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Wi
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a
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it
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ti
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s.
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e
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LE
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g
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d
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s
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n
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s
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n
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ts,
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imity
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d
n
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sit
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o
rd
e
r
t
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k
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th
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e
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v
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n
ti
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n
a
l
LE
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to
c
o
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i
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term
s
o
f
e
n
e
rg
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e
fficie
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c
y
,
sta
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
n
e
two
r
k
d
u
ra
b
i
li
ty
.
T
h
is
st
u
d
y
e
m
p
h
a
siz
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s
th
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o
ten
ti
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l
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n
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t
a
n
d
a
d
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p
ti
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m
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h
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s
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c
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e
n
e
rg
y
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o
n
su
m
p
ti
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n
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
s
d
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r
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g
th
e
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o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
n
e
two
r
k
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
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lso
p
a
v
e
s
th
e
wa
y
fo
r
fu
tu
re
re
se
a
rc
h
th
a
t
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teg
ra
tes
so
ft
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o
m
p
u
ti
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g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s in
t
o
n
e
tw
o
rk
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
elec
tio
n
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
HFLC
L
E
AC
H
p
r
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to
co
l
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
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p
tim
izatio
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T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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e
CC B
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
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h
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ik
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Dad
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Ga
n
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h
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s
titu
te
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T
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an
d
Ma
n
ag
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Dee
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to
b
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U
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s
ity
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Vis
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ap
atn
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,
I
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d
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m
ail: c
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m
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c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
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“
T
h
e
m
ain
m
o
tt
o
o
f
a
n
y
n
et
wo
r
k
,
‘
Har
n
ess
in
g
in
tellig
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ce
f
o
r
ef
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o
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tles
s
s
u
cc
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an
d
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m
f
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t,
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is
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cr
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s
in
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ly
ev
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k
s
(
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SNs
)
f
in
d
ap
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s
in
m
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p
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g
,
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o
m
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to
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,
an
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n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
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i
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g
.
”
B
y
s
u
r
v
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in
g
th
e
liter
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r
e
o
n
[
1
]
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
talk
s
ab
o
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t
way
s
to
h
an
d
le
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g
y
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co
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th
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W
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s
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le
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k
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r
k
t
ec
h
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to
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q
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ar
t
g
ad
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ets
in
te
r
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o
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th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
m
esh
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
ese
I
o
T
d
ev
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to
wo
r
k
as
W
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Ns.
Dr
awin
g
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p
o
n
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ay
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f
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lar
ly
s
o
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ce
s
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d
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d
a
b
ilit
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d
p
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s
e
ca
n
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ain
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n
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n
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th
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to
g
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
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n
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J
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n
g
&
C
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m
p
Sci
I
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N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
n
etw
o
r
k
lifeti
me
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
…
(
C
h
a
n
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r
ika
Da
d
h
ir
a
o
)
1141
s
p
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ic
s
en
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in
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s
k
ills
.
No
t m
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s
tu
d
ies an
d
th
o
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ws,
th
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h
,
h
a
v
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lo
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k
e
d
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lin
k
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g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
As it
talk
s
ab
o
u
t
th
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p
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o
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lem
s
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d
ch
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ce
s
in
th
e
a
r
ea
o
f
m
ix
e
d
W
MSN
s
,
Nu
r
lan
et
a
l.
[
2
]
l
o
o
k
s
at
th
e
way
s
th
at
W
SN
s
an
d
W
P
Ns
ar
e
u
s
ed
n
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w.
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n
W
SN,
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
p
r
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b
lem
is
h
o
w
to
s
ch
ed
u
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
’
s
leep
an
d
wak
e
tim
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s
o
th
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
la
s
ts
as
lo
n
g
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
is
ess
ay
lo
o
k
s
in
to
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
co
v
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ag
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s
ets
s
ch
ed
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lin
g
(
MCS
S)
p
r
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b
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,
w
h
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to
f
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d
a
way
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s
ch
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ets
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k
last
s
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g
as
p
o
s
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le.
L
u
o
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[
3
]
h
as
b
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h
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b
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NP
-
h
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r
ith
m
ca
lled
g
r
ee
d
y
-
MCS
S b
e
u
s
e
d
f
ir
s
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
an
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
lled
MCS
S
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
(
MCS
SA)
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
m
is
es
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
also
a
l
o
t o
f
test
r
es
u
lts
th
at
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
well
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
wo
r
k
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
[
4
]
lo
o
k
s
at
an
d
t
h
e
p
ap
er
e
x
p
lo
r
es
v
a
r
io
u
s
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
W
SN
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
lo
n
g
e
v
ity
.
I
t
p
r
esen
ts
m
o
d
els
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
etu
p
,
d
i
v
id
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
to
u
n
if
o
r
m
,
m
ix
e
d
,
s
tatic,
an
d
m
o
b
ile
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
A
r
o
u
te
s
y
s
tem
th
at
u
s
es
less
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
W
SN
s
is
s
u
g
g
ested
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
wo
u
l
d
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
“
h
o
t
s
p
o
ts
.
”
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
d
o
u
b
le
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
C
H)
s
tr
ateg
y
,
a
m
ix
ed
CH
r
o
tatin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
,
an
d
u
n
ev
e
n
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
L
E
AC
H,
DE
B
UC
,
an
d
U
C
NPD,
s
im
u
lati
o
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
im
p
r
o
v
es
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
,
s
p
ee
d
,
life
tim
e,
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
.
Du
e
to
W
SNs
ch
an
g
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
s
p
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t
n
atu
r
e,
W
SN
s
n
ee
d
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
wo
r
k
well
[
6
]
.
E
f
f
icac
y
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
h
o
w
lo
n
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
last
s
an
d
h
o
w
m
u
ch
e
n
er
g
y
it
u
s
es.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
Qo
S
)
is
h
ar
d
,
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ar
e
awa
r
e
of
Qo
S
h
av
e
g
o
tten
m
o
r
e
a
tten
tio
n
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
t
h
r
ee
t
y
p
es
o
f
W
SNs
th
at
th
e
p
iece
talk
s
ab
o
u
t:
f
lat
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
Qo
S
awa
r
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
Pro
to
c
o
ls
th
at
wo
r
k
in
f
lat
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
r
ea
ctio
n
ar
y
,
p
r
o
a
ctiv
e,
an
d
m
i
x
ed
.
Pr
o
to
co
ls
th
at
wo
r
k
in
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
ch
ain
-
b
ased
,
g
r
id
-
b
ased
,
tr
ee
-
b
ased
,
an
d
ar
ea
-
b
ased
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
p
a
p
er
[
7
]
ex
p
lo
r
es
v
ar
i
o
u
s
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
W
SN
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
I
t
ca
teg
o
r
izes
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
to
u
n
if
o
r
m
an
d
m
ix
ed
,
s
tatic
an
d
m
o
b
ile,
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
m
o
d
els
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
I
t
co
n
cl
u
d
es
with
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
B
atte
r
y
ch
an
g
e,
o
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
m
ak
es
W
SNs
b
attle
with
li
m
ited
p
o
wer
.
Fo
r
W
SNs
to
last
lo
n
g
er
,
e
n
er
g
y
-
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
n
ee
d
ed
alo
n
g
with
an
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
ici
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Similar
ly
in
th
e
a
r
ticle
[
8
]
s
u
g
g
ests
an
ad
ap
tab
le
h
i
er
ar
ch
ical
-
clu
s
te
r
in
g
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
em
e
(
HC
E
H
-
UC
)
f
o
r
E
H
-
W
SNs
th
a
t
u
p
d
ates
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
to
m
ain
tain
tar
g
et
co
v
er
a
g
e.
U
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
-
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
ex
ten
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
life
tim
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
W
SNs
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tar
g
et
co
v
er
ag
e.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
ly
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
9
]
s
u
g
g
ests
an
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
O
E
E
R
P)
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
W
SN.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
lo
wer
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
ed
a
n
d
m
ak
e
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
wo
r
k
b
etter
.
Fo
r
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
an
d
lo
n
g
er
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
p
u
ts
id
le
n
o
d
es in
to
a
s
leep
s
tate
o
n
a
p
lan
.
OE
E
R
P d
o
es
b
etter
th
an
o
t
h
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
ex
te
n
d
in
g
th
e
liv
es
o
f
d
ev
ices.
J
af
f
r
i
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
th
at
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
zo
n
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
b
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
r
o
u
tin
g
in
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
wir
eless
s
en
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t.
T
o
b
etter
h
an
d
le
d
ata,
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
i
v
id
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
to
s
ev
er
al
zo
n
es.
I
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
n
etwo
r
k
with
n
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es,
b
u
t a
d
d
in
g
v
ar
iatio
n
m
a
k
es it u
s
e
less
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
9
-
z
o
n
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
m
o
r
e
s
t
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
h
a
s
a
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
a
t
e
.
I
t
w
as
te
s
te
d
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
t
h
e
s
t
a
b
l
e
e
l
ec
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
,
t
h
e
l
o
w
-
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
h
ie
r
a
r
c
h
y
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
l
o
w
-
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
c
lu
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
a
t
e
w
a
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
O
E
E
R
P
.
I
t
d
i
d
b
e
t
t
e
r
,
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
i
t
w
a
s
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
.
F
ew
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
s
d
e
p
i
c
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
T
a
b
l
e
1
:
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
w
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
e
d
h
o
w
e
a
c
h
m
e
t
r
i
c
p
l
a
y
s
a
v
i
t
a
l
r
o
l
e
f
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
o
f
W
S
N
s
.
L
i
k
e
wi
s
e
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
a
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
s
e
l
e
ct
i
n
g
CH
s
i
n
W
SN
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
i
v
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
:
r
e
s
i
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
s
i
te
s
u
i
t
a
b
il
i
t
y
,
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
n
e
s
s
,
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
ti
o
n
(
B
S
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
u
s
es
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
r
e
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
p
a
c
i
n
g
b
e
t
w
ee
n
C
Hs
.
Si
m
u
l
at
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
i
f
e
s
p
a
n
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
.
O
wi
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
a
r
t
i
c
le
[
1
2
]
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
f
u
zz
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
clu
s
t
e
r
-
h
e
a
d
el
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
a
t
w
o
-
s
t
e
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
.
T
h
i
s
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
cs
,
s
e
l
e
ct
s
C
H
s
by
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
p
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22
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5
[
23
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Th
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6
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24
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2
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9
[
26
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Th
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a
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
e
n
c
r
y
p
t
i
o
n
,
an
d
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
S
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
s
h
o
w
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
,
l
a
t
e
n
c
y
,
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
it
y
,
p
a
c
k
e
t d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
r
a
t
e
,
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
d
e
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
L
i
k
e
w
is
e
,
H
a
t
a
m
i
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
c
o
n
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
-
a
w
a
r
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
f
u
z
z
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
a
t
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
W
SN
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
-
b
as
e
d
a
n
d
q
u
e
u
e
i
n
g
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
ct
u
r
e
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
e
g
u
lates
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
ate
b
ased
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
in
p
u
t
r
ate,
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
r
ate,
q
u
eu
e
b
u
f
f
er
s
ize,
an
d
n
o
d
e
s
ize,
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
an
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
1
is
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
s
r
ef
er
r
i
n
g
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
life
s
p
an
o
f
W
SN
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
d
is
tan
t r
eg
io
n
s
.
I
t
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
lik
e
d
is
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
au
to
m
atio
n
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
in
to
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
lik
e
as
L
E
A
C
H,
th
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ac
c
u
r
ate
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
le
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
n
etwo
r
k
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
lis
ted
b
elo
w:
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
in
W
SN
s
u
s
in
g
a
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
L
E
AC
H
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
I
t
a
im
s
to
p
r
eser
v
e
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
ici
en
cy
b
y
e
v
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
n
o
d
es
an
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
er
atio
n
al
life
tim
e,
en
ab
li
n
g
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
en
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
ch
o
ices.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
ese
o
b
jectiv
e
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
L
E
A
C
H
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
p
tim
ize
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
in
W
SNs
,
en
ab
lin
g
p
r
o
l
o
n
g
e
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
O
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
:
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws
s
ec
ti
o
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
tech
n
i
q
u
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
p
i
p
elin
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
two
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
e
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
in
to
th
e
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
th
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
an
d
r
esu
lts
in
s
ec
ti
o
n
3
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics,
an
d
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
ju
s
tify
in
g
th
e
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
tate
o
f
ar
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
4
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
b
y
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
t
h
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
a
v
en
u
es
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
p
tim
izes
W
SNs
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
a
c
lu
s
ter
lea
d
er
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
t
o
m
ax
im
ize
n
etwo
r
k
l
if
etim
e
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
o
d
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
2
.
1
.
Net
w
o
rk
m
o
del
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el,
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
o
u
tlin
es
a
W
SN
with
a
ce
n
tr
al
m
o
te,
ef
f
i
cien
t
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
,
an
d
u
tili
z
es
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
in
tr
a
-
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
g
iv
e
n
as
f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
s
tep
as
it
h
as
h
ie
r
ar
ch
ical
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ex
ten
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
s
p
an
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
ea
c
h
p
h
ase
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
W
SN.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Netwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
2
.
1
.
1
.
I
nitiliza
t
io
n o
f
t
he
net
wo
rk
s
et
up
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets
to
all
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
s
to
r
in
g
well
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
m
em
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
r
ec
i
p
ien
t n
o
d
e
t
h
en
r
ec
eiv
es d
ata
o
n
all
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es with
in
th
e
W
SNs
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
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J
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
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,
No
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2
,
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v
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
1
4
0
-
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1
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8
1144
2
.
1
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2
.
Select
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pa
re
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m
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s
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to
co
l
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izes
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ata
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e
p
r
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a
b
ilit
y
.
s
h
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in
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
HFLC
i
s
u
s
ed
in
a
m
u
lti
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hop
r
o
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g
m
et
h
o
d
,
u
tili
zin
g
two
FLCs
.
Fu
zz
if
ied
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
s
p
ac
e
an
d
en
er
g
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le
f
t
o
v
er
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with
r
u
les
f
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
ex
tr
a
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
I
F/THE
N
r
u
les.
Nin
e
r
u
les f
o
r
m
t
h
e
r
u
le
b
ase,
b
ased
o
n
in
p
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t a
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tp
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t f
ac
t
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r
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s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
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d
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ab
l
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.
Fig
u
r
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2
.
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ier
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Fu
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1
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Step
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f
u
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if
icatio
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:
I
n
p
u
ts
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lef
to
v
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−
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k
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b
ase:
A
f
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ase
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eter
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.
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M
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h
i
p
C
h
a
n
c
e
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
Lo
w
M
e
d
i
u
m
H
i
g
h
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
T
ab
le
3
.
R
u
le
b
ase
f
o
r
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
in
f
er
e
n
ce
R
u
l
e
N
o
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
R
E)
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
(D)
C
o
s
t
C
h
a
n
c
e
1
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
l
o
w
2
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
3
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
4
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
5
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
6
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
7
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
8
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
9
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
10
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
11
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
12
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
13
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
l
o
w
14
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
15
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
16
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
med
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
17
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
18
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
19
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
l
o
w
20
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
21
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
22
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
l
o
w
med
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
23
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
24
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
25
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
l
o
w
med
i
u
m
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
26
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
h
i
g
h
27
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
h
a
n
c
e
_
l
o
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Op
timiz
in
g
n
etw
o
r
k
lifeti
me
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
…
(
C
h
a
n
d
r
ika
Da
d
h
ir
a
o
)
1145
−
Step
3
:
in
f
er
en
ce
en
g
in
e
:
T
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
b
ein
g
th
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
f
u
zz
if
ied
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
in
p
u
t w
ith
t
h
e
r
u
les in
th
e
r
u
le
b
ase.
−
Step
4
:
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
:
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
o
n
n
o
d
e
s
elec
tio
n
is
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
g
r
av
ity
(
C
o
G)
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
ev
alu
atin
g
all
f
u
zz
y
v
alu
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
in
f
er
e
n
ce
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
Ou
tp
u
t 1
=
∑
∗
(
)
=
1
∑
(
)
=
1
(
1)
−
Step
5
:
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
2
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
u
z
zy
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
1
is
co
n
s
id
er
d
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
n
ex
t
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
2
.
R
est all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
im
ilar
as in
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
1.
i)
Fu
zz
if
icatio
n
:
•
I
n
p
u
ts
lik
e
o
u
tp
u
t
1
o
r
c
h
an
c
e
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
aliv
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
f
u
zz
y
v
al
u
es
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
if
icatio
n
T
a
b
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
I
n
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
i
n
f
er
en
ce
I
n
p
u
t
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
I
n
p
u
t
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
C
h
a
n
c
e
(
C
)
C
_
l
o
w
C
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
_
m
e
d
i
u
m
A
l
i
v
e
n
o
d
e
s (A
N
)
A
N
_
h
i
g
h
A
N
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
A
N
_
me
d
i
u
m
O
u
t
p
u
t
p
a
r
a
met
e
r
s
O
u
t
p
u
t
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
C
h
a
n
c
e
2
(
C
2
)
C
2
_
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
2
_
L
o
w
C
2
_
M
e
d
i
u
m
C
2
_
H
i
g
h
C
2
_
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
−
Step
6
:
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase
:
A
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
b
ase
is
estab
lis
h
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
b
ei
n
g
th
e
n
ex
t h
o
p
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
ab
le
5
.
R
u
le
b
ase
f
o
r
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
in
f
er
e
n
ce
R
u
l
e
N
o
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
R
E)
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
(D)
C
o
s
t
C
h
a
n
c
e
(
C
2
)
1
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
2
_
l
o
w
2
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
2
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
3
R
E_
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
2
_
h
i
g
h
4
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
2
_
me
d
i
u
m
5
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
2
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
6
R
E_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
2
_
h
i
g
h
7
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
2
_
l
o
w
8
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
o
s
t
_
l
o
w
C
2
_
me
d
i
u
m
9
R
E_
me
d
i
u
m
D
_
me
d
i
u
m
C
o
s
t
_
v
e
r
y
l
o
w
C
2
_
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
−
Step
7
:
in
f
er
en
ce
en
g
in
e:
T
h
e
l
ik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
b
ein
g
th
e
n
e
x
t
h
o
p
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
f
u
zz
if
ied
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
in
p
u
t w
ith
t
h
e
r
u
les in
th
e
r
u
le
b
ase.
−
Step
8
:
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
:
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
o
n
n
o
d
e
s
elec
tio
n
is
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
g
r
av
ity
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
ev
a
lu
atin
g
all
f
u
zz
y
v
al
u
es p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
th
e
i
n
f
er
en
ce
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
CV
(
i)
=
∑
∗
(
)
=
1
∑
(
)
=
1
(
2
)
T
h
e
in
f
er
e
n
ce
en
g
in
e
cr
ea
tes
n
ew
d
ata
o
r
v
alu
es
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
r
u
les
to
in
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
,
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
e
d
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
ex
tr
a
en
er
g
y
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
g
r
a
v
ity
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
clea
r
n
ew
v
al
u
es.
E
ig
h
teen
r
u
les
ar
e
cr
ea
ted
b
ased
o
n
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
ted
f
o
r
all
n
o
d
es,
with
th
e
n
o
d
e
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est co
s
t f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
e
ch
o
s
en
as th
e
p
ar
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
1
1
4
0
-
1
1
4
8
1146
3.
RE
SU
L
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1
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3
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1148
Dr
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Ra
m
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Re
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c
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p
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