I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
N
o
v
em
b
e
r
20
24
,
p
p
.
8
0
0
~
8
0
7
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
3
6
.
i
2
.
pp
800
-
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0
7
800
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o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Effec
ts of
Ti
O
2
in
g
ra
phene
-
qua
ntu
m
-
do
t
f
ilm o
n lig
hting co
lo
r
uniform
ity o
f
a w
hite
lig
ht
-
emi
tt
in
g
diodes
P
ha
n Xua
n L
e,
P
ha
m
H
o
ng
Co
ng
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
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l
e
c
t
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a
l
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n
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g
Te
c
h
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y
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I
n
d
u
st
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i
a
l
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n
i
v
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si
t
y
o
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o
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h
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i
t
y
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o
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i
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n
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C
i
t
y
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V
i
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t
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a
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Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
27
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l
24
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l
29
,
2
0
2
4
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
o
l
o
r
u
n
ifo
rm
it
y
o
f
wh
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
s
(
WL
ED)
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
g
o
a
ls
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
a
li
t
y
s
o
li
d
-
sta
te
il
l
u
m
in
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
W
LE
D
m
o
d
e
l
with
a
si
n
g
le
y
e
ll
o
w
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
YA
G
:
Ce
3
+
a
n
d
b
lu
e
L
ED
c
h
i
p
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
p
ro
v
i
d
e
g
o
o
d
c
o
lo
r
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
ten
h
a
s
a
y
e
ll
o
w
-
ri
n
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
.
Us
in
g
a
d
iffu
si
n
g
lay
e
r
t
o
i
n
d
u
c
e
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
li
g
h
t
e
fficie
n
c
y
c
a
n
a
d
d
re
ss
th
is
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e
fo
r
su
c
h
a
c
o
n
v
e
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ti
o
n
a
l
W
LE
D
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
.
A
d
iffu
si
n
g
lay
e
r
c
o
m
p
rise
d
o
f
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
(G
Ds
)
a
n
d
TiO
2
(
TiO
2
@G
D)
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
to
fu
lf
il
l
t
h
is
g
o
a
l.
T
h
e
TiO
2
@G
D
c
o
m
p
o
sites
p
ro
v
e
to
p
o
ss
e
ss
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
b
io
c
o
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
,
l
o
w
to
x
icity
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
rm
a
l
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
ica
l
sta
b
il
it
y
,
h
o
l
d
in
g
g
re
a
t
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
we
r
WL
ED
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
.
By
m
a
in
tain
in
g
a
c
o
n
sta
n
t
G
Ds
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
1
0
wt
%
,
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
lo
re
s
t
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
v
a
r
y
in
g
TiO
2
d
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
s
o
n
th
e
li
g
h
t
in
g
p
e
r
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
WL
EDs
v
ia
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
o
f
li
g
h
t
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
.
T
h
e
TiO
2
@G
D
lay
e
r
a
lso
in
d
u
c
e
s
a
re
d
-
sh
ift
in
th
e
e
m
it
ted
li
g
h
t
sp
e
c
tru
m
,
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
to
a
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
c
o
l
o
r
v
a
riatio
n
.
Wh
il
e
a
d
e
c
li
n
e
in
lu
m
i
n
o
sit
y
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
e
v
id
e
n
t
with
e
x
c
e
ss
iv
e
T
iO
2
c
o
n
ten
t,
th
e
stu
d
y
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
T
iO
2
@G
D
a
s
a
v
iab
le
d
iff
u
sin
g
lay
e
r
fo
r
L
EDs
to
o
b
tain
imp
r
o
v
e
d
a
n
g
u
lar u
n
ifo
r
m
it
y
o
f
c
o
lo
r
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
T
iO
2
n
an
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
W
h
ite
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
es
YAG:Ce
3+
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ph
an
Xu
an
L
e
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
No
.
1
2
Ng
u
y
en
Van
B
ao
Stre
e
t,
Ho
C
h
i M
in
h
C
ity
,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail: p
h
an
x
u
an
le@
iu
h
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
im
m
en
s
e
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
e
en
g
iv
en
to
th
e
wh
ite
lig
h
t
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
es
(
LED
)
as
it
ca
n
b
e
a
h
ig
h
l
y
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
e
m
ar
k
a
b
le
attr
ib
u
tes
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
elev
ated
lu
m
en
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
en
er
g
y
-
s
av
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
e
x
ten
d
ed
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
life
s
p
a
n
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Prio
r
attem
p
ts
at
ac
h
iev
in
g
wh
ite
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
h
av
e
ty
p
ical
ly
r
eli
ed
o
n
am
alg
am
atin
g
s
ep
ar
at
e
d
o
p
a
n
ts
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
ev
itab
l
y
r
esu
ltin
g
in
p
h
ase
s
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
u
n
d
esira
b
le
c
o
lo
r
v
ar
iatio
n
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
two
r
esear
ch
ed
p
r
in
cip
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
g
en
e
r
ate
wh
it
e
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
v
o
lv
es
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
lu
m
in
escen
t
m
ater
ials
as
th
e
em
itti
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
m
et
icu
lo
u
s
f
in
e
-
tu
n
i
n
g
o
f
d
ev
ic
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
tails
em
p
lo
y
in
g
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
as
co
lo
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lay
er
s
with
in
th
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
.
T
h
is
alter
n
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
c
o
lo
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
la
y
er
,
o
f
f
er
s
r
elativ
e
s
im
p
licity
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ater
i
als
u
s
ed
to
f
ab
r
icate
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lay
er
in
t
h
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
is
th
e
y
ello
w
-
em
is
s
io
n
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
escen
ce
p
o
wer
o
f
th
is
p
h
o
s
p
h
or
-
co
n
v
er
tin
g
wh
ite
L
E
D
was
g
o
o
d
,
b
u
t th
e
co
lo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was in
f
er
io
r
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
f
ield
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ices [
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
co
lo
r
r
elate
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
C
C
T
)
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
s
ev
er
al
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
d
is
p
en
s
in
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
r
f
r
ee
f
o
r
m
len
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
lar
g
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
b
lu
e
lig
h
t,
th
e
in
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
i
n
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
b
r
ea
d
th
in
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
lack
o
f
in
s
ig
h
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
ffects o
f
TiO2
in
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
q
u
a
n
tu
m
-
d
o
t film
o
n
lig
h
tin
g
co
lo
r
u
n
ifo
r
mity
o
f a
w
h
ite
…
(
P
h
a
n
X
u
a
n
Le
)
801
in
wid
e
-
an
g
le
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
h
in
d
er
t
h
e
n
o
v
elt
y
o
f
s
u
ch
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
atter
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
l
a
y
e
r
ca
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
m
a
n
i
p
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
C
C
T
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
w
h
i
t
e
l
i
g
h
t
o
n
t
a
r
g
e
t
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
s
[
8
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
an
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
s
ca
tter
in
g
s
tim
u
latin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
wa
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
lay
er
ab
o
v
e
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
an
d
d
o
p
in
g
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
ar
ticles
in
to
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
s
im
p
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
ar
ticles
d
id
s
h
o
w
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
b
u
t
wh
ite
L
E
Ds
(
W
L
E
Ds
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
with
o
r
g
an
ic
m
ate
r
ials
,
d
esp
ite
b
ein
g
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
am
e
n
ab
l
e
to
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
i
n
h
er
en
t
d
ef
icien
cies
p
er
tain
in
g
t
o
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
e
v
ice
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
-
s
tim
u
lated
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
wo
u
ld
d
ec
lin
e
af
ter
ex
ten
d
e
d
an
d
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
u
s
in
g
a
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
la
y
er
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
g
o
o
d
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
m
ater
ials
ca
n
b
e
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
alter
n
ativ
e.
I
n
tr
ig
u
in
g
ly
,
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
n
an
o
c
r
y
s
tals
,
n
o
tab
ly
s
em
ic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
s
,
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ca
n
d
id
ate
o
win
g
to
th
eir
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
q
u
an
t
u
m
y
ield
,
n
a
r
r
o
w
-
b
an
d
wid
th
em
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
p
h
o
to
b
leac
h
in
g
,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
cir
cu
m
v
en
tin
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
wh
o
le
-
o
r
g
an
ic
-
m
ater
ial
-
b
ased
W
L
E
Ds
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
,
g
r
ap
h
en
e
q
u
an
t
u
m
d
o
ts
(
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as
g
r
ap
h
en
e
d
o
ts
o
r
GDs)
h
o
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
d
o
m
ain
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ch
em
ical
s
en
s
in
g
,
ca
taly
s
is
,
an
d
b
io
im
ag
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
attr
ib
u
te
f
o
r
t
h
eir
wid
e
-
ap
p
licatio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
is
th
eir
d
im
in
is
h
ed
to
x
icity
th
at
o
f
ten
en
c
o
u
n
ter
s
in
o
r
ig
in
al
h
ea
v
y
-
m
etal
d
o
p
ed
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
wh
ile
h
o
ld
in
g
r
em
a
r
k
ab
le
b
io
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
escen
ce
(
PL)
an
d
ex
ce
p
ti
o
n
al
s
u
r
f
ac
e
g
r
af
tin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
p
o
s
itio
n
GDs
as
a
p
p
ea
lin
g
ca
n
d
i
d
ates
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
o
p
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ices.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
o
f
r
a
r
e
-
ea
r
th
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
in
wh
ite
L
E
Ds
em
er
g
es
as
a
co
m
p
ellin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
GDs.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
GDs
in
L
E
D
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ce
r
tain
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
,
n
o
tab
l
y
lim
ited
lu
m
in
an
ce
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
s
ity
[
1
4
]
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
GDs
ex
h
ib
its
ce
r
ta
in
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
g
ap
,
lo
w
ef
f
icien
c
y
elec
tr
o
n
a
n
d
h
e
at
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ak
i
n
to
T
iO
2
an
d
Z
n
O
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
a
n
d
n
o
t h
av
i
n
g
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
o
n
ate
m
et
al
io
n
s
f
o
r
b
io
cid
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
am
alg
a
m
atio
n
o
f
at
least
two
d
is
s
im
ilar
n
an
o
m
ater
ials
,
ex
em
p
lifie
d
b
y
T
iO
2
an
d
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
s
,
ea
ch
en
d
o
wed
wi
th
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
,
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
en
u
e
f
o
r
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
r
g
eo
n
i
n
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
b
io
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ese
h
y
b
r
id
m
ater
ials
,
ter
m
ed
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
,
en
tail
th
e
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
at
least
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
p
o
s
s
ess
es
a
n
an
o
s
ca
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Of
p
ar
ticu
lar
in
ter
e
s
t,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
with
GDs
u
n
v
eils
n
o
v
el
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
in
c
r
o
s
s
-
f
ield
ap
p
l
icatio
n
r
elatin
g
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
s
i
s
,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
m
ater
ials
ad
ap
tab
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
r
em
a
r
k
ab
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
at
am
b
ien
t
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
elev
ated
th
er
m
al
an
d
elec
tr
ical
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ities
,
r
o
b
u
s
t
c
h
em
ical
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
th
e
e
x
ten
s
io
n
o
f
UV
ab
s
o
r
p
t
io
n
in
to
th
e
v
is
ib
le
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
th
is
p
ap
e
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
T
iO
2
@
GDs
lay
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
W
L
E
D
d
ev
ice.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
lay
er
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
D
m
o
d
el
o
r
ig
in
al
ly
b
u
ilt
with
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
b
lu
e
L
E
D
d
ies.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
m
o
n
ito
r
s
th
e
W
L
E
D’
s
lig
h
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
d
o
p
in
g
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
wh
ile
GDs
am
o
u
n
t
is
co
n
s
tan
t
at
1
0
wt%.
W
ith
th
e
v
ar
iati
o
n
o
f
T
iO
2
d
o
s
e,
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
is
r
eg
u
lated
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
lig
h
t
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
D.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
@
GDs
lay
er
lead
in
g
t
o
th
e
r
e
d
-
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
g
en
er
ated
lig
h
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
co
lo
r
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
lu
m
i
n
o
s
it
y
an
d
r
en
d
er
ed
co
l
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
n
o
ticed
wh
en
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
t
s
u
r
p
ass
es
a
ce
r
tain
lev
el,
th
e
GD@
T
iO
2
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial ser
v
in
g
as a
lu
m
in
escen
t la
y
er
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
T
iO
2
@
GDs
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
th
e
r
m
al
r
o
u
te
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
GDs
wa
s
s
y
n
th
esized
v
ia
th
e
m
icr
o
wav
e
m
eth
o
d
wh
ile
th
e
T
iO
2
p
ar
t
icles
was
b
o
u
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
Deg
u
s
s
a
(
Ger
m
an
y
)
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
m
icr
o
wav
ed
GDs
ex
h
ib
its
g
r
ee
n
-
y
ello
w
em
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
escen
ce
d
ata
o
f
t
h
e
T
iO
2
@
GD
s
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
ltra
v
io
let
-
v
is
ib
le
(
UV
-
v
is
)
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
as
well
as
p
h
o
to
lu
m
in
esc
en
ce
s
p
ec
tr
a.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
th
e
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
an
d
MA
T
L
AB
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
I
n
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
y
ell
o
w
-
g
r
ee
n
GDs
wer
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
itially
,
we
in
t
r
o
d
u
c
ed
5
0
-
m
g
n
an
o
s
ca
le
g
r
ap
h
ite
t
o
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
4
0
m
L
o
f
a
HNO
3
:H
2
SO
4
(
1
:3
)
ac
id
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
a
2
-
h
o
u
r
s
ess
io
n
o
f
u
ltra
s
o
n
icatio
n
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
a
4
-
h
o
u
r
r
ea
ctio
n
at
1
0
0
°C
,
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
m
icr
o
wav
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
was
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
f
iltra
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
icr
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
m
em
b
r
an
e
with
a
p
o
r
e
s
ize
o
f
2
2
0
n
m
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
n
eu
tr
aliza
tio
n
was
ex
ec
u
te
d
u
s
in
g
s
o
d
iu
m
ca
r
b
o
n
a
te.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
in
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
1
6
0
m
L
o
f
d
eio
n
ized
wa
ter
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
,
lea
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
th
e
aq
u
eo
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
GDs
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ialy
s
is
u
tili
zin
g
a
d
ialy
s
is
b
ag
with
a
m
o
lecu
lar
weig
h
t
cu
to
f
f
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
.
T
h
en
,
af
ter
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
GD
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
’
s
p
H
lev
el
to
1
3
.
0
,
we
to
o
k
1
5
m
L
o
f
th
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
b
e
m
icr
o
wav
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
0
0
-
8
0
7
802
at
2
0
0
°C
f
o
r
8
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
i
aly
s
is
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
m
o
lecu
la
r
weig
h
t
cu
to
f
f
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
was
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
aq
u
e
o
u
s
GDs so
lu
tio
n
was m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
s
to
r
ed
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
am
in
atio
n
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
as
-
s
y
n
th
esized
GDs
was
b
len
d
ed
with
1
5
m
l
wat
er
an
d
T
iO
2
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
was
d
is
p
er
s
ed
in
to
th
e
GDs
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
o
b
tain
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
s
tirr
ed
in
n
o
r
m
al
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
f
o
r
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
m
ix
tu
r
e
was
m
o
v
ed
in
t
o
a
T
ef
lo
n
-
s
ea
led
au
to
clav
e
h
ea
te
d
at
1
5
0
°C
f
o
r
6
h
o
u
r
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
4
,
000
-
r
p
m
ce
n
t
r
if
u
g
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
5
m
in
u
t
es.
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
was
d
r
ie
d
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
in
a
5
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
-
C
elsi
u
s
v
ac
u
u
m
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
e
lay
er
T
iO
2
@
GD
is
u
s
ed
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
co
lo
r
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
lu
m
e
n
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
lu
e
-
p
u
m
p
ed
L
E
D
p
ac
k
a
g
e.
T
h
e
T
iO
2
co
n
ten
t
in
th
e
GD
lay
er
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
an
if
esti
n
g
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
lay
e
r
,
lead
in
g
to
ch
an
g
es
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
ca
n
h
in
d
er
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
t
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
tak
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
wh
ile
n
o
t
s
ac
r
if
icin
g
lu
m
e
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
T
iO
2
o
n
t
h
e
GDs
lay
er
em
is
s
io
n
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
g
r
ab
th
e
f
lu
o
r
escen
ce
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
s
y
n
th
esized
GDs.
T
h
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
GD
s
am
p
les,
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
3
6
5
-
n
m
ex
citin
g
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
ex
h
ib
ited
a
wid
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
f
ile
ce
n
ter
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
4
4
5
n
m
,
co
m
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
a
r
elativ
ely
s
u
b
d
u
ed
p
ea
k
at
5
7
5
n
m
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
e
x
citatio
n
wav
elen
g
th
was
ex
ten
d
e
d
to
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
4
0
0
-
4
5
0
n
m
,
a
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
GDs’
f
lu
o
r
escen
t
in
ten
s
ity
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Su
c
h
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
esen
t
th
at
GD
s
am
p
les
ca
n
b
e
ex
cited
with
eith
er
n
ea
r
-
u
ltra
v
io
let
o
r
b
lu
e
r
a
d
iatin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
GD
lay
er
is
ap
p
licab
le
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
lu
e
-
p
u
m
p
ed
wh
ite
L
E
D
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
h
er
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
p
h
o
to
ca
taly
s
is
o
f
th
e
GD
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
b
u
t
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
d
ata
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
wav
ele
n
g
t
h
s
ar
e
co
llected
with
v
ar
y
in
g
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
at
all
li
g
h
t
wav
ele
n
g
th
s
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
esp
ec
ially
at
lo
n
g
er
wav
elen
g
th
s
,
as
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
T
iO
2
is
h
ig
h
e
r
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
wid
e
-
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
b
o
th
in
cid
en
t
an
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
lig
h
ts
in
th
e
W
L
E
D.
B
esid
es,
it
s
ee
m
s
t
h
at
th
e
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
will
b
e
s
ca
tter
ed
m
o
r
e,
allo
wi
n
g
g
r
ea
ter
ev
en
ts
o
f
lig
h
t
m
ix
in
g
b
etwe
en
y
ello
w
a
n
d
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
r
ay
s
to
o
cc
u
r
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
y
ello
w
-
r
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
d
im
in
is
h
ed
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
y
ello
w
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
also
ch
an
g
es wh
en
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
T
iO
2
in
cr
ea
s
e,
as c
an
b
e
s
e
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Scatter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
wav
elen
g
th
s
with
v
ar
io
u
s
T
iO
2
co
n
ten
ts
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
YAG:Ce
3+
co
n
ten
ts
with
v
ar
io
u
s
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
ts
T
h
e
d
ec
lin
e
in
YAG:Ce
3+
a
m
o
u
n
t
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
tar
g
et
C
C
T
r
an
g
e
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
elf
-
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
e
f
f
ec
ts
s
in
ce
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ten
d
s
t
o
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
ten
s
e
wit
h
th
e
T
iO
2
g
r
o
win
g
am
o
u
n
t.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
r
esu
lted
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
T
i
O
2
@
GD
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
ch
an
g
ed
with
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
D
lig
h
t
in
clu
d
ed
a
n
ar
r
o
w
b
a
n
d
o
f
4
4
5
-
4
6
5
n
m
an
d
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
b
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
~
5
0
0
n
m
to
~6
1
5
n
m
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
ffects o
f
TiO2
in
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
q
u
a
n
tu
m
-
d
o
t film
o
n
lig
h
tin
g
co
lo
r
u
n
ifo
r
mity
o
f a
w
h
ite
…
(
P
h
a
n
X
u
a
n
Le
)
803
em
in
en
t
p
ea
k
s
at
a
b
o
u
t
4
6
0
n
m
,
5
4
5
n
m
,
an
d
5
9
4
n
m
a
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
On
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
t,
th
e
wea
k
er
em
is
s
io
n
p
ea
k
s
in
g
r
ee
n
a
n
d
r
ed
r
eg
io
n
s
,
at
a
b
o
u
t
5
2
5
an
d
6
0
0
n
m
,
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
th
r
ee
ex
is
tin
g
p
ea
k
s
[
2
6
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
4
6
0
-
n
m
p
ea
k
is
o
r
ig
i
n
a
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
l
u
e
-
p
u
m
p
ed
L
E
D,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
e
r
p
ea
k
s
in
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
em
is
s
io
n
c
o
v
er
in
g
th
e
g
r
ee
n
to
o
r
a
n
g
e
wav
elen
g
th
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
li
g
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
T
iO
2
@
GD
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ca
tter
in
g
with
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
T
iO
2
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
b
y
th
e
GDs
an
d
th
e
YAG:Ce
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
lead
in
g
t
o
th
e
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
e
r
ted
y
ello
w
-
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
ed
s
h
if
t
ca
n
b
e
ascr
ib
ed
to
th
e
au
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
in
GDs’
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
with
th
e
in
cid
en
t
s
h
o
r
t
-
wav
elen
g
th
lig
h
t.
T
h
is
in
tr
ig
u
in
g
ef
f
ec
t b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
wh
en
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
with
in
th
e
GDs c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
is
h
eig
h
ten
ed
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
ter
wav
elen
g
th
s
s
u
r
p
ass
es
th
at
o
f
lo
n
g
er
wav
ele
n
g
th
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
r
t
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
ter
-
wav
elen
g
t
h
lig
h
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
with
o
u
t
em
is
s
io
n
,
wh
er
ea
s
lo
n
g
er
wav
ele
n
g
th
s
ca
n
r
ea
d
ily
tr
av
er
s
e
th
e
r
esin
d
u
e
to
th
ei
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
l
o
wer
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
with
v
ar
io
u
s
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
ts
in
GD@
T
iO
2
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
0
0
-
8
0
7
804
Ho
wev
er
,
as
t
h
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
p
ea
k
in
ten
s
ity
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
t
o
tal
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
l
u
m
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
D
with
T
iO
2
@
GD
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
in
w
h
ich
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
ec
lin
e
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
with
th
e
h
ig
h
er
T
iO
2
.
T
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
is
ascr
ib
ed
to
th
e
lo
w
er
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
o
f
th
e
co
lo
r
-
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lay
e
r
wh
en
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticles
in
cr
ea
s
es.
B
esid
es,
s
u
ch
a
d
e
clin
in
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
te
n
s
ity
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
ac
k
war
d
illu
m
in
atio
n
is
s
tr
o
n
g
er
th
an
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
o
n
e.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
e
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
is
h
i
n
d
er
ed
,
in
d
u
cin
g
lig
h
t
tr
ap
p
i
n
g
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
lo
s
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
T
iO
2
@
G
D
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
th
e
war
m
er
g
en
er
ate
d
wh
ite
lig
h
t
with
th
e
co
r
r
elate
d
ch
r
o
m
atic
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
3
,
9
0
0
-
4
,
0
5
0
K,
d
ep
icted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
s
m
o
o
th
er
as
T
iO
2
w
eig
h
t
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
r
ea
ch
es
1
5
w
t%.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
is
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
t,
th
e
lar
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ce
n
ter
an
d
th
e
r
ea
r
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
C
C
T
in
±
9
0
is
h
ig
h
e
r
t
h
an
t
h
at
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
0
with
2
5
wt%
T
iO
2
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
lig
h
t
is
well
-
d
is
p
er
s
ed
in
wid
er
an
g
les
o
win
g
to
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
th
e
T
iO
2
@
GD,
b
u
t
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
(
at
0
)
is
d
e
g
r
ad
ed
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
m
atch
es
th
e
d
ata
o
f
C
C
T
v
ar
i
atio
n
(
d
elta
-
C
C
T
)
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
d
elta
-
C
C
T
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
C
C
T
v
alu
es.
L
o
wer
d
elta
-
C
C
T
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
s
u
p
er
io
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ity
.
T
h
e
C
C
T
v
ar
iatio
n
lev
el
g
r
ad
u
al
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
with
th
e
T
i
O
2
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
b
o
t
t
o
m
s
o
u
t
w
it
h
1
5
w
t
%
T
i
O
2
b
e
f
o
r
e
g
o
i
n
g
u
p
w
h
e
n
T
i
O
2
c
o
n
c
en
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
r
p
a
s
s
es
1
5
w
t
%
.
T
h
u
s
,
G
D@
T
i
O
2
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
is
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
a
c
h
i
e
v
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
c
o
l
o
r
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
W
L
E
D
.
T
h
e
T
i
O
2
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
k
ee
p
a
t
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
5
w
t
%
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
ig
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
T
i
O
2
@
G
D
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
L
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t w
ith
v
ar
io
u
s
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
ts
in
GD@
T
iO
2
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
C
T
lev
els with
v
ar
i
o
u
s
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
ts
in
GD@
T
iO
2
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
C
T
d
elta
with
v
ar
i
o
u
s
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
ts
in
GD@
T
iO
2
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
E
ffects o
f
TiO2
in
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
-
q
u
a
n
tu
m
-
d
o
t film
o
n
lig
h
tin
g
co
lo
r
u
n
ifo
r
mity
o
f a
w
h
ite
…
(
P
h
a
n
X
u
a
n
Le
)
805
I
n
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
W
L
E
D,
we
co
llected
th
e
d
ata
o
f
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
(
s
h
o
r
ten
ed
as
C
QS)
an
d
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
(
s
h
o
r
te
n
ed
as
C
R
I
)
,
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
C
QS
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
c
o
l
o
r
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
t
h
e
lim
ita
tio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
C
R
I
.
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
v
es
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
v
alu
ab
le
in
ass
ess
in
g
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
with
i
n
s
o
lid
-
s
tat
e
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
tex
ts
s
u
ch
as
L
E
Ds.
B
y
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
h
u
e
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
,
c
h
r
o
m
a
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t,
g
am
u
t
ar
ea
in
d
ex
,
an
d
g
am
u
t
s
h
ap
e
in
d
ex
,
C
QS
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
a
l
ig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
'
s
co
lo
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
v
al
u
ab
le
o
p
tim
izatio
n
t
o
o
l.
T
h
e
C
QS
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
an
d
C
R
I
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
o
wn
war
d
s
lo
p
es
as
th
e
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
5
wt%
to
2
5
wt%.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
@
GD
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
r
elativ
ely
wid
e
f
r
o
m
b
lu
e
to
o
r
an
g
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ar
ea
,
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
i
n
b
o
th
C
QS
an
d
C
R
I
with
h
ig
h
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
t
ca
n
b
e
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
i
m
b
alan
ce
co
lo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
31
].
Hig
h
er
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
b
lu
e
co
lo
r
is
l
o
wer
th
a
n
th
e
y
ello
w
-
g
r
ee
n
o
n
e.
T
h
e
o
r
an
g
e
-
r
ed
am
o
u
n
t is also
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
lo
r
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
L
E
D
with
v
ar
i
o
u
s
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
ts
in
GD@
T
iO
2
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
(
a)
C
QS a
n
d
(
b
)
C
R
I
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
esis
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
T
iO
2
t
o
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
b
etter
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
th
e
GD
d
i
f
f
u
s
i
n
g
lay
e
r
,
b
y
wh
ich
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
in
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
th
e
wh
ite
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
lead
s
t
o
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
c
atter
in
g
o
f
lig
h
t
at
b
o
th
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
lo
n
g
wav
elen
g
th
s
.
Am
o
n
g
f
iv
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
els
o
f
T
iO
2
u
s
ed
in
th
e
e
x
am
in
atio
n
,
1
5
wt%
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
o
p
tim
al
to
o
b
tain
th
e
s
m
allest
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
est
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
is
th
at
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
D
d
e
clin
es
with
th
e
s
am
e
T
iO
2
am
o
u
n
t
(
1
5
wt%),
wh
ich
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
atis
f
y
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
’
s
in
itial
g
o
al.
T
h
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
r
ea
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
l
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
m
atch
es
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
L
E
D’
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
b
y
T
iO
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
en
ef
icial
to
th
e
lig
h
t
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
wh
ite
L
E
D.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
with
an
o
th
er
p
o
ten
tial
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
w
h
ite
L
E
D
d
ev
ices,
esp
ec
ially
o
n
es u
tili
zin
g
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
ts
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
is
als
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
,
an
d
th
is
p
ar
am
eter
is
n
o
t
in
v
esti
g
ated
i
n
th
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ea
c
h
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
en
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
ju
s
t
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
a
cr
it
ical
is
s
u
e
in
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
o
v
er
all
W
L
E
D’
s
lig
h
t
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
Su
c
h
lim
itatio
n
s
o
p
en
o
th
er
r
o
ad
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
in
f
u
tu
r
e
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
T
i
O
2
p
ar
ticles
with
o
th
er
m
ater
i
als
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
wid
er
co
lo
r
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
wh
ile
ta
k
in
g
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
t
o
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
p
er
s
e
lig
h
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
v
iewin
g
an
g
l
es.
R
estru
ctu
r
in
g
th
e
L
E
D’
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
lay
e
r
o
r
ex
citati
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
r
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
d
r
i
v
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
th
e
T
iO
2
m
at
er
ials
.
W
ith
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
T
iO
2
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
r
e
g
u
latin
g
th
e
lig
h
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
wh
it
e
L
E
D.
T
h
u
s
,
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
wi
t
h
s
u
g
g
ested
to
p
ics
ca
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
ex
ten
d
in
g
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
esp
ec
ially
T
iO
2
,
in
v
ar
io
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
-
q
u
ality
L
E
D
d
e
v
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
0
0
-
8
0
7
806
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
(
GDs)
with
T
iO
2
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
ar
ticles
to
cr
af
t
a
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
f
ilm
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
em
itted
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
a
b
lu
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
.
B
y
m
an
ip
u
latin
g
t
h
e
d
o
s
ag
e
o
f
T
iO
2
,
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
was
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
n
tr
o
lled
,
t
h
er
eb
y
ex
er
tin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
n
th
e
lig
h
t
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
W
L
E
Ds.
No
tab
ly
,
h
ig
h
er
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
T
iO
2
lead
to
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
in
lo
n
g
er
wa
v
elen
g
th
s
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
em
is
s
io
n
p
ea
k
s
ar
o
u
n
d
4
6
0
n
m
,
5
4
5
n
m
,
an
d
5
9
4
n
m
,
ac
c
o
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
two
wea
k
er
p
ea
k
s
wi
th
in
th
e
g
r
ee
n
a
n
d
r
e
d
r
eg
i
o
n
s
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
2
5
n
m
a
n
d
6
0
0
n
m
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
T
iO
2
@
GD
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
lay
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
war
m
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
f
o
r
th
e
L
E
D
m
o
d
el.
Op
tim
al
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
ac
h
iev
ed
with
th
e
T
iO
2
@
GD
co
m
p
o
s
ite
is
r
ev
ea
led
wit
h
a
T
iO
2
co
n
ten
t
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
5
wt%.
Ho
wev
er
,
es
ca
latin
g
T
iO
2
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
o
th
em
is
s
io
n
p
ea
k
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
co
l
o
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
in
v
esti
g
at
io
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
asis
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
T
iO
2
co
n
ten
t
in
T
iO
2
@
GD
d
if
f
u
s
in
g
lay
er
,
en
r
ich
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
T
iO
2
@
GD
n
an
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
ites
in
s
o
lid
-
s
ate
lig
h
tin
g
.
B
esid
es,
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
a
d
d
r
es
s
in
g
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
e
T
iO
2
@
GD
in
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
d
i
f
f
u
s
in
g
lay
e
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
r
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lu
m
in
o
s
ity
an
d
c
o
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
wh
ile
k
e
ep
in
g
th
e
s
tab
le
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
s
im
p
le
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
W
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e,
u
tili
zin
g
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
AG:C
e
3+
.
Sin
ce
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
in
W
L
E
D
f
ab
r
icatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
p
o
p
u
lar
,
in
v
esti
g
ati
n
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
T
iO
2
@
GD
lay
er
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
with
m
u
ltip
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ate
r
ials
ca
n
b
e
a
g
o
o
d
to
p
ic
to
w
o
r
k
o
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
D
.
Q
.
A
n
h
,
N
.
T
.
P
.
Th
a
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
V
o
z
n
a
k
,
“
G
r
e
e
n
-
e
mi
t
t
i
n
g
(
L
a
,
C
e
,
Tb
)
P
O
4
:
C
e
:
T
b
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
:
a
n
o
v
e
l
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
i
n
c
o
l
o
r
h
o
mo
g
e
n
e
i
t
y
o
f
w
h
i
t
e
LED
s,
”
2
0
1
7
6
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
si
u
m
o
n
N
e
x
t
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
(
I
S
N
E)
,
K
e
e
l
u
n
g
,
Ta
i
w
a
n
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
S
N
E.
2
0
1
7
.
7
9
6
8
7
3
9
.
[
2
]
A
.
O
k
u
n
o
,
Y
.
M
i
y
a
w
a
k
i
,
N
.
O
y
a
ma
,
a
n
d
W
.
D
o
n
g
x
u
,
“
U
n
i
q
u
e
w
h
i
t
e
L
ED
p
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
ms
,
”
Fi
f
t
h
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
P
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
0
3
.
I
C
EPT2
0
0
3
.
,
S
h
a
n
g
h
a
i
,
C
h
i
n
a
,
2
0
0
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
-
2
2
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
EPT
C
.
2
0
0
3
.
1
2
9
8
7
2
9
.
[
3
]
T.
C
h
e
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
g
u
l
a
r
c
o
l
o
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
mi
t
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
o
f
w
h
i
t
e
L
ED
s
b
y
l
e
n
s
w
e
t
t
i
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
,
”
I
EEE
P
h
o
t
o
n
i
c
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
8
9
-
1
5
9
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
l
p
t
.
2
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