TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015, pp. 241 ~ 24
9
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
14i2.759
2
241
Re
cei
v
ed Fe
brua
ry 22, 20
15; Re
vised
Ap
ril 10, 201
5; Acce
pted
April 25, 201
5
Estimation of Load Torque and Rotor Speed in Single-
Phase Induction Motor Using EKF
Ali Monadi
1
, Mohammad
Janna
ti*
2
, Tole Sutikno
3
, Nik Rum
z
i Nik Idris
4
1,2
,
4
U
T
M-PROT
O
N F
u
ture Drive La
borat
or
y
,
F
a
cult
y
of Ele
c
trical Eng
i
ne
e
r
ing,
Univers
i
ti T
e
knolo
g
i Mal
a
ysia,
8131
0 Skud
ai,
Johor Bahr
u, Mala
ysi
a
3
Departme
n
t of Electrical En
gi
neer
ing, Un
iver
sitas Ahmad D
ahl
an, Yog
y
a
k
arta, Indon
esia
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: Jannatim
94
@
y
ah
oo.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
h
is pa
per pr
e
s
ents a n
o
ve
l
meth
od for
esti
mati
on
of lo
ad
torque
an
d rot
o
r spe
ed i
n
si
n
g
le-
phas
e
Inductio
n
Moto
r (IM)
w
i
th tw
o
asymmetrical
w
i
ndin
g
s by
usi
ng Exten
ded K
a
l
m
a
n
F
ilter (EKF
). Normal
ly, fo
r
estimatio
n
of load torq
ue an
d rotor spee
d in IM, six st
ate variabl
es na
mely stator
currents, rotor fluxes
,
rotor spee
d a
nd lo
ad torq
u
e
, are cons
id
ered. T
h
is p
a
per show
s by
consid
erin
g fi
ve state varia
b
les,
estimatio
n
of these par
a
m
et
ers is possib
l
e. Si
mu
lati
on
results show
the goo
d perf
o
rmanc
e of the
prese
n
ted met
hod.
Ke
y
w
ords
: EKF
, estimatio
n
o
f
load torqu
e
a
nd rotor
spe
ed,
singl
e-ph
ase I
M
, simul
a
tio
n
results
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Single-pha
se
Indu
ction M
o
tors (IM
s
) can be
kno
w
n
as th
e m
o
st
popul
ar m
o
to
rs
whi
c
h
are
wi
dely a
pplied
in i
n
d
u
strial
a
nd
n
on-in
du
strial
appli
c
ation
s
.
More
ea
se
a
c
cess
of
sin
g
le-
pha
se AC g
r
i
d
than 3
-
pha
se AC
grid
can be
con
s
id
ered
as th
e a
d
vantage of
singl
e-p
h
a
s
e
IM.
The a
d
vanta
ges,
popul
arit
y and its ap
pl
ication
s
su
ch
as mixer, h
a
ir d
r
yer, va
cu
um cl
ean
er
a
n
d
etc. cau
s
e
d
many re
sea
r
chers focu
se
d on this type o
f
machine [1,
2].
One of the I
M
para
m
eters which
play
s such im
po
rtant role in
control of IM i
s
roto
r
spe
ed.
Norm
ally, the spee
d sen
s
o
r
s ca
n be
u
s
ed
to
make
availa
b
l
e control fee
dba
ck in
sp
e
ed-
controlled
d
r
i
v
es. Th
e
cont
rol
schem
e
with sp
eed
sen
s
or fa
ced
to
some p
r
o
b
lem
s
to
wa
rd
spe
e
d
sensorless control
schem
e
such
as hardware compl
e
xity,
lower
re
liability,
bigger si
ze and
etc.
Employing
speed
se
nsorl
e
ss te
chniq
u
e
s i
n
cont
rol
of IMs
wo
u
l
d dou
btless re
sult in
m
o
re
eco
nomi
c
al e
l
ectri
c
al m
a
chine d
r
ives.
Many re
se
arche
s
h
a
ve b
een
carrie
d o
u
t for sen
s
orl
e
ss
control metho
d
s an
d parti
cularly sp
eed
sen
s
o
r
le
ss te
chni
que
s for IM that can be
operate
d
in the
wide
spe
ed range [3, 4]. Classificatio
n
o
f
speed
sen
s
orle
ss te
chni
que
s ca
n be
cla
ssifie
d
into
two
main catego
ri
es, Mod
e
l ba
sed m
e
thod
s and si
gnal b
a
se
d metho
d
s
. Model b
a
sed metho
d
s
are
inclu
ded
of o
pen lo
op [5
-7]
,
Extended K
a
lman
Filter
(EKF) [8-1
1], Luen
berger [12], Sliding M
ode
Observe
r
(S
MO) [13
-
15], Model Refere
nce Ada
p
ti
ve System (MRAS) [5], Neural Network (NN)
[16-18] a
nd signal ba
se
d method
s are inclu
ded of
saturation
cau
s
ed by mai
n
flux [19-21], roto
r
s
l
ot trac
k
i
ng [22-24], c
u
s
t
om des
ign [25].
EKF can be
kno
w
n a
s
a spe
c
ific type of
obse
r
ve
r and one
of the best stocha
stic
algorith
m
whi
c
h
can
be
u
s
ed i
n
e
s
tima
tion of roto
r
spe
ed, flux, rotor o
r
stator re
sista
n
ce a
n
d
some
othe
r
p
a
ram
e
ters. T
he
stocha
stic method
in
clu
des some
errors in
re
solvi
ng the
e
s
tima
tio
n
para
m
eters
such
a
s
mo
del
ling e
r
rors, m
easure
m
ent
errors
of
th
e system, ran
d
o
m
di
sturban
ce
s
and
co
mputa
t
ional in
accu
racie
s
. EKF i
s
ca
pabl
e to
filter a
nd
mea
s
ure th
e n
o
ise of
system
by
obtainin
g
a minimum covariance error th
at will lead to optimal estim
a
ted state
s
[9].
Gene
rally, fo
r e
s
timation
of load to
rqu
e
and
roto
r
spe
ed in
IMs six
state v
a
riabl
es
namely, stato
r
curre
n
ts,
rotor
flux
e
s
, lo
a
d
torque
an
d
rotor spee
d a
r
e
co
nsid
ered
. In this pa
pe
r,
with redu
cin
g
of state va
ria
b
les to
five, the loa
d
torqu
e
and
roto
r
speed i
s
estim
a
ted. Actually
, in
this pape
r, the load torqu
e
plus roto
r sp
eed is con
s
id
ered a
s
a sta
t
e variable. Matlab simul
a
tion
results will
be
presented
to
confirm the
p
r
ese
n
ted
meth
od.
Thi
s
pap
e
r
i
s
o
r
ga
nized
as follo
ws:
In
part 2, d-q m
odel of si
ngle
-
pha
se IM i
s
pre
s
ente
d
. After that, a bri
e
f overview o
n
conve
n
tion
al
EKF for esti
mation of loa
d
and
spe
e
d
in single
-
p
h
a
se IM is
discu
s
sed in p
a
r
t 3. Beside
s,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 241 – 249
242
prop
osed m
e
thod for e
s
timation of l
o
a
d
an
d spee
d
in
single
-
p
h
a
se
IM is ex
poun
ded i
n
t
h
is
se
ction. The
simulatio
n
re
sults a
r
e
sho
w
n in pa
rt 4 and part 5
con
c
lud
e
s the p
a
per.
2.
The Single-p
h
ase IM Mod
e
l
The dynami
c
model of si
ng
le-ph
a
se indu
cti
on ma
chin
e in the statio
nary refe
re
nce frame
can b
e
writte
n as follo
wing
equation
s
[1]:
s
ds
s
ds
ds
s
ds
p
i
r
v
(1)
s
qs
s
qs
qs
s
qs
p
i
r
v
(2)
s
qr
r
s
dr
s
dr
r
p
i
r
0
(3)
s
dr
r
s
qr
s
qr
r
p
i
r
0
(4)
s
dr
d
s
ds
ds
s
ds
i
M
i
L
(5)
s
qr
q
s
qs
qs
s
qs
i
M
i
L
(6)
s
dr
r
s
ds
d
s
dr
i
L
i
M
(7)
s
qr
r
s
qs
q
s
qr
i
L
i
M
(8)
)
(
5
.
1
s
qr
s
ds
d
s
dr
s
qs
q
e
i
i
M
i
i
M
P
T
(9)
r
l
e
Jp
T
T
P
(10)
Whe
r
e, v
s
ds
, v
s
qs
, i
s
ds
, i
s
qs
, i
s
dr
, i
s
qr
,
λ
s
ds
,
λ
s
qs
,
λ
s
dr
and
λ
s
qr
are
the
d-q axe
s
volta
g
es,
cu
rre
nts,
and
fluxes of the stator a
nd ro
tor in the st
a
t
ionary refe
re
nce frame (superscri
pt “s”). r
ds
, r
qs
and r
r
denote th
e st
ator an
d roto
r re
si
stan
ce
s. L
ds
, L
qs
, L
r
, M
d
and M
q
d
enote the
sta
t
or, and the
rotor
self and mutu
al inducta
nce
s
.
r
is the machi
ne sp
eed
. p and P are differential op
erato
r
and po
le
pairs.
τ
e
,
τ
l
and J are
elect
r
omagn
etic torque, load torq
ue and in
ertia
.
3.
EKF Algorith
m
for Single-phase IM
The ste
ady space model o
f
single-pha
se
machi
ne ca
n be expre
ssed as follo
ws:
t
w
Bu
Ax
x
(11)
t
v
Cx
y
(12)
The cova
ria
n
c
e matri
c
e
s
o
f
noise
s are a
l
so defin
ed a
s
(13
)
an
d (1
4):
cov
t
ww
E
w
Q
(13)
t
vv
E
v
R
cov
(14)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Estim
a
tion of
Load To
rq
ue
and Rotor Sp
eed in Single
-Phase Ind
u
cti
on Motor… (Ali Monadi)
243
The Kalman f
ilter algo
rithm
can be fo
rmu
l
ated as (15
)
-(21
) [26].
Predi
ction of State:
n
n
n
n
n
u
x
n
n
x
,
,
,
1
1
1
(15)
Whe
r
e:
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
u
x
B
x
x
A
u
x
n
n
,
,
,
1
1
(16)
Estim
a
tion of
Erro
r Co
va
ria
n
ce Mat
r
ix:
Q
dx
d
P
dx
d
P
n
n
n
n
x
x
T
n
n
x
x
n
n
1
(17)
Com
putation
of Kalm
an Filter Gain:
1
1
1
1
1
1
R
x
H
P
x
H
x
H
P
K
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
x
T
n
n
x
x
x
x
T
n
n
n
(18)
Whe
r
e:
1
1
1
,
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
x
C
n
x
H
(19)
State Estim
a
tion:
n
x
H
y
K
x
x
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
,
1
1
(20)
Upd
a
te of the Error
Co
vari
ance Matri
x
:
1
1
1
n
n
x
x
n
n
n
n
n
P
x
H
K
P
P
n
n
(21)
All of param
eters i
n
(11)-(21
) are defi
ned
in Ap
pe
ndix. Based
on (1
1)-(21),
the EKF
block dia
g
ra
m is sh
own in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. EKF block diag
ram
Normally, for estimatio
n
o
f
load to
rqu
e
(T
l
) an
d roto
r spee
d (
r
), the state, i
n
put and
output matri
c
es are define
d
as follo
wing
equation
s
[8]:
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 241 – 249
244
T
n
l
n
r
n
qr
n
dr
n
qs
n
ds
n
T
i
i
x
)
(
(22)
T
n
qs
n
ds
n
i
i
y
(23)
T
n
qs
n
ds
v
v
u
(24)
The state spa
c
e eq
uation
s
of single
-
p
h
a
s
e IM and mo
reove
r
the matrice
s
A
n
, B
n
and C
n
can b
e
writt
en as e
quati
on (25
)
-(3
1
).
With these
equation
s
a
nd with con
s
ide
r
ing of
EKF
algorith
m
the load torq
ue a
nd roto
r sp
ee
d can b
e
esti
mated.
)
(
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
t
w
v
v
k
M
L
L
M
L
M
L
M
L
k
k
M
L
i
i
L
r
ω
L
M
r
ω
L
r
L
M
r
L
r
L
M
k
ω
L
M
k
L
M
r
L
M
k
k
r
k
ω
k
L
r
k
M
r
L
k
L
M
r
p
p
pi
pi
s
qs
s
ds
d
r
r
d
ds
d
r
d
r
d
r
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
r
r
r
r
q
r
r
r
r
r
d
r
r
r
r
q
r
r
q
r
q
r
r
q
qs
r
r
r
d
ds
r
r
d
r
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
(25
)
)
(
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
t
v
T
i
i
i
i
T
l
r
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
s
qs
s
ds
(26)
Whe
r
e,
d
r
ds
d
M
L
L
M
k
1
(27)
r
q
qs
L
M
L
k
2
2
(28)
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
3
2
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
dt
J
dt
P
JL
λ
M
dt
P
JL
λ
M
dt
L
r
dt
ω
dt
L
M
r
dt
ω
dt
L
r
dt
L
M
r
dt
L
r
L
M
k
dt
ω
L
M
k
dt
L
M
r
L
M
k
k
r
dt
k
ω
dt
k
L
r
dt
k
M
r
L
k
L
M
r
A
r
(n)
dr
q
r
(n)
qr
d
r
r
(n)
r
r
q
r
(n)
r
r
r
r
d
r
r
r
r
q
(n)
r
r
q
r
q
r
r
q
qs
(n)
r
r
r
d
ds
r
r
d
r
n
(29
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Estim
a
tion of
Load To
rq
ue
and Rotor Sp
eed in Single
-
Phase Ind
u
cti
on Motor… (Ali Monadi)
245
T
d
r
r
d
ds
d
r
d
r
d
r
n
dt
k
dt
k
M
L
L
M
L
M
L
M
L
dt
k
M
L
B
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
(30)
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
n
C
(31)
One of the
problem
s in the
estimation
of par
a
m
eters
usin
g EKF is
cal
c
ulatio
n of
P and
Q matri
c
e
s
. T
hey are u
s
ual
ly tuned by a
trial an
d er
ro
r pro
c
e
s
s. In this p
ape
r, by
con
s
id
erin
g o
f
load torq
ue pl
us roto
r sp
ee
d as one stat
e variable,
the orde
r of P a
nd Q matrice
s
are de
crea
sed
from six to five. The equati
ons of si
ngle
-
pha
se mo
to
r can b
e
writte
n as eq
uation
(32) a
nd (3
3).
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
r
r
r
r
q
r
r
r
r
r
d
r
r
r
r
q
r
r
q
r
q
r
r
q
qs
r
r
r
d
ds
r
r
d
r
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
i
i
L
r
ω
L
M
r
ω
L
r
L
M
r
L
r
L
M
k
ω
L
M
k
L
M
r
L
M
k
k
r
k
ω
k
L
r
k
M
r
L
k
L
M
r
p
p
pi
pi
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
l
l
l
r
q
l
s
qs
s
ds
d
r
r
d
ds
d
r
d
r
d
r
i
i
T
T
T
L
M
k
k
T
t
w
v
v
k
M
L
L
M
L
M
L
M
L
k
k
M
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
)
(
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
2
2
1
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
l
l
l
r
q
l
i
i
T
T
T
L
M
k
k
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
(32)
s
qr
s
dr
s
qs
s
ds
r
r
l
r
r
q
r
l
r
r
r
r
d
r
r
r
r
q
l
r
r
q
r
q
r
r
q
qs
l
r
r
r
d
ds
r
r
d
r
i
i
L
r
T
ω
L
M
r
T
ω
L
r
L
M
r
L
r
L
M
k
T
ω
L
M
k
L
M
r
L
M
k
k
r
k
T
ω
k
L
r
k
M
r
L
k
L
M
r
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
)
(
0
0
0
1
0
0
*
1
2
2
1
t
w
v
v
k
M
L
L
M
L
M
L
M
L
k
k
M
L
s
qs
s
ds
d
r
r
d
ds
d
r
d
r
d
r
(33)
Therefore, th
e state, input and out
p
u
t matrice
s
can b
e
redefin
ed a
s
:
T
n
l
n
r
n
qr
n
dr
n
qs
n
ds
n
T
i
i
x
)
(
(34)
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 241 – 249
246
T
n
qs
n
ds
n
i
i
y
(35)
T
n
qs
n
ds
v
v
u
(36)
With these d
e
finitions, the
orde
r of stat
e matr
ix is re
duced form
si
x to five. The matrices
A
n
, B
n
and C
n
are obtaine
d as eq
uation
(37)-(39).
1
0
0
2
2
3
2
2
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
2
)
(
)
(
2
)
(
2
2
2
)
(
1
1
1
1
dt
P
JL
λ
M
dt
P
JL
λ
M
dt
L
r
dt
T
dt
L
M
r
dt
T
dt
L
r
dt
L
M
r
dt
L
r
L
M
k
dt
T
L
M
k
dt
L
M
r
L
M
k
k
r
dt
T
k
dt
k
L
r
dt
k
M
r
L
k
L
M
r
A
r
(n
)
dr
q
r
(n)
qr
d
r
r
n
l
n
r
r
q
r
n
l
n
r
r
r
r
d
r
r
r
r
q
n
l
n
r
r
q
r
q
r
r
q
qs
n
l
n
r
r
r
d
ds
r
r
d
r
n
(37
)
T
d
r
r
d
ds
d
r
d
r
d
r
n
dt
k
dt
k
M
L
L
M
L
M
L
M
L
dt
k
M
L
B
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
(38)
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
n
C
(39)
4. Simulation
Results
In this sectio
n, simulation
result
s of
the prop
osed
method
have
been presen
ted. The
simulatio
n
s h
a
ve been do
ne usi
ng Mat
l
ab/M-File
so
ftware. The
single-pha
se
motor is fed
by
sinu
soi
dal wa
veforms. Th
e para
m
eters o
f
single-pha
se motor a
r
e listed a
s
follows:
H
M
H
M
H
L
H
L
r
r
H
L
r
V
v
m
kg
J
P
Hz
f
hp
Power
q
d
qs
ds
qs
ds
r
r
17
7
.
0
,
18
.
0
,
1844
.
0
,
18
8
5
.
0
,
02
.
2
,
14
.
7
1826
.
0
,
12
.
4
,
220
,
.
0146
.
0
,
4
,
60
,
.25
0
2
Figure 2. Ref
e
ren
c
e lo
ad torqu
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
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ISSN:
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Estim
a
tion of
Load To
rq
ue
and Rotor Sp
eed in Single
-Phase Ind
u
cti
on Motor… (Ali Monadi)
247
(a)
(b)
(c
)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Figure 3. Simulation re
sult
s of the estim
a
tion of
load torqu
e
and
rot
o
r sp
eed in
si
ngle-pha
s
e I
M
usin
g EKF
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2015 : 241 – 249
248
Figure 2
sh
o
w
s the
refere
nce
load
torq
ue. In the
sim
u
lation
s, the l
oad to
rqu
e
i
s
applie
d
at t=10
s
and
rem
o
ved
at
t=25
s. Fig
u
re
3
sho
w
s th
e si
mulation
results of e
s
t
i
mation of
lo
ad
torque a
nd rotor speed in
single
-
ph
ase
motor usi
n
g
presented E
K
F. As can b
e
see
n
the real
and e
s
timate
d load torq
ue
and sp
eed a
r
e very clo
s
e
(see Fi
gure 3(b
)
and Fig
u
re 3(e)). As can
be seen fro
m
Figure 3
(
c), the estim
a
ted sp
eed fol
l
ows the a
c
t
ual speed
even when a l
oad
disturban
ce i
s
introd
uced. It can be see
n
that t
he speed re
sp
on
se
rapidly with no pulsation
s. It
is evident fro
m
Figure 3
(
f) and Fig
u
re
3(g
)
that
the
estimated v
a
lue
s
of stat
or d a
nd q
a
x
es
curre
n
ts follo
w the actual
values of stat
or
d and q a
x
es cu
rrents
(the maximu
m erro
r between
estimated val
ue of stator
current and a
c
t
ual value of stator
current
is 3e-5
)
.
5. Conclu
sion
In this pap
er,
a method fo
r estimation
of load torque a
nd roto
r spee
d in sin
g
le-ph
a
se IM
usin
g EKF has be
en presented. In this method, fi
ve param
eters, namely,
stato
r
cu
rre
nts, rot
o
r
fluxes an
d lo
ad torque
plu
s
rotor
sp
eed
ha
s be
en
co
nsid
ere
d
. Wit
h
the
s
e d
e
fini
tions th
e o
r
de
r of
P and
Q m
a
trice
s
i
n
E
K
F algo
rithm
is
red
u
ced
form
six to five. Re
sults
sho
w
th
e go
od
perfo
rman
ce
of the propo
sed method.
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046
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-
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