Indonesian J
ournal of Ele
c
trical Engin
eering and
Computer Sci
e
nce
Vol. 2, No. 1,
April 201
6, pp. 88 ~ 95
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/ijeecs.v2.i1.pp88
-95
88
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 22, 201
6
;
Revi
sed Ma
rch 1
9
, 2016;
Acce
pted Ma
rch 2
8
, 2016
Bridgeless Isolated Cuk PFC Implementation using PID
and Neural Controller
R Pireethi*
1
, R Balam
u
r
u
gan
2
Dep
a
rtment of Electrical
and
Electron
ics En
gin
eeri
n
g
KS Rang
asam
y Co
lle
ge of T
e
chno
log
y
(A
uto
nomo
u
s), T
i
ruchen
go
de, Indi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: pireeth
u
@gm
a
il.com
1
, nrba
ls
@gmai
l
.com
2
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he compar
isi
on of brid
ge
les
s
isolate
d
cuk conver
ter us
in
g prop
ortion
al i
n
tegra
l
deriv
ati
v
e (PID)
and n
eur
al co
ntroll
er (NC) is
presente
d
in
this pap
er. Du
e to dio
de bri
dge rectifi
e
r (DBR) conv
enti
ona
l
converters s
u
ffer from hi
gh c
ond
uctio
n
loss
. Bridge
less
C
u
k conv
erter i
s
used
to el
i
m
inate th
e iss
u
e
s
.
brid
gel
ess is
ol
ated (B
LI) cu
k conv
erter is
use
d
to
w
i
th
stand
hig
h
v
o
ltage.
Co
mp
ar
e to
Conti
n
u
o
us
cond
uctio
n
mo
de (C
CM) disc
ontin
uo
us con
ductio
n
mo
de
(
DCM) util
i
z
e
le
ss nu
mb
er of s
ensors. T
o
obt
ai
n
unity
pow
er fa
ctor it is
us
ed
to w
o
rk i
n
D
C
M
mod
e
. BLI
Cuk c
onvert
e
r
is i
m
ple
m
ente
d
i
n
tw
o co
ntro
ller
s
PID and
neur
a
l
control
l
er to
observ
e
pow
er
factor. Pe
rforma
nce
of BLD
C
motor is si
mu
late
d by us
i
n
g
MAT
L
AB/Simul
i
nk softw
are.
Ke
y
w
ords
: Bri
dge
less Isol
ate
d
Cuk conv
eter
, BLDC, Po
w
e
r factor, PID co
ntroll
er, Neura
l
controll
er
Copy
right
©
2016 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
BLDC moto
r
has the
adva
n
tage
s li
ke
compa
c
t
size,
noise fre
e
a
n
d
le
ss ele
c
tro
m
agneti
c
interferen
ce and hen
ce it
is easy to control an
d maintain [1-3].
BLDC moto
r is ch
oo
sen
for
variou
s appli
c
ation
s
in ho
use
hold like fan, pum
p, air con
d
itione
r and in indu
strie
s
. Brush
e
s
prod
uce m
o
re am
ount
of heat
dissip
ation [4].
He
nce
sparkin
g
and
noi
se
i
s
p
r
o
duced
in
conve
n
tional
motor, so it
need
s re
gula
r
maintan
e
n
c
e. BLDC mot
o
r is u
s
e
d
to overcome th
e
disa
dvantag
e
s
. To se
nse the positio
n of motor
Voltage Sou
r
ce Inverter
(VSI) and Hall Effect
sen
s
o
r
is ad
d
i
tionally conn
ected. It is also us
e
d
for providing ele
c
tronic
comm
utation [5-7].
Diode Bridge
Rectifier (DB
R
) i
s
used to
supply
the in
put to inverter. High value
o
f
dc link
cap
a
cito
r dra
w
s
cu
rre
nt for sh
ort pe
riod
and ca
us
es
distortio
n
in voltage an
d current [8]. Thus
the Powe
r F
a
ctor
(PF) i
s
low an
d To
tal Harm
oni
c Disto
r
tion (THD) i
s
high
. Power q
ual
ity
probl
em
s in
BLDC driv
e is
redu
ce
d by po
we
r
factor co
rrection co
nve
r
ters.
Co
ntin
uou
s
Con
d
u
c
tion
Mode
(CCM
) and
Disco
n
t
inuou
s Con
ductio
n
Mod
e
(DCM
) a
r
e two mo
de
s of
con
d
u
c
tion.CCM m
ode
re
quire
s m
o
re
numbe
r of
se
nso
r
s than
DCM a
nd
hen
ce
DCM mo
d
e
is
mostly prefe
r
red to redu
ce t
he co
st [9].
Comp
are to
conve
n
tional
PFC, Cuk co
nverter
prote
c
t from
the i
n
rush
cu
rre
nt
and it i
s
combi
nation
of Buck B
o
o
s
t op
eration
[10]. To
reduce switching loss
Br
idge
le
ss
(
B
L)
Cu
k
conve
r
ters are use
d
. Non
isolate
d
conv
erter
can
not withsta
nd hig
h
voltage he
nce Bri
dgele
s
s
Isolated (B
LI) Cuk
conve
r
ters a
r
e
cho
o
sen to
prevent
from unwant
ed cu
rrent lo
op and it prov
ide
isolatio
n between inp
u
t and
output [11].
2. PFC
Con
t
roll
er
In PID control
l
er refe
ren
c
e
spe
ed and m
o
tor vo
ltage consta
nt is multiplied and it is given
as refe
re
nce voltage (Vr*
) [12-1
3
]. Control algorithm
consi
s
ts of ref
e
ren
c
e voltag
e, spee
d co
ntrol
and PWM
(P
ulse
width M
odulatio
n) ge
neratio
n. Vo
ltage e
rro
r ge
n
e
rato
r is u
s
e
d
to comp
are
the
actual
and
o
b
se
rved volta
ge to g
ene
ra
te error [1
4]. Block Di
ag
ram of PFC
Based
Brid
g
e
less
Isolated
Cu
k Conve
r
ter i
s
sho
w
n in Fig
u
re 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 1, April 2016 : 88 – 95
89
Figure 1. Block
Diag
ram o
f
PFC Bas
ed
Bridgel
ess Isolated Cuk
Converte
r
Erro
r value is calculated by
the following
equatio
n
V
k
V
k
∗
V
k
(1)
The e
r
ror voltage i
s
chan
ged
co
nse
q
u
ently wh
en t
he g
a
in valu
es
of PID
co
ntrolle
r i
s
adju
s
ted [15-16]. To meet the refere
nce set value
PWM gen
erato
r
is co
ntroll
ed
. PID controll
er
gene
rate
s the
controll
ed ou
tput voltage (Vo) and it is g
i
ven as,
V
k
V
k1
K
V
k
V
k
1
K
V
k
(2)
The mo
st flexible and sp
ecific
controll
er
is Neu
r
al
netwo
rk
(NN) and it beha
ve like
human
ne
uro
n
[17]. To
tra
n
smit
output
to othe
r
n
euron.Ne
ural
net
work re
ceive
the inp
u
t an
d
it
store th
e data
.
Neural
Network m
a
themat
ical
mod
e
l is repre
s
e
n
ted b
y
the followin
g
equatio
n
Y
k
Y
k1
0
.
5
t
a
n
h
Y
k1
Xk
1
(3)
Whe
r
e X=i
n
p
u
t signal give
n to the network
Y=output sign
al fro
m
the netwo
rk
To ge
nerate
an outp
u
t, in
put pa
ramete
rs
are
multipl
i
ed by the
correspon
ding
weig
ht
factor
wi [18-19]. The sum
m
ation of we
ighted input
s is given as i
nput to the si
gmoid fun
c
tio
n
and inp
u
t and
output para
m
eters are
re
lated to give an output.
3.
Simulation of BLI Cu
k Co
nv
erter using PID Contr
o
ller
The pe
rforma
nce
of BLDC motor d
r
ive
usin
g
BLI Cu
k converte
r i
s
sim
u
lated
b
y
using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
T
he sim
u
lin
k
mod
e
l i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gure
2.
K
p
, K
i
and K
d
values
of
PID controller are used to control the converter.
According to the error re
ceived from the PID
controller PWM generator
gives the switching pulse
.
The performa
n
ce of BLDC
motor like sp
ee
d
,
torque, stator
back emf and current of BL
DC
motor are
measured for 230V input voltage.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Bridgel
ess Isolated Cuk P
F
C Im
plem
entat
ion usin
g PID and Neura
l
Controll
er
(R Pireethi)
90
Figure 2. Simulink Mo
del for BLI Cu
k co
nverter
with BLDC motor
Powe
r fa
ctor display blo
c
k receive in
put from
so
urce voltag
e
and
current
and
an
equivalent
re
al and
re
acti
ve power i
s
cal
c
ulat
e
d
. Speed
of BLDC moto
r
cont
rols the
DC l
i
nk
voltage and
switchi
ng of converte
r is v
a
ried. Th
e
po
wer fa
ctor
ob
serve
d
is 0.9
965 for BLI
Cu
k
conve
r
ter
with PID controll
er is
sho
w
n in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Power fa
ctor o
b
s
ervatio
n
Figure 4. Observed stato
r
b
a
ck EMF of BLDC motor
Figure 4
sho
w
s the st
ator Back E
M
F obtai
ne
d
with the use
of PID controller. The
sta
t
or
curre
n
t of BLDC moto
r wh
en cont
rolle
d
by PID controller is
sho
w
n in Figure 5
.
At the time
of
0.07 s
e
c
it s
t
arts
to settle. BLDC motor t
o
rqu
e
wavefo
rm is sho
w
n i
n
Figure 6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 1, April 2016 : 88 – 95
91
Figure 5. Stator Cu
rrent of
BLDC M
o
tor
by
PID Contr
o
ller
Figure 6. Electrom
agn
etic
torque of BL
DC moto
r
Figure 7. Speed re
spo
n
se for BLI cu
k ba
sed BL
DC
DC lin
k voltage is co
ntroll
ed to obtain stable
spe
ed resp
on
se. Fig
u
re 7 sh
ows the BLDC
spe
ed re
sp
on
se u
s
ing BLI Cu
k co
nverte
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Bridgel
ess Isolated Cuk P
F
C Im
plem
entat
ion usin
g PID and Neura
l
Controll
er
(R Pireethi)
92
4.
Simulation of BLI Cu
k Co
nv
erter using Neur
al Co
ntroller
The simulink
model for Ne
ural controller based BLDC motor usin
g Bridgeless
Isolated
Cuk
converte
r is
shown in
Figure 8.
Ne
ural cont
rolle
r controls the
operating cycle of converter
switche
s
. Ne
arly unity power factor is
obtained
and
it is operate
d
in DCM m
ode. Power f
a
ctor
observed u
s
i
ng po
wer fa
ctor display blo
ck i
s
0.998
5 is sh
own in Figure 9.
Figure 8. Simulink Mo
del for BLI cu
k ba
sed BL
DC m
o
tor
Figure 9. Power fa
ctor
re
spon
se for BLI
cuk b
a
sed BLDC
Neu
r
al ba
se
d
BLI Cuk co
nverter fed B
L
DC motor d
r
ive spe
ed re
spo
n
se is sh
own in
Figure 10. Steady state
of motor i
s
atta
ined a
nd
se
ttles at 0.0
8
se
c. According
to the refe
ren
c
e
value sp
eed i
s
tra
c
ked and
generated.
Figure 10. Speed re
sp
on
se
for BLDC
with BLI cuk
con
v
erter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 25
02-4
752
IJEECS
Vol.
2, No. 1, April 2016 : 88 – 95
93
Figure 11. Electro
m
ag
neti
c
torqu
e
for n
eural b
a
sed
BLI cuk
conv
erter
Figure 12. Stator ba
ck EM
F of BLDC m
o
tor
Electromagne
tic torque of BLDC i
s
sh
own
in F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
and ripple in t
h
e torque
wa
veform
is observed.
Figure 12 sh
ows the stator back
emf. Shape of ba
ck emf is decrea
s
ed from
its
original position in the starting condition.
As
soon as p
o
ssible it regain its original
shape.
Figure 13. Stator cu
rrent for BLI cu
k ba
sed BL
DC m
o
tor
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJEECS
ISSN:
2502-4
752
Bridgel
ess Isolated Cuk P
F
C Im
plem
entat
ion usin
g PID and Neura
l
Controll
er
(R Pireethi)
94
Figure 14. Ha
rmoni
c spe
c
trum
Stator
current
of BL
DC mot
o
r i
s
sh
own in
Fi
gu
re 13. Efficien
cy of motor is deg
rad
e
d
due
to high
di
sto
r
tions in
the
cu
rrent
wav
e
form
. Total Harmonic
Dis
t
or
tion
(T
HD
) fo
r BLI
Cu
k
conve
r
ter i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fig
u
re 1
4
an
d t
he ob
se
rv
ed
THD is
3.4
9
%. Neu
r
al
controlle
r i
s
b
e
st
controlle
r
wh
en
comp
ared
to PID
co
ntroller. It
ha
s be
tte
r
d
y
na
mic p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e b
e
c
a
us
e it ha
s
less disto
r
tion
. So that power facto
r
is im
proved.
5. Conclu
sion
Powe
r Fa
ctor is inhe
rently maximize
s by
Bridgele
s
s Isolated Cuk
Converte
r. Usi
ng PID
controlle
r the observed p
o
w
er fa
ctor i
s
0.9965. Po
wer Fa
ctor of
BLDC m
o
tor
drive usi
ng Neural
controlle
r is
0.9985 a
nd
Total Ha
rmo
n
ic
Disto
r
tion
(THD) i
s
3.4
9
%. Neu
r
al controlle
r ha
s
less
settling time, minimum p
eak ove
r
sho
o
t, good dynamic pe
rform
ance and be
tter efficiency
.
It
improve
s
Po
wer F
a
cto
r
th
an the co
nve
n
tional conve
r
ter.
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