel
prod
uced a
s
heat,
σ
is the
Stefan-Boltzmann
con
s
ta
nt as 5.67
×
10
-8
W/m
2
ºC
4
and
T is rep
r
e
s
en
t the tempera
t
ure of PV cel
l
in ºC.
2.2. Method
and Soft
w
a
r
e
The main goal of this investigation i
s
to in
vestigate the tempe
r
atu
r
e dist
ributio
n
of solar
panel u
nde
r different amo
unt of wind velocity vi
a CF
D. The dime
n
s
ion of the in
vestigated
so
lar
panel is 1
20
cm × 54
cm × 3 cm. This
sola
r pan
el is con
s
ist
s
of 36 sola
r cell
s whi
c
h is ma
d
e
by
mono
cry
s
talli
ne sili
con
e
.
2.2.1. Geometr
y
Model
CATIA V5 is Co
mpute
r
-aided d
e
si
gn
(CAD
) software whi
c
h
is used to
build the
geomet
ry mo
del. Th
e g
e
o
m
etry mo
del
of sol
a
r pa
ne
l is drawi
ng
according
to
the a
c
tual
so
lar
panel
dimen
s
ion. Solar
pa
nel mo
del i
s
con
s
i
s
ted
of six
layers su
ch
a
s
a
top glass cove
rin
g
,
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) la
yer 1, solar cell
s, EVA 2, t
edlar layer and metal back sheet
(alumi
num
). And, each th
ickne
ss laye
r of the
sola
r panel mo
de
l is listed i
n
Table 1. After
sketchi
ng all
each of the l
a
yers, the l
a
ye
rs
will
b
e
a
s
sembled
between e
a
ch oth
e
r to fo
rm a
solar
panel m
odel
as
sho
w
n in
Figure 2. Foll
ow that, they will be
save t
he solar
pan
el model
as
“stp”
format and im
port into the
ANSYS Tran
sient Thermal
simulation
software.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
1, No. 3, March 20
16 : 456 – 463
459
Table 1. Mate
rial Prop
ertie
s
and Sizes o
f
each layer i
n
Solar Panel
[11]
No.
Material
(
L
a
y
er
)
Thick
ness
(cm)
Therm
al
Con
duc
ti
v
i
t
y
(W
/m°C
)
Specific Heat
Capaci
t
y
(J/kg
°
C)
Densit
y
(kg/
m
3
)
1. Glass
Covering
0.3
1.8
500
3000
2. EVA
0.05
0.35
2090
960
3. Solar
Cell
0.04
148
677
2330
4. Tedlar
0.01
0.2
1250
1200
5. Aluminum
Frame
2
204
996
2707
Figure 2. Solar pan
el mod
e
l cre
a
ted in
CATIA
2.2.2. Soft
w
a
re
ANSYS versi
on 14.5 was
used to anal
yze t
he tem
p
erature di
stri
bution throughout the
solar panel
with reduction
of
lead times and cost
s of
new pr
oduct
prototype. A
N
SYS is
a
CFD
tools utili
zed
by engin
eers or
re
sea
r
ch
ers for
de
sig
n
and
analy
s
is the
perfo
rmance of m
o
del.
ANSYS can
work i
n
tegrated togethe
r with
another empl
oyed engineering so
ftware program on
computer wit
h
the addition
of CAD and FEA connection mo
dules. ANSYS can import model
desi
g
n
s
from
the CAD p
r
og
ram an
d also can d
e
velop
geomet
ry in the pre
-
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
ng ste
p
.
ANSYS Trans
i
ent Therma
l was
applied to this
s
i
mula
tion proc
es
s
.
Commonly, the
transi
ent beh
avior is ge
n
e
rally sta
r
ted
at t
he system begin
n
in
g or shut-d
o
w
n. Du
ring t
h
is
simulatio
n
, h
eat flux chan
ge a
s
f
r
om
time to time,
l
ead to
differe
nce
in te
mpe
r
ature, which
is
able to impa
ct the overall perform
an
ce o
f
the m
odel. For that rea
s
o
n
, there is certainly a need to
analyze the transi
ent the
r
m
a
l beh
avior
of the sy
st
em t
o
find o
u
t the
scope
of dev
iation from
th
e
norm
a
l co
ndit
i
on [12].
The procedure utilized to simulate the
solar panel by ANSYS
Transient Therm
a
l
simulatio
n
sof
t
ware i
s
presented bel
ow:
1.
Imported the
geomet
ry that bu
ilt by CATIA V5 into Design
Workbench of ANSYS Transi
ent
Therm
a
l.
2.
Define
d mate
rial p
r
o
pertie
s
for e
a
ch lay
e
r of t
he
sola
r pa
nel
mod
e
l
in the
Engin
eerin
g
Data
su
ch a
s
, thermal con
d
u
c
tivity, specific h
eat and de
nsi
t
y.
3.
In the Geome
t
ry part, nam
ed ea
ch layer of the solar p
anel mod
e
l.
4.
Gene
rate
an
autom
atic m
e
sh
in th
e M
odel
part
(M
ake
sure
cho
i
ce
“CFD” i
n
the Physi
cs
Prefere
n
ce a
nd “Flu
ent” in
the Solver
Preferen
ce a
s
shown in Figu
re 3.
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Inve
stigation
of Solar Pane
l Perform
ance Bas
ed on Different Wind
Veloc
i
ty
…
(W.Z. Leow)
460
5.
Set a fixed 35
°
C in the initial temperature with uniform applied to the model in S
e
tup part.
6.
Applied the fixed of so
lar radiation with
1000 W/m
2
on the sola
r pa
nel model.
7.
Applied different wind velo
city to the E
quation 3 to ob
tain the conv
ection
coeffici
ent.
8.
Applied the a
m
ount of con
v
ection coefficient
from the
Equation 3 o
n
the sola
r pa
nel model.
9.
Set the step
end time a
s
3
600
se
cond
s
in the
Analysi
s
Setting pa
rt
, which the si
mulation of
the sola
r pan
el model was
con
d
u
c
ted fro
m
one hou
r with all initial condition
s.
10.
After finish
se
t the environ
ment co
nditio
n
, t
he simul
a
tion re
sult
s of
sola
r pa
nel m
odel
can b
e
obtaine
d in a form of conto
u
r plot.
The initial te
mperature
of
the mod
e
l is fix
ed in the
35 °
C
whe
r
e
it is the ave
r
age d
a
ily
ambient tem
peratu
r
e
ca
ptured i
n
Mal
a
ysia in t
he
work
of M. Z. Hu
ssi
n et al.
[13]. Based
on
Ne
wton’
s La
w of Coolin
g, the val
ue of
the co
nvectiv
e
heat tran
sf
er
coeffici
ent
s can b
e
obta
i
ned
from the Equ
a
tion 3.
In this
simul
a
tion, it is
assu
med the
envi
r
onm
ental
con
d
itions un
der
climatic condi
tion of
Kanga
r,
Perli
s
,
Malay
s
ia. The simul
a
tion
of sola
r panel
mod
e
l
is analysi
s
unde
r
fixed sola
r
radiatio
n with
1000 W/m
2
and 35 °
C
of
ambient tem
peratu
r
e. Ad
ditionally, the range of wi
nd
velocity is va
riable from 0
m/s up
to 6.9
5
m/s. In
th
e
study of M. Irwanto
et
al. [
14] state t
hat
the
averag
e
wind
velocity
of K
anga
r, Pe
rlis i
s
2.5
m/s.
While, the
lowe
st wi
nd
spee
d is 0.4
3
m/
s
and
the highe
st wi
nd velocity is
6.95 m/s.
Figure 3. Solar pan
el mod
e
l wa
s meshi
ng usi
ng ANS
YS simulation
softwa
r
e
3. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
In this se
ction
,
the CFD si
mulation resu
lts of the sola
r panel m
odel
are analy
z
ed
. With a
purp
o
se to
study the influe
nce
s
of
wind
velocity
effect
use
d
for
sol
a
r pa
nel; a m
o
del was
creat
ed
by using ANSYS simulation software.
The range of
simulated wi
nd
velocity
is 0 m/s, 0.43 m/s,
2.5 m/s, and
6.95 m/s. Th
e simul
a
tion
of the m
odel
has
bee
n ru
n
from an
hou
r together
with
all
the initial conditions.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
1, No. 3, March 20
16 : 456 – 463
461
(a) 0 m/
s of wind velocity
(b) 0.4
3
m/s
of wind velo
ci
ty
(c) 2.5 m/s of wind velo
city
(d
) 6.9
5
m/s
of wind velo
ci
ty
Figure 4. Te
mperature di
stribut
ion of the sola
r pan
el model when
wind velo
city as 0 m/s,
0.43 m/s, 2.5 m/s and 6.95
m/s applie
d to the model
Figure 4
pre
s
ents th
e tem
peratu
r
e
dist
ributi
on of th
e
sola
r p
anel
model
und
er
varying
wind velo
city amount
s. Th
e 0 m/s, 0.43
m/s, 2.
5 m/s and 6.95
m/s of win
d
vel
o
city are flo
w
ed
over the
sola
r pan
el mod
e
l
. It can be o
b
vious th
at
the shap
e of conto
u
r pl
ot for temp
eratu
r
e
distrib
u
tion
of ea
ch
sol
a
r
p
anel m
odel
is almo
st
simil
a
r ju
st
differe
nt value
s
u
n
d
e
r diffe
rent
wi
nd
velocity. Fro
m
the color p
l
ot of the tem
peratu
r
e
distribution, the hi
ghe
st tempe
r
ature
gene
rat
ed
by
the
solar panel mod
e
l is
b
r
ight-re
d
colo
r.
It
is a
sign
of the
h
o
ttest area i
n
the solar pa
ne
l
model. Me
an
while, the
col
dest
are
a
is
rep
r
e
s
ente
d
by a da
rk-bl
u
e color and
also
marks t
h
e
lowe
st tem
p
eratu
r
e i
n
th
e enti
r
e
sol
a
r
panel
mo
del. From th
e figu
re
abo
ve, it co
uld
be
discovered th
at the top gl
ass coveri
ng
con
s
i
s
t of th
e high
est te
mperature
a
m
ong
entire
sola
r
panel m
odel.
In contrast,
the lowest te
mperature
of the sol
a
r p
a
nel mod
e
l is
occurre
d
at the
aluminu
m
fra
m
e. The
rea
s
on
for this i
s
al
umin
u
m
con
s
i
s
ts
of hi
ghe
st therma
l co
ndu
ctivity as
comp
ared to the other m
a
terial laye
rs.
And, also
the
combi
nation
of the effects of heat tran
sfer
con
d
u
c
tive a
nd conve
c
tive rem
o
ved th
e heat
gen
erated by the
solar
pan
el m
odel a
w
ay to
the
surro
undi
ng a
t
a faster sp
e
ed.
Figure 4
(
a) ill
ustrate
s
ze
ro
(0 m/
s)
of wi
n
d
velo
city app
lied to the
sol
a
r p
anel
mod
e
l. The
rang
e of te
m
peratu
r
e
di
stri
bution fo
r
sol
a
r p
anel
mod
e
l is bet
ween
65 °
C
until to
91.65
°C.
Wh
en
the 0.43 m/s
of wind velo
ci
ty flow
over surface of the sola
r pan
el m
odel, the mo
del is obtai
ne
d
63.52
°C a
s
l
o
we
st tem
perature
an
d 8
8
.
24 °
C
as
hig
hest te
mpe
r
a
t
ure
as di
spl
a
yed in
Fig
u
re
4(b
)
. In ad
dition, Figu
re 4
(
c)
pre
s
e
n
ts t
he range
of tempe
r
ature d
i
stributio
n for the solar
pa
nel
model i
s
fro
m
57.79
°
C
until to 75.6
6
°C wh
en t
h
e
2.5 m/s ap
pl
ied to the
sol
a
r p
anel
mod
e
l.
More
over, th
e highe
st tem
peratu
r
e of
solar p
anel
mo
del is 6
0
.89 °
C
and th
e lo
we
st tempera
t
ure
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Inve
stigation
of Solar Pane
l Perform
ance Bas
ed on Different Wind
Veloc
i
ty
…
(W.Z. Leow)
462
is50.8
8
°
C
when 6.9
5
m/
s of win
d
velo
city flow
ove
r
the sola
r pa
nel mo
del a
s
sh
own
in Fi
g
u
re
4(d
)
. All the tempe
r
ature d
i
stributio
n of t
he sola
r
pan
e
l
model a
r
e
p
r
esented i
n
T
able 2. It ca
n
be
analytical tha
t
when
ze
ro
wind velo
city flow over th
e sol
a
r p
anel
model, it is
gene
rated th
e
highe
st temp
eratu
r
e comp
ared
with the
others win
d
velocity. This is d
ue to the natu
r
al wi
nd
can
not p
r
ovid
e co
oling
effect to the
sola
r pa
nel
mo
de
l. However, t
he 6.95
m/s
of wind vel
o
city
flow over the
solar pa
nel
model; it can
provide
goo
d coolin
g effect to cool of
f the solar p
anel
model. This
result in this
sola
r pan
el model
obtai
n
ed lowe
st temperature in
compa
r
ison
with
others
win
d
v
e
locity. It can
be
con
c
lude
d that
high
est wind
velo
cit
y
can
b
e
p
r
o
v
ided b
e
tter t
he
cooli
ng effect
for the sola
r panel in o
r
de
r to enhan
ce its perfo
rma
n
ce.
Figure 5. Hig
hest tempe
r
at
ure of solar p
anel mo
d
e
l versus time u
n
der different wind velo
city
Figure 5 sho
w
s the
highe
st temperatu
r
e
that
generated by the sol
a
r pa
nel mod
e
ls un
de
r
varying of wi
nd velocity. All the simulati
on of so
l
a
r p
anel mo
del was
carried
ou
t in an hou
r with
all initial cond
ition. It can b
e
found out that
the solar
panel mo
del gene
rate
s lo
we
st tempera
t
ure
at wind vel
o
ci
ty value of 6.95 m/s
and
o
b
tained
hig
h
e
s
t tempe
r
atu
r
e at 0 m/
s of
wind vel
o
city. All
the sol
a
r
pan
el tempe
r
ature is g
r
a
duall
y
incre
a
sed
over time. From the
s
e
si
mulation
re
sults,
0.43 m/s
of wind velo
city applied to th
e
sola
r pa
nel m
odel
can
be
minimized 3.
72 % of the
solar
panel
mod
e
l t
e
mpe
r
ature
rather th
an
ze
ro
wind
velo
ci
ty. When th
e
2.5 m/s flow
over to th
e
so
lar
panel
mod
e
l, it can
be
dro
p
ped 1
7
.45 %
in term
s of
so
lar p
anel
mod
e
l tempe
r
atu
r
e agai
nst
ze
ro
wind velo
city. In addition, solar p
anel
with 6.95 m/
s of
wind velo
city can b
e
re
du
ced tempe
r
atu
r
e
of solar p
anel
model aroun
d 33.65 % co
mpared to ze
ro win
d
veloci
ty.
As the wi
nd velocity is
con
s
tantly ch
ang
ing,
the co
oli
ng sy
stem is
sug
g
e
s
ted to
apply to
the solar pan
el. The
co
oling
system
can p
r
ovide
c
ooling
effect
to co
ol off th
e tempe
r
atu
r
e of
sola
r pan
el. Air cooli
ng sy
stem is g
ood
choi
ce am
on
g all sola
r co
oling sy
stem
s. This i
s
du
e to
the ai
r
cooli
n
g sy
stem i
s
low
pri
c
e
an
d
blowi
ng
air
flow within
ai
r cha
nnel
in order
to redu
ce
the
sola
r pan
el temperature [1
5].
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01
0.74
4.06
10.2
18.4
24.4
30.5
39.4
45.4
51.4
60
98.4
134.4
180.6
224.4
260.4
301.2
350.4
386.4
423
476.4
512.4
548.4
600
792
1116
1809
2466
3006
Solar
Panel
Temperatue
(°C)
Time
(Second)
Solar
Pa
n
e
l
Te
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Ve
r
s
u
s
Time
0
m/
s
0.43
m/
s
2.5
m/
s
6.95
m/
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
1, No. 3, March 20
16 : 456 – 463
463
Table 2. Hig
h
e
st and lo
we
st temperatu
r
e
of solar pa
ne
l model on dif
f
erent win
d
velocity
Tem
p
erat
ure
W
i
nd Velo
cit
y
Lo
w
est Temper
ature
(° C)
Highe
st T
e
m
p
er
ature
(° C)
0 m/s
65 91.65
0.43 m/s
63.52
88.24
2.5 m/s
57.79
75.66
6.95 m/s
50.88
60.89
4. Conclusio
n
The
perfo
rma
n
ce
of
sol
a
r p
anel i
s
a ve
ry impo
rtant i
ssue in
the
sola
r a
ppli
c
ation
system.
This simul
a
tion
works out
to
make a contri
but
ion t
o
a better
knowl
edge
of the sol
a
r p
a
nel
appli
c
ation
b
ehavior affected by the
different
am
ounts of
win
d
velo
city. The tem
perature
distribution of solar panel
model is obtained
with t
he ANSYS Transient Thermal simul
a
tion
software is reported. The benefit
s of the ANSYS simul
a
tion as co
m
pared to experimental-based
is redu
ction
time an
d
co
st
con
s
umi
ng. T
he
sola
r
p
a
n
e
l mod
e
l i
s
si
mulated
und
e
r
fixed in
35
°
C
of ambient te
mperature
an
d so
la
r radiat
ion value of
1000
W/m
2
. The ra
nge
of simulate
d wi
nd
velocity is fro
m
0 m/s, 0.4
3
m/s, 2.5 m/
s an
d 6.95 m
/
s. It can be
observed th
at the sola
r p
a
nel
temperature i
s
si
gnifcantly impa
ct
by the win
d
velo
ci
ty. The is du
e to win
d
vel
o
city flow
ca
n be
provide
d
the cooli
ng effect
for the solar
panel
mo
del surfa
c
e. Th
e highe
st wind
velocity can
be
disip
a
ted mo
re heat g
ene
rated by the
solar p
anel
to
the environm
e
n
t. Therefo
r
e,
the sol
a
r
pan
el
can g
ene
rate
a good p
e
rfo
r
mance with the lowest te
mperature.
Referen
ces
[1]
M rw
anto, YM Irw
a
n, I Sa
f
w
ati, Wai-ZheL
e
o
w
,
N Gomes
h
.
Analys
is Si
mu
lati
on of th
e Photov
olta
ic
Output Perfor
ma
nce
. IEEE 8
th
Internati
ona
l Po
w
e
r
Engi
neer
in
g a
nd o
p
timizati
o
n
Co
nferenc
e
(PEOCO). 2014.
[2]
V Perrak
i
, G T
s
olkas. T
e
mpe
r
ature
de
pen
d
ence
o
n
th
e p
hotovo
l
taic
pro
perties
of s
e
le
cted thi
n
-fil
m
modu
les.
Internatio
nal J
ourn
a
l of Ren
e
w
abl
e and Sust
ain
a
b
le En
ergy
. 20
13; 2: 140-
146.
[3]
LatifaSa
b
ri, Mo
hamme
d Benzi
r
ar. Effect of Ambi
e
n
t conditi
o
n
s on T
hermal
properti
es of Photovo
l
taic
Cells:
Cr
ystal
l
i
ne
an
d Amor
p
hous
Sil
i
co
n.
Internati
o
n
a
l J
o
urna
l of
Inn
o
v
a
tive
Rese
arc
h
i
n
Sci
enc
e,
Engi
neer
in
g an
d T
e
chno
lo
gy
. 201
4; 3: 1781
5
-
178
21.
[4]
S Mekhilef, R Saidur, M Kamalisar
v
e
stan
i. Effect of dus
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