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i
nv
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
o
n
s
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
to
t
r
a
c
k
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
o
ni
t
o
r
r
o
a
d
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
.
M
a
n
ua
l
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
b
a
s
e
d,
s
m
a
r
t
ph
o
n
e
-
b
a
s
e
d,
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
s
e
ns
i
n
g
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
c
a
n
i
de
n
t
i
f
y
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
di
s
t
r
e
s
s
.
E
a
c
h
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
h
a
s
dr
a
wb
a
c
k
s
,
t
h
o
ugh
[
10
]
.
S
m
a
r
t
ph
o
n
e
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
do
l
o
gi
e
s
,
a
s
pr
e
vi
o
us
ly
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d,
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
i
n
pr
e
c
i
s
e
ly
i
de
n
t
i
f
yi
ng
v
a
r
i
o
us
t
y
pe
s
o
f
de
f
e
c
t
s
.
R
e
m
o
t
e
s
e
n
s
i
ng
t
e
c
hn
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
whil
e
v
e
r
y
a
c
c
ur
a
t
e
,
a
r
e
a
c
c
o
m
pa
ni
e
d
by
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
nt
s
,
i
n
c
l
ud
i
ng
hi
g
h
e
r
c
o
s
t
s
f
o
r
da
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
e
s
s
a
da
pt
a
bi
li
t
y
[
11]
.
T
o
h
e
l
p
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
nc
e
pr
o
c
e
dur
e
s
,
a
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
ha
v
e
b
e
e
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
b
o
t
h
pa
v
e
d
a
n
d
un
pa
v
e
d
r
o
a
d
s
ur
f
a
c
e
s
a
n
d
i
de
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
k
i
n
d
a
n
d
de
gr
e
e
o
f
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
de
gr
a
da
t
i
o
n
[
5]
.
De
pe
n
d
i
ng
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
pe
o
f
e
qu
i
p
men
t
a
n
d
m
e
a
s
ur
i
n
g
t
e
c
hni
qu
e
ut
i
li
z
e
d,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
w
o
wa
y
s
to
m
o
ni
t
o
r
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
us
o
f
t
h
e
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
:
i
)
s
t
a
t
i
c
mo
ni
t
or
i
n
g
a
n
d
ii
)
d
y
na
mi
c
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g.
S
t
a
t
i
c
mo
ni
t
or
i
n
g
r
e
qu
i
r
e
s
f
i
xe
d
de
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
e
qu
i
p
m
e
n
t
[
12]
.
I
n
dy
n
a
mi
c
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g,
e
qu
i
p
m
e
n
t
c
a
n
b
e
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d
o
n
o
r
i
n
s
i
de
a
v
e
hi
c
l
e
t
o
ga
t
h
e
r
da
t
a
wh
e
n
t
h
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
i
s
m
o
vin
g
t
h
r
o
ugh
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
r
o
a
d
s
e
gm
e
n
t
s
i
n
s
pe
c
if
i
c
s
p
ot
s
f
o
r
a
pr
e
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d
a
m
o
un
t
o
f
t
i
m
e
[
10]
.
Dy
n
a
mi
c
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
pa
ve
m
e
n
t
a
t
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
r
o
a
d
s
i
t
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
s
p
h
a
l
t
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
ur
f
a
c
e
de
t
e
r
i
o
r
a
t
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
s
s
e
t
v
a
l
ue
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
im
pr
o
pe
r
a
n
d
de
l
a
y
e
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
i
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
s
c
h
e
du
l
e
pr
e
c
i
s
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g,
i
n
pa
r
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
di
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
o
ns
,
to
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
qua
li
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
n
t
a
s
pha
l
t
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
ur
f
a
c
e
.
S
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
m
i
dd
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
20
th
c
e
n
t
ur
y
,
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
w
hi
c
h
i
s
c
r
uc
i
a
l
t
o
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
f
o
c
us
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
po
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
[
13]
.
T
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
d
i
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
e
pa
i
r
e
d
a
s
s
o
o
n
a
s
p
o
s
s
i
bl
e
be
c
a
us
e
t
h
e
y
u
s
ua
ll
y
s
t
a
r
t
o
u
t
a
s
c
r
a
c
ks
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
a
d
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
ul
d
e
n
da
n
ge
r
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
s
a
f
e
t
y
.
R
e
pe
t
i
t
i
v
e
e
nvi
r
o
nmen
t
a
l
o
r
h
u
m
a
n
i
nf
l
ue
n
c
e
s
w
il
l
c
a
us
e
f
a
u
l
t
s
i
n
t
hi
s
da
m
a
ge
d
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
to
w
o
r
s
e
n
i
f
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
a
t
i
m
e
ly
w
a
y
[
14]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
c
r
uc
i
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
to
t
a
ke
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
un
t
wh
e
n
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
ng
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
s
pha
l
t
pa
v
e
men
t
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
ki
n
d,
s
e
ve
r
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
de
gr
e
e
o
f
c
r
a
c
ks
i
n
t
h
e
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
ur
f
a
c
e
[
15]
,
[
16]
.
F
i
gur
e
1
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
c
r
a
c
k
s
s
uc
h
a
s
p
i
p
e
c
r
a
c
k,
b
r
i
dge
c
r
a
c
k,
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
c
r
a
c
k,
r
o
a
d
c
r
a
c
k,
a
n
d
t
un
ne
l
c
r
a
c
k.
R
a
ny
a
l
e
t
al
.
[
17]
h
a
v
e
de
v
e
l
o
pe
d
a
n
a
tt
e
n
t
i
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
to
m
o
ni
t
o
r
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
de
t
e
c
t
c
r
a
c
ks
,
a
n
d
m
e
a
s
ur
e
t
h
e
m
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
a
ny
c
o
n
c
e
pt
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
li
ge
n
t
(
A
I
)
-
e
n
a
bl
e
d
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g,
c
r
a
c
k
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
l
a
s
s
if
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
de
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bil
i
t
y
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
by
J
u
n
g
e
t
al.
[
18]
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
di
s
c
u
s
s
a
ny
t
hi
ng
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
ba
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
l
a
s
s
if
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
R
a
ni
e
r
i
e
t
al.
[
19]
h
a
v
e
pr
o
po
s
e
d
a
n
A
I
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
o
a
d
s
ur
f
a
c
e
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
di
s
c
us
s
a
n
y
i
de
a
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
A
I
-
e
n
a
bl
e
d
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g,
c
r
a
c
k
de
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
l
a
s
s
if
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
M
i
s
h
r
a
e
t
al.
[
20]
h
a
ve
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
hi
n
g
s
(
I
oT
)
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
f
o
r
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
a
l
r
o
a
d
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
a
ny
c
o
n
c
e
pt
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
A
I
-
b
a
s
e
d
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
ni
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
O
b
a
i
da
t
e
t
al.
[
21
]
pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
ge
o
g
r
a
phi
c
i
nf
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
GI
S
)
b
a
s
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
to
m
a
p
r
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
ns
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
y
d
i
d
n
ot
p
r
op
o
s
e
a
ny
i
de
a
s
r
e
l
a
ted
to
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
m
o
ni
tor
i
n
g
,
c
r
a
c
k
de
tec
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
X
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
22
]
h
a
v
e
d
i
s
c
us
s
e
d
va
r
i
o
us
m
e
t
h
o
ds
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
dy
n
a
mi
c
pa
v
e
m
e
n
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
s
e
r
vi
c
e
qua
li
t
y
.
Ho
we
v
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Step 1:
input: pavement
sample images of SUT
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2000 dataset.
Step 2:
output: pavement
sample detection
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Pavement sample detection (LongitudinalCracks) or
Pavement sample detection
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Pavement sample detection
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s)
Function
pavement classfication
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2
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{
Step 1. Capture the processed pavementimage samples
Step 2. Build customized YOLOv8
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X =
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PavementDetectMetric
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ataset
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avement sample detection
(AlligatorCracks) or
Pavement sample detection (LongitudinalCracks) or
Pavement sample detection
(TransverseCrack
s) or
Pavement sample detection
(Potholes)
}
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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r
a
c
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ve
me
nt
di
s
tr
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s
s
us
in
g i
ma
ge
p
r
oc
e
s
s
in
g t
e
c
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que
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a
nd
k
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a
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ig
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,”
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i
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pa
pe
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n
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e
f
e
c
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in
f
le
x
ib
l
e
pa
v
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
it
s
ma
in
te
na
n
c
e
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
o
f
A
dv
anc
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d
R
e
s
e
ar
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i
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E
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e
r
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ti
ve
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il
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e
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s
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ur
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c
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-
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e
s
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g
ma
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hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
t
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c
hn
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nd
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n
w
it
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da
ta
mi
ni
ng
ba
s
e
d
o
n
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
ki
n
e
ma
ti
c
v
e
hi
c
l
e
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
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,”
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it
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s
tu
d
y
of
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s
pha
lt
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ve
m
e
nt
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o
th
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l
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e
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me
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
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in
g
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li
ne
la
s
e
r
te
c
hn
o
l
o
g
y
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
T
r
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por
ta
t
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n
Sc
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nc
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T
e
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A
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,
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a
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m
o
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t
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r
in
g
s
y
s
t
e
ms
of
pa
ve
m
e
nt
c
o
ndi
ti
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n
in
pa
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d
a
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unpa
ve
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r
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,”
J
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nal
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f
T
r
a
ff
ic
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T
r
an
s
por
ta
ti
on
E
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r
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I
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ti
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n
of
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pr
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t
o
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y
p
e
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r
e
le
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s
c
o
mm
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c
a
ti
o
n
s
y
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te
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ic
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l
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r
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ni
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a
l
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mp
e
r
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r
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nd
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umi
di
t
y
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e
ns
or
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o
r
c
o
n
c
r
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e
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ni
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t
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r
m
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ni
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o
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g
a
s
pha
lt
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ve
m
e
nt
h
e
a
lt
h
s
y
s
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e
m,”
W
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e
r
C
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r
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bl
e
s
e
l
f
-
s
e
ns
in
g
na
noc
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o
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it
e
s
w
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h
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li
gn
e
d
C
N
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f
o
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-
s
it
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ve
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e
nt
h
e
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lt
h
m
o
ni
t
or
i
ng:
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le
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tr
o
d
y
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mi
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gn
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nt
,
s
e
ns
or
d
e
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l
o
pme
n
t,
a
nd
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
v
a
li
da
ti
o
n,”
C
he
m
ic
al
E
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“
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nt
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r
v
is
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ti
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ns
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or
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ve
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nt
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s
tr
e
s
s
a
nd
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o
nd
it
i
o
n
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s
s
e
s
s
me
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,”
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ut
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P
a
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m
e
nt
m
o
ni
t
or
i
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in
g unma
nne
d a
e
r
ia
l
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
:
a
n ove
r
vi
e
w
,”
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N
E
le
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tr
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c
J
our
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ma
t
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d
pa
v
e
m
e
nt
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t
c
h
d
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t
e
c
ti
o
n
a
nd
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nt
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
us
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g
s
uppo
r
t
ve
c
t
o
r
ma
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hi
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e
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,”
J
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C
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pa
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me
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h
e
a
lt
h
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
:
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n
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
-
ba
s
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d
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o
a
c
h
f
or
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ur
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t
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o
n,
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e
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s
ur
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nt
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nd
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E
x
pe
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Sy
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di
c
ti
ng
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
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ve
me
n
t
c
o
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ti
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or
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ta
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bl
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nt
:
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s
tr
e
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s
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hr
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ugh ma
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,”
Sus
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l
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at
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D
r
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e
n
M
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St
r
uc
tu
r
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oni
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r
in
g
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:
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s
t
D
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v
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lo
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ni
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hi
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H
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B
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ta
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ig
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l
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ng of
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te
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v
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me
nt
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o
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ti
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ns
,”
I
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or
m
a
ti
on
Sc
ie
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e
s
L
e
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unc
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-
E
ur
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s
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ti
ona
l
P
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m
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24,
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31174406.
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.31124/a
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.13601339.
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8757405.
[2
6
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.
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–
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.2016.2636451.
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7
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o
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–
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8
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29]
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ld
. M
at
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r
., v
o
l.
225, pp
. 29
2
–
301, 2019, do
i:
10.1016/j
.
c
o
nbui
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t.
2019.07.224.
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30
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