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211
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d
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m
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ac
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r
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s
.
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az
ar
d
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f
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s
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s
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d
h
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(
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o
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n
ize
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th
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ar
m
s
wo
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k
er
s
'
h
ea
lth
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
o
f
wo
r
k
[
1
]
.
Hea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
n
o
is
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
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r
in
g
im
p
air
m
e
n
t,
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
r
in
g
lo
s
s
,
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
ea
r
an
d
h
ea
r
i
n
g
n
er
v
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
h
e
ar
in
g
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
s
o
m
n
ia,
s
tr
ess
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ce
d
c
o
n
c
en
tr
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,
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i
f
f
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lt
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co
m
m
u
n
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g
,
an
d
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
i
s
e
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
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in
cr
e
ase
with
m
o
r
e
n
o
is
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
at
wo
r
k
.
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h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
u
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ce
o
f
s
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
also
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
le
v
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o
f
s
o
u
n
d
in
ten
s
ity
r
ec
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ed
.
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h
e
in
ten
s
i
ty
o
f
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o
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n
d
t
h
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
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s
e
if
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d
is
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ce
f
r
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m
th
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o
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n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es,
an
d
v
ice
v
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r
s
a
[
3
]
.
N
I
HL
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
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o
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g
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ex
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to
w
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k
p
lace
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o
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ch
ar
ac
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b
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en
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o
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y
n
e
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g
lo
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s
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in
wh
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lo
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g
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ter
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ti
n
u
o
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s
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o
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p
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s
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s
to
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th
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u
s
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e
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ass
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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214
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ate
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ests
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at
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iate
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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lic
Hea
lth
Sci
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2252
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8
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215
B
ased
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T
ab
le
6
with
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r
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r
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test
,
t
h
e
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v
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iate
test
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s
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ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le.
it
is
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
len
g
t
h
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
ag
e
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
r
ig
h
t
ea
r
h
ea
r
in
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
(
p
-
v
alu
e<
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
l
es
o
n
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
is
6
2
.
7
%
(
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
=0
.
6
2
7
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
est
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
test
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
e,
th
e
n
o
is
e
in
ten
s
ity
v
ar
ia
b
le
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
r
ig
h
t
ea
r
h
ea
r
in
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
wo
r
k
i
n
g
p
er
i
o
d
,
ag
e
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
wee
k
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
n
o
is
e
in
ten
city
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
e
f
f
i
cien
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
ab
o
v
e
s
h
o
w
th
e
n
o
is
e
in
ten
s
ity
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
2
9
s
o
t
h
at
it c
an
p
r
ed
ict
6
2
.
9
% o
f
th
e
lef
t e
ar
h
ea
r
in
g
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
e.
T
ab
le
6
.
Mu
ltiv
ar
iat
an
a
y
s
is
test
f
o
r
n
o
is
e
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
h
ea
r
i
n
g
th
r
esh
o
l
d
lev
el
o
f
lef
t e
ar
s
u
b
jects
M
o
d
e
l
A
n
o
v
a
t
e
st
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
e
st
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
S
i
g
.
F
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
R
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
R
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
(
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
3
6
.
5
5
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
6
2
7
0
.
6
0
5
.
0
1
4
Le
n
g
t
h
o
f
e
mp
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
(
w
e
e
k
)
.
0
0
3
.
9
6
9
A
g
e
.
1
6
7
.
0
3
2
Le
n
g
t
h
o
f
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
.
1
3
4
.
0
9
8
N
o
i
se
i
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
.
6
2
8
.
0
0
0
(
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
)
4
9
.
2
9
1
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
1
1
A
g
e
.
1
6
7
.
0
2
9
Le
n
g
t
h
o
f
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
.
1
3
4
.
0
9
6
N
o
i
se
i
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
.
6
2
9
.
0
0
0
a
.
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
:
N
I
H
L
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
s
teel
in
d
u
s
tr
y
w
o
r
k
er
s
s
itu
ated
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
n
o
is
e
zo
n
e
ex
h
ib
ited
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
NI
HL
d
u
e
to
th
eir
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
n
o
is
e
lev
els
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
9
1
.
7
9
to
9
6
.
0
7
d
B
(
A)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
n
o
is
e
lev
els
wi
th
in
th
e
r
ice
m
illi
n
g
p
lan
t
ex
h
ib
ited
v
a
r
iatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
n
o
is
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
lev
el
e
x
ce
ed
in
g
8
5
d
B
(
A)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
n
o
is
e
lev
els
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
eir
wo
r
k
s
h
if
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
teelwo
r
k
er
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
an
av
er
a
g
e
wee
k
ly
wo
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
o
f
3
5
.
0
0
(
S
D
=
7
.
7
0
2
)
h
o
u
r
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
ly
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
t
o
t
h
e
ir
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
e
x
c
e
s
s
i
v
e
l
ev
e
l
s
o
f
n
o
i
s
e
,
a
s
ad
v
i
s
ed
b
y
O
S
H
A
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
m
i
s
s
i
b
l
e
l
im
i
t
f
o
r
w
o
r
k
e
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
i
s
8
5
d
B
(
A
)
f
o
r
a
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
i
g
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
p
r
e
v
a
le
n
ce
o
f
h
ea
r
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
r
i
c
e
m
i
l
l
wo
r
k
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
o
v
er
7
0
%
,
m
a
y
b
e
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
to
t
h
e
r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
b
y
O
S
H
A
t
h
a
t
wo
r
k
e
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
a
s
s
8
5
d
B
(
A
)
f
o
r
a
d
u
r
a
t
io
n
o
f
e
i
g
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
d
ay
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
l
ig
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
p
r
io
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
b
y
K
er
d
o
n
f
a
g
,
w
h
i
ch
in
d
ic
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
NI
H
L
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
ly
m
an
i
f
e
s
t
s
a
t
e
le
v
a
te
d
l
ev
e
l
s
o
f
i
n
t
en
s
i
t
y
[
9
]
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
lo
u
d
n
o
i
s
e
e
i
t
h
e
r
o
n
c
e
o
r
f
o
r
an
e
x
t
en
d
ed
p
e
r
i
o
d
ca
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
h
e
ar
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
.
P
r
o
l
o
n
g
ed
an
d
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
n
o
i
s
e
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
to
g
r
ad
u
a
l
an
d
i
r
r
ev
e
r
s
i
b
l
e
h
ea
r
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
in
b
o
th
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
ev
e
a
l
ed
t
h
a
t
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
wh
o
w
er
e
e
x
p
o
s
e
d
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
ex
p
e
r
i
en
c
ed
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
o
f
h
e
a
r
in
g
l
o
s
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
ly
th
a
n
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
a
l
s
w
h
o
we
r
e
n
o
t
.
T
h
e
s
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
w
e
r
e
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
al
l
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
,
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
ly
in
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
to
t
in
n
i
tu
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
p
r
e
s
en
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
ar
e
in
c
o
n
g
r
u
en
t
w
i
th
p
r
i
o
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
b
y
M
en
s
a
-
Y
a
w
s
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
.
T
i
n
n
i
tu
s
c
an
p
o
t
e
n
t
ia
l
l
y
ar
i
s
e
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
p
r
i
o
r
o
c
cu
p
a
t
io
n
a
l
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
h
ig
h
l
ev
e
l
s
o
f
n
o
i
s
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
e
l
y
,
e
ar
i
n
f
e
c
t
io
n
s
m
ay
a
r
i
s
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
in
g
a
n
e
a
r
i
n
ju
r
y
t
h
a
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
l
ea
s
e
o
f
p
u
s
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
e
ar
[
1
7
]
.
N
e
v
er
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
ad
d
i
t
io
n
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t
i
n
cr
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
l
i
k
el
i
h
o
o
d
o
f
ex
p
er
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
h
e
a
r
in
g
l
o
s
s
en
c
o
m
p
a
s
s
a
d
v
an
c
ed
a
g
e
,
f
am
i
l
i
a
l
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
o
t
i
t
i
s
m
ed
i
a
,
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
wi
t
h
a
u
to
-
to
x
i
c
m
e
d
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
l
i
k
e
a
m
i
n
o
g
ly
c
o
s
id
e
s
a
n
d
n
i
co
t
i
n
e,
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
h
i
g
h
d
e
c
ib
e
l
s
o
u
n
d
s
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
t,
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
titu
te
f
o
r
Occ
u
p
atio
n
al
Saf
ety
a
n
d
Hea
lth
(
NI
OSH
)
im
p
o
s
es
a
m
ax
im
u
m
lim
it
o
f
8
5
d
B
(
A)
f
o
r
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
d
is
p
lay
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Hy
g
ien
e
C
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
Un
ited
States
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
a
n
o
is
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
lev
el
o
f
8
5
d
B
(
A)
d
u
r
in
g
ei
g
h
t
wo
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
et
as
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
to
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
wo
r
k
er
s
f
r
o
m
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
t.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
OSHA
g
u
id
elin
es,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
n
o
is
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
ass
9
0
d
B
/A
d
u
r
in
g
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
eig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
wh
ile
wo
r
k
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
I
n
d
o
n
esian
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
s
p
ec
if
y
th
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
tio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
et
at
8
5
d
B
(
A)
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
d
u
r
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
h
ea
r
in
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
HT
L
)
is
h
ig
h
er
in
th
e
lef
t
ea
r
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t
e
ar
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esea
r
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
Ker
d
o
n
f
a
g
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
p
ar
ity
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
h
eig
h
ten
ed
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
lef
t
e
ar
o
r
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
n
o
is
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
wo
r
k
er
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
f
ac
t
o
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als en
g
a
g
ed
in
p
ea
t g
r
in
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
th
e
Kar
an
g
an
y
ar
d
is
tr
ict.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
it
y
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
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f
n
o
is
e
-
r
elate
d
m
o
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b
id
ity
,
with
ar
o
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n
d
8
4
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o
f
th
em
ex
p
e
r
ien
cin
g
a
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
in
o
n
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Ma
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20
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ea
r
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r
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atio
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i
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d
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s
ar
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n
s
u
r
p
r
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g
d
u
e
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elev
ated
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o
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e
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th
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ilit
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,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
wo
r
k
er
s
'
h
ea
r
i
n
g
h
ea
lth
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
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th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
n
o
is
e
-
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elate
d
s
y
m
p
t
o
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s
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o
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r
esp
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en
ts
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4
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2
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wh
ich
was
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
in
ci
d
en
ce
am
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
y
wo
r
k
er
s
in
Gh
an
a
b
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
th
an
in
I
lo
r
in
,
Nig
er
ia
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
f
ac
t
o
r
s
r
elate
d
to
HT
L
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
>
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
d
u
e
to
n
o
is
e
an
d
th
e
r
est
wer
e
d
u
e
t
o
o
t
h
er
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
n
o
is
e
-
r
elate
d
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
was
8
4
.
5
%,
w
h
ich
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
in
cid
e
n
c
e
am
o
n
g
f
ac
to
r
y
wo
r
k
er
s
in
Gh
an
a
b
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
w
er
th
an
th
at
in
I
lo
r
in
,
Nig
e
r
ia
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
i
n
th
e
s
teel
m
i
ll
co
u
ld
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
b
e
attr
i
b
u
ted
to
t
h
e
s
ca
le
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
as
it
is
an
ticip
ated
th
at
lar
g
er
-
s
ca
le
co
m
p
an
ies
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
o
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
d
ay
[
7
]
.
Ab
o
u
t
1
7
%
o
f
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
h
ad
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
o
n
e
ea
r
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
alar
m
in
g
,
th
is
r
esu
l
t
m
ay
b
e
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
g
i
v
en
t
h
e
h
ig
h
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
n
o
is
e
d
u
r
in
g
r
ice
m
illi
n
g
.
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
n
o
is
e
o
n
h
ea
r
in
g
is
ty
p
ically
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e,
m
o
s
tly
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
'
s
s
h
ad
o
w
an
d
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
r
ig
h
t
ea
r
e
x
p
er
ien
c
es
a
g
r
ea
te
r
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
n
o
is
e
im
p
ac
t
co
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
th
e
lef
t
ea
r
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
to
o
u
r
r
es
ea
r
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
th
is
wo
r
k
er
is
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
m
o
d
e
r
ate.
All
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
to
o
k
p
ar
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
m
ale.
T
h
e
y
en
g
ag
e
in
ex
ten
d
ed
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
wo
r
k
.
Ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
NI
OSH
I
n
s
ti
tu
te,
th
ese
wo
r
k
er
s
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
b
ein
g
o
v
er
th
e
ag
e
o
f
4
0
is
a
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
h
ea
r
in
g
d
am
a
g
e.
Aze
s
s
's
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
ls
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
HT
L
an
d
ag
e.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
m
o
r
e
r
ap
i
d
in
cr
e
ase
in
HT
L
am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
ag
ed
3
0
an
d
a
b
o
v
e,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
at
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
th
at
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
t
an
d
ag
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
u
r
at
io
n
o
f
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
ex
ce
ed
in
g
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
an
d
th
e
e
x
ac
er
b
atio
n
o
f
NI
HL
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
h
ea
r
i
n
g
im
p
air
m
e
n
t
co
n
tin
u
es
to
r
is
e.
At
elev
ated
lev
els
o
f
n
o
is
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
n
o
is
e
ap
p
e
ar
s
to
p
o
s
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
to
a
u
d
ito
r
y
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
wo
r
k
e
r
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
lack
ed
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ai
n
s
t
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
r
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
n
o
i
s
e
lev
els
ex
ce
ed
in
g
9
0
d
B
(
A)
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
ai
r
m
en
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
y
wo
r
k
a
to
tal
o
f
6
0
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
wee
k
,
wh
ic
h
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
d
u
r
atio
n
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
en
g
ag
e
in
s
m
o
k
in
g
.
Sm
o
k
i
n
g
is
a
well
-
estab
lis
h
ed
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
an
d
h
as
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
b
ee
n
lin
k
e
d
to
h
ea
r
i
n
g
lo
s
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
is
u
n
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
th
at
g
r
in
d
in
g
wo
r
k
er
s
h
a
d
a
twice
-
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
m
o
r
b
id
ity
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
n
o
is
e
an
d
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
t
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Hen
c
e,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
s
m
o
k
in
g
ce
s
s
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
will
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tack
le
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
n
o
is
e
-
r
elate
d
m
o
r
b
id
ity
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
am
o
n
g
w
o
r
k
er
s
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
f
iv
e
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
t,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
g
r
ea
ter
ab
il
ity
to
p
r
ed
ict
h
ea
r
in
g
im
p
air
m
en
t
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
r
d
in
ar
y
h
ea
r
i
n
g
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
r
em
ed
y
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
NI
HL
is
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
co
n
tr
o
ls
aim
ed
at
elim
in
atin
g
o
r
lo
wer
i
n
g
n
o
is
e.
T
o
m
itig
ate
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
NI
HL
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
n
o
is
e
lev
el
t
o
a
lev
el
b
elo
w
8
0
d
B
A.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
wo
r
k
er
s
ag
ain
s
t
h
ea
r
in
g
lo
s
s
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
n
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4.
CO
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