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s
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
a
Do
h
er
ty
PA
u
s
in
g
GaN
HE
MT
s
in
p
ap
er
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
PA
co
u
ld
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
a
d
r
ain
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
6
0
%
at
6
d
B
.
A
W
C
DM
A
s
ig
n
al
o
f
6
.
5
d
B
PAP
R
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
.4
-
2
.
1
G
H
z
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
a
s
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
.
A
n
o
u
t
p
h
a
s
i
n
g
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A
w
a
s
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e
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i
g
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d
u
s
i
n
g
G
a
N
H
E
M
T
s
i
n
p
a
p
e
r
[
7
]
.
Av
er
ag
e
d
r
ai
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
5
9
.
4
%
co
u
ld
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e
ac
h
iev
ed
with
a
1
0
MH
z
L
T
E
s
ig
n
al
h
av
in
g
a
PAPR
o
f
9
.
6
d
B
.
Op
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
was
1
.
9
GHz
.
Gar
cia
et
a
l.
[
8
]
,
an
o
u
t
p
h
asin
g
PA
u
s
in
g
GaN
HE
MT
is
r
ea
lized
.
Av
er
ag
e
d
r
ain
ef
f
icien
cy
th
at
co
u
ld
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e
ac
h
iev
e
d
with
a
5
MH
z
L
T
E
s
ig
n
al
h
a
v
in
g
a
PAPR
o
f
1
2
.
6
d
B
was
6
2
%.
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er
atin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
was
1
.
4
GHz
.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
9
]
r
ea
lizes
an
e
n
v
el
o
p
e
elim
in
atio
n
&
r
esto
r
atio
n
(
E
E
&
R
)
PA
th
at
c
o
u
l
d
m
e
a
s
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r
e
a
p
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f
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c
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e
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y
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P
A
E
)
o
f
3
5
.
7
%
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A
1
6
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A
M
,
2
0
M
H
z
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T
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s
i
g
n
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s
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s
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d
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s
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n
p
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t
s
i
g
n
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l
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P
A
w
as
o
p
e
r
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at
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f
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n
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y
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f
2
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4
G
H
z
.
L
i
n
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n
d
C
h
e
n
[
1
0
]
,
a
n
e
n
v
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l
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t
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a
c
k
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n
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A
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T
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A
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p
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t
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n
g
a
t
2
.
4
G
H
z
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s
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l
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z
ed
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A
5
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N
R
4
0
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H
z
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2
5
6
Q
A
M
R
F
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n
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l
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v
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APR
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f
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B
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l
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c
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h
a
PA
E
o
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1
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%
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o
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a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
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m
.
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m
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f
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.
1
%
i
n
PA
E
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
,
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
o
p
e
r
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t
in
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
R
F
PA
w
i
t
h
f
i
x
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d
b
i
as
.
Ka
r
i
m
i
a
n
d
E
h
s
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n
i
a
n
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
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a
p
a
r
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y
b
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v
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t
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k
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s
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p
p
l
y
(
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T
PS
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
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MO
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l
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m
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p
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ti
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t
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9
GH
z
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A
3
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%
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A
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o
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l
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f
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t
6
d
B
b
ac
k
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o
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f
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in
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n
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1
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Y
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t
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G
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6
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m
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Do
h
er
ty
a
n
d
O
u
t
p
h
asin
g
lo
a
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
a
b
le
to
p
r
o
v
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d
e
b
etter
ef
f
icien
c
y
as
g
iv
e
n
b
y
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
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b
u
t
th
e
y
s
u
f
f
er
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o
m
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r
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k
s
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e
s
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ctu
r
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r
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p
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p
lifie
r
s
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wh
ich
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th
e
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s
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tr
em
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o
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s
ly
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n
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tr
ain
t
is
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e
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e
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u
ir
e
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en
t
o
f
a
n
R
F
p
o
wer
co
m
b
in
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e,
wh
ich
h
as
an
in
h
er
en
t
lim
itatio
n
o
f
b
ein
g
n
ar
r
o
wb
an
d
.
Su
p
p
l
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
lik
e
e
n
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
e
n
v
elo
p
e
elim
in
atio
n
&
r
esto
r
atio
n
(
E
E
&
R
)
o
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
in
v
o
lv
es
o
n
ly
o
n
e
R
F
p
o
wer
am
p
lifie
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
u
p
p
ly
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
b
a
n
d
wid
th
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
ca
n
wo
r
k
with
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
as
well,
as
g
iv
en
b
y
liter
atu
r
e.
Am
o
n
g
s
u
p
p
ly
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
is
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
th
an
E
E
&
R
f
o
r
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
e
n
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
ar
e
d
etailed
in
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
1
.
2
.
Ob
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
,
as d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
ten
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
i
s
as f
o
llo
ws:
-
T
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
d
if
f
e
r
en
t e
f
f
icien
cy
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t te
c
h
n
iq
u
es
o
f
R
F PA.
-
Stu
d
y
o
f
R
F PA
u
s
in
g
f
ix
e
d
b
i
as.
-
An
aly
ze
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t o
f
R
F PA
wi
th
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
b
ias
.
-
C
h
allen
g
es f
ac
ed
b
y
E
T
PA d
e
s
ig
n
er
s
.
-
I
d
en
tify
in
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
ar
e
as f
o
r
E
T
PA d
esig
n
er
s
.
Sectio
n
2
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
g
iv
es
an
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
e
f
f
icien
cy
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
R
F
PA.
Sectio
n
3
g
iv
es
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
to
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
at
R
F
PA
with
v
ar
iab
le
b
ias
wo
r
k
s
with
b
etter
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
R
F PA
with
f
ix
ed
b
ias.
Sectio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
b
y
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
m
er
its
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
,
c
h
allen
g
es f
ac
ed
b
y
d
esig
n
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
in
t
h
e
ar
ea
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
R
F
P
A
h
elp
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
b
atter
y
life
tim
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
an
d
th
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
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n
c
y
i
m
p
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v
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m
e
n
t
t
e
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h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
r
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g
i
v
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n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
a
d
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
l
i
k
e
D
o
h
e
r
t
y
[
1
3
]
an
d
o
ut
-
p
h
asin
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
v
ar
ies
th
e
lo
ad
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
R
F
PA,
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
its
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
le
v
el.
I
n
s
u
p
p
ly
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
E
E
&
R
an
d
E
T
,
R
F
p
o
w
er
am
p
lifie
r
’
s
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
g
ets
ad
ju
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
in
p
u
t e
n
v
el
o
p
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t te
ch
n
iq
u
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
5
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7
52
I
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d
o
n
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J
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lec
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
0
8
-
8
1
6
810
2
.
1
.
Su
pp
ly
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du
la
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n t
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h
niq
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s
Su
p
p
ly
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
s
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
wo
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k
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
b
a
n
d
wid
th
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
w
ith
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
m
a
k
es
it
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
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t
tech
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iq
u
e
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r
5
G
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
b
r
o
d
ly
class
i
f
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in
to
en
v
elo
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e
elim
in
atio
n
an
d
r
esto
r
atio
n
a
n
d
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
Featu
r
es
o
f
b
o
t
h
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
es a
r
e
d
etailed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
E
nv
elo
pe
elim
ina
t
io
n a
nd
re
s
t
o
ra
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
I
n
E
E
&
R
tech
n
i
q
u
e
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
th
e
R
F
s
ig
n
al
p
ath
is
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
two
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
E
n
v
elo
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
R
F
s
ig
n
al
is
s
en
s
ed
b
y
th
e
en
v
elo
p
e
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
b
lo
c
k
an
d
is
p
ass
ed
to
th
e
E
T
PS
b
lo
ck
.
Ph
ase
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lim
iter
a
n
d
r
ea
c
h
es
th
e
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
R
F
PA
.
E
T
PS
b
lo
c
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
v
a
r
ies in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
in
p
u
t e
n
v
elo
p
e
s
ig
n
al,
to
th
e
R
F PA.
Featu
r
es o
f
E
E
&
R
tech
n
iq
u
e
:
−
Strict
tim
in
g
alig
n
m
en
t
is
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
b
etwe
en
en
v
elo
p
e
an
d
p
h
ase
p
ath
s
,
an
d
it
m
a
k
es
th
e
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
less
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
w
id
eb
a
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
−
Ou
tp
u
t
lin
ea
r
ity
is
co
m
p
letel
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
tim
in
g
a
lig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
e
n
v
elo
p
e
an
d
p
h
ase
p
ath
s
.
−
E
T
PS
n
ee
d
s
to
o
p
er
ate
at
a
h
ig
h
er
b
an
d
wid
th
s
in
ce
it
m
u
s
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
c
o
m
p
lete
en
v
el
o
p
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
R
F PA.
−
E
T
PS
n
ee
d
s
to
ex
ac
tly
r
ep
licate
th
e
en
v
elo
p
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
in
ce
p
h
ase
an
d
en
v
elo
p
e
p
at
h
s
o
f
th
e
R
F
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
E
nv
elo
pe
t
ra
ck
ing
t
ec
hn
iq
ue
I
n
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
[
1
8
]
,
b
o
t
h
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
d
a
m
p
li
t
u
d
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
R
F
PA
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
E
T
PS
m
ak
es
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
lin
ea
r
R
F
PA
is
al
way
s
o
p
er
ated
n
ea
r
to
s
atu
r
ati
o
n
an
d
at
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t sig
n
al’
s
PAPR
.
Featu
r
es o
f
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e:
−
Strict
tim
in
g
alig
n
m
en
t
is
n
o
t
m
an
d
at
o
r
y
b
etwe
en
en
v
elo
p
e
an
d
p
h
ase
p
ath
s
in
e
n
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
a
n
d
h
en
ce
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
is
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
b
r
o
a
d
b
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
−
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
lin
ea
r
ity
s
in
ce
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
m
u
ch
d
e
p
e
n
d
en
cy
o
n
th
e
tim
in
g
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
en
v
elo
p
e
a
n
d
p
h
ase
p
ath
s
.
−
As
b
o
th
p
h
ase
an
d
e
n
v
elo
p
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
ar
e
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
R
F
PA,
th
e
E
T
PS
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
at
a
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
an
d
wid
th
.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
th
at
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
u
p
c
o
m
in
g
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
h
an
d
s
ets,
as th
ey
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
e
f
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Su
p
p
ly
m
o
d
u
latio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
(
a)
en
v
elo
p
e
elim
in
atio
n
an
d
r
esto
r
atio
n
an
d
(
b
)
e
n
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
2
.
2
.
E
nv
elo
pe
t
ra
c
k
ing
PA
v
er
s
us
RF
P
A
wit
h
f
ix
ed
s
up
p
ly
Fig
u
r
e
3
g
iv
es
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
v
er
s
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
s
u
p
p
ly
f
o
r
R
F
PA.
R
F
PA
o
p
er
atin
g
with
v
ar
iab
le
s
u
p
p
ly
is
k
n
o
wn
as
E
T
PA
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
o
f
R
F
PA
o
p
er
ated
with
f
ix
ed
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
d
is
p
la
y
s
th
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
r
e
p
r
es
en
tatio
n
o
f
R
F
PA
o
p
er
ated
with
an
E
T
PS
.
Simu
latio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
k
e
y
s
ig
h
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
esig
n
s
y
s
tem
(
ADS
)
.
A
clas
s
A
R
F
PA
o
p
er
atin
g
at
a
1
2
d
B
g
ain
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
MWT
-
6
7
1
H
P_
1
9
9
3
1
0
1
5
.
A
1
6
QAM
,
5
MH
z
L
T
E
s
ig
n
al
with
a
P
APR
o
f
6
.
0
d
B
is
u
s
ed
as
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al.
An
e
n
v
elo
p
e
s
im
u
latio
n
at
2
.
5
GHz
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
R
F PA.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
efficien
cy
a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f R
F
p
o
w
er a
mp
lifi
ers
w
it
h
fixed
b
ia
s
a
n
d
en
ve
l
o
p
e
… (
A
mb
ily
B
a
b
u
)
811
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
v
er
s
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
a)
R
F PA
with
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
d
(
b
)
R
F PA
with
v
ar
iab
le
s
u
p
p
l
y
2
.
2
.
1
.
RF
PA
wit
h f
ix
ed
bia
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
an
R
F
PA
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
MWT6
7
1
HP
_
1
9
9
3
1
0
1
5
,
o
p
er
ate
d
at
a
f
ix
ed
b
ias
o
f
6
V.
T
h
e
PA
is
m
ad
e
to
o
p
e
r
ate
in
C
lass
A
r
eg
io
n
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
E
n
v
el
o
p
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
R
F
PA
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
k
ey
s
ig
h
t
AD
S
to
o
l.
An
in
p
u
t
R
F
s
ig
n
al
o
f
5
MH
z,
16
-
QAM
L
T
E
h
a
v
in
g
a
PAPR
o
f
6
.
0
d
B
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
VtData
Set
b
lo
ck
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
d
ataset
f
o
r
cr
e
atin
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
in
p
u
t
R
F
s
ig
n
al.
At
2
.
5
GHz
,
an
e
n
v
elo
p
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
a
m
p
lifie
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
R
FP
A
with
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
2
.
2
.
2
.
RF
P
A
wit
h
env
elo
pe
t
ra
ck
ing
bia
s
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
E
T
P
A
u
s
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
i
n
k
e
y
s
i
g
h
t
A
DS
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
r
ea
l
p
ar
t
an
d
im
ag
in
a
r
y
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
lated
R
F
s
ig
n
al
is
f
ir
s
t
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
an
I
Q
_
Dem
o
d
T
u
n
ed
b
lo
ck
,
in
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
.
Sy
m
b
o
lically
d
ef
in
ed
d
e
v
ic
e
(
SDD3
)
b
lo
ck
n
o
w
g
e
n
er
ate
s
a
cu
r
r
en
t,
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
(
1
)
.
[
2
,
0
]
=
−
(
_
1
∗
∗
2
+
_
3
∗
∗
2
)
/
5
0
(
1
)
wh
er
e
_
v
1
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
p
o
r
t1
an
d
_
v
3
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
p
o
r
t3
an
d
–
v
e
s
ig
n
in
d
icate
s
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
p
o
r
t2
.
T
h
is
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ich
is
f
lo
win
g
f
r
o
m
p
o
r
t2
o
f
th
e
SDD3
b
lo
ck
f
lo
ws
in
to
th
e
5
0
Ω
r
esis
to
r
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
en
v
e
l
o
p
e
o
f
i
n
p
u
t sig
n
al,
as g
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
(
2
)
.
_
=
−
(
_
1
∗
∗
2
+
_
3
∗
∗
2
)
=
(
∗
∗
2
+
∗
∗
2
)
(
2
)
wh
er
e
I
is
th
e
r
ea
l
p
ar
t
an
d
Q
is
th
e
im
ag
in
a
r
y
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
e
n
v
elo
p
e
s
ig
n
al.
Nex
t
s
tep
is
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
in
p
u
t RF
s
ig
n
al
in
d
B
m
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
t
h
e
(
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
0
8
-
8
1
6
812
_
=
10
(
(
_
1
)
/
100
+
1
−
10
)
+
30
(
3
)
wh
er
e
_
v
1
is
th
e
E
n
v
_
Ma
g
a
p
p
lied
to
p
o
r
t1
o
f
th
e
SDD2
b
lo
ck
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
n
o
f
R
FP
A
f
o
r
v
a
r
iab
le
s
u
p
p
ly
T
h
e
d
etec
ted
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
Pin
_
d
B
m
is
a
p
p
lied
as
in
p
u
t
to
a
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
(
D
AC
)
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
is
b
lo
ck
ac
ts
as
a
lo
o
k
u
p
t
ab
le
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
o
m
ain
tain
a
f
ix
e
d
g
ain
o
f
1
2
d
B
,
th
e
d
r
ain
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
PA
ca
n
b
e
v
ar
ie
d
with
r
esp
ec
t to
lo
a
d
p
o
wer
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sin
ce
in
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
lo
ad
p
o
wer
f
o
llo
w
(
4
)
,
d
r
ai
n
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
R
F
PA
ca
n
b
e
v
ar
ied
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
a
s
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
lo
o
k
u
p
T
a
b
le
1
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
lo
wer
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
o
r
a
lo
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e.
P
in
=
−
(
4
)
wh
er
e
P
in
is
in
p
u
t p
o
wer
,
P
o
ut
is
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
a
n
d
Gain
is
th
e
g
ain
o
f
th
e
R
F PA.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Dr
ain
s
u
p
p
ly
v
ar
iati
o
n
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
efficien
cy
a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f R
F
p
o
w
er a
mp
lifi
ers
w
it
h
fixed
b
ia
s
a
n
d
en
ve
l
o
p
e
… (
A
mb
ily
B
a
b
u
)
813
T
ab
le
1
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
s
u
p
p
ly
w
ith
in
p
u
t p
o
wer
I
n
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
(
d
B
m)
S
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V)
-
9
.
0
1
.
5
4
.
5
2
.
5
8
.
5
3
.
5
1
1
.
5
4
.
5
1
3
.
4
5
.
5
1
4
.
0
6
.
0
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Pre
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ab
o
u
t
R
F
PA
wo
r
k
in
g
with
f
ix
e
d
b
ias
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
is
s
u
es
lik
e
lo
wer
PAE,
AM
/AM
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
wer
e
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
PAE
o
f
R
F PA
is
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
(
5
)
.
=
−
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
l
o
ad
p
o
w
er
,
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
a
n
d
th
e
DC
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wo
r
k
wh
ich
is
Ε
Τ
PA,
d
r
ain
s
u
p
p
ly
is
v
ar
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
th
e
PA
to
o
p
er
a
te
clo
s
e
to
s
atu
r
atio
n
at
all
p
o
in
ts
,
with
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
.
An
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t o
f
1
2
%
in
PAE
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
with
E
T
PA,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
R
F
PA
with
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
at
6
d
B
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
an
d
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
6
.
4
2
%
in
m
ea
n
PAE
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
u
s
in
g
E
T
PA,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
R
F
PA
with
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
R
F
PA
g
ets
d
eg
r
ad
e
d
d
u
e
t
o
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
an
d
AM
/AM
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
th
e
m
ajo
r
s
o
u
r
ce
b
e
h
in
d
th
is
.
Sin
ce
th
e
d
r
ain
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
th
e
R
F
PA
is
v
ar
ied
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
wi
th
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
in
E
T
PA,
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
0
.
2
4
8
in
AM
-
AM
d
is
to
r
tio
n
c
o
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
s
in
g
E
T
PA.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icts
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
m
ea
n
P
AE
,
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
PAE
at
6
d
B
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
AM
/AM
Dis
to
r
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
/e
n
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
esu
lt c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
o
f
f
ix
e
d
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
e
n
v
elo
p
e
t
r
ac
k
in
g
s
u
p
p
ly
: (
a)
m
ea
n
PAE
,
(
b
)
PAE
at
6
d
B
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
(
c)
AM
/AM
d
is
to
r
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
36
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
0
8
-
8
1
6
814
T
ab
le
2
g
iv
es
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PAE
an
d
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
f
o
r
R
F
PA
with
f
ix
ed
b
ias
an
d
R
F
PA
with
v
ar
ia
b
le
b
ias.
W
h
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
a
n
R
F
PA
with
f
ix
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
,
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
1
2
%
in
PAE
at
6
d
B
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
with
an
E
T
PA.
Usi
n
g
E
T
PA,
a
f
u
r
t
h
er
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
6
.
4
2
%
in
m
ea
n
PAE
c
o
u
ld
also
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
.
E
T
PA
c
o
u
ld
a
ch
iev
e
a
n
o
ticea
b
l
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
0
.
2
4
8
in
AM
/A
M
d
is
to
r
tio
n
as
well,
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
PAE.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
alig
n
s
v
er
y
well
with
th
e
o
b
je
ctiv
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
es h
o
w
R
F PA
with
f
ix
ed
b
ias ca
n
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
with
an
E
T
PA,
f
o
r
b
etter
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
is
lim
ited
to
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
v
ar
ia
b
le
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
Desig
n
er
s
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t t
h
e
wo
r
k
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t to
p
o
lo
g
ies o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
as m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
2
1
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
R
F
PA
w
i
t
h
f
i
x
e
d
b
i
a
s
R
F
PA
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
b
i
a
s
M
e
a
n
P
A
E
2
6
.
5
%
3
2
.
9
%
P
A
E
a
t
6
d
B
b
a
c
k
-
o
f
f
1
2
%
2
4
%
A
M
/
A
M
D
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
0
.
7
7
6
0
.
5
2
8
3
.
1
.
Cha
lleng
es f
a
ce
d by
des
ig
ners
B
asic
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
n
E
T
PA
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
an
R
F
PA
b
lo
ck
an
d
a
n
E
T
PS
b
lo
ck
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Desig
n
er
s
th
u
s
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
tio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
in
b
o
th
th
e
b
lo
c
k
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Ov
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
E
T
PA is g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
(
6
)
wh
ich
is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
ef
f
icien
cies o
f
R
F PA
an
d
E
T
PS
b
lo
ck
s
.
ET
PA
=
ET
PS
*
RF
PA
(
6
)
3
.
1
.
1
.
RF
PA
blo
ck
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
R
F
PA
b
l
o
ck
d
ev
ice
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
d
esig
n
er
s
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
c
h
allen
g
e
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
u
s
in
g
wid
e
b
an
d
g
ap
m
ater
ials
lik
e
s
ilico
n
ca
r
b
id
e
(
SiC
)
,
g
alliu
m
in
d
iu
m
ar
s
en
id
e
(
GaI
n
As)
an
d
g
alliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
il
ico
n
(
Si),
s
u
ch
m
ater
ials
o
f
f
e
r
h
i
g
h
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ities
an
d
h
ig
h
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
es.
Desig
n
er
s
ar
e
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
u
s
in
g
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
p
o
wer
a
m
p
lifie
r
s
lik
e
C
lass
-
F,
C
lass
J
,
C
las
s
F
−
1
,
an
d
C
lass
P to
im
p
r
o
v
is
e
th
e
en
v
elo
p
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
i
cien
cy
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
E
nv
elo
pe
t
ra
ck
ing
po
wer
s
up
p
ly
blo
ck
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
E
T
PS
b
lo
ck
,
a
s
u
r
v
ey
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
av
ailab
le
E
T
PS
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
5
]
d
etail
th
e
ch
allen
g
es in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ea
ch
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
as lis
ted
:
−
L
in
ea
r
E
T
PS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
lin
ea
r
ity
,
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le,
less
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
wid
e
b
an
d
wid
th
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
E
f
f
icien
c
y
b
ein
g
lo
w
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
with
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
−
Switch
in
g
E
T
PS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
etter
ef
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
l
in
ea
r
E
T
PS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
witch
in
g
E
T
PS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
r
e
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
r
i
p
p
les,
lo
w
o
u
t
p
u
t
lin
ea
r
ity
an
d
lo
w
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
−
Hy
b
r
id
E
T
PS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
m
b
i
n
es
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
b
o
th
l
in
ea
r
E
T
PS
an
d
s
witch
in
g
E
T
PS
.
Hy
b
r
id
E
T
PS
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
at
h
ig
h
er
b
a
n
d
wid
th
s
,
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
lin
ea
r
ity
an
d
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
les.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
s
till
im
m
atu
r
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
le
x
ity
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
RF
inp
ut
s
ig
na
l
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
i
n
p
u
t
R
F
s
ig
n
al
b
a
n
d
wid
th
,
o
p
e
r
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
PAPR
o
f
th
e
R
F
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
ajo
r
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
f
o
r
th
e
E
T
PA
d
esig
n
er
s
[
2
6
]
.
Desig
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s
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ten
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ac
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CO
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6
.
4
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5
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war
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
E
.
D
e
F
a
l
c
o
,
W
.
H
a
l
l
b
e
r
g
,
a
n
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T
.
B
a
r
t
o
n
,
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L
o
a
d
m
o
d
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t
e
d
R
F
a
m
p
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f
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l
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ss
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
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t
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4
9
4
4
2
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
1
7
2
4
1
5
.
[
2
]
A
.
M
.
A
b
d
u
l
k
h
a
l
e
q
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
o
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mo
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5
G
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Pr
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G
W
F
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2
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9
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9
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1
6
8
9
.
[
3
]
V
.
D
i
e
z
-
A
c
e
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e
d
a
,
A
.
D
i
a
z
-
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.
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P
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a
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S
.
L.
K
h
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mc
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a
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,
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a
mp
l
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f
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s
l
o
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mo
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t
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c
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q
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s fo
r
5
G
i
n
G
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on
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2
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9
0
3
0
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
9
5
9
9
2
3
.
[
4
]
P
.
H
.
L
i
a
o
,
Y
.
H
.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Y
.
S
.
H
w
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n
g
,
“
A
h
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b
r
i
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
w
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t
h
e
n
v
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l
o
p
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
R
F
p
o
w
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r
a
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
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e
d
i
n
g
s
-
2
0
2
0
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n
t
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t
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o
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l
,
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3
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S
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5
0
2
8
6
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
4
5
.
[
5
]
N
.
Zh
u
,
R
.
M
c
L
a
r
e
n
,
J
.
S
.
R
o
b
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,
D
.
G
.
H
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mes
,
M
.
M
a
so
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,
a
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J.
K
.
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o
n
e
s,
“
C
o
m
p
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f
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G
a
N
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s
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p
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t
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3
9
5
M
H
z
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n
st
a
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n
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o
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b
a
n
d
w
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t
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M
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v
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D
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st
,
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n
.
2
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p
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–
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/
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sy
m.
2
0
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9
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7
0
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7
3
.
[
6
]
X
.
Y
.
Zh
o
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
m
i
x
e
d
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
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b
r
o
a
d
b
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
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n
c
y
d
o
h
e
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t
y
p
o
w
e
r
a
mp
l
i
f
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e
r
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Mi
c
ro
w
a
v
e
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
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s
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
0
–
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0
6
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
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1
0
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1
1
0
9
/
TM
TT.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
3
1
7
8
.
[
7
]
H
.
C
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
Y
.
H
a
h
n
,
P
.
R
o
b
l
i
n
,
a
n
d
T
.
W
.
B
a
r
t
o
n
,
“
N
e
w
mi
x
e
d
-
m
o
d
e
d
e
s
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g
n
me
t
h
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f
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h
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mp
l
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s,”
I
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a
n
sa
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t
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rc
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s
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:
Re
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r P
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.
6
6
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4
,
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2
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8
.
2
8
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2
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7
0
.
[
8
]
J.
A
.
G
a
r
c
i
a
,
M
.
N
.
R
u
i
z
,
A
.
C
o
r
d
e
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o
,
a
n
d
D
.
V
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a
s
,
“
C
u
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EEE
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.
3
1
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