Indonesian J
ournal of Ele
c
trical Engin
eering and
Computer Sci
e
nce
Vol. 2, No. 3,
Jun
e
201
6, pp. 583 ~ 59
1
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/ijeecs.v2.i3.pp58
3-5
9
1
583
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 15, 20
16; Re
vised
May 3, 201
6; Acce
pted Ma
y 16, 201
6
A Review on Back-to-Back Converters in Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator based Wind Energy
Conversion System
Kar
t
hikrajan
Senthilnatha
n*, K Iy
s
w
a
r
y
a
Annapoor
ani
VIT
Universit
y
,
Che
nna
i, India
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: karthikraj
an.s
201
4p
hd1
14
7
@
vit.ac.in
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Th
is pa
pe
r p
r
esen
ts
a
re
vi
e
w
on
th
e a
ppl
ica
t
ion
o
f
b
a
ck-t
o
-b
ack
c
o
nv
ert
e
rs
in
t
h
e
fi
e
l
d of p
e
r
m
a
n
ent
magnet
synchronous
gener
a
tor
(PM
S
G)-
based w
i
nd energy conv
ersion syst
ems
(W
ECS). T
h
e wide
a
p
p
l
ic
ati
o
ns
of
th
e b
a
ck
-t
o-
ba
ck c
o
n
v
e
r
te
rs
ar
e p
o
w
e
r c
o
nd
i
t
ion
i
ng
de
vi
ce
s, mi
cro
g
r
i
d
, h
i
gh
vo
l
t
age
direct
cu
rren
t (H
VD
C),
a
nd re
ne
wabl
e
e
n
e
r
gy systems. T
h
e
i
n
ten
t
ion
i
s
to pre
s
e
n
t an overvi
e
w
ab
ou
t the de
sig
n
co
ns
i
d
e
r
at
i
o
ns
tak
e
n by v
a
r
i
o
u
s r
e
s
e
arc
h
ers
in
ba
ck-t
o
-
b
ac
k co
nv
ert
e
r
s
i
n
the f
i
e
l
d of W
E
CS
a
nd r
e
c
e
nt
d
e
ve
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
o
n
i
t
.
Ge
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
co
nfig
uration
of
b
a
ck-to-back c
onv
erters use
d
ar
e
12 p
u
ls
e volt
a
g
e
source c
onvert
e
rs (VSC), 12
puls
e
curre
nt source
c
onve
r
ter (CSC), an
d ni
ne (9)
pul
se volta
ge so
u
r
c
e
converter.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
back-to
-b
ack co
nve
r
te
r, vol
t
age so
urce
con
v
erte
rs (VSC
), cu
rren
t sou
r
ce
con
v
e
r
te
rs (C
SC),
pe
rman
en
t
magn
e
t
syn
c
h
r
on
ou
s
ge
ne
ra
to
r (PMSG), wind
e
n
e
r
g
y
con
v
e
r
sion
systems (W
EC
S)
Copy
right
©
2016 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The applica
t
io
ns of power e
l
ectronics devices
in the
field of power s
ystems are ma
king a
great impac
t for power condition
ing
[1-4], HVDC,
Ren
e
wable energy systems [5
], [6-9], and
Micro
Grid integra
t
ions to the po
wer grid. The impact of
ba
ck-to-back co
nverters in th
e field o
f
power
systems mad
e
the sys
t
em more reliable
and m
ade a
way to s
y
nchronize the r
enewable energy
sources to th
e grid. The d
e
sign of back-to-back conv
erters is broa
dly classified
as voltage so
urce
converters and current sou
r
ce converters[10-11
]. The
voltage sour
ce converters (VSC) have the
common dc link with capac
itor and
similarly
the cu
rre
nt source converters (CSC)
,
[12-13] has
dc
link with
the
inductor. The
both
VSC a
nd CSC
ha
ve its
own ad
vantages
and
disadvan
tag
e
s.
Depends on the requireme
nt o
f
the sys
t
em,
the co
n
v
erter source type and design configura
t
ion is
chosen by
var
i
ous researchers in
this
fie
l
d.
The most co
mmon design
,
configura
t
io
n
employed
is 12 pulse VSC and CSC based
back-to-back
converters, 1
2
pulse VSC
based ba
ck-t
o
-back
converters supported by DC to
DC
converter with ultra-capacitor connected
acro
ss the DC link, 9 p
u
lse VSC ba
sed back-to-back
converter. T
h
e design constraint, while
implemen
t
in
g
the back-to-back converters is to maintain
the constant
DC link volta
ge. The base model fo
r th
e developme
n
t of
the back-to-back converte
r
is a 3 pha
se
diode rectifier connected
to the 6
pulse VSC inverter. Based on this model th
e
researchers
done an e
x
tensive resea
r
ch and mo
deled
the e
f
ficient back-to-back converte
r
designs.
2. Classifica
tion of Bac
k
-to-Back
Conv
erter
The ba
ck-to-back conv
ert
e
r is cl
assifi
ed, based o
n
the conve
r
ter type and
desig
n
asp
e
ct
s used
by various rese
arche
r
s in the fi
eld of powe
r
syst
e
m
s. The Fig
u
re 1
sho
w
s
the
cla
ssifi
cation
of the back-to
-ba
ck
conve
r
t
e
r.
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 3, Jun
e
2016 : 583
– 591
584
Figure 1. Cla
ssifi
cation of
back-to
-b
ac
k
conv
e
r
t
e
r
s
in
pow
er sy
st
e
m
s f
i
eld
2.1. Voltage Source Con
v
erter
2.1.1. Diode Rec
t
ifier
w
i
th 6 Pulse Voltage Sourc
e
In
v
e
rter
The ba
sic m
odel of back-to-b
ack con
v
erter
con
s
ists of 3 phase diode re
cti
f
ier and
inverter. Thi
s
type of converters widel
y us
ed in the PMSG based
wind en
ergy co
nversion
system
s an
d HVDC,
[17-2
0
], [21-25]
. The co
ntrollin
g
part is invert
er alon
e and
dc lin
k ca
pa
ci
tor
is bulky an
d has a sho
r
t life span. In this model
the o
u
tput voltage has mo
re rip
p
les. Thi
s
mo
del
can
not be u
s
ed as the b
a
c
k-to-ba
ck in
verter ap
plica
t
ions, like p
o
w
er
con
d
ition
i
ng devices a
n
d
micro g
r
id
sy
nch
r
oni
zatio
n
with
po
we
r
grid. T
h
e
Fig
u
re
2
sh
ows the
co
nfiguration of
diod
e
rectifie
r with
6 pulse voltage so
urce inv
e
rter.
Figure 2. Dio
de Re
ctifier with 6 Pulse Voltage Sou
r
ce Inverter
2.1.2. Back
-to-Back 1
2
Pulse Voltage
Source Con
v
erter
The 12 Pul
s
e back-to-b
a
ck voltag
e source
conve
r
ters h
a
ve two conve
r
ter
module
s
con
n
e
c
ted to
the co
mmon
DC li
nk capa
citor. T
h
e
s
e
t
y
pes of
co
nverters a
r
e
wid
e
ly use
d
in,
wind
energy conv
ersi
on
syste
m
s, po
we
r
conditionin
g
d
e
vice
s like [
2
5
-
2
6
]
unified po
we
r q
u
a
lity
con
d
itione
r micro grid int
egratio
n into the powe
r
gri
d
. The advan
tage of this desi
g
n is, it has
cap
able
of m
a
kin
g
po
we
r flow in
both di
rectio
ns. T
h
is advantag
e
make
s th
e m
odel mo
re
sui
t
ed
for po
we
r
co
nditioning
de
vices. T
he
ca
pacito
r
i
s
bul
ky and
it doe
sn’t p
r
ovide
n
a
tural
prote
c
ti
on
for sh
ort ci
rcuit. Also it doesn’t pro
v
ide con
s
tan
t
DC link v
o
ltage. Figu
re 3. sho
w
s the
config
uratio
n of 12 pulse b
a
ck-to
-
ba
ck voltage source
converte
r.
Figure 3. Back-to
-
Ba
ck 12
Pulse Voltag
e Source Con
v
erter
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
A Rev
i
ew on
Bac
k
-to-Back Conv
er
te
rs in PMSG based WE
CS (Karthikraj
an Senthilnath
a
n)
585
2.1.3. Back
-to-Bac
k
12 Pulse Voltage Source
Conv
erter w
i
th DC-DC conv
erter
and
Bat
t
ery
/
UCA
P
Maintaining of constant
DC lin
k voltag
e in the
ba
ck-to-b
a
ck
conv
erters i
s
e
ssential, in
orde
r to provide the co
nst
ant sup
p
ly to the in
verter
side [41
-
4
3
]. Here the co
nstant DC lin
k
voltage
is achieved
by DC-DC co
nverter with Batt
ery (o
r)
Ultra
Cap
a
cito
r (UCAP),
whi
c
h is
con
n
e
c
ted a
c
ro
ss the
DC lin
k capa
ci
tor. Some
re
sea
r
che
r
s use
re
ne
wable
energy
sources,
instea
d of Ultra Ca
pa
cito
r to maintai
n
the
co
nst
a
n
t
DC lin
k v
o
lt
age.
Figu
re
4 sh
ow
s t
h
e
config
uratio
n
of 12 pulse
back-to
-ba
c
k voltage
so
urce co
nvert
e
r with DC-DC
conve
r
ter and
Battery/UCA
P.
Figure 4. Back-to
-
Ba
ck 12
Pulse Voltag
e S
ource Con
v
erter with
DC-DC
conve
r
t
e
r and
BATTERY/ UCAP
2.1.4. Back
-to-Back 9 Pul
se Voltage S
ource
Conv
erter
Harmoni
cs pl
ays a majo
r role in the co
n
s
trai
nt of po
wer ele
c
tro
n
ics device
s
. If th
ere is
more n
u
mbe
r
of switch
es, i
t
produ
ce
s switchi
ng
lo
ss
also. Thi
s
ma
y reduce the efficien
cy of the
device.
Figure 5. Back-to
-
Ba
ck 9 P
u
lse Voltag
e Source Conv
erter
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 3, Jun
e
2016 : 583
– 591
586
In orde
r to ov
ercome th
ese
probl
em
s, re
sea
r
che
r
s
ha
d de
signe
d a
new m
odel
o
f
back
-
to-ba
ck
conv
erters which contai
ns 9
switche
s
[
22-2
4
], [53] instead of 12 swit
che
s
. This mo
del
is
widely u
s
e
d
in the po
we
r con
d
itionin
g
device
s
a
n
d
in so
me
ca
se
s u
s
ed
as a dual
outp
ut
inverter.
Dep
end
s on the
appli
c
ation,
it can
b
e
used with
red
u
c
ed l
o
sse
s
a
n
d le
ss n
u
m
ber
swit
che
s
. Fig
u
re 5 sho
w
s t
he co
nfiguration of
9 pulse back-to
-b
ack
voltage so
urce conve
r
ter.
2.2. Curren
t
Source Con
v
erter
2.2.1 Bac
k
-to-ba
ck 12 P
u
lse Curr
ent Source Con
v
erter
Re
cently
the resea
r
ch
of current sou
r
ce
co
nv
erte
rs [
14-1
5
], [55] i
n
the field
of
po
wer
system
s in
cre
a
se
d an
d mo
re re
ce
nt deve
l
opment
s
were don
e by various
re
sea
r
ch
ers. T
h
e m
a
in
advantag
e of
cu
rre
nt source
conve
r
ters is it act a
s
a firs
t o
r
d
e
r filter
and
provide
s
n
a
t
u
ral
prote
c
tion
on
sh
ort
circuit.
This configu
r
ation
co
nsi
s
t
s
of t
w
o 3
p
hase
conve
r
ters,
whi
c
h
are
con
n
e
c
ted to the comm
on
DC lin
k re
act
o
r.
Figure 6. Back-to
-
Ba
ck 12
Pulse Current
Source Co
nverter
This mo
del i
s
wid
e
ly use
d
in Powe
r c
onditionin
g
d
e
vice
s , HVDC tran
smission, an
d
wind en
ergy conve
r
si
on systems. For
makin
g
this
model mo
re
efficient man
y
resea
r
che
r
s ha
s
worke
d
to
wards cu
rrent
so
urce conve
r
t
e
rs. Figu
re
6. sh
ows the
configur
ation of
Back-to
-
B
a
ck
12 Pulse
Cu
rrent S
ource Converte
r.
3. Permanen
t Magne
t Sy
nchrono
us
Gener
a
tor
(PMSG) base
d Wind Ene
r
g
y
Conv
ers
i
o
n
Sy
stems (WECS)
3.1. PMSG WECS based o
n
the Diod
e Rec
t
ifier Bridge and Inv
e
rter
A simple top
o
logy of a wi
nd ene
rgy
co
nversi
on
s
y
s
t
em c
o
ns
is
ts
of a [31-32], [36], [44],
54] diode
bri
dge rectifie
r, with a DC lin
k to an in
ve
rter. This type
of conve
r
ter is sim
p
le a
n
d
reliabl
e, but the po
we
r factor of the PM
SG [46]
is lo
w. The oth
e
r
probl
em i
s
th
at, if the output
voltage of th
e re
ctifier is l
o
we
r tha
n
th
e gri
d
, it
can
not be
syn
c
h
r
oni
zed
with
the g
r
id. Fi
gure 7
sho
w
s the co
nfiguratio
n of PMSG WECS based o
n
the Dio
de Rectifier Bridge a
n
d Inverter.
Figure 7. PMSG WECS ba
sed o
n
the
Di
ode Rectifier
Bridge a
nd In
verter
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
A Rev
i
ew on
Bac
k
-to-Back Conv
er
te
rs in PMSG based WE
CS (Karthikraj
an Senthilnath
a
n)
587
3.2. PMSG WECS Bas
e
d on Bac
k
-to-Bac
k
Conv
erter
The cha
r
a
c
te
ristics of
the back-to
-b
ack
co
nver
te
r [2
7-30], [33], [
34], [56] are
that the
conve
r
ter ne
eds a
c
tive d
e
vice
s at
bo
th re
ctifiers
and th
e g
r
id
sid
e
of
the
inverte
r
. Th
e
advantag
es o
f
this m
odel
are
both
the
rectifie
r a
nd i
n
verter b
r
idg
e
s
are
contro
llable. Th
e m
a
jor
disa
dvantag
e
of back-to-b
ack topology
is that, t
he
control strate
gy is comple
x and expen
sive
due to
ne
ed
of 12-ch
ann
el
Pulse
Wi
dth
Modulatio
n
si
gnal
s for the
rectifie
r a
nd t
he inve
rter. I
n
a
pra
c
tical
sy
stem, the
cont
rol al
go
rithm
req
u
ires
mor
e
pr
oc
ess
o
rs
lik
e
Mi
cro-Controlle
r Un
its,
Digital Sig
nal
Pro
c
e
s
sor,
and
Field P
r
ogra
mmabl
e
Gate Array t
o
control. Fig
u
re
8
sh
ows
the
config
uratio
n of PMSG WECS Base
d on
Back-to-Ba
ck Co
nverte
r.
Figure 8. PMSG WECS Base
d on Back-to-Ba
c
k Con
v
erter
3.3. PMSG WECS
Bas
e
d
on Diod
e
Bridge
Rec
t
i
f
ier, Boo
s
t
Conv
erter
w
i
th Ba
tter
y
and
In
v
e
rter
A topolo
g
y with Re
ctifier
and
DC-DC
conve
r
te
r (B
oost
Co
nvert
e
r) is em
ploy
ed al
ong
with the Battery in the
DC link
to maintain the cons
tant
DC lin
k voltage [3
7-39], [45], [47-49],
[52]. The ad
vantage
s of this mod
e
l a
r
e DC lin
k v
o
ltage i
s
mai
n
tained
con
s
tant. The ma
jor
disa
dvantag
e
is, it req
u
ires batte
ry sto
r
a
ge for
maintai
n
ing the
co
nstant DC-lin
k a
n
d the n
u
mb
er
of controll
ed para
m
eter i
s
also in
crea
se
d. In
a practical syste
m
, the cont
rol al
gorithm requi
res
more
p
r
o
c
essors li
ke Mi
cro
-
Co
ntroll
er
Units, Di
gital S
i
gnal P
r
o
c
e
s
sor, a
nd Fi
eld
Programma
bl
e
Gate Array to
co
ntrol. Fi
gu
re 9
sh
ows th
e conf
ig
ur
a
t
ion
o
f
PMSG WEC
S
Bas
e
d on
D
i
o
d
e Br
idge
Re
ctifier, Boo
s
t Conve
r
ter
with Battery and Inverter.
Figure 9. PMSG WECS Base
d on Di
od
e Bridge
Re
ctifier, Boost Converte
r with
Battery and
Inverter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 3, Jun
e
2016 : 583
– 591
588
Table 1. Co
m
pari
s
on of P
M
SG WECS
model
s
PMSG
WECS
based on
No o
f
Co
ntr
o
lla
ble
s
w
itches
Con
t
rol al
gorith
m
an
d
Imple
m
en
tati
on
Imple
m
en
tati
on Cost
Efficie
n
c
y
Diode Recti
f
ier
Bridge a
nd I
n
v
e
rter
6 Simple
Lo
w
Lo
w
Back-
to-
B
ack
Con
v
er
ter
12 Complex
High
High
Diode Brid
ge
Rectifi
e
r an
d D
C
Cho
pper w
i
th
Batter
y
and
In
v
e
rter
9 Complex
High
High
Diode Brid
ge
Rectifi
e
r,Buc
k
Boos
t Co
n
v
er
te
r
and I
n
v
e
rter
7 Simple
Less
High
4. Contr
o
ller for Ba
ck To-Bac
k
Conv
erter
For
ma
king t
he effici
ent a
nd
controlled
ope
ra
tion
controlle
r
part
is
ne
ce
ssary for th
e
power
elect
r
onics d
e
vice
s the
wid
e
ly use
d
cont
rol algorith
m
is synchro
nou
s referen
c
e
fra
m
e
theory in
whi
c
h the th
ree
pha
se
co-ordinates
(ab
c
) i
s
converte
d to two
co-ordi
nates
(dq
0
)
a
nd
based on
th
e requi
rem
ents the
erro
r sign
al
is
calcul
ate
d
by
comp
ari
ng
with the
re
feren
c
e
so
urce
[10-11], [16], [21], [35],
[50-51]. The Tra
n
sformati
on
matrix form a
b
c to dq0 is
given in equa
tion
(1).
Th
e Inve
rse
Tran
sformation m
a
tri
x
dq0 to
ab
c i
s
given
in
equ
ation
(2). The h
a
rdware
impleme
n
tation is d
one
using DSP an
d
FPGA kits
u
s
i
ng the same
algorith
m
for
variou
s types of
appli
c
ation
s
.
2
3
1
2
cosθ
2
3
sinθ
2π
3
⁄
1
2
cos
θ
2
3
s
i
n
θ
2
π
3
⁄
1
2
(1)
i
i
i
2
3
cos
θ
cos
θ
2π
3
cos
θ
2
π
3
⁄
sinθ
sinθ
2
π
3
⁄
sinθ
2π
3
⁄
1
2
1
2
1
2
i
i
i
(2)
5. Conclusio
n
A comp
reh
e
n
sive review on the dif
f
erent mo
del
config
uratio
ns of b
a
ck-to-ba
c
k
conve
r
ters in
the field of
PMSG base
d
wind e
nerg
y
systems i
s
repo
rted in
this pap
er. T
h
e
perfo
rman
ce,
efficien
cy and implem
en
tation co
st
of
the each m
odel is
analy
z
ed T
he recent
developm
ent
s a
r
e
ba
sed
on the
high
e
fficient conve
r
te
rs
w
i
th
re
du
c
e
d
nu
mb
er o
f
sw
itch
es
a
n
d
high efficien
t converte
rs for powe
r
conditi
oni
n
g
device
s
, High voltag
e dire
ct cu
rre
nt
transmissio
n, and
re
ne
wa
ble e
ner
gy conversion
sy
stem
s. Differ
ent mod
e
l
configuration
s
of
back-to
-b
ack
conve
r
ters h
a
ve bee
n ad
dre
s
sed. T
h
e
s
e d
e
vice
s
h
a
ve wid
e
a
r
e
a
of ap
plications
inthe field of
power
syste
m
s a
nd
the v
a
riou
s
desi
g
n
config
uration
s
a
r
e
cla
ssifi
ed in thi
s
p
a
per.
The review on back-to-b
ack converters i
n
PMSG
based WECS
will serve as reference gui
de for
the resea
r
che
r
for the furth
e
r develo
p
me
nt of the high efficient syste
m
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
A Rev
i
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-to-Back Conv
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on
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