Indonesian J
ournal of Ele
c
trical Engin
eering and
Computer Sci
e
nce
Vol. 2, No. 2,
May 2016, pp
. 359 ~ 366
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/ijeecs.v2.i2.pp35
9-3
6
6
359
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 19, 20
16; Re
vised
April 24, 201
6; Acce
pted
May 1, 201
6
The Gender Effects of Heart Rate Variability Response
during Short-Term Exercise using Stair Stepper from
Statistical Analysis
Nor Aziy
atulIzni Mohd Ro
sli
1
, Mohd Azizi Abd
u
l Rahman*
2
, Malar
v
ili
Balakrishnan
3
,
Takas
hi Ko
meda
4
, SaifulAmri Maz
l
an
5
, Hairi Zamz
uri
6
1,2,
5,6
Mala
y
s
i
a
-J
apa
n Internati
o
nal Institute of
T
e
c
hnolog
y, U
T
M, 54100, Jal
anS
em
arak, Kual
a Lump
u
r,
Malay
s
ia
3
Departme
n
t of Biotechn
ol
og
y and Med
i
cal E
ngi
neer
in
g,
F
a
cult
y
of Bioscie
n
ces an
d Med
i
cal Eng
i
ne
eri
n
g,
UT
M, 81310, S
k
uda
i, Johor, Mala
ysi
a
4
Departme
n
t of Bioscie
n
ce a
n
d
Engi
ne
erin
g, Coll
eg
e
of S
y
st
em Engi
ne
erin
g, Shiba
u
ra Ins
t
itute of
T
e
chnolog
y, F
u
kasak
u
30
7, Saitama, Jap
a
n
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: azizi.kl@utm.
m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is study is ai
me
d to exp
l
ore
the heart rate
vari
a
b
il
ity (HR
V
) respons
e du
ring sh
ort-term
exercis
e
by stair step
p
e
r an
d to co
mp
are th
e fin
d
in
g betw
e
e
n
youn
g h
ealthy
ma
le
and f
e
ma
le s
ubj
ects. T
h
e
responses wer
e
statistically
analy
z
e
d
by
a
pplyi
ng
in
de
pe
nde
nt-sa
m
pl
es
t-test statistical
m
e
thod. The
calcul
atio
n
of c
oefficie
n
t of v
a
riatio
n (C
oV (
%
)) a
nd
t
he s
l
ope
of th
e
lin
e
a
r re
gressi
on
are
use
d
to
as
sess
the stead
in
ess
of the HRV. F
u
rther
mor
e
, the resu
lts also
de
mo
nstrated t
hat fe
mal
e
su
b
j
ects ha
d gre
a
t
e
r
signific
ant p-va
lue
of RMSSD feature,
and
si
gnific
ance
p-v
a
lue
of
an
LF
fe
ature is greater
in
mal
e
s.
T
h
u
s
,
the on
go
ing
re
sults de
monstr
ated th
at male
s have th
e sy
mp
athetic
driv
e an
d fe
ma
les
have
pre
d
o
m
i
nan
t
parasy
m
pathet
icdrive d
u
ri
ng
a short-term e
x
ercise o
n
stair stepper. T
h
u
s
, the experi
m
ent results in
di
cate
the suitab
ility of devel
opi
ng
rehabi
lit
ati
o
n
devices in th
e field of Autono
mic Nervo
u
s System (A
NS
)
researc
h
, control system
and r
eha
bil
i
tatio
n
en
gin
eeri
ng, w
h
ic
h may
hel
p to isolate
ma
les a
nd fe
mal
e
s.
Ke
y
w
ords
: sig
nal pr
ocessi
ng,
heart rate vari
abil
i
ty (HRV), ECG, during e
x
ercise, stepp
e
r
Copy
right
©
2016 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Many re
se
archers in
vario
u
s
field
s
tryin
g
to
use
HRV t
e
ch
niqu
es
as the view of g
a
ining
a non
-inva
s
ive rep
r
e
s
e
n
tation of ANS a
c
tivity
during
exerci
se i
s
a
ppeali
ng an
d
expandi
ng [1-4].
HRV is
sup
r
e
m
ely declin
ed
during exe
r
cise when
com
puted in eithe
r
the frequ
en
cy domain
su
ch
as
low frequenc
y
(LF) or in t
he time domain s
u
c
h
as
RMSSD [5].
Basically, on
e of the mo
st domin
ant
stimulat
o
r
s
o
f
sympathetic activity is e
x
erci
se.
Duri
ng mediu
m
-level exercise, HR
is
co
ntrolled
by
th
e ANS
at first with in
crea
sed
sympathet
ic
adju
s
tment a
nd
withdrawa
l
of
the p
a
ra
sympatheti
c
movement [6
, 7]. The fre
quen
cy do
m
a
in
comp
one
nts
of HRV h
a
ve
been
notifie
d to dimini
sh
,
reflectin
g
a
dynamic
dimi
nishi
ng in va
gal
modulatio
n [8
]. Sympathetic have
be
en
repo
rted to
in
cre
a
se d
u
rin
g
exercise in
h
ealthy hum
an
s
[8]. These HRV cha
nge
s
have bee
n mostly see
n
d
u
ring le
g cycl
ing exercise [2], [9] with less
study
carried
out on treadmill trai
ning [
10] and even less
on othe
r modes
of ex
erci
se. B
o
th ti
me
and freq
uen
cy domain values of HRV
were
claim
ed to be lo
wer fo
r dyna
mic i.e., cycling
exerci
se
com
pare
d
to stati
c
leg exerci
se i.e., ar
m crank exe
r
ci
se
at the
same relative intensity
[11].
Gend
er is kn
own
to affe
ct HRV. Several
stu
d
ie
s h
a
v
e analy
z
ed
gend
er
differences in
autonomi
c
ad
justment
s in autonomi
c
co
ntrol followi
ng
during exe
r
ci
se [7], [12]. Kuo
et al
studi
ed
HRV in no
rm
al populatio
n
s
of wome
n a
nd men to
cl
arify the influence of gend
er in symp
ath
e
tic
and
pa
rasym
pathetic control of
hea
rt rate in
middl
e-a
ged su
bje
c
ts and on
th
e su
bse
que
nt
agi
n
g
pro
c
e
ss. In th
eir stu
d
y, mal
e
s exp
r
e
ss
sympathet
ic p
r
edomin
an
ce
while fem
a
le
s illustrate va
g
a
l
pred
omin
ance parasym
pa
thetic a
s
imp
lied by t
he m
i
ddle-age
d m
en in
whi
c
h t
he value
of LF
power i
s
hi
g
her
whil
e the
value of
HF
power i
s
l
o
wer compa
r
e
d
to middl
e-a
ged
wom
en [
13].
Hua
ng
et al
identified the
relation
shi
p
of person
a
lit
y traits and
autonomi
c
fu
nction
s to sh
ow
gend
er differences. Th
eir results cl
ai
med that
p
e
rsonality fe
ature
s
are
asso
ciated
with
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 2, May 2016 : 359 –
366
360
autonomi
c
fu
nctioni
ng a
n
d
that gen
de
r i
s
a
mod
e
rato
r in th
ese rel
a
tionship
s
. Such
di
stinctio
ns
clarify th
e fa
ct that there i
s
a hi
ghe
r
ch
a
n
ce
of h
e
a
r
t
diso
rde
r
amo
ng m
en
and
recom
m
en
d th
a
t
the ANS
bala
n
ce
mig
h
t be
influen
ced
by
sex
ho
rmon
e
s
[12].
Other t
han th
at, Ha
ruki
et al.
, aimed
to cla
r
ify the
hea
rt rate
and
bloo
d p
r
essu
re
re
sp
onse d
u
rin
g
the ramp
exerci
se
te
st a
n
d
mentione
d th
at some of t
he pa
ramete
rs su
ch
as A
T
, peak Vo
2
and
Vo
2
we
re influen
ced
b
y
weig
ht, gend
er and a
ge, as well as m
ode of ex
erci
se an
d the protocol used
[14]. Yashod
a
studie
d
the HRV respon
se to exerci
se u
s
i
ng Ha
rvard
step te
st and comp
are the findi
ngs
betwe
en mal
e
among m
edical stude
nts. Their re
sults sugg
ested
that
males have hig
her
sympatheti
c
drive and fem
a
les h
a
ve pr
e
domina
n
t parasympath
e
tic drive [15].
Other th
an t
hat, wom
en
rathe
r
exhibit
signifi
cantly
larg
es val
u
e
s
of the
HF
spe
c
tral
power of RRi
than men a
s
sho
w
n from
variou
s re
se
a
r
ch
es
of gen
der differen
c
es in auto
n
o
m
ic
regul
ation [1
6-20]. Hig
h
e
r
para
s
ympat
hetic stimul
at
ion to ca
rdia
c re
gulation i
s
also prote
c
tive
durin
g cardi
a
c stress [21].
Some HRV tests h
a
ve
shown that the parasym
p
a
thetic co
ntrol
of
heart rate is
increa
sed
an
d sympath
e
tic co
ntrol
i
s
d
e
crea
sed i
n
female
s [16], [22]. Moreov
er,
there
are
al
so re
se
arche
s
on g
end
er
signifi
c
ant dif
f
eren
ce
s am
ong p
a
tients.
For
exampl
e,
Ha
san
et al
h
ad evaluat
ed
the gen
der
di
fferences
wit
h
reg
a
rd to time-d
omain
HRV pa
ramete
rs
in patients
wi
th vasovagal
sy
ncope. Their
studi
es
found that fem
a
le patients
with VVS have
increa
sed
sy
mpathetic a
c
tivity demonst
r
ated
with
tim
e
-do
m
ain
HRV analysi
s
[2
3]. Then,
Rau
l
et
al.
, examined
the ge
nde
r-specifi
c
effect
s of trai
t anxie
ty on the cardiac
defen
siv
e
re
sp
on
se a
nd
claime
d that gend
er mo
de
rates th
e associatio
n of
trait anxiety with defensive re
activity [24].
Different
exerci
ses are ut
ilized
as part
of the
study of
cardiov
a
scular functi
ons, for
example, cycling, runni
ng and even hig
h
effort in
terval training. Harvar
d step test and ste
p
p
e
r
machi
ne
are
also
on
e of
these meth
ods. T
he
sta
i
r ste
ppe
r p
r
ovides
a
co
mpre
hen
sive
leg
worko
u
t, offers a co
mplete
leg wo
rkout togethe
r wi
th
a ca
rdiova
scular worko
u
t. All of the major
muscle
s of th
e leg
s
, incl
ud
ing qu
adri
c
e
p
s
, ham
strin
g
s, and lo
wer
a
b
s a
r
e all ta
rgeted by a
st
air
stepp
er. No previou
s
stud
y has a
s
sessed the ge
nde
r differen
c
e
s
in the effect
of HRV du
rin
g
exerci
se u
s
in
g stepp
er ma
chin
e by statistical a
nalysi
s
.
The aim of this stu
d
y is to explore a
n
d
analyze the HRV respo
n
se d
u
rin
g
short-te
rm
dynamic exe
r
ci
se u
s
ing
stepper m
a
chi
ne. T
herefore, an attempt was mad
e
to answer the
que
stion whe
t
her
the
r
e exist
ge
nde
r sig
n
ificant diffe
rences in
HRV re
spo
n
se
d
u
ring
this a
c
tivity.
The auth
o
rs t
r
ied to find
o
u
t whi
c
h p
h
ysiologi
cal pa
ra
meters, refle
c
ting the a
c
tivities of the
HRV
are the b
e
st i
ndicators of b
ody re
spon
se
to
potential gend
er si
gnifi
cant differen
c
es an
d explore
the signifi
can
t
gende
r differen
c
e
s
.
Then
, the ongoing
work can be
use
d
to imple
m
ent the fusi
on
of HRV with
other bio
s
ig
n
a
l su
ch a
s
EMG [25] in
order to su
ppo
rt the in
terface system of the
controllabl
e current-in
d
u
c
e
d
stepp
er in rehab a
ppli
c
at
ion. This pa
p
e
r is p
a
rt of an effort to utilize
informatio
n extracted fro
m
different physi
ol
ogical
signal
s in
cl
uding EMG
to quantitatively
cha
r
a
c
teri
ze t
he kn
ee inju
ry, and desig
n
a robu
st and
reliable a
u
to
matic sy
stem
to asse
ss kn
ee
injury and d
e
velop le
ss
monitori
ng lo
wer lim
b reh
abilitation sy
stem [26], which may hel
p to
isolate mal
e
and female
subje
c
ts.
This p
ape
r i
s
organi
ze
d as follo
ws.
Secti
on 2
de
scribe
s the
step
s involve
d
in the
process to ex
plore the
He
art Rate V
a
riability (HRV)
response du
ri
ng short-term
exercise by
stair
stepp
er and comp
are
the finding
b
e
twe
en
youn
g
h
e
a
lthy male a
n
d
female
su
bj
ects. T
he
ste
p
s
inclu
ded
the
pro
c
e
s
s of
o
b
taining
HRV
from
the E
C
G, extra
c
ting
time a
nd f
r
e
quen
cy d
o
m
a
in
feature
s
from
the HRV a
n
d
statisti
cally analyz
ed the
HRV d
a
ta usi
ng the ind
e
p
ende
nt-sampl
es
t-test to com
pare
the p
a
ir of HRV
co
mpone
nts
in
males and
fe
males du
ring
exercise by
the
stepp
er. The
prelimin
ary result
s and p
e
rform
a
n
c
e o
f
gender
effects on
HRV resp
on
se du
ri
ng
sho
r
t-te
rm exerci
se a
r
e ev
aluated a
nd d
i
scusse
d in Section 3.
2. Materials
and Method
2.1. Subjects
The
study
was
done
in t
he Fa
culty o
f
Biomedical
and
He
alth
Scien
c
e En
gi
neeri
ng,
UniversitiTe
knologi M
a
lay
s
ia, Joho
r B
ahr
u
on 10 healthy,
untrained
yo
ung volunteers (mean
26.4 yea
r
s,
range
20 to
3
0
). Of ten
su
bject
s
, five
were
male
and
five we
re fe
male. All subj
ects
were free fro
m
any disea
s
e and h
ad
been explai
n
ed about the
procedu
re a
nd their informed
con
s
e
n
t
wa
s t
a
ke
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
The Gender Effects of
Heart Rate Variability Response during Short-Term
…
(M. Azizi A.R.
)
361
2.2. Instrum
e
nts
The T
M
Si
DAW
wa
s
used t
o
record
the
EC
G
and
EM
G si
gnal
s
syn
c
hrono
usly f
o
r
stre
ss
asse
ssm
ent
durin
g exe
r
ci
se. T
w
o
pai
rs of
acti
ve surface
el
ect
r
ode
s
a
nd a singl
e
refere
nce
surfa
c
e
ele
c
trode
we
re u
s
ed
with the
TMSi DAQ
to measure t
he ele
c
tri
c
al
sign
als from
the
cardio
and th
e mu
scl
e. Th
ese
su
rfa
c
e e
l
ectro
d
e
s
a
r
e
circula
r
in
sh
ape
with 1
1
.4
mm in di
ame
t
er
and a
r
e
co
m
posed of
silv
er/silve
r
chlo
ride (Ag/Ag
Cl
) material
s. Th
e mini
stair
st
eppe
r
wa
s u
s
ed
to perfo
rm
st
eppin
g
exe
r
ci
se to
gen
era
t
e the ele
c
tri
c
al a
c
tivity of the he
art a
n
d mu
scl
e (se
e
Figure 1). Me
tronom
e at 45 beat per mi
nute wa
s u
s
e
d
to fix
the steppin
g
rate.
2.3. Procedu
r
es and Prep
roces
sing
For el
ect
r
od
e
placeme
n
t o
n
the h
eart, t
he skin
of th
e ch
est
wa
s
readi
ed
usin
g
a skin
clea
ning g
e
l
and al
coh
o
l swab. Th
e surface el
ectrod
es
were then
placed on th
e skin b
a
sed
on
the Einthoven Triangl
e [27] to generat
e the electri
c
al
activity of the hea
rt calle
d ECG. Then
, the
subj
ect
s
were
asked
to
ste
p
rig
h
t up
on t
he stai
r
stepp
er a
nd
kee
p
t
he bo
dy up
rig
h
t with the
hi
ps
cente
r
ed
ove
r
the l
e
g
s
. T
hen
hand
s
are straight
sid
e
of the
bod
y along th
e
reco
rdin
g
so t
hat
there
are
no
much
interfe
r
ence exist
s
.
Next, the
sub
j
ects
we
re
asked to
press
the entire he
el
down the ste
p
and focuse
d on the metronome
rhyt
h
m
for 180 s
(prolo
nge
d experim
ent). Fi
gure
1 sho
w
s th
e
experim
ental
setup
du
ring
stair
step
pe
r
worko
u
t. One
ch
annel
ECG was re
co
rd
ed
simultan
eou
sl
y along with
one cha
nne
l of EMG. EMG with acti
ve or inactiv
e
signal
s wa
s
identified. Both the raw E
C
G and EMG
were sa
mple
d at 2048 Hz.
Figure 1. Experime
n
tal set
up duri
ng
ECG and surfa
c
e EMG data reco
rdin
g
Esse
ntially, QRS compl
e
x detection i
s
the mo
st el
e
m
entary i
s
su
e asso
ciate
d
with ECG
process. A QRS detection algorit
hm is utilized to extract the R poi
nts. A reliabl
e QRS detection
techni
que
explaine
d in [2
8
]
wa
s u
s
ed
to
localize
an
d
extract the
R
points from t
he ECG
sign
al.
Other th
an t
hat, ECG’
s
R pe
ak
ca
n
also
be d
e
te
cted u
s
in
g Hi
lbert T
r
an
sform [29]. Plus,
the
analysi
s
of the QRS dete
c
tion algorith
m
for noisy
ECG in [30] can al
so b
e
utilized for
b
e
tter
feature
s
extraction.Th
e
signal
s from
ea
ch te
st
we
re
segm
ented i
n
to 180
s pe
ri
od len
g
th to
have
a stand
ard l
ength of all sign
als. The
QRS
wave
wa
s then det
ected u
s
ingP
an and Tom
p
kin
algorith
m
[28]. This algo
rith
m was
cho
s
e
n
becau
se it has b
een p
r
o
v
ed to detect
99.3% of adult
QRS u
s
ing th
e MITBIH databa
se [28].
The al
gorith
m
sta
r
ted by
allowin
g
the
sign
al
throug
h a di
gital b
a
nd-p
a
ss filter
to red
u
ce
the noises. T
he ban
dpa
ss filter is com
p
ose
d
of
both highp
ass an
d
lowpa
s
s filters with 5 an
d
11
Hz
cutoff freq
uen
cie
s
[27]. The p
r
o
c
e
ss
contin
ued
with differentiati
on, followed
by squ
a
rin
g
a
n
d
moving window average at
50
m
s
.
Next, the adaptive thresholds
are utilized to
classif
y
the
locatio
n
of th
e R
point
s. T
he outp
u
t of
each p
r
ep
ro
cessing
step
a
nd the
re
sult
ant of HRV a
r
e
s
h
ow
n
in
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
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ISSN: 25
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IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 2, May 2016 : 359 –
366
362
Figure 2. The
output of ECG prep
ro
ce
ssing
2.4. HRV Qu
antific
a
tion
The HRV is the inverse of
the RRi. Th
e RRi was th
en com
puted
and passe
d throug
h
the outlie
rs
removal p
r
o
c
ess. Next, the RRi
with
outliers’
remov
a
l is
resam
p
l
ed at 4 Hz and
detren
ded.
The recomm
endatio
n of th
e task force
wa
s follo
wed
[31] in estim
a
ting the HRV
indices.
The time an
d
freque
ncy d
o
main a
nalysis of HRV
we
re cond
ucte
d
in this stu
d
y and the maj
o
r
HRV p
a
ra
met
e
rs
used a
s
p
e
r ob
se
rvatio
n we
re
the m
ean RRi (m
s), RMSSD (m
s) a
nd LF (m
s
2
).
Furthe
rmo
r
e,
the RMSSD i
s
sai
d
to be
con
n
e
c
t
ed wi
th pred
omina
n
t para
s
ympa
thetic drive a
n
d
LF is conne
ct
ed with symp
athetic drive [
31]
in whi
c
h
will be utilize
d
for furthe
r a
nalysi
s
.
2.5. Perform
a
nce Analy
s
is
The colle
cte
d
data we
re
statisti
cally analyz
ed. Th
e inde
pen
de
nt-sa
m
ple
s
t-test was
use
d
to co
m
pare th
e pai
r of HRV
co
mpone
nts in
males
and f
e
male
s du
rin
g
exercise. The
descri
p
tive statistics, inclu
d
ing mea
n
, SD, and CoV
(%), were
cal
c
ulated for ea
ch of 5-male a
nd
5-femal
e
sub
j
ects fo
r ea
ch 180
s exe
r
ci
se p
e
ri
od.
Reg
r
e
ssi
on
analysi
s
wa
s pe
rform
e
d
to
analyze
the relation
ship b
e
twee
n
the si
gnifica
nt
HRV comp
one
nts an
d time
(s) varia
b
le
s. T
h
e
null hypoth
e
sis
corre
s
p
o
n
d
ing to
the li
nearity of
ea
ch
reg
r
e
s
sio
n
was teste
d
usi
ng
an F
-
t
e
st.
Finally, each
individual dat
aset from the
trial wa
s
fitted with linea
r
reg
r
e
ssi
on in
the logarith
m
ic
s
p
ac
e to obtain a func
tion I the form of
ݕൌ
݉
ݔ
ܿ
.
Linea
r re
gression
wa
s u
s
e
d
to test wh
ether
there
i
s
an a
s
soci
ation be
tween
the si
gnal
s
a
nd
th
e time la
g.
Additionally,
the sl
ope
of
the
reg
r
e
ssi
on relation
ship
was u
s
ed to
test wh
et
her the relation
ship
s a
r
e co
nsi
s
tent for t
he
subj
ect’
s HRV at different time slots du
ring exercise.
3. Results a
nd Discu
ssi
on
The d
a
ta
were expresse
d
as m
ean
±sta
ndard d
e
viation (S
D).
Ove
r
all, the m
e
a
n
ag
e of
all subj
ect
s
was 26.4
±
2.8 y
ears.
Table 1
sum
m
ari
z
e
s
the mean ± S
D
of the HRV p
a
ra
meters in mal
e
and female
subj
ect
s
durin
g exe
r
ci
se u
s
in
g stai
r ste
ppe
r cal
c
ulate
d
in
thi
s
stu
d
y. As
sho
w
n, the
r
e
are
signifi
ca
nt
gend
er diffe
rences
(p
< 0.
05) in th
e me
an of RRi,
RMSSD and
L
F
that we
re
si
gnifica
ntly hig
h
in
males.
After that, the si
gnifica
nt feature
s
f
r
om
prev
iou
s
anal
ysis are
teste
d
for ea
ch 60
s
tim
e
slots.
Table
2 summa
rize
s the
mea
n
and S
D
of
t
he
significant
HRV featu
r
es
(me
an
RRi,
RMSSD and
LF) i
n
b
o
th m
a
le a
nd fe
mal
e
subje
c
ts. A
s
sho
w
n, th
ere is no
a
s
sociation b
e
twe
e
n
the mea
n
RRi
and th
e time
slots in b
o
th
male (p
= 0.2
13)
and fe
mal
e
(p
=
0.351
)
subj
ect
s
. Thu
s
,
this stu
d
y is focu
se
d on th
e gend
er a
ssociatio
n between both th
e
RMSSD a
nd
LF features
with
the time slots.
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IJEECS
ISSN:
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752
The Gender Effects of
Heart Rate Variability Response during Short-Term
…
(M. Azizi A.R.
)
363
Table 1. HRV
param
eters in male and fe
male
su
bje
c
ts during exe
r
ci
se u
s
ing
stair steppe
r
Variable Mean±SD
t
value
p value
Male
Female
Time Domain
Mean RRi (ms)
656.5
±
19.1
569.7
±
26.4
2.667
0.03*
SDNN (ms)
23.9
±
2.3
21.1
±
1.6
1.011
0.34
RMSSD (ms)
18.4
±
2.0
10.4
±
1.8
2.980
0.02*
NN50 (count
)
1.8
±
0.9
0.4
±
0.4
1.400
0.20
pNN50 (
%
)
0.7
±
0.4
0.1
±
0.1
1.548
0.16
HRV Triang
ular I
ndex
6.6
±
0.6
5.1
±
0.5
1.859
0.10
TINN (
m
s)
127.0
±
18.6
105.00
±
5.0
1.145
0.2
Freque
nc
y
Dom
a
in
VLF (ms
2
)
287.4
±
102.1
268.2
±
85.8
0.144
0.89
LF (ms
2
)
204.20
±
36.5
77.6
±
8.1
3.383
0.01*
HF (ms
2
)
62.8
±
19.6
26.80
±
4.7
1.788
0.11
VL
F
(%
)
4
7
.
3
±
9.2
66.2
±
6.7
-1.667
0.13
LF (
%
)
40.0
±
7.1
26.1
±
6.8
1.418
0.19
H
F
(%
)
1
2
.
7
±
4.0
7.5
±
1.0
1.241
0.25
LF (nu
)
76.8
±
6.5
74.0
±
4.5
0.355
0.73
HF (nu
)
23.1
±
6.5
25.6
±
4.4
-0.328
0.75
Ratio LF/H
F (ms
2
) 4
.
7
±
1.3
3.8
±
1.3
0.449
0.67
Total
Po
w
e
r
(ms
2
) 554.6
±
118.4
373.2
±
86.6
1.236
0.25
*
p <
0
.
05: S
t
a
t
isti
cally
signifi
can
t
Table
2
also
pre
s
ent
s th
e
CoV val
ues,
whi
c
h
we
re
u
s
ed
to
asse
ss the
steadin
e
ss of
the
HRV. The fin
d
ing
s
indi
cat
e
that the HRV is mo
re
steady in male
subje
c
ts
co
mpared to fe
male
subj
ect
s
a
s
t
he
CoV valu
es fo
r all th
e
sig
n
ificant f
eature
s
i
n
m
a
le is lo
wer
than the fe
m
a
le
subj
ect
s
. Thu
s
, it indicate
s that male su
bject
s
are m
o
re a
c
tive than the femal
e
subj
ect
s
. It is
also in
dicates positive slo
p
e
in the grap
h
s
of
male’s
RMSSD and L
F
as sho
w
n in Figure 3.
Table 2. Re
sults of the HRV with mean
RR, mea
n
HR, RMSSD a
nd LF (m
s
2
) from every 60
s
worko
u
t peri
o
d of total 180 s wo
rkout du
ration for male
and female subje
c
ts
Variable
Time slots
Mean±SD
Total
p value
F- ration
CoV
(%)
Total
CoV (%
)
Male
Mean RRi
(ms
)
1
ST
60s
661.2
±
16.8
5.8
2
n
d
60s
658.1
±
20.6
656.5
±
10.5
0.213
1.55
7.0
6.21
3
r
d
60s
650.2
±
21.0
7.2
RMSSD (ms)
1
ST
60s
17.4
±
1.2
15.7
2
n
d
60s
18.2
±
2.3
18.1
±
1.4
4.98E-11*
84.11
27.7
30.6
3
r
d
60s
18.7
±
3.8
45.8
LF (ms
2
)
1
ST
60s
215.0
±
60.2
62.6
2
n
d
60s
187.0
±
27.3
216.1
±
61.9
3.64E-7*
0.05
32.7
110.8
3
r
d
60s
246.4
±
188.0
170.6
Femal
e
Mean RRi
(ms
)
1
ST
60s
585.2
±
25.8
9.9
2
n
d
60s
565.6
±
27.3
79.4
±
32.1
0.351
0.81
10.8
9.9
3
r
d
60s
558.7
±
26.7
10.7
RMSSD (ms)
1
ST
60s
12.0
±
2.2
41.7
2
n
d
60s
9.7
±
1.7
10.3
±
1.1
1.11E-
12*
146.20
38.9
40.8
3
r
d
60s
9.1
±
1.8
44.2
LF (ms
2
)
1
ST
60s
158
±
80.5
113.9
2
n
d
60s
91.4
±
24.8
109.6
±
29.3
0.002*
0.20
60.6
103.5
3
r
d
60s
79.4
±
32.1
90.3
* p < 0.05: Statistically
significant
More
over, th
e strai
ght lin
es in
dicate t
he linea
r reg
r
essio
n
relati
onship b
e
tween the
signifi
cant HRV com
pon
e
n
ts (RMSSD and LF
) and
the pha
se d
u
ring th
e three time slot
s for
both the m
a
l
e
and
femal
e
su
bje
c
ts.
The mai
n
i
s
sue
add
re
ssed in th
e cu
rre
nt study i
s
the
quantification
of the relatio
n
shi
p
bet
wee
n
the
HRV
an
d the time
co
urse
(180
s)
male a
nd fem
a
le
subj
ect
s
thro
ugh line
a
r re
gre
ssi
on an
al
ysis. As sho
w
n in Fig
u
re
3, the slope
of the RMSSD –
time and
LF-t
ime rel
a
tion
ship a
r
e p
o
siti
ve in ma
le
subje
c
ts a
nd
negative in f
e
male
subj
ects. It
also in
dicat
e
s that male su
bject
s
are m
o
re acti
ve than
female subj
e
c
ts. Additiona
lly, the highest
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ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 2, May 2016 : 359 –
366
364
signifi
can
c
e l
e
vel (p = 1.1
1
E-12
) was f
ound fo
r the RMSSD a
s
a
function of time in HRV o
f
female su
bje
c
ts while the
highe
st signi
fican
c
e
level (p = 3.64E
-7
) wa
s found
for the LF as a
function of time in the HRV of male sub
j
ects.
(a) Mal
e
'
s
R
M
SSD
(b) F
e
male'
s
RMSSD
(a) Mal
e
'
s
LF
(b) F
e
male'
s
LF
Figure 3. Rel
a
tionship bet
wee
n
HRV and end
ura
n
ce
in the RMSSD ((a) mal
e
a
nd (b
) female
)
and LF ((c) m
a
le and (d) fe
male)
The studi
es o
f
HRV with the combi
natio
n
of various
pharma
cologi
cal and p
h
ysi
o
logi
cal
manipul
ation
s
sh
owed that HF
com
p
o
nents of the HRV po
we
r spe
c
tru
m
are
associ
ated wit
h
cardia
c pa
ra
sympathetic a
c
tivity, LF compone
nts
of power spe
c
trum
mi
ght
be asso
ciated wi
th
both
cardi
a
c sympatheti
c
and
pa
ra
sy
m
pathetic
activ
i
ty also with
resi
stant rea
c
tivity
[4],
[32].
Beside
s, RM
SSD co
mpon
ent of HRV is also
refle
c
te
d with
ca
rdia
c para
s
ymp
a
th
etic a
c
tivity [3
1].
The on
goin
g
finding
s dem
onstrate that
males
hav
e h
i
gher
sympat
hetic d
r
ive an
d female
s ha
ve
pred
omin
ant para
s
ymp
a
th
etic drive du
ri
ng steppi
ng
e
x
erci
se by st
eppe
r machin
e. In suppo
rt o
f
this discove
r
y
,
a research
had sho
w
n th
at physiol
o
g
ical levels of e
s
trog
en e
nha
nce vag
a
l ton
e
and stifle sym
pathetic mo
d
u
lation of
hea
rt rate in fem
a
les [33].
Similar to th
e
re
sults obtai
ned in
a
stud
y done
by [15
], their stu
d
y
results
demo
n
strate
d
that males
have a high
er symp
athe
tic driv
e at rest a
nd fe
males h
a
ve
a predo
mi
nant
para
s
ymp
a
th
etic drive at rest and afte
r exerci
se
u
s
in
g Harva
r
d
ste
p
test. Howe
ver, they did not
find any signi
fican
c
e difference in male
s and fem
a
le
s group d
u
rin
g
exercise as prelimin
ary d
o
n
e
in this pa
per.
Other tha
n
that, similar to
the st
udy do
ne by [4] and
[34], showed
that there was
marked redu
ction in HRV
spe
c
tral po
wer at all
fre
quen
cie
s
as
the exerci
se
prog
re
ssed. But,
they did not find any sig
n
ificant differen
c
e bet
we
e
n
male and fe
male. This
st
udy also
simi
larly
sho
w
s in a
study don
e
by [12]
that implies
LF a
high po
sitive
co
rrelation
with explo
r
a
t
ory
excitability in males.
Data f
r
om
st
udie
s
of
auto
nomic fun
c
tio
n
sh
o
w
s
that heart re
gulati
on
d
u
rin
g
ex
erci
se
is
dominate
d
b
y
SNS a
c
tivity [35] whi
c
h
is d
o
mina
nt i
n
male
subje
c
ts. T
he
high
er
sympath
e
tic
autonomi
c
re
gulation
mod
u
lation in
mal
e
may be
cau
s
ed
by their p
h
ysical con
s
titution co
ntain
ed
a greate
r
mu
scl
e SNS acti
vity and higher num
ber
of
sympatheti
c
gangli
onic n
e
u
ron
s
[36].
The ge
nde
r
differen
c
e in
HRV a
c
tivity in te
rms o
f
time slots
durin
g exerci
se u
s
ing
stepp
er
machine h
a
s not
yet been
assessed. So, th
e prelimina
r
y
experim
ental
re
sults indi
cate
the suita
b
ility of developi
n
g
re
habilitati
on devi
c
e
s
i
n
the field o
f
autonomi
c
nervou
s
syst
em
resea
r
ch,
co
ntrol system
and reh
abilit
ation
e
ngine
ering, whi
c
h
may
help
to isolate
male
and
female s
u
bjec
ts
.
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IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
The Gender Effects of
Heart Rate Variability Response during Short-Term
…
(M. Azizi A.R.
)
365
4. Conclusio
n
The p
u
rp
ose
of the p
r
e
s
e
n
t study i
s
t
o
analy
z
e
ge
nder-related
cha
nge
s in
the HRV
throug
h E
C
G si
gnal
an
alysis du
ring
sh
ort-te
rm
exerci
se
by
stair ste
ppe
r ma
chin
e u
s
ing
indep
ende
nt-sampl
es t-test statistical
a
nalysi
s
. Th
e
n
,
the de
script
ive statistics i
n
clu
d
ing m
e
a
n
,
SD and
CoV
were calcul
ated to test the
steadin
e
ss o
f
the HRV sig
nal. It is also
determi
ned a
nd
sup
porte
d through
reg
r
e
ssi
on cu
rve fitting from the
po
sitive slop
e o
f
the linear re
gre
ssi
on
curv
e
in male an
d the gen
der
differen
c
e in
HRV activity during exe
r
cise. The ong
oi
ng wo
rks
sup
port
the hypothe
si
s that a mea
n
ingful correl
ati
on exists
betwe
en HRV features, g
ende
r and ti
me
perio
d of exercise inten
s
ity.
Furthe
rmo
r
e, this
o
ngoi
ng study
d
e
mon
s
trate
s
th
at m
a
les have
hig
her symp
athe
tic d
r
ive
and femal
e
s have predo
minant pa
ra
sympathetic d
r
ive du
ring
exerci
se
usi
ng stai
r ste
p
per
machi
ne. Sim
ilar to
the
re
sults o
b
taine
d
in a
stu
d
y do
ne by
[15]
wh
ich
usi
n
g
Ha
rvard
step
test
in
their study. The
p
r
elimi
n
ary
findin
g
s can
beu
se
d
t
o
implem
ent
the fusio
n
of
HRV with
other
biosi
gnal
su
ch a
s
EMGto
sup
port th
e i
n
terface
syst
em of the
de
velopment
of the
controlla
ble
curre
n
t-ind
u
ced of the
st
eppe
r
with le
ss monito
rin
g
, whi
c
h m
a
y help to
se
parate
male
and
female su
bje
c
ts. Finally, the outcom
e
enhan
ce
s
our comp
reh
ensi
on of the ANS cont
rol
belon
ging to different gen
d
e
rs a
nd ope
n
new win
d
o
w
s for furthe
r r
e
se
ar
ch. For
further r
e
s
ear
ch,
the duratio
n for data
colle
ctions could b
e
made for lo
ng eno
ugh to
get much b
e
tter analy
s
is.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ement
The work prese
n
ted in th
is study i
s
funded by
Mini
stry of Education
Malay
s
i
a
and
Universiti
Tekn
ologi M
a
laysia un
der
rese
arch g
r
ant
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