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Me
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VANE
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Veh
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[
1
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T
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d
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clu
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tatu
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in
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2
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[
3
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icles
m
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to
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5
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clu
s
ter
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
d
is
s
im
ilar
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
f
o
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
;
in
t
er
n
o
d
e
d
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
m
ess
ag
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
ab
ilit
y
.
I
t
is
u
s
ed
t
o
en
h
an
ce
en
tire
n
e
two
r
k
o
u
tco
m
e.
Sm
all
clu
s
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
a
b
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
.
Ma
n
y
m
o
d
els
o
n
ly
d
ep
e
n
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
d
ev
ices
also
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
d
if
f
er
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
d
o
m
ain
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
[
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
n
o
d
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
as
clu
s
ter
m
em
b
er
s
(
C
Ms)
o
r
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
as
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
(
C
Hs)
in
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
y
s
tem
v
eh
icles.
C
M
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
aid
to
b
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
n
o
d
es
wh
ile
C
Hs
ar
e
an
s
wer
ab
le
f
o
r
in
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
an
d
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
d
ata
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
g
i
n
VANE
T
s
[
8
]
.
So
,
C
Hs
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
eir
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
o
p
ti
m
al
n
etwo
r
k
r
esu
lts
.
Ov
er
all
,
C
H’
s
r
an
g
e
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
9
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
C
Hs
with
d
o
u
b
le
wir
eless
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
etwo
r
k
(
ce
llu
lar
)
ar
e
id
ea
l
c
h
o
i
c
e
s
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y
n
o
d
e
s
.
T
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
el
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
C
H
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
a
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
j
o
b
f
o
r
V
A
N
E
T
s
[
1
0
]
.
F
o
r
t
h
is
r
e
a
s
o
n
,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
cl
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
i
n
V
ANE
T
s
a
ls
o
f
i
ts
non
-
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
i
a
l
-
h
a
r
d
t
y
p
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
a
g
o
ld
en
jack
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
awa
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
(
GJO
-
E
AC
S)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
VANE
T
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
es
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
ad
ap
ts
to
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
ten
d
in
g
to
ex
ten
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
T
h
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
m
ain
ly
d
er
iv
es
a
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
t
h
r
ee
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
d
is
tan
ce
to
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
,
e
n
er
g
y
,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
le
v
el.
W
ith
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
,
it
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
ex
h
ib
its
m
ax
im
u
m
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
with
n
o
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
Mo
h
an
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
B
C
-
as
s
is
ted
ch
ao
tic
ch
am
eleo
n
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izer
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
awa
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
(
B
C
C
SO
-
E
AC
)
m
e
th
o
d
in
VANE
T
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
b
u
ild
s
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
ch
o
o
s
es
C
Hs
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
FF
)
in
clu
d
in
g
n
o
d
e
d
e
g
r
ee
(
ND)
,
in
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
d
is
tan
ce
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
a
n
d
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
(
R
E
)
.
B
esid
es,
B
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
te
d
to
al
lo
w
s
ec
u
r
e
i
n
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
a
n
d
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
VANE
T
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
en
er
g
y
-
a
war
e
r
o
u
tin
g
em
p
lo
y
in
g
g
o
l
d
en
ea
g
le
o
p
tim
ized
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
(
GE
OSR
)
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
f
o
r
ad
-
h
o
c
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
was
d
esig
n
ed
.
GE
OSR
al
g
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
s
ec
u
r
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
c
o
u
ld
b
e
e
x
ec
u
ted
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
GE
OSR
p
r
o
t
o
co
l.
GE
OSR
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
f
u
r
th
er
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
th
e
NS
-
2
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
l
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
with
p
r
esen
t m
eth
o
d
s
.
L
ee
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
,
a
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
(
FC
)
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
at
ca
n
b
e
2
s
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
s
tag
e
an
d
r
o
u
te
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
tag
e.
Firstl
y
,
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
th
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
all
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
an
d
s
im
ilar
ly
,
th
e
s
co
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ev
alu
ated
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
a
f
u
zz
y
s
y
s
tem
was
d
ev
is
ed
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
r
o
u
tes.
I
t
co
n
tain
s
two
p
h
ases
.
L
astl
y
,
th
is
p
r
esen
ted
r
o
u
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
ec
u
te
d
in
NS2
to
d
eter
m
in
e
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
its
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
B
h
ab
an
i
an
d
Ma
h
ap
at
r
o
[
1
4
]
,
a
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
r
o
ad
s
id
e
u
n
it
(
R
SU
)
-
as
s
is
ted
m
es
s
ag
e
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
C
lu
R
MA
)
th
at
im
p
lem
en
ts
g
l
o
b
al
an
d
lo
ca
l
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
wa
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
co
s
in
e
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
s
im
ilar
ity
ex
am
in
atio
n
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
ata
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
d
u
p
licatio
n
s
.
Nex
t,
th
e
s
y
n
tactic
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
was
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
d
ata
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
m
eth
o
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
H
u
f
f
m
an
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata,
an
d
ar
ith
m
etic
co
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
n
on
-
s
af
ety
d
ata.
Ais
s
a
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
o
v
el
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
(
C
HS)
m
eth
o
d
was
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
an
FL
-
p
o
wer
ed
,
k
-
h
o
p
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
FL
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ai
n
ly
d
er
iv
es
m
ath
em
atica
lly
,
a
n
ew
av
er
a
g
e
d
is
tan
ce
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
f
o
r
m
,
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
C
HS.
B
es
id
es,
th
e
n
o
v
el
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
m
eth
o
d
g
en
e
r
ates
u
n
ch
an
g
i
n
g
clu
s
ter
s
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
ec
lu
s
ter
in
g
ab
o
v
e
an
d
ex
ten
d
in
g
clu
s
ter
’
life
tim
es.
T
ian
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
n
etwo
r
k
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
r
o
m
an
o
v
er
a
ll
v
iewp
o
in
t.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
-
e
n
ab
led
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
eth
o
d
(
C
C
C
S)
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
wate
r
ac
o
u
s
tic
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
UASNs
)
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
A
n
o
d
e
d
e
n
s
ity
-
b
ased
ad
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
eth
o
d
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
in
tr
a
-
clu
s
ter
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
clu
s
ter
s
,
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
b
o
th
r
elay
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
r
elay
n
o
d
es c
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
o
r
attain
in
g
r
o
u
te
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
b
alan
cin
g
.
Au
th
o
r
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
tr
af
f
ic
-
awa
r
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
-
b
a
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
T
AC
R
P)
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
y
n
am
ic
VANE
T
s
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
r
e
g
u
lates
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
b
ilit
y
d
ata,
v
eh
icle
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
9
4
2
-
9
5
1
944
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
d
etails,
R
SU
d
ata,
an
d
clu
s
ter
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
with
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
u
n
it
(
T
MU
)
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
b
y
r
elativ
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
m
e
r
g
in
g
b
y
s
im
ilar
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
at
ter
n
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
tab
le,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
7
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
3.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
O
D
E
L
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
V
ANE
T
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
es
a
d
y
n
am
ic
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
ich
ad
ap
ts
to
t
h
e
v
ar
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
tr
a
f
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
ten
d
in
g
to
ex
ten
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
en
tire
f
lo
w
o
f
GJO
-
E
AC
S m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
e
r
all
f
lo
w
o
f
GJO
-
E
AC
S a
lg
o
r
ith
m
3
.
1
.
Desig
n o
f
G
J
O
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
T
h
e
class
ical
GJO
m
eth
o
d
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
tactic
o
f
g
o
ld
en
jack
al
p
air
s
an
d
a
s
war
m
‐
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
is
ad
o
p
ted
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
ag
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
clu
d
es
attac
k
in
g
p
r
ey
,
l
o
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
ca
tch
i
n
g
p
r
e
y
,
an
d
ch
asin
g
n
ea
r
b
y
p
r
ey
.
Similar
to
o
th
e
r
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
tech
n
iq
u
es,
t
h
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
GJO
m
eth
o
d
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
n
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
a
n
g
e
an
d
it is
s
h
o
wn
as f
o
llo
ws:
0
=
m
i
n
+
×
(
−
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
0
d
en
o
tes
th
e
k
ey
ar
b
itr
ar
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
ea
r
ly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
f
ir
s
t
p
r
ey
m
atr
ix
,
with
FMJ
an
d
MJ
co
n
q
u
er
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
a
n
d
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
g
p
lace
s
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ly
.
A
n
d
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
u
p
p
er
alo
n
g
with
lo
wer
r
estrictio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
with
in
[
0
,
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ey
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
is
g
iv
en
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
[
1
,
1
1
,
2
.
.
.
1
,
d
2
,
1
2
,
2
.
.
.
2
,
d
⋮
⋮
⋮
⋮
,
1
,
2
.
.
.
,
d
]
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Go
ld
en
ja
ck
a
l o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
clu
s
teri
n
g
s
ch
eme
fo
r
en
erg
y
-
a
w
a
r
e
…
(
Ma
h
a
la
ksh
mi
B
a
la
d
h
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
)
945
I
n
(
2
)
,
d
en
o
tes th
e
ℎ
p
r
ey
s
at
ℎ
p
ar
am
eter
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
p
r
ey
s
in
to
tal
an
d
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
l
ac
e
is
tak
en
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t a
s
an
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
a
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
ass
ess
es
ea
ch
tar
g
et
with
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
v
alu
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
=
[
(
1
′
1
;
1
′
2
;
…
;
1
′
)
(
2
′
1
;
2
′
2
;
…
;
2
′
)
⋮
(
n
′
1
;
n
′
2
;
…
;
n
)
]
(
3
)
I
n
(
3
)
,
s
h
o
ws th
e
v
alu
es o
f
ℎ
p
a
r
am
eter
at
ℎ
tar
g
et,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
m
atr
ix
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ey
f
itn
ess
.
T
h
e
jack
al
co
u
p
les f
in
d
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tar
g
et
s
p
o
t.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ly
,
j
ac
k
al
tr
ac
k
s
d
o
wn
f
o
o
d
ef
f
icien
tly
with
th
e
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
etec
t
an
d
p
u
r
s
u
e
tar
g
ets.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
en
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
h
as
b
ee
n
u
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l,
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
tar
g
et
av
o
id
s
ca
p
tu
r
e
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
th
e
m
to
f
in
d
an
d
ab
a
n
d
o
n
alter
n
a
tiv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
f
o
o
d
.
Du
r
in
g
p
u
r
s
u
it,
th
e
MJ
tak
es
th
e
lead
,
wh
ile
th
e
FMJ ca
r
ef
u
lly
f
o
llo
w
th
em
,
a
n
d
th
e
m
ath
e
m
atica
l m
o
d
ellin
g
is
f
o
r
m
u
lat
ed
b
y
:
1
(
)
=
(
)
−
.
|
(
)
−
.
(
)
|
(
4
)
2
(
)
=
(
)
−
.
|
(
)
−
.
(
)
|
(
5
)
No
w,
(
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
ec
to
r
o
f
v
ictim
s
p
o
t,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
r
esen
t
iter
atio
n
.
(
)
an
d
(
)
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
MJ
an
d
FMJ.
T
h
e
r
ev
is
ed
p
lace
s
o
f
MJ
a
n
d
FMJ
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
v
ictim
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
(
)
an
d
2
(
)
.
T
h
e
ev
asiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
p
r
e
y
is
e
v
alu
ated
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
:
=
1
∗
0
(
6
)
0
=
2
∗
−
1
(
7
)
1
=
1
∗
(
1
−
(
)
)
(
8
)
I
n
th
e
e
q
u
atio
n
,
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
p
r
ey
’
s
d
im
in
is
h
ed
e
n
er
g
y
,
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
i
n
teg
er
with
in
[
0
,
1
]
an
d
0
in
d
icate
s
th
e
in
itial
s
tate
o
f
tar
g
et'
s
en
er
g
y
.
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
iter
atio
n
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
1
s
ig
n
if
ies th
e
co
n
s
tan
t v
alu
es o
f
1
.
5
.
1
lin
ea
r
ly
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
f
r
o
m
1
.
5
to
0
.
I
n
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
,
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
jack
al
an
d
th
e
ta
r
g
et
is
esti
m
a
ted
b
y
|
(
)
−
.
(
)
|
.
T
h
is
d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
cted
eith
er
ad
d
e
d
to
o
r
f
r
o
m
its
p
r
esen
t
lo
ca
lity
b
ase
d
o
n
h
o
w
well
th
e
p
r
e
y
m
a
n
a
g
es
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
jac
k
al.
T
h
e
v
ec
to
r
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
in
teg
er
s
in
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
ch
ar
ac
t
er
ize
th
e
L
ev
y
’
s
m
o
tio
n
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
0
.
05
∗
(
)
(
9
)
I
n
(
9
)
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
L
F a
lg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as f
o
llo
ws:
(
)
=
0
.
01
×
(
×
)
(
|
(
1
)
|
)
;
=
(
(
1
+
)
×
s
i
n
(
2
)
(
1
+
2
)
×
×
(
2
−
1
2
)
)
1
(
1
0
)
I
n
(
1
0
)
,
th
e
v
alu
e
is
s
et
as 1
.
5
,
an
d
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
ar
b
itra
r
ily
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
alu
e
in
[
0
,
1
]
.
T
h
e
jack
al
p
o
s
itio
n
is
u
p
d
ated
b
y
b
alan
cin
g
(
4
)
a
n
d
(
5
)
.
(
+
1
)
=
1
(
)
+
2
(
)
2
(
1
1
)
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
tar
g
et
was
ch
ased
b
y
jack
als,
an
d
th
eir
elu
s
iv
e
d
ec
ay
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
l
ed
to
last
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
v
ia
t
h
e
jack
als
p
air
id
en
tifie
d
at
f
ir
s
t.
T
h
e
v
ictim
was
attac
k
ed
af
ter
b
ein
g
e
n
cir
cled
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
jack
al
c
o
u
p
les.
T
h
e
m
at
h
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
ch
asin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
MJ a
n
d
FMJ
jack
als
th
at
ch
ase
in
co
u
p
les is
s
h
o
wn
(
1
2
)
.
1
(
)
=
(
)
−
.
|
.
(
)
−
(
)
|
(
1
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
9
4
2
-
9
5
1
946
2
(
)
=
(
)
−
.
|
.
(
)
−
(
)
|
(
1
3
)
I
n
wh
ich
(
)
d
en
o
tes
th
e
v
ec
to
r
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
p
r
ey
at
p
r
esen
t
iter
atio
n
,
an
d
(
)
an
d
(
)
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
MJ
an
d
FMJ.
T
h
e
n
ew
MJ
an
d
FMJ
p
o
s
itio
n
s
f
r
o
m
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
th
e
t
ar
g
et
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
as
(
)
an
d
2
(
)
.
I
n
(
6
)
d
escr
ib
es
escap
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
ey
o
r
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
FF
em
p
lo
y
ed
is
in
t
en
d
ed
f
o
r
tak
i
n
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
u
n
t
o
f
f
ea
t
u
r
es
d
esi
g
n
ated
in
th
e
class
if
ier
ac
cu
r
ac
y
(
g
r
ea
ter
)
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
lo
wer
)
attain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
elec
te
d
,
in
(
1
4
)
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
FF
f
o
r
a
p
p
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e.
=
(
)
+
|
|
|
|
(
1
4
)
No
w,
(
)
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
class
if
ier
er
r
o
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
te
d
class
if
ier
.
|
|
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ca
r
d
in
ality
o
f
s
u
b
s
et
ch
o
s
en
an
d
|
|
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ataset,
th
e
p
ar
am
et
er
s
an
d
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
s
u
b
s
et
len
g
th
an
d
class
if
ier
q
u
ality
.
∈
[
1
,
0
]
an
d
=
1
−
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
in
s
p
ec
ts
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
n
th
e
VANE
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
e
p
r
es
en
t
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
(
NC
)
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
G
J
O
-
E
AC
S
s
y
s
tem
with
r
ec
en
t
m
o
d
els
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
eth
o
d
r
ea
ch
es
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
NC
s
.
On
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
(
TR
)
o
f
1
0
0
,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
f
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
NC
o
f
4
3
.
5
5
w
h
ile
th
e
g
r
ey
wo
lf
o
p
tim
izer
(
GW
O
)
,
a
n
t
lio
n
o
p
tim
izer
(
AL
O
)
,
a
n
d
p
ar
ticle
-
wh
ale
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
P
-
W
OA
)
m
o
d
els
o
b
tain
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
NC
o
f
4
2
.
9
9
,
4
8
.
3
1
,
an
d
4
8
.
4
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Als
o
,
with
T
R
o
f
1
0
0
,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
r
aised
NC
o
f
7
2
.
7
8
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
GW
O,
AL
O,
an
d
P
-
W
OA
s
y
s
tem
s
g
et
r
ed
u
ce
d
NC
o
f
7
3
.
9
1
,
7
5
.
0
4
,
a
n
d
7
7
.
0
7
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
ased
o
n
T
R
o
f
1
5
0
,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
NC
o
f
6
5
.
4
8
b
u
t,
t
h
e
GW
O,
AL
O,
an
d
P
-
W
OA
m
o
d
els
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
im
in
is
h
ed
N
C
o
f
7
4
.
9
5
,
8
2
.
2
,
a
n
d
6
8
.
5
4
.
At
last
,
o
n
T
R
o
f
1
0
0
,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
e
r
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
NC
o
f
8
6
.
8
7
wh
il
e
th
e
GW
O,
AL
O,
an
d
P
-
W
OA
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
g
et
m
i
n
im
ized
NC
o
f
9
0
.
7
,
9
3
.
7
,
an
d
9
6
.
4
3
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
NC
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
GJO
-
E
AC
S a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
:
(
a)
g
r
id
-
s
ize=
1
k
m
×
1
k
m,
(
b
)
g
r
id
-
s
ize=
2
km
×
2
km
,
(
c)
g
r
id
-
s
ize=
3
km
×
3
km
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
g
r
id
-
s
ize=
4
km
×
4
km
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Go
ld
en
ja
ck
a
l o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
clu
s
teri
n
g
s
ch
eme
fo
r
en
erg
y
-
a
w
a
r
e
…
(
Ma
h
a
la
ksh
mi
B
a
la
d
h
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
)
947
T
ab
le
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
ep
o
r
t th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
(
PDR
)
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S tec
h
n
iq
u
e
with
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
tated
th
at
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
eth
o
d
r
ea
ch
es
in
cr
ea
s
ed
P
DR
v
alu
es.
W
ith
3
0
v
eh
icles,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
g
ai
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
PDR
o
f
9
4
.
5
1
%
wh
ile
th
e
P
-
W
OA
,
GW
O,
an
d
AL
O
m
o
d
els
o
b
tain
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
PDR
v
alu
es
o
f
8
9
.
7
6
%,
7
9
.
5
3
%,
an
d
7
4
.
0
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile,
b
ased
o
n
4
0
v
eh
icles,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ac
h
iev
es im
p
r
o
v
e
d
PDR
o
f
8
3
.
9
1
% wh
er
ea
s
th
e
P
-
W
OA,
GW
O,
an
d
AL
O
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
q
u
ir
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
PD
R
v
alu
es
o
f
7
5
.
1
4
%,
5
9
.
8
0
%
,
an
d
4
4
.
4
5
%,
in
d
iv
id
u
all
y
.
E
v
en
tu
ally
,
with
5
0
v
eh
icles,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
e
th
o
d
attain
s
b
etter
PDR
o
f
6
6
.
0
1
%
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
P
-
W
OA,
GW
O,
an
d
AL
O
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
q
u
ir
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
PDR
v
alu
es o
f
5
8
.
3
3
%,
5
5
.
4
1
%,
an
d
3
8
.
9
7
% r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
1
.
PDR
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
GJO
-
E
AC
S a
lg
o
r
ith
m
with
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
v
eh
i
cles
P
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
r
a
t
i
o
N
o
.
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
G
JO
-
EA
C
S
P
-
W
O
A
G
W
O
A
LO
30
9
4
.
5
1
8
9
.
7
6
7
9
.
5
3
7
4
.
0
5
40
8
3
.
9
1
7
5
.
1
4
5
9
.
8
0
4
4
.
4
5
50
6
6
.
0
1
5
8
.
3
3
5
5
.
4
1
3
8
.
9
7
60
5
7
.
6
0
4
9
.
5
7
4
8
.
1
0
3
3
.
8
5
70
4
8
.
8
3
3
7
.
8
7
2
8
.
7
4
2
8
.
3
7
80
4
0
.
0
7
3
0
.
9
3
2
0
.
3
3
2
2
.
8
9
90
3
2
.
0
3
2
0
.
7
0
1
5
.
5
9
1
9
.
6
0
1
0
0
2
9
.
1
0
1
9
.
6
0
1
4
.
1
2
1
5
.
5
9
P
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
ss ra
t
i
o
30
5
.
4
9
1
0
.
2
4
2
0
.
4
7
2
5
.
9
5
40
1
6
.
0
9
2
4
.
8
6
4
0
.
2
0
5
5
.
5
5
50
3
3
.
9
9
4
1
.
6
7
4
4
.
5
9
6
1
.
0
3
60
4
2
.
4
0
5
0
.
4
3
5
1
.
9
0
6
6
.
1
5
70
5
1
.
1
7
6
2
.
1
3
7
1
.
2
6
7
1
.
6
3
80
5
9
.
9
3
6
9
.
0
7
7
9
.
6
7
7
7
.
1
1
90
6
7
.
9
7
7
9
.
3
0
8
4
.
4
1
8
0
.
4
0
1
0
0
7
0
.
9
0
8
0
.
4
0
8
5
.
8
8
8
4
.
4
1
Fig
u
r
e
3.
PDR
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
GJ
O
-
E
AC
S a
lg
o
r
ith
m
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
v
eh
icles
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
atio
(
PLR)
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
ex
is
tin
g
m
o
d
els
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
v
alu
es
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
in
im
al
PLR
v
alu
es.
On
3
0
v
eh
icles,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
er
s
m
in
im
al
PLR
o
f
5
.
4
9
%
wh
ile
th
e
P
-
W
O
A,
GW
O
,
an
d
AL
O
m
o
d
els
g
ain
ed
h
ig
h
e
r
PLR
o
f
1
0
.
2
4
%,
2
0
.
4
7
%,
an
d
2
5
.
9
5
%,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Als
o
,
b
ased
o
n
4
0
v
eh
icles,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
s
y
s
tem
g
iv
es
lo
wer
PL
R
o
f
1
6
.
0
9
%
b
u
t,
t
h
e
P
-
W
OA,
GW
O,
an
d
AL
O
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
cr
ea
s
ed
PLR
v
alu
es
o
f
2
4
.
8
6
%,
4
0
.
2
0
%,
an
d
5
5
.
5
5
%.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
with
5
0
v
eh
icles,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
er
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
PLR
o
f
3
3
.
9
9
%
b
u
t,
th
e
P
-
W
OA,
GW
O,
an
d
AL
O
tech
n
iq
u
es
ac
q
u
ir
ed
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
PLR
v
alu
es
o
f
4
1
.
6
7
%,
4
4
.
5
9
%,
an
d
6
1
.
0
3
%
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
.
I
n
T
a
b
le
2
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
la
ten
cy
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
s
y
s
tem
with
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
alu
es
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
s
y
s
tem
g
iv
es
lo
west
laten
cy
v
alu
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
3
0
n
o
d
es,
t
h
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
e
d
u
ce
d
laten
cy
o
f
4
.
3
2
s
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
P
-
W
OA,
GW
O,
an
d
AL
O
tech
n
iq
u
es
attain
ed
h
ig
h
er
late
n
cy
o
f
9
.
4
0
s
,
3
0
.
3
5
s
,
an
d
2
1
.
6
7
s
,
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
Similar
ly
,
b
ased
o
n
4
0
n
o
d
es,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
eth
o
d
g
iv
e
s
lo
wer
laten
cy
o
f
2
.
2
2
s
b
u
t,
th
e
P
-
W
OA,
GW
O,
an
d
A
L
O
tech
n
iq
u
es
g
et
in
cr
ea
s
ed
laten
cy
v
alu
es
o
f
1
2
.
9
9
s
,
3
6
.
0
4
s
,
an
d
4
2
.
0
2
s
.
T
h
en
,
with
5
0
n
o
d
es,
th
e
GJO
-
E
AC
S
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
in
im
al
laten
c
y
o
f
3
.
4
2
s
h
o
wev
e
r
,
t
h
e
P
-
W
OA,
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In
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I
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ith
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ated
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at
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b
its
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ax
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r
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.
RE
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c
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h
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u
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ip
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rtme
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h
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c
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:
p
ra
v
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s8
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m
a
il
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c
o
m
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.
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u
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h
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ian
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rifi
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ti
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in
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r
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-
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rre
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tl
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g
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g
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d
in
c
o
ll
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ra
ti
v
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rc
h
with
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ro
f
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h
u
l
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p
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rsity
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tate
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d
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sti
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te o
f
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c
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.
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u
rre
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r
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ter
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st are
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to
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a
ted
re
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rm
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ls.
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c
a
n
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c
o
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tac
ted
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m
a
il
:
e
z
u
d
h
e
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n
p
u
li
y
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n
jalil
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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