TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015, pp. 97 ~ 10
2
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
14i1.726
2
97
Re
cei
v
ed
De
cem
ber 2
6
, 2014; Re
vi
sed
March 8, 201
5; Acce
pted
March 21, 20
15
A New Approa
ch of Localized Human Blood Reheating
using High Frequency Converter
P. K. Sadhu
1
, P.
Pal*
2
, A.
Halder
3
, A. G
a
nguly
3
, N. P
a
l
1
, P.
Bho
w
mik
4
1
Electrical En
gi
neer
ing D
e
p
a
rtment, Indian S
c
hoo
l of Mines
(und
er MHRD,
Govt. of India)
2
Electrical En
gi
neer
ing D
e
p
a
rtment, Saroj Mo
han Institut
e of
T
e
chnol
og
y, A
Unit
of
T
e
chno
India Group,
Guptipar
a, Hoo
ghl
y: 71
25
12 (Indi
a)
3
Batanag
ar Ins
t
itute of Engin
e
e
rin
g
Mana
ge
ment & Scienc
e,
B7-36
0
/ Ne
w
,
W
a
rd No. 30, Putkhal
i, Mahe
sh
tala, Kolk
ata
:
70014
1, W
e
st Benga
l, India
4
Medical D
i
rect
or, AMRI Muk
unda
pur, Kolk
ata: 7000
59, Indi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: mail2
pal
ash
@
gmai
l.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
he pap
er pr
esents the h
u
m
a
n
bl
ood r
e
heati
ng
tech
ni
que for
me
dic
a
l pur
poses
w
i
th high
freque
ncy in
du
ction h
eatin
g
system. T
he t
e
mper
ature is
ana
ly
z
e
d to
d
e
te
rmin
e
the h
eat distri
butio
n
in
different pos
iti
ons of hu
ma
n blo
od w
i
thin th
e non
me
ta
llic
tank. In the propos
ed in
ducti
on he
ating sys
tem,
the ind
u
ctive a
pplic
ator is a pr
imar
y w
o
rking
coil of the
mod
i
fied ha
lf br
id
ge
high freq
ue
nc
y inverter an
d the
RBCs w
i
thin the blo
od w
ill be
w
o
rking as second
ar
y ele
m
e
n
t. The simul
a
tion sh
ow
s that the heatin
g ar
e
a
can b
e
effectiv
ely contro
ll
ed
by usin
g the c
y
lindr
ical
s
h
ie
l
d
w
i
th adjusta
b
l
e spac
e. How
e
ver, the effici
ency
of he
at ca
n
be
incr
ease
d
by
varyin
g th
e ra
d
i
us s
i
z
e
of
cyl
i
nder
ther
eby mor
e
fl
ux app
e
a
rs
a
n
d
more
edd
y
emf
is
ind
u
ce
d
.
Henc
e th
e r
e
sultin
g e
ddy
c
u
rrent
in
cre
a
se
s the r
e
frig
erat
ed
blo
o
d
of r
a
nge
1ºC-
6ºC
to
37ºC.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
bl
o
od reh
eati
ng, b
l
oo
d transfusi
o
n
, mo
difie
d
ha
lf bridg
e
inverter
, inductio
n
he
ating, COMSOL
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
The ge
neral
purp
o
se of a heat tre
a
tment is to
enhan
ce
bl
ood flow
rat
e
before
transfu
sio
n
[1]. Basically
sup
e
rfici
a
l an
d deep
heat
treatment p
r
o
c
e
s
ses a
r
e u
s
ed in
medi
cal
system
for
bl
ood
wa
rmin
g. Supe
rficial
h
eat tre
a
tm
ent
intro
duces h
eat to the
bo
dy su
rfa
c
e
while
the dee
p h
eat treatme
n
t
s direct h
e
a
t towa
rd
specifi
c
inn
e
r tissu
es th
rough
ultra
s
o
und
techn
o
logy a
nd by electri
c
current [2-9].
The hyd
r
othe
rapy he
at tre
a
tment is u
s
ed for
ma
ny musculo
s
kele
tal diso
rde
r
s.
Fluidic
therapy is a f
o
rm of heat treatment, are
basi
c
a
lly u
s
e
d
in medical treatme
nt purposes [12].
Among the t
h
ree
ba
sic h
eat tran
sfer
method
s the
radiatio
n techni
que invol
v
es the
transmissio
n and ab
so
rptio
n
of electro
m
agneti
c
wave
s to pro
duce a heating effe
ct [24-2
5
].
2. Blood Co
mposition
The re
d bloo
d corpu
scl
es
(RB
C
s) co
nta
i
n hemogl
obi
n molecule which i
s
an a
s
sembly of
four globul
ar protein
subu
nits.
Ea
ch su
bunit
i
s
com
p
ose
d
of
a
protein
chai
n ti
ghtly asso
cia
t
ed
with a non
-p
rotein heme g
r
oup [10-12].
The iro
n
ion (heme
)
may b
e
either in th
e Fe
2+
or in the Fe
3+
state
[13]. These
Fe
3+
ions
exhibit the magneti
c
pro
p
e
r
ty [6]. Hence
in the
prop
osed tech
niqu
e the heating el
ement of bloo
d
i.e.
RBCs
the
m
selve
s
will work as a
se
con
dary
elem
ent. Thereby
eddy emf
will
be ge
ne
rated
and bloo
d wi
ll be heated
as pe
r re
quirement. In high frequ
en
cy inductio
n
he
ating the blo
od
comp
ositio
n remain
s un
ch
ange
d [14-1
6
]
.
3. Method
s a
nd Discu
ssi
on
Inductio
n
h
e
a
t
ing
involves applying an ac ele
c
tric
si
gnal
to a coil
pla
c
ed nea
r spe
c
ific
place in the
heating lo
op
and the m
e
tallic obj
ec
t
will be heate
d
[16]. The alternatin
g current
cre
a
tes a
n
al
ternating
ma
gnetic flux wi
thin the
met
a
l to b
e
heat
ed in
the
loo
p
. Eddy emf
is
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02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 97 – 102
98
indu
ced in th
e metal by the elect
r
oma
g
netic fl
ux and
heats u
p
the
material [18]
. Fundame
n
tal
theory of in
d
u
ction
heatin
g is
simila
r a
s
tra
n
sfo
r
me
r operation, where
prim
ary
coil i
s
tre
a
ted
as
heating coils and the current induced i
n
se
cond
ary
is dire
ctly proportio
nal to prima
r
y cu
rre
nt
according to
turn ratio [19
]. Figure 1
shows
the e
q
u
ivalent ci
rcu
i
t of transformer. When t
h
e
se
con
dary is single turne
d
and short
circuited
sh
o
w
n in Figu
re
2 then a su
b
s
tantial he
at loss
occurs du
e to incre
a
sed se
con
dary loa
d
curre
n
t. Here,
Z
L
is the path resi
stan
ce
of blood flow.
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of transfo
rme
r
Figure 2. Single turne
d
an
d sho
r
t circuit
ed
Sec
o
ndary
Figure 3. Dia
g
ram of blo
o
d
heat
ing thro
u
gh non
-metall
i
c tank
Figure 3
sh
o
w
s a
system
wh
ere
the b
l
ood
sup
p
lied
from the
so
urce i
s
of th
e same
amount a
s
t
he combin
ed
loss of the
prima
r
y and
se
con
dary. Here bl
ood i
s
con
s
id
ere
d
the
se
con
dary el
ement of the heating ele
m
ent. When
bl
ood will be cu
t by
the flux
then eddy emf
wil
l
be develo
ped
in the blood
so the blo
od
will be he
ated
[19-20].
Basically ed
dy current h
a
s mo
st imp
o
rtant
role for he
ating of
blood. Whe
r
ea
s, for
magneti
c
ma
terial the
r
e
will be
some
contributio
n
from hyste
r
e
s
i
s
lo
ss. Thi
s
l
o
ss (hyste
re
sis
Powe
r) i
s
pro
portion
al to f
r
eque
ncy
(f)
a
nd the
ed
dy current lo
ss (e
ddy Power
)
i
s
pro
p
o
r
tional
to
squ
a
re of fre
quen
cy (f
2
) for magn
etic m
a
terial.
1.
6
ma
x
2
2
ma
x
Hy
s
h
Ed
d
y
e
P
f
KB
f
PK
B
(
1
)
Whe
r
e, K
h
, K
e
and B
ma
x
are con
s
ta
nts of hysteresi
s
loss, e
ddy curre
n
t loss and
maximum flux density, respectively.
Therefore, hystere
s
i
s
lo
ss become
s
sm
all
co
mpa
r
ed
to the
eddy
curre
n
t lo
ss
at high
er
freque
ncy. O
n
the other h
and, depth of
saturation is
inversely pro
portion
al to freque
ncy. He
nce,
sele
ction of a
prope
r value
of the freque
ncy is requi
re
d.
f
(
2
)
Whe
r
e,
ρ
=
specifi
c
re
sista
n
ce of the wo
rk-pie
ce a
nd
μ
= permeability of
the work piece.
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A New App
r
o
a
ch of Lo
cali
zed Hum
an Bl
ood Rehe
atin
g usin
g Hig
h
Freq
uen
cy…
(P. K. Sadhu)
99
Figure 5 indi
cate
s a spe
c
ially desi
g
n
ed
eddy cu
rrent heated static blood p
a
ckag
e
developed in
the proposed
schem
e
whi
c
h i
s
tightly i
n
corporated
i
n
to the
non-metallic vessel or
tank
in the tank
[21].
In this
se
ctio
n, it is explai
ned the
re
sul
t
s of
research and
at the
same
time i
s
given the
comp
re
hen
si
ve discussio
n
.
Results can
be prese
n
te
d in figure
s
,
grap
hs, tabl
e
s
and
others
tha
t
make the
rea
der un
de
rsta
nd ea
sily [2,
5]. The discu
ssi
on can be
made in seve
ral su
b-ch
apt
ers.
4. Adv
a
ntages of Ne
w
Pr
actice ov
er Prior Scheme
Prior to the d
e
velopme
n
t of induction h
e
a
ting,
microwave provide
d
the prime me
ans of
heating h
u
ma
n blood. Indu
ction he
ating
offers
a n
u
mb
er of advanta
ges ove
r
that heating:
Quick h
eatin
g: More
qui
ck respon
se
rates th
a
n
the
conve
c
tion,
radiation
and
diele
c
tric
p
r
oc
es
se
s
.
Heat di
stributi
on: More u
n
iform he
at
distribution than o
t
her heatin
g p
r
ocesse
s.
Tempe
r
atu
r
e
control: Smooth an
d ea
sy temp
e
r
atu
r
e control is possibl
e wit
h
high
freque
ncy he
ating.
Relia
bility: Good compa
c
t
ness an
d hig
h
reliability in high freq
uen
cy heating.
Energy
savin
g
s: Hi
gh e
n
e
r
gy den
sity c
an be
achie
v
ed by prod
ucin
g sufficie
n
t heat
energy with a relatively small peri
od o
f
time.
But with the other proc
esse
s e
nergy mu
st be
sup
p
lied
conti
nuou
sly to maintain tempe
r
ature duri
ng
pro
c
e
ssi
ng a
s
a re
sult time delaying.
More
over the
high fre
que
n
c
y indu
ction
heati
ng provi
des other adv
antage
s su
ch
as
e
a
sy
of automation
and cont
rol, Req
u
ire
m
ent of le
ss mai
n
tenan
ce, safe and cl
ean wo
rkin
g co
nditio
n
s
[21].
5. Proposed
Modified Half Bridge Inv
e
rter fo
r Bloo
d Rehe
ating
In the ci
rcuit
operation h
a
s
be
en
discu
s
sed in
detail
.
Here hu
ma
n bloo
d is co
nsid
ere
d
se
con
dary
co
il of heating
element
whi
c
h ca
n be p
a
s
ses th
rou
g
h
the vessel o
r
pla
c
ed i
n
the
vessel thereb
y it can be re
heated
with this p
r
op
os
ed
inverter [22].
The exa
c
t ci
rcuit di
agram
of
the Modified
Half Bridg
e
in
verter is
sho
w
n in Figu
re
4.
Figure 4. Pro
posed ci
rcuit diagram
of modified half-bridge inverte
r
Table 1. Swit
chin
g ON-OF
F
cha
r
t of MOSFETs (BF1
2
07)
S1 S2
V
out
ON
OF
F
+
V
i
/2
O
FF O
N
-
V
i
/2
Modified h
a
lf bridg
e
ci
rcui
t is normally use
d
for hi
gh
er po
we
r out
put. Four
soli
d state
swit
che
s
are
use
d
a
nd t
w
o switche
s
a
r
e trigg
e
red
si
multaneo
usly
. Here M
O
SFETs
(BF12
0
7)
are used as solid
state
switch
es
be
ca
use
it can b
e
exist at
high
frequ
en
cy a
pplication
s
. Anti-
parall
e
l dio
d
e
s
D1 and
D2
are
con
n
e
c
te
d with the
switche
s
S1 an
d S2 re
spe
c
ti
vely that allows
the cu
rre
nt to flow wh
en th
e main switch is tu
rn
ed O
FF. The op
eration of
soli
d
st
at
e s
w
it
ch
es
can
be de
pict
ed a
s
sh
own
in Table
1. Accordi
ng to
Fi
gure
7, wh
en
there i
s
no
si
gnal at S1 an
d
S2, cap
a
cito
rs
C1 a
nd
C2
are
ch
arg
ed t
o
a voltag
e of
Vi /2 ea
ch. T
he G
a
te pul
se app
ea
rs at
the
gate G
1
to tu
rn S1
O
N
. Capa
citor
C1
discha
rge
s
th
roug
h the
pat
h NOPTN. At
the
same
time
cap
a
cito
r C2
charge
s through the pat
h MNOPTS
Y
M
. The disch
a
rgin
g cu
rren
t of C1 and the
cha
r
gin
g
cu
rrent of C2 sim
u
ltaneo
usly flow from P
to T. In the next slit of the gate pulse, S1 an
d
S2 remai
n
O
FF and th
e
cap
a
cito
rs
ch
arge to
a vo
ltage Vi /2 e
a
ch
agai
n. T
he Gate
pul
se
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02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 97 – 102
100
appe
ars at the gate G2, so
turning on S
2
. The ca
paci
t
or C2 di
scha
rge
s
thro
ugh
the path TPQ
S
T
and th
e
cha
r
ging
path fo
r
cap
a
cito
r
C1
is M
N
TPQSY
M
. The
disch
a
rgin
g
cu
rre
n
t
of C2
an
d t
h
e
cha
r
gin
g
current
of C1 si
multaneo
usly
flow
fr
om T
to P. The
both
swit
che
s
mu
st o
p
e
r
ate
alternatively
otherwise the
r
e m
a
y be
a
cha
n
ce of
sh
ort ci
rcuiting.
In ca
se
of re
sistive lo
ad, t
he
curre
n
t wavef
o
rm follo
ws the voltage
waveform b
u
t not in case o
f
rea
c
tive loa
d
. The fee
d
b
a
ck
diode
ope
rat
e
s fo
r the
rea
c
tive load
wh
en the volta
g
e
and
current
are
of op
po
site pola
r
ities [
26-
27].
6. Simulation Resul
t
s an
d Discus
s
io
n
In this conte
x
t Figure
5
depi
cts th
at
the
surfa
c
e temperature distrib
u
tion
b
y
th
e
prop
osed
techniqu
e fo
r b
l
ood
re
heatin
g befo
r
e
tra
n
sfu
s
ion
to
human
b
ody. The
ave
r
ag
e
temperature
of the blood t
h
rough
non-metallic tank
has i
n
creased
with i
n
sm
all period
of time
due to in
crea
sing
eddy em
f. The temperature field fo
ll
ows the he
at-sou
rce di
strib
u
tion quite
well.
That i
s
, ne
ar
the p
r
otru
sio
n
the
he
at so
urce i
s
strong
, whi
c
h
lead
s to hi
gh te
mp
eratu
r
e
s
a
n
d
the
blood ma
nag
es to ke
ep the tissue at norm
a
l
body
temperatu
r
e
without dam
aging the blo
o
d
particl
es.
Figure 5. Surface Te
mpe
r
a
t
ure dist
ributi
on in
the blood
cell
in K
Figure 6. Hea
t
absorption o
f
blood for different
mass
in kJ
Figure 6 sh
ows the resulting heat
absorptio
n o
f
different mass at ste
ady-state
temperature
distrib
u
tion in
the human b
l
ood. The
a
m
ount of heat
requi
re
d to ra
ise the o
p
timal
temperature i
s
46.2
kJ a
nd
59.4 kJ for 35
0 mL and 45
0
mL blood tan
k
re
spe
c
tively.
Figure 7 a
n
d
Figure 8
sh
ow the i
ndu
ced ed
dy
voltage a
nd e
d
d
y
current in
the blo
o
d
tank by Modif
i
ed Half Brid
g
e
inverter fitte
d indu
ction h
eater respe
c
tively. The rms output voltag
e
is 1
08.2 volt
across
T a
n
d
P point
of Fi
gure
5.
T
he
rms o
u
tput
cu
rre
nt is 9.46
ampe
re th
rou
gh
blood
tan
k
,
which
a
r
e ta
ke
n in
the
platform
of PSI
M. The
an
alysi
s
revel
s
th
at
with this sch
e
m
e
350
mL
and
450
mL
of
bloo
d
coul
d
re
ach its o
p
timal temp
e
r
ature
within
45
s a
nd
5
8
s
r
e
spec
tively.
Figure 7. Induce
d
Eddy voltage in the bl
ood
tank
Figure 8. Eddy current in the blood tan
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
A New App
r
o
a
ch of Lo
cali
zed Hum
an Bl
ood Rehe
atin
g usin
g Hig
h
Freq
uen
cy…
(P. K. Sadhu)
101
Figure 9 plot
s the sp
ecifi
c
abso
r
ption
rate
(SAR) al
ong a line pa
rallel to the receive
r
.
From the
abo
ve grap
h it can be
pre
d
ict
that this
inve
rter g
ood fo
r
confo
r
mity of blood
reh
eati
ng
and
re
sults clean h
eat p
r
odu
ction fo
r
human
bl
o
o
d
reh
eating
which i
s
req
u
ired befo
r
e
bl
ood
transfu
sio
n
to human bo
dy.
Figure 9. Gra
ph of spe
c
ific
absorpt
io
n rat
e
in W/Kg Vs arc le
ngth
The eddy currents in a
co
ndu
ctive cylin
der
p
r
od
uce heat. Here, the ohmi
c
losse
s
and
temperature
distrib
u
te in the vessel, the heat tr
an
sfer and el
ectric field simul
a
tions mu
st be
carrie
d out si
multaneo
usly
.
From the ab
o
v
e result
s it can be pre
d
ict
that
propo
se
d modified ha
lf bridge inverter will
give new
setu
p in medical scien
c
e
s
for q
u
ick bloo
d re
heating b
e
fore transf
u
sio
n
to human bo
d
y
.
7. Conclusio
n
Hen
c
e ap
art
from other types of heat exc
han
g
e
rs u
s
e
d
in
medical
sci
ence, this
prop
osed te
chniqu
e with
h
i
gh fre
quen
cy
indu
ction
h
e
a
ting will
be
more
suita
b
le
as it follo
ws
th
e
proto
c
ol for f
a
st bloo
d he
ating witho
u
t damagin
g
b
l
ood compo
s
i
t
ion due to exce
ssive h
e
a
t.
Ho
wever thi
s
modified half
bridge inve
rt
er may be u
s
ed in medi
cal
scie
n
ces fo
r locali
ze
d bloo
d
rehe
ating bef
ore tra
n
sfu
s
io
n to human b
ody.
Referen
ces
[1]
Gu
y
t
o
n
, Arthur
C, Joh
n
E
Ha
ll. T
e
xtbo
ok of
Medi
c
a
l
Ph
ysi
o
lo
g
y
.
11t
h e
d
i
t
ion. Ph
ila
de
lp
hia: E
l
sevi
e
r
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ders. 20
0
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: 511.
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C
C
W
.
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p
i
r
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y F
uncti
on
of H
e
mog
l
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b
in
.
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l
a
nd Journ
a
l of
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d
i
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.
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;
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4): 239-
24
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iol
i
M, Pinto M, Cesse
lli D, et al.
Unex
pecte
d e
x
pressi
on of alp
ha- an
d b
e
ta-gl
obi
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mes
enc
eph
al
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min
e
rgic
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berg
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hum KL, S
hor
r RG. Hemog
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ho
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uri
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eber
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 14, No. 1, April 2015 : 97 – 102
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