TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015, pp. 205 ~ 21
4
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
14i2.741
4
205
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 27, 201
5
;
Revi
sed Ap
ril 11, 2015; Accepted Ap
ril 25, 2015
The Feasibility Study of Using Space Vector Modulation
Inverters in Two-Level of Integrated Photovoltaic
System
Mahmoud Z
a
dehb
agheri
*
,
Amin Pa
y
e
dar
F
a
cult
y
of Engi
neer
ing, De
par
tment of Electric
al, Yasou
j
Bra
n
ch, Islamic Az
ad Un
iversit
y
,
Kohg
ilo
ye
h &
Bovira
hmad Pr
ovinc
e
, Yasou
j
, Iran
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: Mzadeh
ba
gh
eri@gm
ail.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In this pap
er a
system of int
e
grated
phot
ovo
l
taic c
onv
erter
w
i
th vector sw
itching c
ontrol
i
n
verter
with the modulation method
of
spatial
two-level has bee
n pres
ented. The struct
ure
of the system is
prese
n
ted w
i
th the propos
ed
and the st
ructu
r
e of the invertors
’
v
o
lta
ge so
urce has b
een
review
ed. Spa
c
e
vector mo
dul
ation
c
ontro
l
me
thod
of tw
o-le
vel i
n
a
volt
ag
e so
urce i
n
ver
t
er an
d the
n
p
r
ovid
e pr
opos
e
d
system a
nalys
i
s
and key
i
ng
mo
des ar
e an
aly
z
e
d
an
d th
e system
desi
gni
ng a
nd w
i
th
the simul
a
tion
of
MAT
L
AB softw
are an
d sta
ndar
ds of th
e
total h
a
r
m
on
i
c
distortio
n
fo
r a few
mod
u
l
atio
n
meth
ods
for
comparis
on, and
ev
al
uation
has been pr
oposed. Th
e syst
em has
been
analy
z
ed in ter
m
s
of econom
ic. A
prototype for assessing and c
o
mpari
ng with power of 360w
in the output with DC link voltage is 400 V and
the mod
u
le v
o
lt
age
is 46.
5v ha
s an effici
ency
of 97.9%
in its
output th
at imp
r
ov
ed th
an SP
W
M
of 1.6% a
n
d
to the
PW
M
of 2.7%
a
n
d
Has
bee
n s
i
mulate
d w
i
th MATLAB software and co
m
pared to with a
few
exam
ples of the control system
s of
the sinusoidal puls
e width m
o
dul
ation and pulse
wi
dth m
o
dulation.
Spee
d a
nd S
w
itching a
nd
perfor
m
a
n
ce
o
f
the syst
em have be
en an
aly
z
e
d
a
nd methods
t
o
red
u
c
e
sw
itching loss
e
s
and incr
eas
e of the system e
ffi
ciency in the
practica
l exa
m
ples ar
e pro
p
o
s
ed.
Ke
y
w
ords
: photovoltaic system
s,
voltage
source inverter
, space vect
or
m
o
dulation, m
u
ltilev
e
l inver
t
er
,
efficiency
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The sy
stem whi
c
h utilize
s
sol
a
r en
ergy
without moving me
chani
sm and
chemi
c
al
energy into electri
c
al en
ergy, its effect
is
calle
d the photovoltai
c
[1], developm
ent and use of
photovoltai
c
system
s to provide
ele
c
trical ene
rgy ne
eded
so that
in som
e
pla
c
es an
d uses
the
best optio
n for providi
ng el
ectri
c
al en
erg
y
is appli
ed,
As a re
sult of techn
o
logi
cal
advan
ce
s in the
use
of sol
a
r
energy thro
u
gh ph
ot
ovoltaic system
s predi
ct
that
the en
ergy
cost of $ 5
kWh
kilo
watt-ho
ur
in 1990 to $
0.8 in 202
0 to 0.5 re
duce
d
, this type of energy can
be su
pplie
d to the
national
gri
d
energy ne
ed
s of
so
ci
etie
s that do
not
have a
c
ce
ss
to finan
ce [2]
,
and
due
to
the
increa
sing
p
r
i
c
e
s
of fo
ssil f
uels an
d oth
e
r
e
nergy
source
s, optimi
z
at
ion a
nd co
st-effective
u
s
e of
photovoltai
c
system
s
i
n
te
grated
with prop
er
de
sig
n
is e
s
sentia
l. Ec
on
omic factors play an
importa
nt rol
e
in th
e
de
si
gn of
photov
oltaic
sy
ste
m
s a
n
d
have
a
strong
e
c
on
omic facto
r
s
su
ch
as the
fixed cost an
d vari
a
b
le cost
be m
easure
d
at
th
e de
sign
exa
c
tly. Almost 6
0
% of the
co
st of
a photovoltai
c
syste
m
is a
con
s
tant rela
ted to
the purcha
s
e i
s
the se
con
d
modu
le , becau
se
of
the sho
r
t du
ration of
ben
e
f
its su
ch
a
s
i
n
tegrat
e
d
p
h
o
tovoltaic systems de
sign
and
i
n
stall
a
tion,
quiet, ene
rgy conve
r
si
on p
r
ocess, the hi
gh life
and re
quire little ma
intenan
ce d
u
e
to no moving
parts, e
a
sy to tran
spo
r
t the lightweigh
t
compo
nent
s, and lack of
contami
natio
n environ
me
ntal
developm
ent, pro
g
re
ss a
n
d
publi
c
acce
ptance [2], In
tegrated
ph
otovoltaic
syste
m
co
mpon
en
ts
inclu
de m
o
d
u
les, voltag
e
reg
u
lators
a
nd
cont
rollers
(i
nverte
rs and conve
r
te
rs)
a
nd storage
system
s such
as batteri
es.
The inverte
r
module
c
ont
ri
butes to the fixed co
sts a
r
e allocated a
n
d
for all its p
r
o
ductio
n
cost
s, in recent ye
ars
mu
ch eff
o
rt ha
s be
en
desi
gne
d to
redu
ce th
e cost
and at the sa
me time raise
the efficiency of
their work is do
ne. Each mod
u
le (P
V)
،
inverter(DC-
AC)
of Photo
v
oltaic integ
r
ated
conve
r
te
r sy
stem h
a
s role
of the fu
nction
maxim
u
m po
we
r p
o
i
n
t
tracking [3].
Comm
erciali
z
ation of the system, with
l
o
w p
r
ice and
high efficie
n
cy po
wer tran
sfer
plan
should be for the
electric power transmi
ssi
on network
with a
high power factor
will devel
o
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 205 – 214
206
[4], that in these syste
m
s to adju
s
t the vo
ltage
level of the conve
r
ter
module
beco
m
e
increa
singly common a
s
a boo
st conve
r
ter, a volt
age level conve
r
te
rs are increa
singly used [1
4-
15]. Provided
conve
r
ts th
a
t
is a
swit
ch dire
ction cu
rrent
co
nverte
r
(DC–
DC)
for c
o
nverting t
h
e
DC volta
ge t
o
the in
put u
n
reg
u
lated
voltage o
u
tput
cont
rolle
d wi
th an o
p
timal
amou
nt of work
[5], provide
d
inverter that t
he
conve
r
ts
DC volt
age
to a t
r
an
sd
ucer type
(di
r
e
c
t cu
rre
nt) volt
age
alternatin
g cu
rre
nt (AC) vol
t
age source
d
i
fferent
metho
d
s to
control the spa
c
e vector pul
se
widt
h
modulation method here (SVPWM)
the two-l
e
vel has been used
Space vector pul
s
e wi
dth
modulatio
n(S
VPWM). Figu
re 1 Overvie
w
of a samp
l
e
of integrate
d
photovoltai
c
grid
-conn
ected
inv
e
rt
er
sy
st
e
m
is sh
own.
Figure 1. Overview of a ph
otovolta
ic
s
y
stem integrated transduc
ers
2. Voltage Source Inv
e
rter
Voltage source inve
rter, a
con
s
tant vol
t
age
to a three-p
h
a
s
e alt
e
rnatin
g voltage with
adju
s
table
a
m
plitude a
nd
freque
ncy tu
rns [6], the fre
q
uen
cy of the
output voltag
e ca
n be
fixed or
variable,
con
s
tant o
r
varia
b
le. The
outp
u
t voltage
ca
n be a
c
hi
eve
d
by ch
angi
n
g
the inp
u
t voltage
(DC)
and
gai
n inverte
r
ma
intains i
n
tere
st. If the DC
input voltage
is not
co
nst
ant and
ca
n
be
controlled
by cha
ngin
g
a
variable
voltage outp
u
t
of the invert
er
will be
o
b
tained th
at this
operation
i
s
u
s
ually co
ntroll
ed
by pul
se width modul
a
t
ion
an
d its variant
s a
r
e
d
one. Ben
e
fit ratio
of the output
voltage to th
e input of the
conve
r
ter
ca
n be d
e
fined.
The voltag
e
sou
r
ce inve
rter
power switch
es fast a
s
the averag
e p
o
we
r and
lo
w-p
o
wer in
su
lated gate bi
polar tran
sist
ors
(IGBTs) a
nd
metal–oxide
-
semi
con
d
u
c
tor field
e
ffect
tran
sisto
r
s (MOSFETs) a
n
d etc are u
s
ed.
The voltage
sou
r
ce inve
rter for
photov
oltaic m
odule
system i
n
teg
r
ated t
w
o-l
e
vel (PVMIC) to 6
swit
chin
g req
u
ired
(S1
~
S6
) that
any
ke
y (switch), a
free
whe
e
ling
diod
e in
pa
rallel h
a
s be
e
n
reverse
d
. De
pendi
ng
on t
he
size of
co
nstant volta
g
e
inve
rter swi
t
che
s
can
g
r
oup t
w
o
or m
o
re
than two swit
chin
g eleme
n
t
s whi
c
h are seque
ntially formed [13
-
14].
3.
Space Vec
t
o
r
Modulation
The inverte
r
operate
s
with voltage control and
freque
n
cy of
the applied
pulse
modulatio
n p
u
lse p
a
ttern
of swit
che
s
(swit
c
h) i
s
d
o
ne inverte
r
. Space vecto
r
modulatio
n (SVM),
one of the p
r
eferred meth
ods fo
r si
mult
aneo
us m
odu
lation or
real
-time is wi
del
y used to
con
t
rol
the voltage source inverte
r
[7-8]. Its main ch
a
r
a
c
teristic switchi
n
g times less per cycl
e and
therefo
r
e lo
wer switchi
ng l
o
sse
s
. Sinusoidal pul
se
wi
dth modulatio
n and pul
se
width mod
u
la
tion
techni
que i
n
[
5
-6] h
a
ve b
e
en di
scusse
d
in detail
an
d
the re
sult
s a
r
e given
only t
he de
scri
ptio
n is
ignored. Assume a two-l
e
vel three-p
h
a
s
e inverte
r
is fed by Figure 2, most frequently beca
use
the resi
stive - inductive (in
ductive effect
), we have to
model ind
u
cti
v
e load [9].
Figure 2. Circuit model of a thr
ee-pha
se
voltage so
urce inverter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Fea
s
ibilit
y Study of Using Space Ve
ctor
Mo
dulati
on Inve
rters… (Mahm
oud
Zadehb
agh
e
r
i)
207
4. S
w
i
t
ching Modes
2³ switching
mode
s swit
che
s
for
hig
h
and lo
w t
h
ere.
Dihe
dral inverte
r
switchi
ng
function
s in F
i
gure 2 a
r
e
sh
own in Ta
ble
1.
Tabel 1. Mod
e
swit
chin
g
Sw
itching
Leg A
Leg B
Leg C
state
S1
S4
Vao
S3
S6 Vbo S5
S2 Vco
1
On
Off
V
d
On
Off
V
d
On
Off
V
d
0
Off
On
0
Off
On
0 Off
On
0
The
spa
c
e v
e
ctor mod
u
lat
i
on switching
key
seq
uen
ces
can
be
co
nsid
ere
d
hig
h
or lo
w,
in this pap
er
we con
s
ide
r
the low-fre
que
ncy
switchi
n
g switches is
shown in Figu
re 3.
Figure 3. The
switching fre
quen
cy of the lower
swit
ch
From
Figu
re
3, we
have ei
ght voltage v
e
ctor
s
(Vo
~
V
7
). Pha
s
e ve
ctors a
nd lin
e
for ei
ght
swit
chin
g mo
de is sho
w
n i
n
Table 2 sho
u
ld be multipli
ed by the DC
link voltage (Vdc).
Table 2. Vect
ors fo
r the eig
h
t-state p
h
ase voltage and
line
Voltag
e
vectors
S
w
itching
v
ect
o
r
s
V_ph V
L_L
a b
c Van
Vbn
Vcn
Vab
Vbc
Vca
V0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
V1
1 0 0
2/3
-1/3
-1/3
1
0
-1
V2
1 1 0
1/3
1/3
-2/3
0
1
-1
V3
0 1 0
-1/3
2/3
-1/3
-1
1
0
V4
0 1 1
-2/3
1/3
1/3
-1
0
1
V5
0 0 1
-1/3
-1/3
2/3
0
-1
1
V6
1 0 1
1/3
-2/3
1/3
1
-1
0
V7
1 1 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Switchin
g sta
t
es (000
) an
d (11
1
) to
zero
state
s
a
n
d othe
r stat
es a
r
e
calle
d
active.
Figure 4: Dia
g
ram of a two
-
level inverte
r
spa
c
e vecto
r
for the sho
w
.
Figure 4. Dia
g
ram of a vector spa
c
e fo
r 2-level inve
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 205 – 214
208
6 non
-zero v
e
ctor
(V1-V
6
) forming a
re
gular
six-side
d that have been divid
e
d
into six
zon
e
s
(1 to
6) a
nd two v
e
ctors
are
zero
at
the
center
of the
six-si
ded
an
g
l
e between
two
adja
c
ent vect
ors i
s
non
-zero 60°.
Step 1 - Figure 4 d-q tra
n
sf
ormatio
n
angl
e cal
c
ulate
d
α
, Vd, Vq , Vr
ef.
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
The ba
se fre
quen
cy is fs.
Inverter outp
u
t freque
ncy
depe
nd
s on t
he rotatio
n
sp
eed Vref
and V
r
ef o
u
tput voltage
can b
e
a
d
ju
sted to
ch
ang
e
the
size. In
Figure 5, V
r
e
f
is o
b
taine
d
by
combi
n
ing two adja
c
ent ve
ctors [10].
Figure 5.
com
b
ination of two vectors adj
ace
n
t
to the referenc
e vec
t
or part 1
Step 2 - Cal
c
ulate the leng
th of time T1,T2,T0
For pa
rt one,
it is had:
(
4
)
dc
ref
s
z
2
1
0
2
1
V
3
2
V
a
and
f
1
T
wh
ere
,
),
(
)
3
/
(
sin
)
(
sin
)
3
/
(
sin
)
3
/
(
sin
T
T
T
T
a
T
T
a
T
T
z
z
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Fea
s
ibilit
y Study of Using Space Ve
ctor
Mo
dulati
on Inve
rters… (Mahm
oud
Zadehb
agh
e
r
i)
209
For ea
ch of the se
ction
s
:
(5)
Step 3 - Cal
c
ulate the swit
chin
g time for each
se
ction
(1 to 6) i
s
sh
own in Fi
gure
5 and
Table 3.
Figure 5.
Len
gth of each
switchi
n
g pe
rio
d
of six
Table 3. The
swit
chin
g time cal
c
ulatio
n for ea
ch secti
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 205 – 214
210
5. The simulation results
A prototype of the propo
s
ed
system f
o
r the sim
u
la
tion of MATLAB software and the
softwa
r
e
envi
r
onm
ent of th
e un
derlyin
g
collate
ral Sim
u
link wi
re Si
m po
we
r
syst
em a
r
e
used
to
power the sy
stem. MATLA
B
is one of the most
reli
abl
e and po
we
rful softwa
r
e
speci
a
lized in the
analysi
s
of electri
c
al sy
ste
m
s that are u
s
ed in va
ri
ou
s fields a
nd Simulink e
n
viro
nment is a se
t of
blocks for wh
ich th
e u
s
e
r
can ea
sily ma
ke th
e
si
mula
tion mod
e
l to
analyze the
circuit [15]. T
he
first prototyp
e simulatio
n
para
m
eters a
r
e: Swit
ch (I
GBT), the ou
tput
powe
r
at the load,360
w,
Primary Volta
ge Modul
e 46
.5V,
output voltage converter DC-DC
a
n
d
DC lin
k voltage Vd = 40
0
v
base fre
que
n
c
y(fs = 60
HZ
), ca
rrie
r
frequ
ency(f
z
=
3
kHZ),
modul
ation in
dex (a=0.9), an
d a
filter
to remove lo
w freq
uen
cy harm
oni
cs, Cf = 400
μ
F, Lf
= 800
μ
H an
d an ind
u
ctiv
e load resi
sta
n
ce
(Rlo
ad =
5
Ω
,
Lload
= 2
m
H) mod
e
l for th
e de
sign
wo
rk is do
ne: cal
c
ulate
and S
e
ction
s
(1 to
6),
cal
c
ulate a
n
d
determin
e
th
e duration of
T1,T2,
T0, Calcul
ate and
determi
ne th
e switchin
g time
Ta, Tb, T
c
, for e
a
ch tra
n
sistor S
1
-S6 t
he outp
u
t
vol
t
ages of the i
n
verter Viab,
Vibc,Vica f
o
r
the
control input
u sen
d
the in
formation to the fr
ame
w
o
r
k Space, plott
ed usi
ng MA
TLAB simulat
i
on
results. First, the switchi
ng
time and Ta
bl
e 4 and
5 ties are d
e
si
gne
d
for the sim
u
l
a
tion is
sho
w
n
in Figure 6. Then the vector modulatio
n contro
l design and sim
u
l
a
tion are sho
w
n in Figu
re 7.
Finally, an ov
erview
of the
module i
n
teg
r
ated conver
te
r sy
stem is
si
mulated a
s
shown in Fig
u
re
8. The syste
m
operates i
n
a continu
o
u
s mod
e
and
the result
s a
r
e sh
own in Figure 9 and
10.
VLs a
r
e loa
d
line voltage
s, IIs are outp
u
t curre
n
t
of the inverte
r
s,
and IL
s is th
e cu
rrent pha
se
load re
qui
rem
ents.
Figure 6.
Simulation switch
ing time
Figure . 7 . O
u
tline vector
modulatio
n control
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Fea
s
ibilit
y Study of Using Space Ve
ctor
Mo
dulati
on Inve
rters… (Mahm
oud
Zadehb
agh
e
r
i)
211
Figure 8.
Overview of Phot
ovoltaic System
s with Sp
a
c
e Vect
or Mo
dulation
Figure 9.
From top to bottom, (VLAB, VL
BC, VL
CA), (i
ia, iib, iic), (iLA, iLB, iLC)
Figure 10.
Ou
tput line voltage inverte
r
Acco
rdi
ng
to Figure
9 and
10 clea
rly
se
en
t
hat
spa
c
e
vector mod
u
l
a
tion meth
od
usin
g a
two-level
syst
em, the
outp
u
t voltage
re
ach
e
s the
de
sire
d
sin
e
wa
ve app
ro
ach
is lo
ad
well
a
nd
harm
oni
c gen
eration i
s
neg
ligible.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 205 – 214
212
6.
Indexes Sup
e
rior T
w
o
-
le
v
e
l Space Vector Mod
u
lation Integra
t
e
d
Photov
oltaic Sy
stem
In
a
si
milar system with the
same 3
pha
se
marked by a
con
s
tant voltage
400V
modulatio
n i
ndex a=
0.9
and the
sa
me switch
i
n
g
freque
ncy 1
K
HZ, Index Total Ha
rmo
n
ic
Disto
r
tion (T
HD) is bette
r than the sin
u
s
oid
a
l pul
se width mod
u
la
tion and pul
se width mod
u
lation
comp
ared wit
h
multilevel modulatio
n n
≥
3(N numb
e
r
of levels) of
(THD) is hi
g
her, that in Table
4 results an
al
ysis u
s
ing M
A
TLAB and a
nalysi
s
(FFT
)
for is u
s
ed for harmo
nic a
n
alysis i
s
give
n.
Table 4. THD values
for co
nventional m
odulatio
n method
s
SVPWM
5
l
ev
el
SVPWM
3
l
ev
el
SVPWM
2
l
ev
el
SPWM
PWM
parame
ters
1.53
%
3.61
%
4.58
%
4.8
%
4.91
%
Vab
1.84
%
3.76
%
4.83
%
4.92
%
5.02
%
Vbc
1.43
%
4.39
%
4.96
%
5.13
%
5.69
%
Vca
4.22
%
6.89
%
11.86
%
12.01
%
13.21
%
Ia
3.26
%
8.23
%
13.91
%
14.94
%
15.07
%
Ib
2.41
%
7.86
%
15.29
%
16.87
%
16.98
%
Ic
The ind
e
x of THD
output
will be lo
we
r and lo
wer l
o
sse
s
ca
n re
prese
n
t a mod
u
lation of
the harmoni
cs are elimi
nat
ed. As
a result of (THD) below, the
system performance
will be bett
e
r
and better eff
i
cien
cy. Inverter Output pa
ramete
rs
a
r
e
para
m
eters i
n
the tabl
e a
bove. In terms of
economi
c
indicators for
m
u
ltilevel modulation
systems for n
≥
3
a photovoltai
c
system
integ
r
ated
into
a singl
e
integrated p
hotovoltaic m
anufa
c
turin
g
co
st
compa
r
ed with
two
-
l
e
vel
mod
u
lati
o
n
(SVM) is
more expen
sive
and the
re
sult
is not e
c
on
o
m
ically efficie
n
t. THD in
de
x for photovol
taic
system inte
grated with a t
w
o-l
e
vel met
hod for
us
e in a dwelling
unit vector m
odulatio
n ind
e
x is
accepta
b
le a
nd ca
n provide goo
d qu
ality. T
he econ
omic
co
st of a photovoltaic sy
stem
integrate
d
wit
h
a two-level
modulation
(SVM) re
lative
to the sinusoidal pul
se width modulati
on
and
pulse
wi
dth mod
u
lati
on may
be
slightly hig
h
e
r
cost, b
u
t o
v
er time, the
variabl
e
co
sts,
inclu
d
ing a
n
n
ual se
rvice a
nd co
nsi
der
other p
o
ssib
l
e
failure
s, this pri
c
e pl
us t
he co
st of mi
nor
repai
rs and servicin
g syste
m
is quite efficient, duri
ng the time the full benefit of using this type
of
system i
s
fini
she
d
. Systems with
high
er mod
u
latio
n
n
˃
2
per level (..., 3,4,5) that is
added (by
con
s
id
erin
g more co
mple
x
control
sy
stems and nee
d that extra f
ees
are ad
de
d to the
cooli
n
g
system
) between 35% to %45 woul
d incre
a
se. After t
he econ
omi
c
is not too difficult in terms of
pra
c
tical appl
ication
s
su
ch
as
mo
bile control
system
is complex
and expe
nsiv
e, althoug
h the
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of th
e
syste
m
better than
the
sy
stem
h
a
s
a two-leve
l modul
ation
vector. In
terms
of spe
ed, the
prop
osed
system h
a
s
goo
d sp
eed
and prop
ortio
n
(P
WM) and (SP
W
M) sp
ent
le
ss
time in the output voltage reache
s the
desired
leve
l and this mean
s faster p
e
rform
a
n
c
e a
nd
better
quality. In term
s
of switchi
ng to
a lo
we
r
nu
mber
of swit
chin
g
in
a switchi
ng peri
od T
s
requi
re
s le
ss stre
ss me
an
s less curren
t and volt
age
and as a
re
sult, the usef
ul life of more
swit
che
s
and
less
heat
g
enerated,
re
sulting
in fe
wer casualtie
s
[6]
.
(Num
b
e
r of
additio
nal
swit
chin
g losse
s
increa
se
s and re
du
ces the
usefu
l
life of system
s an
d co
mpone
nts an
d
swit
che
s
.) It woul
d be m
u
ch hi
ghe
r switching
frequ
ency stand
ards
Total Ha
rmonic Di
stort
i
on
(THD) i
n
cre
a
s
e
s
, but the i
n
crea
se in
m
o
rtality
swit
ch
ing converte
rs lea
d
s to [1
1-12]. Meth
o
d
s
(PWM
) a
nd
(SPWM
)
a
n
d
the m
odulat
ion ve
ctor n
˃
3 swit
chi
ng
o
n
la
rge
high
-fre
que
ncy
harm
oni
cs p
r
odu
ced hig
h
-pass filters th
at should
b
e
use
d
to eliminate harm
oni
cs ge
ne
rated
[3].
This means additional cost
s and th
erefore cost more. The invert
er (SVPWM two-le
vel) proposed
photovoltai
c
system volta
ge d
e
viation
due to l
e
ss
n
u
mbe
r
of
swi
t
che
s
(DC) (unbal
an
ced l
oad
cap
a
cita
nce [12], that modulation with l
e
ss than , n
˃
2 which me
ans lo
we
r rip
p
le and im
prove
system
effici
ency. Ove
r
all
efficien
cy of
the
pro
p
o
s
e
d
sy
stem
re
a
c
he
d 9
7
.9%
at the m
a
xim
u
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
The Fea
s
ibilit
y Study of Using Space Ve
ctor
Mo
dulati
on Inve
rters… (Mahm
oud
Zadehb
agh
e
r
i)
213
output p
o
wer. The effi
cien
cy of the
co
ntrol
sy
stem
(SPWM
)
an
d
(PWM),
re
spectively, 96.
3
%
and 95.2% is
rea
c
he
d. Whi
c
h is d
epi
cted
in Figure 1
1
.
Figure 11.
Ou
tcome
s
mea
s
ured
7. Conclu
sion
In this pap
er, a photovoltaic sy
stem i
n
tegr
ate
d
wit
h
a two
-
level
inverter mo
dulation
s
p
ac
e ve
c
t
or w
a
s
pr
o
v
ided
. T
h
e
s
t
ru
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
is sys
te
m wa
s pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
.
T
he s
t
r
u
c
t
ur
e
wa
s
determi
ned f
r
om the volta
ge sou
r
ce in
verter. Th
e two-l
e
vel spa
c
e ve
ctor
mo
dulation
co
ntrol
method i
s
p
r
ese
n
ted a
nd
a prototype i
s
de
sig
ned
to evaluate
a
nd comp
are
the outp
u
t vol
t
age
360
w p
o
wer l
i
nk
(DC) 4
0
0
v
and t
he
out
put voltage
of
the m
odul
e 4
6
.5v to yield
97.9% h
a
s b
een
rea
c
he
d, that ratio (SP
W
M) compa
r
e
d
to 1.
6% (PWM) 2.7% imp
r
oved with MA
TLAB simul
a
tion
softwa
r
e, an
d a few exa
m
ples of pul
se wi
dth
mo
dulation
cont
rol syst
ems
were co
mpa
r
ed. In
terms of stan
dard lo
w Tot
a
l Harm
oni
c Disto
r
tion Ha
rmoni
c gen
eration and e
c
onomi
c
syste
m
s
studie
d
and
with re
sp
ect t
o
the parame
t
ers of a p
hot
ovoltaic sy
ste
m
is an id
eal
system in te
rms
of economi
c
efficien
cy an
d
sp
eed
to a
c
h
i
eve the
de
sired o
u
tput volt
age
and
swit
chin
g rates in
a
swit
chin
g
cycle. In ge
ne
ra
l, for lo
w
an
d me
dium vo
ltage of
a p
h
o
tovoltaic
sy
stem i
s
a g
o
o
d
option. It is sugge
sted that
the sa
m
p
le a
pplication
s
switch
es
pre
ss zero current
swit
chin
g (cal
led
ZCS) may b
e
used
both i
n
term
s of
lowering
p
r
od
uct
i
on co
st
an
d the
coolin
g system
life an
d
redu
ce ove
r
shoot and flo
w
switching a
n
d
redu
ce
noise cau
s
e
d
by electroma
gne
tic interferen
ce
cau
s
e
d
by
a
nd finally, rai
s
e th
e effici
e
n
cy of
photo
v
oltaic mo
dul
es i
n
the
sy
stem m
u
st
be
integrate
d
clo
s
e to the tran
sdu
c
e
r
. Expected deliv
e
r
y system for u
s
e in a pra
c
tical system tha
t
requi
re
s lo
w prod
uctio
n
co
st and hig
h
efficien
cy are to be used.
Referen
ces
[1]
Haj S
a
g
h
ti A.
Princi
pl
es a
nd
app
licati
o
n
of sol
a
r e
n
e
r
g
y
. T
ehra
n
:
Univers
i
t
y
of
Scienc
e a
n
d
T
e
chnolog
y; 2
002.
[2]
Kazemi Kar
gar
H, Norouzi M. Photov
o
l
taic p
ane
ls. T
ehran: Arad'
s book. 2
011.
[3]
Enriq
ue JM, Duran E, Sidrac
h-de-C
a
rd
on
a M, A
ndujar JM
.
T
heoretical a
ssessment of thema
x
imum
po
w
e
r p
o
int
tra
cking
efficie
n
c
y
of p
hotov
oltaic
fa
ciliti
e
s
w
i
th
d
i
fferent co
nvert
e
r top
o
lo
gi
es
Sol.
En
ergy
.
200
7; 81(1): 31
-38.
[4]
Mein
hardt M,
O’Don
n
e
ll T
,
Schn
eid
e
r H
,
F
l
ann
er
y J, Mathu
na
CO, Z
a
chari
a
s P
,
Krieg
e
r T
.
Miniat
urise
d
lo
w
profile
mod
u
le
i
n
tegr
ated
converter for
photov
ol
taic
app
licati
ons w
i
t
h integr
at
e
d
ma
gn
etic co
mpon
ents
. In: 14
th
IEEE Applied Po
w
e
r Elec
tronics Co
nfer
ence and E
x
position. 1999:
305-
311.
[5]
Moha
n N, U
n
d
e
ln
d T
,
Robbi
n
s
W
P
. Po
w
e
r
Electron
ics: Co
nverters, Ap
pli
c
ations
an
d D
e
sig
n
. Solta
n
i
J, Rastegar F
a
temi MJ, Abjad
NR.
T
ehran: R
equ
ires kno
w
l
e
dge. 20
13.
[6]
W
u
B. Po
w
e
r
Electron
ics: converters, hig
h
po
w
e
r drivers.
Azizi chana
d
B. Nahr Dan
e
sh, T
ehran:
201
2.
[7]
Rashi
d
MH. Po
w
e
r el
ectronics
hand
bo
ok: de
vices, circ
uits a
nd ap
plic
atio
ns
.
T
h
ird editio
n
. Elsevi
er Inc.
201
1.
[8]
PC krause, O W
a
s
y
ncz
u
k, et al. Anal
ys
is
of electric mac
h
in
er
y
a
nd Dr
ive s
y
stem. 20
02.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 205 – 214
214
[9]
Z
heng
Shic
he
ng,
Xia
W
e
i,
W
ang W
e
n
j
u
a
n
, Ge Lus
he
n
g
.
Research
on PV Water P
u
mping System
Based
on SV
PW
M and Its T
M
PPT
.
T
he
Secon
d
IEEE Confer
ence
on
Industria
l Ele
c
tronics a
n
d
Appl
icatio
n (ICIEA 2007). Har
b
in, Ch
ina. 2
0
0
7
: 1384-
13
88.
[10]
JS Hu, KY
C
hen, T
Y
She
n
,
CH T
ang. A
nal
ytic
al
s
o
luti
ons
of multi
l
e
v
el s
pace-v
e
ctor PW
M f
o
r
multip
hase vo
ltage so
urce i
n
v
e
rters.
IEEE Tr
ans. Power Electron
. 2011; 2
6
(
5): 1489-
15
02
.
[11]
Shiji
e Y
an, Qu
n Z
h
a
ng, H
e
n
g
Du.
A s
i
m
p
lified SVPWM Control
Strategy
for PV Inverter
. 24
th
Ch
ines
e
Contro
l and D
e
cision C
onfer
e
n
ce (CCD
C). 2012: 22
5-2
29.
[12]
Sutikno T
,
H
w
a W
J
, Jidin A, Idris NRN. A simple
appr
oa
ch of space-ve
ctor pulse
w
i
dt
h modu
latio
n
realiz
atio
n b
a
s
ed o
n
fie
l
d pr
o
g
ramma
ble
gat
e arra
y.
El
ectri
c
Pow
e
r Co
mp
one
nts an
d Sy
stems
. 2
010;
38(1
4
): 154
6-1
557.
[13]
M Z
adehb
ag
he
ri, R Ildarab
adi
, M Baghaei N
e
ja
d. Slidi
ng
m
ode co
ntrol of a dou
bl
y - fed
inducti
o
n
gen
erator for w
i
nd e
ner
g
y
convers
i
on s
ystem.
Internationa
l Journ
a
l
of
Scientific & Engin
eeri
n
g
Research.
2013; 4(11) 2229-5518.
[14]
M Z
ade
hba
gh
eri, R Il
dar
ab
adi, M
Bag
h
a
e
i N
e
j
ad. A
Revie
w
o
n
S
pee
d C
ontro
l
T
e
chniques
o
f
Separ
atel
y E
xcited D
C
Mot
o
r.
T
E
LKOMNIKA Indo
nesi
a
n
Journ
a
l
of El
ectrical E
n
g
i
ne
erin
g
. 2
015;
13(1): 10
6-1
1
3
.
[15]
M Z
ade
hba
gh
eri, R Il
dar
aba
di, M B
agh
ae
i
Nej
ad.
Revi
e
w
of th
e UPF
C
Differe
nt Mo
dels
in
Rec
ent
Years.
Internati
ona
l Journ
a
l of
Pow
e
r El
ectronics an
d Drive
System (IJPED
S)
. 2014; 4(3): 343-
355.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.