Indonesian J
ournal of Ele
c
trical Engin
eering and
Computer Sci
e
nce
Vol. 2, No. 1,
April 201
6, pp. 145 ~ 15
0
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/ijeecs.v2.i1.pp14
5-1
5
0
145
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 2, 2012;
Re
vised Ma
rch 13, 2016; A
c
cepted Ma
rch 25, 2016
Apply Optimarin Ballast System for Vietnam’s Fleet to
Prevent Sea Pollution from Non-Indigenous Aquatic
Species
Dinh-Chien Dang*
1
, Ming
-Hu
ng Shu
1
, Bi-Min Hsu
2
, Thanh
-Lam
Ngu
y
en
3
Phung-Kim Truong
1
and Viet-Th
a
nh Ngu
y
en
4
1
Departme
n
t of Industrial En
gi
neer
ing a
nd M
ana
geme
n
t Na
tiona
l Kao
h
siu
ng Un
iversit
y
o
f
Applie
d
Scienc
es, T
a
i
w
an
2
Departme
n
t of Industrial En
gi
neer
ing a
nd M
ana
geme
n
t Ch
eng Sh
iu U
n
ive
r
sit
y
, Kao
h
siu
n
g
833
47, T
a
i
w
an
3
Departme
n
t of Postgradu
ate
Studies
, Lac H
ong U
n
ivers
i
t
y
,
Vietnam
4
Vietnam Mariti
me Univ
ersit
y
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: chien
d
ktb0
97
@gmai
l
.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Marine
spec
ie
s are us
ual
ly t
r
ansp
o
rted fro
m
o
ne
are
a
to
anoth
e
r by th
e ba
llast w
a
ter
used t
o
provi
de safe
o
perati
on for ve
ssels. After enterin
g a n
e
w
en
viron
m
e
n
t, the
y
may ca
use
d
a
mag
e
to the l
o
cal
ecosyste
m
, le
adi
ng to th
e d
i
srupti
ons of t
he e
n
tire
mari
ne ec
osyste
m
, and s
e
ri
ously
affecting
not
on
l
y
bio
d
ivers
i
ty but also sever
a
l i
n
dustries suc
h
a
s
fish
ing a
nd a
quac
ulture. T
h
erefore, the U
n
ited Nati
ons (U
N)
consi
ders the prese
n
ce of no
n-in
dig
e
n
ous o
c
ean
ic speci
e
s
to be one of t
he top four seri
ous threats to the
glo
bal
envir
on
me
nt; and, h
o
w
to effectively control
th
e n
o
n
-in
d
ig
en
ous a
quatic s
peci
e
s
has ca
ptivate
d
the
speci
a
l attenti
ons of sever
a
l scientists w
o
rldw
id
e.
W
i
th the sign
ifican
t develo
p
m
e
n
t in the
mariti
me
ind
u
stry, strict
requ
ire
m
e
n
ts the c
ontro
l an
d ma
na
ge
me
nt o
f
ships
’
ba
llast
w
a
ter and sedi
me
nts set by The
UN'
s Intern
atio
nal
Mariti
me
Organi
z
a
t
i
on
(IMO) have
w
e
l
l
sh
ape
d th
e t
r
end
in
inst
all
i
ng
bal
last w
a
t
e
r
treatment system
s. A
m
ong t
h
em
, Opti
marin Ballast System
is
prefer
ab
ly used in
practice. Howev
e
r,
currently, Vi
etn
a
m
’
s fle
e
ts us
e a
different c
h
e
m
ic
al
me
th
o
d
w
h
ich
is n
o
t utili
z
e
d
elsew
here
in th
e w
o
rld.
Becaus
e it is
not e
n
viro
n
m
e
n
tally fri
e
n
d
ly
and
it
s effecti
v
eness
has
n
’
t
bee
n va
li
date
d
yet, this
pa
per
sugg
ests the
app
licati
on
of OBS in
the V
i
etna
m
’
s fleet
in ord
e
r to
pr
event se
a po
ll
ution fro
m
no
n-
indi
ge
no
us aq
uatic spec
ies a
nd
min
i
mi
z
e
its
associat
e
d
n
e
gative i
m
pacts
as w
e
ll as ma
ke the Vietn
a
m’s
fleet co
mply w
i
t
h IMO require
me
nts in prote
c
ting t
he gl
ob
al
enviro
n
m
ent for sustain
abl
e
deve
l
op
ment.
Ke
y
w
ords
: Optim
a
r
i
n, Vietnam’
s
fleet, s
ea pollution, ballast water system
Copy
right
©
2016 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
In maritim
e
industry,
ballast water i
s
used to
m
a
intain
the stability a
nd structural
i
n
tegrity
of ship
s and
ensure the i
mmersion of t
he prope
lle
r
and rudde
r in
the unload
e
d
passa
ge a
s
well
as to
re
store
balan
ce
du
ring loa
d
ing/di
scharge
ope
rations
and f
uel con
s
ump
t
ion; thus, it
is
critical to
the
safety of
ship
’s o
peration. I
t
is
e
s
timate
d
that
3.00
0
–
4.000 million tons (Mton
)
o
f
untreate
d
ba
llast wate
r a
r
e disch
a
rge
d
from
shi
p
s every year [1]. The UN's Inte
rnati
onal
Maritime
Org
anization (IM
O
) e
s
timate
s
that 10 billi
o
n
tons of b
a
lla
st wate
r i
s
tra
n
sp
orted
aro
und
the wo
rld [2]. That is a
c
tu
ally a huge
amount to b
e
well ma
na
ged for th
e safety of ma
rine
eco
s
ystem
s
b
e
ca
use thou
sand
s of sp
eci
e
s of ani
mals
,
plant
s an
d a
l
so mi
cro
o
r
g
a
n
ism
s
,
su
ch
a
s
bacte
ria, microbe
s, egg
s, small inverteb
rate anima
l
s
, cysts a
nd la
rvae of many different spe
c
ies
of flora and fauna, called
non-i
ndig
eno
us spe
c
ie
s [3], are usually
transfe
rre
d from an aq
ua
tic
eco
s
ystem t
o
anothe
r o
ne throu
gh the ch
arg
e
a
nd disch
a
rg
e
of the ballast wate
r. The
Internation
a
l
Conve
n
tion
for the
Co
ntrol a
nd M
anag
ement
of Ship’s B
a
llast
Wate
r and
Sediment
s se
ts requi
rem
e
nts to prevent
the trans
fers of organi
sms. Several studies un
de
rtaken
worl
dwi
de have shown that balla
st water
is a major
facilitator
of the transfer of aquatic
orga
nisms, in
cludi
ng hum
a
n
pathog
en
s, across natu
r
a
l
bound
arie
s [4, 5].
Therefore, th
e United Nations (UN) con
s
id
e
r
s the p
r
ese
n
ce of non-indi
gen
ou
s oce
ani
c
spe
c
ie
s to be
one of the top four serio
u
s threats
to the
global enviro
n
ment [2]. At
any given time,
about
35.00
0
shi
p
s a
r
e
en
ro
ute o
n
the
wate
r
of the
Earth
and
m
o
re
than
3.0
00
spe
c
ie
s
a
r
e
being t
r
an
sp
orted i
n
their
balla
st tanks
[2]. The
pa
st decade ha
s
seen
a sig
n
ificant
incre
a
se
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 1, April 2016 : 145 –
150
146
the wide
spread of sp
eci
e
s to ne
w areas
whe
r
e
th
ey do not na
turally belon
g
to, creating
an
imbalan
ce
in
ecosy
s
tem
s
. It is
a
se
rio
u
s
envir
o
n
m
ental th
reat
b
e
ca
use the
i
n
vaders hav
e no
natural
pre
d
a
t
ors a
nd the
original
sp
e
c
ie
s be
co
m
e
extinct, lead
ing to the di
sru
p
tion
s of th
e
entire m
a
rine ecosystem,
i.e. the invasion of ha
rmf
u
l speci
e
s
destroy
s
the
stabilization of
a
n
aquati
c
e
c
o
system, se
riou
sly affecting
not only bi
odi
versity but al
so
several in
dustri
e
s
su
ch
as
fishing a
nd a
qua
culture [2
]. Hence, the
numbe
r an
d
freque
ncy of
invasion
s of
alien spe
c
ie
s in
marin
e
ecosystems h
a
s
alway
s
bee
n
a perma
ne
nt con
c
e
r
n. As a co
nse
quen
ce, ho
w to
effectively control the non
-indige
nou
s a
quatic spe
c
ie
s has
captiva
t
ed the spe
c
i
a
l attentions
o
f
several scient
ists worldwide.
Over the ye
ars, the gl
ob
al ship
buildin
g
market ha
s bee
n in co
ntinuou
s gro
w
th, and
unde
rgoi
ng p
r
ofoun
dly ch
a
nged
pro
c
e
ss. Due to
a si
g
n
ificant in
cre
a
se i
n
tra
n
sp
ort volume
s a
n
d
worl
dwi
de to
urism, vessel
fleets with large
r
dime
nsions d
o
minat
e today’s wo
rldwi
de ma
ritime
traffic [6]. Along with thi
s
trend, se
rio
u
s co
n
c
e
r
n
s
about environment p
o
llu
tion are
raised.
Therefore, b
e
tter
environ
mental
requi
reme
nts a
n
d
stri
cter
stan
dard
s
fo
r no
t only physi
cal
comp
one
nts
but also ma
n
ageme
n
t solu
tions have be
en gen
uinely taken into
co
nsid
eratio
n a
nd
impleme
n
tation. Luckily, the origi
n
of balla
st
water discharged
in ports by l
a
rge ve
ssels is
norm
a
lly well
defined a
c
co
rding to ve
ssel types
and/
or carg
o. Thu
s
, it is possib
l
e to unde
rta
k
e
risk a
sse
ssm
ents for tra
n
sport of balla
st wate
r from
one area to
anothe
r. The
risk a
sse
ssm
ent
approa
ch all
o
ws different
iation on the use of
tre
a
tment (exch
ange o
r
any other type of
treatment
) ba
sed
upon th
e
risk po
se
d b
y
the ballast
water t
r
an
spo
r
ted [7]. In the pa
st, there
are
3 ba
si
c meth
ods of b
a
llast water exch
ange: Se
que
ntial, Flow-through
and
Dil
u
tion. But th
ese
method
s we
re not effective for preve
n
ti
ng non
-indi
ge
nou
s sp
eci
e
s
in the worl
d.
Curre
n
tly, chemical treati
ng balla
st water
with ch
emical m
e
th
ods i
s
widel
y used in
Vietnam. Pra
c
tically, o
n
e
ton of
balla
st
water i
s
mixe
d with
eith
er
15g
cal
c
ium
chlo
ride
s wit
h
70% con
c
e
n
tration of Cl
2
or 50g of Chlo
ramin
e
B 100%. Based on the volume of each tan
k
, the
chemi
c
al
sh
o
u
ld first b
e
d
iluted and
di
ssolved in
a
bucket b
e
fo
re it is p
oure
d
into the ta
nk
throug
h its pi
peline. In ord
e
r to make a
quick diffusi
on, it is sugg
ested to u
s
e
a pump sy
st
em
with fire-h
ose to
co
ntinu
ously
pum
p t
he b
a
lla
st
water i
n
2
0
-3
0
minute
s
ci
rculation
until t
he
chlo
ride in th
e wate
r rea
c
hes to 0.1 pp
m level. The balla
st water
can finally be
discharged a
fter
1-2 h
ours lat
e
r. Because the
aforement
ioned treatm
ent method u
s
ed in Vietn
a
m
is not ap
pli
ed
else
wh
ere i
n
the wo
rld a
nd its effe
ctiveness h
a
s
not bee
n officially stu
d
ied
either, a
ne
w
approa
ch for
a better effici
ent treatment
beco
m
e
s
m
andato
r
y. Fro
m
analysi
s
a
bove, it is most
urge
nt that we ope
rate to
find the be
st
of balla
st wat
e
r sy
stem to
apply for Viet
nam’s fle
e
t in
particula
r and
all ship
s in the worl
d in ge
neral.
In orde
r to match the trend for sust
ainabl
e gro
w
th of the industry and
co
mpletely
resolved n
o
n
-
indig
eno
us
speci
e
s p
r
o
b
le
ms, Opti
ma
ri
n Ballast System (OBS)
with high-quality
plasti
c pipin
g
solution
s fo
r balla
st systems,
balla
st
water treat
ment and ot
her
ship
build
ing
appli
c
ation
s
has b
een
de
veloped to u
n
ravel the
s
e
techni
cal, o
peratio
nal a
n
d
enviro
n
me
nt
chall
enge
s [2
]. After seve
ral years of testing,
develo
p
ing an
d pat
enting ne
w t
e
ch
nolo
g
y, OBS
wa
s finally ap
proved fo
r its
purific
ation
system in 20
09,
in accordan
ce with Gui
deli
ne 8 and
“Th
e
Internation
a
l
Conve
n
tion
for the
Co
ntrol a
nd M
anag
ement
of Ship’s B
a
llast
Wate
r and
Sediment
s, 2
004”.
Since t
hen, the
OB
S always
uses
app
roved
tech
nolo
g
y t
hat si
gnifican
t
ly
excee
d
s th
e
string
ent req
u
irem
ents
set
out in
the IM
O Co
nventio
n [2]. As a co
nse
que
nce, OBS
is prefe
r
ably
used in pra
c
tice. Hence, this
paper
sug
g
e
s
ts usi
ng the OBS on the ship
s of
Vietnam’s fle
e
t to prevent sea p
o
llution
from non
-indi
geno
us a
quat
ic sp
eci
e
s.
2. Sea Pollution from No
n-Indige
no
u
s
Aqua
tic Sp
ecies in Vietnam
Vietnam, loca
ted on the ea
stern
se
aboa
rd of t
he Indo
chin
ese Peni
nsul
a, is situ
ated on
a strategi
call
y important t
r
ade
ro
ute b
e
twee
n the I
ndian
and P
a
cific
Ocean
s [8]. Vietna
m's
mainlan
d
is
edge
d by a sub
s
tantial a
r
ea of sh
a
llo
w, subme
r
ge
d
contin
ental shelf (pa
r
t of the
Sunda Shelf
)
and thou
sa
n
d
s of isl
and
s are di
strib
u
ted alon
g the
coa
s
tline fro
m
north to
south
[8]. The
coa
s
tal zo
ne
of V
i
etnam fo
rm
s a la
rg
e inte
rface
between
land
an
d
se
a. It co
ntain
s
a
numbe
r of un
ique co
astal
eco
s
ystem
s
with valuable
tropical natu
r
al re
sou
r
ce
s such a
s
; delt
a
s,
lagoo
n, coral reef, estu
arie
s, tidal marsh
e
s, mang
rove
and up
wellin
g area
s etc.
Until 201
3, Vietnam ha
s 1
.
772 vessel
s wi
th 7.284.0
00 DWT (De
adweight To
nnag
e),
accou
n
ting fo
r 0.4
5
% of th
e worl
d total
volume [9
]. T
he late
st
dat
a from
Vietna
m Regi
ster [1
0]
sho
w
that in the last two
years,
severa
l
shippi
ng co
mpanie
s
hav
e been in h
u
ge difficulty and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Apply Optim
a
rin Balla
st System
for Vietnam’
s
Fl
eet to Prevent Sea Pollution …
(
Din
h
-Chie
n
D.)
147
some
have
g
one
ban
krupt
ed, lea
d
ing
to
the
signifi
ca
nt
increa
se
in
stop
ped
con
s
tru
c
tion
proj
ects
and de
co
mmi
ssi
one
d shi
p
s. Particul
arly
, among mo
re than 15
0 n
e
w ship
s und
er con
s
tru
c
tio
n
,
103 pie
c
e
s
have bee
n b
r
oug
ht to a stand
still [10]. As a result, Vietnam’s fleet has b
e
e
n
seri
ou
sly wea
k
en
ed. Specif
ically, in 2012
, there we
re 260 ma
rine transportatio
n
comp
anie
s
, b
u
t
until Augu
st
2014,
only 1
40
comp
anie
s
exi
s
t, i.e.
a si
gnificant
decrea
s
e
rate of 4
6
% [1
0].
Beside
s, o
c
e
an-g
o
ing ve
ssel
s with a t
o
tal tonnag
e
of at least 5
00 GT
were
decrea
s
e
d
7
3
%,
from 76
5 to 3
72 unit
s
. In a
ddition, the d
e
clin
e of
22%
in the num
b
e
r of in
spe
c
te
d vessel
s of the
same
pe
riod,
from 1.0
22
units in
201
3
to 797
units this yea
r
further in
dicate
s the
omino
u
s
shri
nkage of the Vietnam’
s
fleet.
3. Optimarin Ballast Sy
stem [11]
OBS is usi
n
g
ultra violet (UV) radiatio
n
as
p
r
imary treatment. It use
s
high
pre
s
sure UV
lamps,
whi
c
h
prod
uce UV
light at wav
e
length
s
ran
g
ing from
10
0 - 70
0 nan
o
meters, whi
c
h is
within the vi
si
ble spe
c
trum.
High
pre
s
su
re UV lam
p
s
also
pro
d
u
c
e
less UV lig
ht with ge
rmi
c
id
al
prop
ertie
s
, a
n
d
op
erate
at t
e
mpe
r
atures
500
- 6
00
de
gree
s
Cel
s
iu
s [12]. UV
exp
o
su
re i
s
usua
lly
use
d
duri
ng
the intake a
nd discha
rg
e
of ballast
water. Ho
weve
r, as UV ligh
t
penetration
is
rema
rkably l
o
we
red i
n
turbid water, th
e effect
ivene
ss
of usi
ng
UV to inhibit
micro-o
r
g
ani
sm
s
rep
r
od
uctio
n
is co
nsequ
ent
ly degrad
ed [1].
Figure 1. OptiMarin Balla
st System
3.1. Installati
on Location
As every ship
has re
se
rve
d
spa
c
e for a
balla
st wate
r treatment system, the location for
OBS sh
ould
not be
an
i
s
sue. However,
it is impo
rt
ant to chec
k if the
s
y
s
t
em fits
in the res
e
rved
spa
c
e; othe
rwise, som
e
o
t
her arra
nge
ments b
e
co
m
e
a must bef
ore the in
stal
lation. Optim
a
lly,
the syste
m
should
be lo
cated cl
ose to
the balla
st water
p
u
mp
s, whe
r
e other comp
one
nts, like
starte
r pa
nel
s and
cabi
nets may be lo
cat
ed a
s
cl
ose a
s
po
ssible if
space pe
rmits
becau
se it wil
l
redu
ce th
e i
n
stallatio
n
co
st, and al
so
make th
e p
i
ping a
rra
nge
ment ea
sie
r
. Practi
cally, the
locatio
n
for its install
a
tion
is not a big p
r
oble
m
be
cau
s
e the spa
c
e
for a treatm
ent system o
n
a
particula
r shi
p
is big
ger th
an expe
cted;
thus,
there is eno
ugh
sp
ace fo
r maint
enan
ce o
r
ot
her
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148
activities. Mo
reove
r
, the control p
anel
s are relati
vel
y
flexible wh
en it come
s
to location. It is
rea
s
on
able to
assum
e
that
the local con
t
rol pan
el
sho
u
ld be
mount
ed at a b
u
lkh
ead, o
r
direct
ly
on one of the
treatment unit
s
.
The figu
re 1
sho
w
s a typical layout of
a 334 m
3
/ho
u
r OBS Po
sition 1 is
used
for the
MicroKill UV
rea
c
tors; Po
sition 2 is fo
r the MicroKill
filter whe
r
e
a
s
Po
sition 3
and 4
are fo
r
cont
r
o
l
sy
st
e
m
s.
P
o
sit
i
on
4 is m
o
st
li
ke
ly
t
he lo
cal control
pan
el
while P
o
sitio
n
3 i
s
the
re
mote
control pan
el.
Table
1
displ
a
ys the
dim
e
nsio
ns for a t
y
pical
OBS system of
334
m
3
/hour. Ba
si
cally, with
these figu
re
s, the location
for its instal
lati
on is not
a big proble
m
becau
se the sp
ace for a
treatment
system on a
pa
rticula
r
ship i
s
bigge
r
tha
n
e
x
pected
as shown in Fi
gure 1. Mo
reove
r
,
the control
p
anel
s a
r
e
rel
a
tively flexible when
it co
mes to lo
cati
on. It is
re
asonabl
e to
assume
that the local
control pa
nel
sho
u
ld b
e
mo
unted at
a
bul
khe
ad, or
directly on o
ne
of the treatm
ent
units
.
Table 1. Opti
Marin e
s
timat
ed dimen
s
io
n
s
The I
n
stalla
tio
n
Cost
Foo
tpri
nt
LXB
Micr
oKill UV r
eac
tor
1.8 m
2
4x0.45 m
e
ters
Micr
oKill F
i
lter
0.76 m
2
Radius: 0.5 mete
rs
UV Po
w
e
r suppl
y unit
1.8 m
2
4x0.45 m
e
ters
3.2. Installati
on and Ope
r
ational Co
sts
The install
a
tion co
st com
b
ined
with investm
ent co
st will be the most impo
rta
n
t factors
whe
n
d
e
ci
din
g
on
a
balla
st wate
r tre
a
tment
system.
For OBS, th
e e
s
timated
i
n
stallatio
n
co
st is
$180.0
00, wh
ere the
majo
rity would b
e
use
d
on th
e
electri
c
al
syst
em. The in
sta
llation cost
s a
r
e
based on
sta
ndardized p
r
ice
s
from Asi
an shi
p
yard
s,
and it is assumed that th
e system
can
be
installe
d du
ri
ng a
sche
dul
ed do
cking
[11]. Pra
c
tical
l
y, the maintenan
ce
of O
BS is u
s
ually
the
repla
c
e
m
ent
of UV lamp
s who
s
e lifetim
e is expe
cted
to be 1.000
hours in
o
peration. No
rmal
ly, a
ship
will fill a
bout 90%
of the volume
of
the balla
st
ta
nks in e
a
ch o
peratio
n. The
r
efore, for a
tank
with a total
balla
st volum
e
of 5.000
m
3
, a UV la
mp ca
n be
use
d
for a
p
p
roximately
155
operation
s
.
Con
s
e
quently
, along
with
the re
pla
c
em
ent
of filter
a
nd a
s
so
ciate
d
a
c
tivities, the
maintena
nce
co
st is con
s
ide
r
ed
be
arable
com
pared to the
in
itial installati
on an
d p
r
im
ary
inves
t
ment.
3.3. The Adv
a
nta
g
es o
f
O
p
tiMarin Ballast Sy
stem
OBS is an en
vironme
n
tally friendly balla
st wa
te
r treat
ment system
becau
se it ha
s bee
n
develop
ed b
a
s
ed
on th
e u
s
e of filtration
and
UV light f
o
r the
efficie
n
t
removal
and
ina
c
tivation
of
marin
e
o
r
ga
n
i
sms.
The
O
BS is
one
of
very few tre
a
t
ment optio
ns that d
o
n
o
t
use
o
r
g
ene
rate
chemi
c
al
s
or bio
c
ide
s
i
n
i
t
s tre
a
tment
or
clea
ning
p
r
ocesse
s. It
wa
s d
e
si
gne
d in th
e m
o
tto of
being
enviro
n
m
entally sou
nd, sim
p
le, flexible an
d e
a
sy to in
stall,
and
ca
pabl
e
of ope
rating
on
both ne
w buil
d
s an
d existi
ng vessel
s [2]. The install
a
tion of OBS is easy a
nd
simple b
e
cau
s
e
OBS is a
mo
dular
system
whi
c
h i
s
ve
ry
flexible,
with
a relatively small footp
r
int
and
wei
ght; thus,
it well fits ve
ssels of all
kinds an
d
sizes.
It
can
a
c
comm
odate
a wi
de
ran
g
e
of ball
a
st
water
cap
a
citie
s
a
n
d
ca
n ha
ndle
flows
up to
3.000m
3
/hou
r (or high
er
u
pon
requ
est
)
[2]. The OBS is
norm
a
lly inst
alled in
the p
u
mp o
r
e
ngin
e
ro
om
an
d
in
c
l
os
e p
r
o
x
imity to
th
e
ba
lla
s
t
pu
mp
.
T
h
e
OBS can
be
delivere
d
in
a
contai
ne
r, on
a skid
or
i
n
separate pie
c
e
s
to allo
w
ea
sy installation i
n
almost any a
v
ailable sp
ace. The equip
m
ent can al
so be installe
d
horizontally, vertically, on or
su
spe
nde
d b
e
low
de
ck, al
ong the
shi
p
’
s
si
de o
r
in
several
sep
a
ra
te locatio
n
s. I
t
is rel
a
tively low
weig
ht and a
dds n
o
extra
noise. Th
e OBS utilizes
every sq
uare
meter and d
oes n
o
t req
u
i
r
e
muc
h
s
p
ac
e,
mak
i
ng it a c
o
s
t
-effic
i
ent solution [2].
OBS con
s
i
s
ts of stand
ardi
zed
co
mpon
e
n
ts be
ca
use i
t
is a mo
dula
r
sy
stem for
all flow
config
uratio
n
s
. All UV spa
r
e pa
rts can
be used fo
r a
n
y system ca
pacity whi
c
h
provide
s
si
m
p
le
pro
c
u
r
eme
n
t and logi
stic o
peratio
n for b
o
th own
e
rs a
nd ope
rato
rs
of large a
nd
diverse fleets.
The filters a
r
e al
so
stan
dardi
ze
d so
that in
any
system, o
n
ly a few
filter
sizes are u
s
ed
rega
rdl
e
ss of
the system
cap
a
city. The
maint
ena
nce
is ea
sy be
ca
use
OBS is d
e
sig
ned
base
d
on a si
mple
and reliabl
e stru
cture with
few movabl
e
parts; thu
s
, i
t
requi
re
s little or n
o
sy
ste
m
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Apply Optim
a
rin Balla
st System
for Vietnam’
s
Fl
eet to Prevent Sea Pollution …
(
Din
h
-Chie
n
D.)
149
maintena
nce
and
en
su
re
s o
perational
relia
bilit
y. Comp
ared
with other sy
stems of
simi
lar
function
s, the
OBS ha
s fe
wer pa
rts an
d UV
lamp
s,
i
.
e. OBS is m
u
ch
sim
p
le
r.
The
patented
UV
cham
be
r in Cu
Ni, the high wate
r flow and hi
gh
UV intensity
make the
UV lamps an
d
the
internal
s of th
e UV cham
be
r self
-cl
ean
se
d and
en
sure
a relative lo
n
g
se
rvice life.
A self-clea
n
in
g
UV syste
m
combine
d
with
the automati
c
ba
ck-flu
shi
ng filters
re
sults in a mi
ni
mum re
qui
re
ment
for system
cl
eanin
g
and m
a
intena
nce for the shi
p's
crew [2]. The p
o
we
r co
nsum
ption of OBS is
o
p
t
imiz
ed
bec
a
u
s
e
th
e OBS c
a
n au
toma
tic
a
lly
a
d
j
u
s
t th
e po
w
e
r
c
o
ns
u
m
p
t
ion
ac
co
rd
in
g to
U
V
intensity which is
ba
sed
on
the water
qu
ality (tur
bidity
, etc.) d
u
rin
g
balla
sting. As su
ch, OBS
can
easily meet the strin
gent
California
sta
ndards.
3.4. The Disa
dv
antages o
f
OptiMa
rin Ballast Sy
stem
De
spite the
above ma
rve
l
ous
advanta
ges, the
i
n
ve
stment a
nd i
n
stallatio
n
of
an OBS
sho
u
ld be
carefully con
s
ide
r
ed be
ca
use of the followin
g
hindran
ce
s [11].
(1) OBS is o
perate
d
with
several
sen
s
ors
which can be a key
disadvant
ag
e becau
se they
sometim
e
s p
r
ovide in
correct inform
ation about
th
e curre
n
t operation
con
d
i
t
ion of the
sy
st
em.
(2) T
he UV la
mps in OBS
have t
he sh
ortest expecte
d
lifetime.
(3)
The i
n
itial
investme
nt and in
stallati
on cost
of a
n
OBS is
so
metimes
unb
eara
b
le
beca
u
se
OBS is the most expen
sive
system.
4. Practical
Applica
t
ions
Ballast operation will be
si
mple and reli
able wi
th
an
OBS. During
the intake, the ballast
water flows t
h
rou
gh
OBS'
s p
r
op
rieta
r
y
40 filters
whi
c
h
rem
o
ve la
rge
r
o
r
ga
nisms a
nd
pa
rticle
s
and the
n
b
a
ck flu
s
h the
m
overbo
ard at
the balla
stin
g
locatio
n
. After pa
ssing
the
filter, the ball
a
st
water
contin
u
e
s thro
ugh th
e UV cham
b
e
rs o
n
its wa
y to the ballast tanks. The
UV light kills o
r
inactivate
s o
r
gani
sm
s, viruse
s a
nd
ba
cteria
in
the
balla
st wate
r. Du
ring
the
discha
rg
e, the
balla
st wate
r
also p
a
sse
s
t
he OBS for t
he seco
nd
UV-treatme
nt to make sure
it is well tre
a
ted
prio
r to its
dismissal [2]. O
BS has
been
sele
cted
as a
preferred b
a
llast
wate
r treatment
syst
em
in seve
ral p
r
o
j
ects
and
su
cce
ssfully in
st
alled on
man
y
vessel
s
. Fo
r example, O
BS was
cho
s
en
for Fa
rstad
'
s
new
build p
r
o
g
ram.
With th
e pre
s
e
n
ce o
f
OBS install
ed on
boa
rd,
Farstad ve
ssels
won the
“Fa
r
Solitaire” a
w
ard [2]. Similarly, Gri
eg St
ar, the owne
r of one of the wo
rld'
s larg
est
open h
a
tch fl
eets, ha
s also cho
s
e
n
the OBS for seve
ral of their ne
w build ve
sse
l
s [2].
5. OBS Appli
cation Tr
end
in Maritime Industr
y
In 2004, th
e I
M
O ad
opted
an inte
rnatio
n
a
l co
nvention
for the
co
ntrol and
man
a
gement
of shi
p
s’
b
a
lla
st water an
d
sedim
ents.
T
he a
g
reed
re
quire
ment
s
came i
n
to effe
ct for not
only
all
new vessel
s
built from 20
12 onwards
but also ol
d
e
r
v
e
ss
els
so t
hat
t
he transfer of harmful
organisms in
ballast water
will be
compl
e
tely removed from 2016 [2].
Particularl
y
, it is estimated
that at le
ast
35.000
vessels i
n
the
ex
isting fle
e
ts
worl
dwi
de
ha
ve to in
stall
system
s fo
r t
he
purification of
ballast
wate
r by 2016. In
addition,
1.20
0 new
shi
p
s
built each ye
ar will
need
such
a system [2].
Therefore, in
the nex
t few
years, all
of the op
eratin
g
ship
s that ha
ve ballast tan
k
s
must have installe
d syst
ems to purif
y the balla
st water. To make a valid
sche
dule fo
r the
installatio
n
of a ballast wat
e
r treatme
nt system
, IMO prom
ulgate
d
that since 20
09, all newb
u
ilds
with the
balla
st water ta
nk up to
5.000
m
3
must
stri
ctly follow the
spe
c
ified re
q
u
irem
ents wh
ich
are
then
ap
pli
ed to
all
ne
wbuild
s from
2
012; a
n
d
the existing
ve
ssels with
the b
a
llast wate
r
t
ank
cap
a
citie
s
be
tween 1.5
00
m
3
– 5.000
m
3
must be
pursua
n
t to the rul
e
s by 2
014 while ot
hers
must comply sin
c
e 20
16 [2
]. With the above req
u
ire
m
ents fro
m
the Co
nv
entio
n, the Vietnam’s
fleet must
also re
novate th
emselve
s
to
adapt to
the
global
tren
d.
Based
on
the
key
advanta
ges
provide
d
by
OBS as m
ent
ioned
above,
it is th
e
r
efore su
gge
sted
to be in
stalle
d on Vietn
a
m
e
se
ship
s in o
r
de
r to preve
n
t sea p
o
llution
from invasiv
e
spe
c
ie
s in
compli
an
ce
with the re
qu
ired
stand
ard
s
by IMO.
6. Conclusio
n
The d
e
velop
m
ent of mo
re
effective an
d
envir
o
n
ment
ally friendly treatment te
ch
nologi
es
has b
e
come
an urgent issue. In this pa
per, we
intro
duced Optim
a
rin b
a
llast
system, one of
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 1, April 2016 : 145 –
150
150
best b
a
lla
st water
system
s
in the worl
d. As the
b
enefit
s in te
rms of
quality and
re
liability from the
appli
c
ation
of
this sugge
st
ed
system
o
u
tweig
h
s t
he
huge
initial i
n
vestment
co
st, the Optima
rin
balla
st syste
m
is stro
ngly sug
g
e
s
ted a
s
a suitable
ch
oice for its in
stallation in V
i
etnam’s fleet
to
prevent
sea
pollution from
non-i
ndi
genous aquatic species.
T
he O
BS will not only minimi
ze
the
asso
ciated n
egative impa
cts on
huma
n
health, env
ironm
ent and
econ
omy bu
t also ma
ke the
Vietnam’s fle
e
t comply wit
h
IMO req
u
irements i
n
protecting the
global e
n
viro
nment a
s
wel
l
as
marine ecos
y
s
tems
.
Referen
ces
[1]
Nah
u
i Z
h
a
ng, Kefeng H
u
, Ba
ohu
a Sha
n
. Ba
llast
w
a
ter tre
a
t
ment using
U
V
/T
iO2 advanc
ed o
x
i
dati
o
n
process
e
s: An
appr
oach
to
in
vasive
spec
ies
preve
n
tion.
Ch
emical
En
gin
e
e
rin
g
Jo
urn
a
l
. 201
4;
2
43: 7-
13.
[2]
OptiMarin
Brochure.
C
a
re f
o
r our
oce
a
n
s
-Enviro
n
ment
al treat
me
nt
of bal
last w
a
t
e
r
. Avail
a
b
l
e:
http://
w
w
w
.
b
a
ll
ast
w
a
t
er.com/p
ostmann/d
bas
e/bil
der/Optima
rin%2
0
Broc
hur
e% 2
020
13.p
d
f. Accesse
d
201
4 Jul 1.
[3]
Dep
a
rtment of
land
and
nat
ural res
ources
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