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s
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m
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s
am
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s
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a
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m
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k
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Am
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HB
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ased
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[
1
]
.
F
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p
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r
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m
m
ab
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h
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f
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p
latf
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ased
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[
2
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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52
Desig
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fig
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3
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Pro
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r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
,
m
ak
i
n
g
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ea
s
ier
[
4
]
.
Mu
lti
-
r
a
te
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
ar
e
s
y
s
tem
s
th
a
t
h
av
e
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
s
am
p
le
r
ates.
I
n
ter
p
o
lato
r
s
with
an
in
teg
e
r
f
ac
t
o
r
L
an
d
d
ec
im
a
to
r
s
with
an
in
teg
er
f
ac
to
r
M
a
r
e
th
e
m
ain
b
u
ild
in
g
p
iece
s
o
f
a
m
u
lti
-
r
ate
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
t
w
o
b
l
o
c
k
s
a
r
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
,
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
a
t
a
l
t
e
r
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
r
a
t
e
i
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
b
y
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
M
/
L
[
6
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
f
ir
s
t
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
u
p
-
s
am
p
lin
g
-
in
d
u
ce
d
p
ictu
r
e
s
p
ec
tr
a,
an
d
th
en
it
s
h
o
u
l
d
av
o
id
th
e
aliasin
g
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
o
cc
u
r
a
f
ter
d
o
wn
-
s
am
p
lin
g
[
7
]
.
W
u
et
a
l.
[
8
]
d
esig
n
ed
X
ilin
x
I
SE
to
cr
ea
te
a
d
ig
ital
d
o
wn
co
n
v
e
r
ter
(
DDC
)
th
at
h
as
f
ea
t
u
r
es
s
u
ch
as
ac
r
o
s
s
clo
ck
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
FIFO
in
ter
f
a
ce
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
a
n
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
m
i
x
in
g
o
r
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
,
t
h
is
d
ig
itized
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
s
am
p
les
with
a
d
ig
ital
c
o
s
in
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
ase
ch
an
n
el
an
d
a
d
ig
itized
s
in
e
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
ad
r
at
u
r
e
ch
an
n
el
at
t
h
e
DDC
'
s
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
.
Similar
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
s
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
ilter
p
h
ase
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
an
is
s
u
e
with
FP
GA
d
ig
ital
f
ilte
r
s
.
A
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
'
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
n
o
r
m
all
y
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
5
Fs
[
8
]
.
Sah
u
k
ar
et
a
l.
[
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
eth
o
d
with
8
ze
r
o
cr
o
s
s
in
g
lo
n
g
s
in
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
-
b
ased
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
r
ate
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
s
av
e
s
p
ac
e
(
FR
C
)
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
-
to
-
an
alo
g
co
n
v
er
ter
(
DAC
)
u
s
es
a
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
to
ac
ce
p
t
ju
s
t
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
ar
o
u
n
d
ze
r
o
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
r
ejec
t
all
o
th
er
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
p
ictu
r
es.
T
o
p
r
eser
v
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
win
d
o
w
-
ty
p
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
o
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
an
i
d
ea
l
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
,
in
d
ef
in
ite
len
g
th
co
ef
f
icien
ts
co
n
s
titu
tin
g
a
s
in
c
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
T
o
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
DAC
o
u
tp
u
t,
t
h
ese
f
ilter
co
ef
f
icien
ts
ar
e
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
al
with
d
ig
ital
s
am
p
le
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
weig
h
ted
s
in
c
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
at
ea
ch
s
am
p
le
i
n
s
tan
t
with
a
weig
h
t
eq
u
al
to
th
e
s
am
p
le
v
alu
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Z
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
Su
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DDC
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
m
ix
in
g
.
As
a
lo
ca
l
ca
r
r
ie
r
,
th
e
DDS
I
P
C
OR
E
g
en
er
a
tes
d
ig
italized
s
in
e
an
d
co
s
in
e
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
clo
ck
is
1
0
0
MH
z,
th
e
s
p
u
r
io
u
s
-
f
r
ee
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
an
g
e
(
SF
DR
)
is
9
6
d
B
,
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eso
lu
tio
n
is
0
.
0
2
3
3
Hz
in
th
is
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
m
u
ltip
lier
is
th
o
u
g
h
t
o
f
as
a
m
ix
er
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
two
co
m
p
lex
s
ig
n
a
ls
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
2
0
b
its
.
T
h
e
C
I
C
c
o
m
p
iler
co
r
e
is
u
s
ed
t
o
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
clo
c
k
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
in
p
u
t
s
am
p
le
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
I
t'
s
a
f
iv
e
-
s
tag
e
C
I
C
f
ilter
with
a
s
am
p
le
-
p
er
-
s
tag
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial d
elay
in
th
is
d
esig
n
[
1
1
]
.
Z
h
an
g
an
d
Z
h
u
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
1
D
in
t
er
p
o
lato
r
f
o
r
R
ee
d
-
So
lo
m
o
n
.
W
ith
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
alg
eb
r
aic
s
o
f
t
-
d
ec
is
io
n
d
ec
o
d
in
g
(
ASD)
o
f
R
S
co
d
es
ca
n
y
ield
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
d
in
g
g
ain
.
I
ter
ativ
e
b
it
-
lev
el
g
en
er
alize
d
m
i
n
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
(
B
GM
D)
d
ec
o
d
in
g
,
am
o
n
g
f
ea
s
ib
le
ASD
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
ca
n
y
ield
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
o
r
lar
g
er
co
d
in
g
g
ain
with
less
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
o
lati
o
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
in
tr
in
s
ic
s
er
ia
l
n
atu
r
e
lim
its
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
attain
ab
le
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
is
p
h
ase.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
er
y
-
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
(
VL
SI
)
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
o
r
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
d
escr
ib
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
2
]
.
T
ietch
e
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ar
b
itra
r
y
r
atio
r
esam
p
ler
f
o
r
SDR
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
an
FP
GA
th
at
allo
ws th
e
d
esig
n
er
to
h
a
n
d
le
a
s
p
u
r
io
u
s
-
f
r
ee
d
y
n
am
ic
r
an
g
e
(
SF
DR
)
wh
ile
g
iv
in
g
a
s
im
p
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
es
n
o
ex
tr
a
cl
o
ck
,
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
FP
GA
clo
ck
-
lim
ited
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
SF
D
R
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
es
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
s
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
v
er
y
ac
cu
r
ate
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
ea
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
s
tatis
tic
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
af
ter
th
e
FP
GA
cir
cu
it
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
u
s
ef
u
l
to
o
l f
o
r
d
esig
n
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
Do
lece
k
an
d
T
o
r
r
es
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ca
s
ca
d
ed
in
teg
r
ato
r
co
m
b
f
ilter
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
f
o
r
SR
C
o
f
s
ev
er
al
wir
eles
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
B
o
u
k
h
tach
e
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
icien
t
b
icu
b
ic
in
ter
p
o
lato
r
f
o
r
1
D
an
d
2
D
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
,
b
ic
u
b
ic
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Otu
n
n
iy
i
an
d
My
b
u
r
g
h
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
lo
w
-
co
m
p
lex
ity
f
ilter
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
Far
r
o
w
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
a
m
o
d
u
lated
F
ar
r
o
w
f
ilter
with
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
ter
p
o
lat
ed
co
e
f
f
icien
t
d
ec
im
ated
m
ask
in
g
f
ilter
.
A
d
esig
n
ex
am
p
le
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
HFar
r
o
w
f
ilter
b
an
k
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
u
ltip
lier
s
b
y
5
0
%,
7
0
%,
an
d
6
4
%
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
non
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
m
o
d
if
ied
d
is
cr
ete
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
f
ilter
b
an
k
(
NU
MD
FT
FB
)
,
co
s
in
e
m
o
d
u
lated
f
ilter
b
a
n
k
(
C
D
FB
)
,
an
d
iter
ativ
e
co
m
b
in
ato
r
ial
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
(
I
C
DM
)
f
ilter
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
1
6
]
.
Sin
h
a
an
d
Ku
m
ar
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
C
I
C
f
ilter
an
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
r
u
cial
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
e
m
p
h
asi
s
is
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
C
I
C
f
ilter
in
to
th
e
d
ec
im
ato
r
an
d
th
e
in
ter
p
o
lato
r
.
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
q
u
alities
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
th
is
f
ilter
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
is
s
u
es
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
it [
1
7
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
it
is
v
er
y
clea
r
th
at
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
s
ev
er
al
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
FP
GA
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
s
a
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
ar
ea
.
Als
o
,
m
o
r
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
ased
o
n
FP
GA
an
d
ASI
C
d
ev
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
5
4
-
8
6
2
856
T
h
is
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
FP
GA
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
aliasin
g
ef
f
ec
t,
a
lo
wp
ass
f
il
ter
with
a
2
.
4
5
GHz
cu
to
f
f
with
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ta
p
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
ar
e
a
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
an
ar
ea
-
o
p
tim
ized
d
y
n
am
ic
FP
GA
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
m
u
ltira
te
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Xilin
x
FP
GA
s
y
n
th
esis
to
o
ls
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
til
izatio
n
an
d
s
p
ee
d
a
n
aly
s
is
.
XC
6
VC
X2
4
0
t
-
2
FF
4
8
4
FP
GA
s
h
o
ws ju
s
t 1
5
% a
r
ea
o
cc
u
p
a
n
c
y
an
d
a
m
ax
im
u
m
clo
ck
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
3
3
MH
z.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
as f
o
llo
ws:
-
T
o
m
in
im
ize
ar
ea
a
n
d
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
am
p
l
e
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
in
a
s
in
g
le
c
h
i
p
with
m
a
x
im
u
m
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
d
ig
ital c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
elate
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
-
T
o
m
ak
e
p
er
f
ec
t
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
iz
atio
n
with
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
u
ch
as
W
i
-
Fi,
Z
ig
B
ee
an
d
B
lu
eto
o
th
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
at
a
i
s
s
en
t
to
th
e
d
ata
b
u
f
f
er
wh
ich
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
n
th
is
b
u
f
f
er
ed
d
ata
is
s
en
t
to
th
e
(
DFF)
D
Fli
p
Flo
p
,
h
er
e
th
e
en
ab
le
s
ig
n
al
is
u
s
ed
to
en
ab
le
t
h
e
Fli
p
Flo
p
.
Fro
m
th
is
Fli
p
Flo
p
,
th
e
d
ata
is
s
en
t
t
o
th
e
DM
UX,
an
d
a
s
elec
tio
n
lin
e
o
f
D
MU
X
will
s
elec
t
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
u
p
s
am
p
lin
g
o
r
d
o
w
n
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Fin
ally
,
M
UX
at
th
e
en
d
g
iv
es th
e
s
elec
t
ed
o
u
tp
u
t sig
n
al.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lati
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
o
n
e
with
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
2
0
2
0
a
to
o
l.
T
h
e
FP
GA
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
s
d
o
n
e
with
Ver
ilo
g
HDL
an
d
tim
in
g
is
v
e
r
if
ied
b
y
u
s
in
g
Mo
d
elsi
m
s
o
f
twar
e.
At
a
lo
wer
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate,
an
FIR
f
ilter
is
u
s
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
in
-
p
h
ase
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
b
aseb
an
d
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
a
Vir
te
x
-
6
XC
6
VC
X2
4
0
t
-
2
FF
4
8
4
FP
GA.
2
.
1
.
B
lo
c
k
dia
g
ra
m
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
will
co
n
t
r
o
l
th
e
ad
d
r
ess
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
f
lo
w
o
f
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ev
ice
.
T
h
e
r
ate
s
elec
tio
n
lin
e
av
ailab
le
in
th
is
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
will
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
d
ec
id
e
wh
ich
k
in
d
o
f
b
it
r
ate
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
es
an
in
p
u
t
b
u
f
f
er
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ig
n
al
ca
tch
.
T
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
o
wn
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
s
im
p
le
DFF
is
u
s
ed
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
ed
u
ce
d
clo
ck
r
ate.
T
h
e
u
p
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
a
n
ew
s
am
p
le
f
r
o
m
two
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
s
a
m
p
les
wh
ich
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
h
if
t
r
eg
is
ter
s
.
A
ce
n
tr
al
m
u
ltip
lex
er
is
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
at
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
-
b
it
s
elec
tio
n
lin
e
in
p
u
t
v
alu
e
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
u
s
er
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
d
o
wn
s
am
p
ler
o
r
u
p
s
am
p
ler
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
d
em
u
x
b
lo
c
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
u
ltip
le
-
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
FIR
f
ilter
u
s
ed
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
u
n
wan
ted
n
o
is
e
wh
ich
is
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Her
e
N
=8
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
lo
w
p
ass
FIR
f
ilter
with
th
e
cu
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
2
.
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
p
ass
b
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
u
s
ed
in
th
e
f
ilter
.
Her
e
h
N
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
th
co
e
f
f
icien
t u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
2
.
5
GHz
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
is
g
iv
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
u
s
ed
to
av
o
i
d
aliasin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
p
ass
b
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
2
.
1
GHz
is
u
s
ed
an
d
2
.
4
GHz
as
th
e
s
to
p
b
an
d
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
n
o
is
e.
T
o
atten
u
ate
th
e
u
n
wan
ted
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
8
0
d
B
atten
u
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
i
s
u
s
ed
.
W
h
ich
ca
n
lead
to
a
n
o
is
y
s
ig
n
al
with
ze
r
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Desig
n
o
f e
n
erg
y
efficien
t a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
s
a
mp
le
r
a
te
c
o
n
ve
r
ter
u
s
in
g
F
P
GA
d
ev
ices
(
S
w
eth
a
P
in
jerl
a
)
857
am
p
litu
d
e.
T
h
e
p
ass
b
an
d
r
i
p
p
l
e
v
alu
e
is
s
et
to
0
.
1
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l th
e
p
ass
b
an
d
am
p
litu
d
e.
T
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t sig
n
al
is
s
et
to
4
.
8
GHz
to
av
o
id
th
e
a
lias
in
g
ef
f
e
ct.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
FIR f
ilter
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
2
.
5
G
Hz
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
T
ab
le
1
.
FIR f
ilter
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
S
l
.
N
o
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
1
P
a
ssb
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
2
.
1
GHz
2
S
t
o
p
b
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
2
.
4
GHz
3
S
t
o
p
b
a
n
d
a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
-
80
dB
4
P
a
ssb
a
n
d
g
a
i
n
0
dB
5
P
a
ssb
a
n
d
r
i
p
p
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e
0
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1
6
S
a
mp
l
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
4
.
8
GHz
7
F
i
l
t
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
16
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
5
4
-
8
6
2
858
2
.
2
.
Rela
t
io
ns
bet
wee
n
inp
ut
a
nd
o
utput
s
a
m
ples
in t
im
e
do
m
a
in
T
h
e
tim
e
-
d
o
m
ain
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
ig
n
al
m
ay
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
s
eq
u
en
tially
u
s
in
g
a
t
y
p
ical
s
am
p
lin
g
-
r
ate
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
am
p
le
[
]
will
ex
is
t
o
n
ly
a
t
th
e
in
teg
e
r
-
v
alu
e
d
tim
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
On
ly
th
ese
ter
m
s
(
Mk
-
n
)
/
L
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
e
y
[
x
]
in
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
e
q
u
atio
n
.
As
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
is
d
iag
r
am
,
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
b
y
a
r
atio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
L
/M
en
tails
u
p
s
am
p
lin
g
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
b
y
a
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
L
,
f
ilter
in
g
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
u
p
th
e
s
am
p
led
s
eq
u
en
ce
with
a
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
H(
z)
,
an
d
last
ly
d
o
wn
s
am
p
lin
g
th
e
f
ilter
ed
s
ig
n
al
b
y
a
f
ac
to
r
o
f
M.
[
]
=
∑
[
−
]
=
0
(
1
)
[
]
=
[
]
(
2
)
[
]
=
∑
[
−
]
=
0
(
3
)
2
.
3
.
Up
s
a
m
pli
ng
Up
s
am
p
lin
g
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ad
d
in
g
ze
r
o
-
v
alu
e
d
s
am
p
les
b
etwe
en
o
r
i
g
in
al
s
am
p
les
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate.
(
I
t'
s
s
o
m
etim
es
ca
lled
"z
er
o
-
s
tu
f
f
in
g
.
")
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
u
p
s
am
p
lin
g
in
s
er
t
s
u
n
d
esire
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
im
ag
es
th
at
ar
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
u
ltip
les
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate
in
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
d
o
wn
s
am
p
ler
is
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
th
e
u
p
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
am
p
ler
.
Ma
s
ter
c
o
n
tr
o
l
k
ee
p
s
an
ey
e
o
n
th
e
FIFO's
r
ea
d
in
g
to
av
o
id
u
n
d
er
f
lo
w.
Usi
n
g
an
"u
p
s
am
p
lin
g
m
ap
,
"
m
aster
co
n
tr
o
l
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
t
h
e
R
OM
in
d
ices
ar
e
in
c
r
em
en
ted
an
d
th
e
FIFO
is
r
ea
d
at
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
tim
es.
Of
c
o
u
r
s
e,
th
e
b
in
ar
y
m
ap
f
o
r
u
p
-
s
am
p
lin
g
an
d
d
o
wn
-
s
am
p
lin
g
i
s
n
o
t
th
e
s
am
e.
Fo
r
d
o
wn
s
am
p
lin
g
,
t
h
e
m
ap
is
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
tim
in
g
s
;
f
o
r
u
p
s
am
p
lin
g
,
it
is
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
tim
in
g
s
.
Fo
r
up
-
s
am
p
lin
g
,
R
O
M
in
d
ices
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
en
a
m
a
p
elem
en
t
is
s
et
to
1
.
I
t
b
eh
av
es
id
en
tically
to
a
s
im
p
le
D
Fli
p
-
Flo
p
r
eg
is
ter
in
all
o
th
er
r
esp
ec
ts
,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ef
u
l
wh
en
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
am
p
les
ar
e
co
m
p
u
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
in
p
u
t
s
am
p
les [
1
8
]
.
2
.
4
.
Do
wn
s
a
m
pli
ng
Do
wn
s
am
p
lin
g
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lo
wer
in
g
a
s
ig
n
al'
s
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate.
B
y
s
elec
tin
g
o
n
e
o
u
t
o
f
N
s
am
p
les,
th
e
d
o
wn
s
am
p
le
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
r
ate
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
AOs
b
y
an
in
teg
er
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
aw
d
ata
is
n
o
t
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
an
y
a
n
ti
-
aliasin
g
f
ilte
r
in
g
[
1
9
]
.
A
d
o
wn
s
am
p
ler
ca
b
is
u
s
ed
to
m
a
k
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
Z
ig
B
ee
,
a
n
d
B
lu
eto
o
t
h
.
W
i
-
Fi
u
s
es
a
b
an
d
wid
t
h
o
f
2
0
to
4
0
MH
z
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
T
h
at
ca
n
b
e
d
o
wn
s
am
p
led
to
8
MH
z
wh
ich
is
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
Z
ig
B
ee
.
Similar
ly
,
Z
ig
B
ee
ca
n
b
e
d
o
wn
s
am
p
led
t
o
8
-
9
6
KHz
.
2
.
5
.
F
P
G
A
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n
A
Xilin
x
FP
GA
ch
ip
was
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SR
C
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
E
ac
h
b
lo
ck
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SR
C
d
esig
n
is
co
d
ed
in
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
th
e
X
ilin
x
s
im
u
lato
r
with
I
SE
Ar
ch
itectu
r
e
Su
ite
1
4
.
7
.
(
HDL
)
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esized
b
its
tr
ea
m
was
d
o
wn
lo
ad
ed
at
s
p
ee
d
g
r
ad
e
3
o
n
th
e
XC
6
VCX
2
4
0
t
-
2
F
F
4
8
4
tar
g
et
d
ev
ice
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
lim
its
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ar
ea
f
o
r
lo
w
-
co
s
t im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
at
a
h
ig
h
e
r
r
ate
th
a
n
o
th
er
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
h
ar
d
war
e
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
d
o
wn
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
f
r
o
m
W
i
-
Fi
to
B
lu
eto
o
th
an
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
p
co
n
v
e
r
ter
,
it
is
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
an
8
-
b
it
in
p
u
t
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
ich
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
b
u
r
d
en
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
c
o
s
t.
A
l
o
wp
ass
FIR
f
ilter
is
u
s
ed
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
f
o
r
u
p
s
am
p
led
o
u
tp
u
t.
1
6
tap
f
ilter
is
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
3
2
k
B
b
u
f
f
er
is
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t sid
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
-
c
atch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sam
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
to
r
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
S
l
.
N
o
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
V
a
l
u
e
1
D
o
w
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
o
r
d
e
r
1.
Wi
-
Fi
2.
Zi
g
B
e
e
3.
B
l
u
e
t
o
o
t
h
2
Up
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
o
r
d
e
r
1.
B
l
u
e
t
o
o
t
h
2.
Zi
g
B
e
e
3.
Wi
-
Fi
3
I
n
p
u
t
s
i
z
e
8
-
B
i
t
4
D
a
t
a
s
mo
o
t
h
i
n
g
Lo
w
p
a
ss
F
I
R
f
i
l
t
e
r
5
B
u
f
f
e
r
s
i
z
e
3
2
k
B
6
F
i
l
t
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
16
-
T
a
p
7
F
i
l
t
e
r
t
y
p
e
C
a
sc
a
d
e
d
F
I
R
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
8
C
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
s
U
p
sam
p
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
o
w
n
sa
mp
l
i
n
g
9
C
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
m
o
d
e
S
i
n
g
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Desig
n
o
f e
n
erg
y
efficien
t a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
fig
u
r
a
b
le
s
a
mp
le
r
a
te
c
o
n
ve
r
ter
u
s
in
g
F
P
GA
d
ev
ices
(
S
w
eth
a
P
in
jerl
a
)
859
3.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
3.
1
.
Reso
urce
utiliza
t
io
n
o
n
F
P
G
A
dev
ice
A
f
ix
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
lo
g
ic,
r
o
u
tin
g
,
I
/O,
an
d
m
em
o
r
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
av
ail
ab
le
o
n
ea
ch
FP
GA.
T
h
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
co
m
p
iler
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
co
d
e
o
n
th
e
FP
GA.
On
an
FP
GA,
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
s
p
ac
ed
at
r
e
g
u
lar
in
ter
v
als o
v
er
th
e
d
ev
ice,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t p
at
h
way
s
b
etw
ee
n
th
em
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
3
]
.
An
FP
GA
'
s
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
s
p
ac
ed
at
r
e
g
u
l
ar
in
ter
v
als
o
v
e
r
th
e
d
e
v
ice,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
p
ath
way
s
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
Sh
o
r
t
r
o
u
tes
b
etwe
en
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lo
w
er
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
it
tak
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
r
u
n
o
n
th
e
FP
GA
tar
g
et
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
Ma
n
y
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
d
e
v
ic
e
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
co
n
f
licts
,
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
in
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
ea
ch
r
eso
u
r
ce
o
n
an
FP
GA.
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
ev
ice
u
t
ilizatio
n
tab
le
with
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
g
ic
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
lice
r
eg
is
ter
s
,
L
UT
s
,
I
OB
s
,
B
lo
ck
R
AM
,
an
d
DSP.
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
,
s
lice
r
eg
is
ter
s
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
9
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal,
an
d
L
UT
s
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
4
8
%.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
u
s
es
1
4
2
7
9
L
UT
s
o
u
t
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
2
8
,
8
0
0
,
an
d
2
,
7
5
9
s
lice
r
eg
is
ter
s
o
u
t
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
2
8
,
8
0
0
.
All
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
av
ailab
le
with
th
eir
n
u
m
er
ical
co
u
n
t
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
u
tili
za
tio
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
ar
e
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
.
T
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
,
r
ev
ea
ls
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
lice
r
eg
is
ter
s
,
m
eth
o
d
[
2
2
]
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
ata,
wh
ile
[
1
4
]
an
d
[
2
5
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
3
,
3
3
7
an
d
3
,
2
7
8
r
eg
is
ter
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
L
UT
s
f
o
r
[
2
2
]
is
u
n
s
p
ec
if
ied
,
wh
er
ea
s
[
1
4
]
an
d
[
2
5
]
s
h
o
w
5
,
8
9
8
a
n
d
4
,
5
9
4
L
UT
s
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
I
/O
b
lo
ck
s
,
[
2
2
]
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
is
clo
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
[
1
4
]
h
as
n
o
I
OB
s
,
an
d
[
2
5
]
s
im
ilar
ly
lack
s
d
etails.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
u
tili
ze
s
2
0
I
OB
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
allo
ca
ti
o
n
f
o
r
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
B
lo
ck
R
AM
/FIFO
in
s
tan
ce
s
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
o
n
ly
f
o
r
m
et
h
o
d
[
2
2
]
,
with
4
in
s
tan
ce
s
.
[
1
4
]
an
d
[
2
5
]
d
o
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ata
in
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
2
B
lo
ck
R
AM
/FIFO
in
s
tan
ce
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
an
e
f
f
icien
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
DSP
u
n
its
,
m
eth
o
d
[
2
2
]
u
tili
ze
s
8
2
DSPs
,
wh
ile
[
1
4
]
an
d
[
2
5
]
h
av
e
n
o
s
p
ec
if
ied
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
em
p
lo
y
s
1
6
DSP
u
n
its
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
a
b
alan
ce
d
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital sig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
Lo
g
i
c
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
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n
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sed
A
v
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l
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b
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e
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t
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l
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o
n
N
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mb
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f
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l
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c
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g
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s
t
e
r
s
2
7
5
9
2
8
8
0
0
9%
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
LU
T
1
4
2
7
9
2
8
8
0
0
4
8
%
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
I
O
B
’
s
20
4
8
5
4%
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
R
A
M
/
F
I
F
O
2
32
6%
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
D
S
P
16
48
3
3
%
T
ab
le
4
.
R
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
M
e
t
h
o
d
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
sl
i
c
e
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g
i
s
t
e
r
s
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
LU
T
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
I
O
B
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
R
A
M
/
F
I
F
O
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
D
S
P
[
2
2
]
-
-
-
4
82
[
1
4
]
3
3
3
7
5
8
9
8
-
-
-
[
2
5
]
3
2
7
8
4
5
9
4
-
-
-
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
w
o
r
k
2
7
5
9
1
4
2
7
9
20
2
16
3.
2
.
F
P
G
A
pro
t
o
t
y
pe
Usi
n
g
th
e
Xilin
x
d
e
v
ice
s
etu
p
to
o
l,
th
e
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
o
n
a
Xilin
x
Vir
tex
-
6
,
XC
6
VC
X2
4
0
t
-
2
FF
4
8
4
FP
GA
b
o
ar
d
.
A
r
eliab
le
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
ch
ec
k
t
h
at
an
So
C
d
e
s
ig
n
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
ally
ac
cu
r
ate
is
to
r
u
n
it
o
n
an
FP
GA
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
T
h
is
i
s
a
h
u
g
e
ad
v
an
ce
o
v
er
d
esig
n
er
s
wh
o
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tire
ly
o
n
s
o
f
twar
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
at
th
eir
h
ar
d
war
e
d
esig
n
is
s
o
u
n
d
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial si
lico
n
p
ass
,
ar
o
u
n
d
a
th
ir
d
o
f
all
cu
r
r
e
n
t
So
C
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
f
au
lt
-
f
r
ee
,
with
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
lo
g
ic
er
r
o
r
s
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
ab
o
u
t
h
alf
o
f
all
re
-
s
p
in
s
.
A
s
in
g
le
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
p
latf
o
r
m
m
ay
e
v
alu
ate
h
ar
d
war
e,
f
ir
m
war
e,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
d
esig
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
i
n
itial si
lico
n
p
ass
[
2
3
]
.
As
cir
cu
it
co
m
p
lex
ity
r
is
es
an
d
tim
e
-
to
-
m
a
r
k
et
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
v
er
if
ic
atio
n
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
it
(
ASI
C
)
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
on
-
ch
ip
(
So
C
)
d
esig
n
s
g
r
o
ws.
Har
d
war
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ar
e
g
ain
in
g
tr
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
v
e
r
if
icatio
n
en
g
in
ee
r
s
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
t
est
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
at
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
s
u
tili
zin
g
o
n
-
c
h
ip
b
u
s
clo
ck
s
,
r
a
th
er
th
a
n
s
im
u
latio
n
clo
ck
s
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
a
cc
u
r
ately
r
ef
lect
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
[
2
4
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
m
u
lti
-
m
illi
o
n
g
ate
d
esig
n
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
te
d
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
FP
GA,
th
ey
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
a
m
u
lti
-
FP
GA
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
p
l
atf
o
r
m
with
s
ix
o
r
m
o
r
e
FP
G
As
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
ewe
r
FP
GAs
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
,
th
e
less
ef
f
o
r
t
th
e
d
esig
n
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
m
u
s
t
ex
p
e
n
d
[
2
6
]
.
An
im
ag
e
o
f
a
n
FP
GA
-
b
ased
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
p
latf
o
r
m
with
a
d
u
al
-
FP
GA
s
etu
p
is
s
h
o
wn
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t [
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
In
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
6
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
20
24
:
8
5
4
-
8
6
2
860
3.
3
.
ASI
C
perf
o
rm
a
nce
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
R
T
L
s
ch
e
m
atic
in
th
e
ca
d
e
n
ce
R
T
L
co
m
p
iler
.
T
ab
le
5
illu
s
tr
ates
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
e
v
ice
u
tili
za
tio
n
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
ASI
C
-
im
p
lem
en
ted
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
ex
am
in
ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
[
5
]
a
n
d
[
9
]
,
a
r
e
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
co
r
e
ar
ea
,
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
d
el
ay
,
an
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
Me
th
o
d
[
5
]
is
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
co
r
e
ar
ea
o
f
1
6
.
0
2
m
m
²,
with
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
3
to
1
.
9
9
m
W
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
n
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
elay
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
it
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
1
8
0
n
m
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Me
th
o
d
[
9
]
ex
h
i
b
its
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
s
m
aller
co
r
e
ar
ea
o
f
0
.
7
4
7
m
m
²,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
a
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
0
.
0
6
3
m
W
.
S
im
ilar
to
[
5
]
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
elay
f
o
r
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
a
n
d
it
u
tili
ze
s
9
0
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fo
r
th
e
1
8
0
n
m
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
h
as
a
co
r
e
ar
ea
o
f
4
.
8
2
5
m
m
²
,
a
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
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tio
n
o
f
0
.
5
8
2
m
W
,
an
d
a
d
ela
y
o
f
0
.
4
0
2
n
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
4
5
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
c
o
r
e
ar
ea
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
e
d
u
ce
s
to
1
.
4
8
7
m
m
²,
with
a
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
0
.
0
6
2
m
W
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ela
y
o
f
0
.
3
9
1
n
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
ev
ic
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
with
o
th
er
ASI
C
-
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
tech
n
iq
u
es
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
C
o
r
e
A
r
e
a
(
mm
)
2
P
o
w
e
r
(
mW
)
D
e
l
a
y
(
n
s)
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
5
]
1
6
.
0
2
0
.
4
3
~
1
.
9
9
-
1
8
0
n
m
[
9
]
0
.
7
4
7
0
.
0
6
3
-
9
0
n
m
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
w
o
r
k
4
.
8
2
5
0
.
5
8
2
0
.
4
0
2
1
8
0
n
m
1
.
4
8
7
0
.
0
6
2
0
.
3
9
1
4
5
nm
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
T
L
s
ch
em
atic
in
ca
d
en
ce
R
T
L
co
m
p
iler
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
im
p
lem
e
n
ts
an
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
tim
i
ze
d
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
ad
io
s
am
p
le
r
ate
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
n
th
e
Vir
tex
-
6
XC
6
VC
X2
4
0
t
-
2
FF
4
8
4
FP
GA.
A
lo
wp
ass
FIR
f
ilte
r
o
f
1
6
tap
s
is
u
s
ed
to
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o
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h
e
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g
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f
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t
i
n
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e
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o
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s
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[
1
]
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2
]
R
.
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[
5
]
X
.
Li
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.
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[
7
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K
.
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52
In
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we
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c
a
n
b
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c
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ted
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rp
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sre
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d
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m
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.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.