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K
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s
:
C
o
p
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s
tr
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C
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
in
tr
ain
in
g
E
x
p
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ce
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
I
n
ter
n
s
h
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Ma
lay
s
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T
h
is i
s
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p
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c
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u
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d
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CC B
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SA
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se
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C
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s
p
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A
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r
:
Su
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aili A
r
if
in
Facu
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o
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B
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s
in
ess
,
E
co
n
o
m
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cs,
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d
So
cial
Dev
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p
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t,
Un
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s
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T
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Ma
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E
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s
u
h
aili@
u
m
t.e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
wo
r
l
d
h
as
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
v
er
y
d
r
asti
c
p
h
ase
o
f
ch
an
g
e
wh
en
ev
er
y
s
in
g
le
p
er
s
o
n
h
a
s
to
f
ig
h
t
th
eir
o
wn
b
attle
with
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
em
ic
th
at
s
tar
ted
in
2
0
2
0
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
also
k
n
o
wn
as
n
o
v
el
co
r
o
n
a
v
ir
u
s
is
a
s
ev
er
e
ac
u
te
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
e
[
4
]
th
at
is
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as a
h
ea
lth
cr
i
s
is
an
d
h
as
v
ar
io
u
s
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
h
u
m
an
life
u
n
til
to
d
ay
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
as
c
au
s
ed
p
eo
p
le
p
an
ic
an
d
f
ea
r
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
v
ir
u
s
h
as
s
p
r
ea
d
s
o
r
ap
id
ly
an
d
wid
ely
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
E
v
en
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
as
ca
u
s
ed
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ea
th
s
d
aily
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
s
tati
s
tic
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
0
0
m
illi
o
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
COV
ID
-
19
ca
s
es
wo
r
ld
wid
e,
o
f
wh
ic
h
m
o
r
e
th
an
6
m
illi
o
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
at
al
[
7
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
C
OVI
D
-
19
also
s
p
awn
s
s
o
m
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
h
as
i
n
d
ee
d
ca
u
s
e
d
v
a
r
io
u
s
a
r
ea
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
s
y
s
tem
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
p
ar
al
y
ze
d
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
ea
s
wer
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
wo
r
s
t
im
p
ac
ted
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
r
ep
o
r
t
e
d
th
at
s
tr
ess
[
4
]
,
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
;
an
x
iety
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
;
an
d
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
[
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
wer
e
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
ca
s
es
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
q
u
ar
a
n
tin
e
p
er
io
d
.
Sin
ce
th
e
wak
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
life
h
as
tu
r
n
ed
u
p
s
id
e
d
o
wn
wh
e
n
all
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es
h
ad
to
b
e
s
h
u
t
d
o
wn
,
an
d
all
th
e
f
ac
e
to
f
ac
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
wer
e
ter
m
in
ated
im
m
e
d
iately
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
y
wer
e
f
ee
lin
g
u
n
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
o
f
h
a
v
in
g
to
a
b
an
d
o
n
th
eir
f
ello
w
f
r
ien
d
s
o
r
r
elativ
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o
f
s
u
d
d
e
n
ly
h
av
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g
to
r
estrict
th
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f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
d
ev
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o
p
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g
f
ea
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Hea
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Sci
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N:
2252
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8
8
0
6
Th
e
ex
p
erien
ce
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
:
a
s
s
ess
in
g
th
e
Ma
la
ysia
n
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
in
tr
a
in
in
g
…
(
S
iti S
a
li
ma
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
461
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
c
o
n
f
u
s
ed
as
th
ey
g
r
a
p
p
le
with
to
tal
c
h
an
g
es
in
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
el
lo
r
s
ten
d
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
s
am
e
i
m
p
ac
t,
as
th
ey
wer
e
also
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ex
t
r
em
ely
d
r
asti
c
ch
an
g
e,
tr
ai
n
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
h
a
v
e
to
ad
a
p
t
f
ast to
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e,
ev
en
as
a
tr
ain
er
,
th
e
y
s
till
h
a
v
e
t
o
f
ac
e
r
ea
l
clien
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
tr
ain
in
g
as
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
B
o
ar
d
o
f
C
o
u
n
s
e
llo
r
s
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
r
eg
is
ter
ed
co
u
n
s
elo
r
licen
s
e.
All
th
ese
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
r
ely
ca
u
s
e
t
h
em
to
f
ee
l
d
esk
illed
,
an
x
io
u
s
,
s
tr
e
s
s
,
an
d
f
atig
u
ed
as
well
[
1
2
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
co
u
n
s
ellin
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s
er
v
ice
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
clien
ts
ca
n
a
ls
o
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
[
5
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
f
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
is
n
o
t
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t,
it will r
u
in
th
e
r
e
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
cr
ed
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
in
th
is
co
u
n
tr
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
is
s
u
es
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
am
o
n
g
th
e
c
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ea
lt
with
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
h
ea
lth
y
m
ea
n
s
.
As
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Ag
h
a
[
2
0
]
,
o
n
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
n
s
to
m
an
a
g
e
th
ese
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
t
s
d
u
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
wer
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
Ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
L
az
ar
u
s
[
2
1
]
,
co
p
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
a
s
an
ef
f
o
r
t
b
y
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
t
o
ad
a
p
t
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
t
h
e
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
ey
en
co
u
n
ter
th
at
c
h
an
g
e
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
n
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
as
th
ey
f
o
u
n
d
it
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
t
o
h
a
n
d
l
e
all
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
es
p
a
r
ticu
la
r
l
y
in
th
e
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
t
o
id
en
tif
y
in
m
u
c
h
d
etail,
ea
ch
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
wh
o
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic.
−
Co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
in
tr
ain
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
As
ass
er
ted
b
y
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l
.
it
was
a
to
u
g
h
er
c
h
allen
g
e
f
o
r
t
r
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
in
th
e
tim
e
th
at
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
h
ad
h
it
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
ey
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
a
d
to
m
an
ag
e
th
eir
o
wn
p
r
ess
u
r
e
d
u
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
b
u
t th
ey
also
h
ad
to
b
ea
r
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
h
elp
in
g
c
lien
ts
wh
o
wer
e
f
ac
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
ch
a
h
ea
v
y
a
n
d
a
r
d
u
o
u
s
task
to
s
h
o
u
ld
er
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
c
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
a
f
f
o
r
d
to
co
m
p
lete
th
eir
tr
ain
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
[
2
2
]
.
Oth
er
th
a
n
th
at,
r
esear
ch
er
s
claim
ed
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
f
ac
t th
at
b
o
th
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
wo
r
k
er
s
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
with
in
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
er
io
d
[
2
2
]
.
B
u
x
to
n
a
n
d
Sch
u
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
h
o
w
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
h
elp
th
e
h
elp
er
s
to
liv
e
in
a
d
v
er
s
e
tim
e
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
ca
n
ch
an
n
el
th
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
ass
is
t
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
c
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
ar
allels
an
d
d
is
clo
s
u
r
e,
r
ef
r
am
in
g
,
co
n
tain
m
en
t
a
n
d
h
o
ld
in
g
,
r
eh
ea
r
s
al
s
p
ac
e,
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
m
ak
in
g
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
r
e
v
e
r
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
co
p
i
n
g
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
in
t
e
r
n
s
h
ip
o
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tice
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
at
wer
e
im
p
ac
ted
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
i
c
[
1
]
.
Nex
t,
Su
ar
ez
et
a
l.
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
al
attr
ib
u
tes,
s
o
cial
im
p
ac
t,
ac
ad
em
ic
im
p
ac
t,
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
th
em
es
to
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
f
ac
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
5
]
.
Un
d
er
th
e
th
em
e
‘
ac
ad
e
m
ic
im
p
ac
t’
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tated
th
at
th
ey
n
o
ticed
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
ex
e
r
ted
b
y
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
in
m
ak
in
g
c
h
an
g
es
t
o
ad
ju
s
t
to
th
e
n
ew
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
5
]
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
lik
e
th
is
,
ar
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
m
ak
in
g
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
c
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
e
n
d
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
ec
ar
i
o
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
d
u
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
−
Co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies am
o
n
g
co
u
n
s
elo
r
in
tr
ain
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
C
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies’
r
ef
er
s
t
o
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
h
an
d
le
p
r
ess
u
r
e
-
in
d
u
cin
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
I
t
is
k
ey
to
p
r
o
tect
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
r
ien
cin
g
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
as
well
as
m
en
tal
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
2
4
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
g
ain
e
d
atten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
an
d
th
e
im
p
en
d
in
g
lo
ck
d
o
wn
h
av
e
ca
u
s
ed
a
lo
t
o
f
p
eo
p
le
esp
ec
ially
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
to
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
o
f
v
ir
u
s
e
s
wer
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
cr
u
cial
to
h
elp
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ed
u
ce
h
i
g
h
lev
els o
f
an
x
i
ety
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Su
n
d
ar
asen
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
,
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
ev
en
if
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
ed
s
tr
es
s
an
d
an
x
iety
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
an
d
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
r
d
er
(
MCO
)
,
u
n
f
o
r
t
u
n
ately
th
e
y
lack
ed
th
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
n
ee
d
ed
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
th
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
m
.
Hen
ce
,
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
em
p
o
we
r
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
its
way
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
lim
elig
h
t
.
Kam
alu
d
in
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
,
h
a
d
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
u
s
ed
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
m
e
n
tal
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
h
u
m
a
n
itar
ian
an
d
s
ee
k
in
g
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Mo
h
am
m
e
d
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
,
ass
ess
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
a
p
p
lied
am
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
l
o
ck
d
o
wn
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ch
o
o
s
e
s
o
cial
with
d
r
awa
l a
s
th
eir
co
p
in
g
m
e
ch
an
is
m
with
an
x
iety
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
R
ath
ak
r
is
h
n
an
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
em
p
lo
y
e
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
i
n
g
ty
p
es a
s
th
ey
p
er
ce
iv
e
it to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
ey
u
s
ed
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
s
u
ch
as
v
en
tin
g
,
u
s
e
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
h
u
m
o
r
,
ac
ce
p
tan
c
e,
s
elf
-
b
lam
e,
an
d
r
elig
io
n
,
to
d
ea
l
with
th
eir
a
n
x
iety
o
r
s
tr
ess
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
b
y
J
o
h
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
,
in
d
i
ca
ted
th
at
as
all
th
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esp
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Mu
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elig
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,
p
o
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itiv
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ef
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am
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d
s
ee
k
in
g
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m
o
tio
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al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
4
6
0
-
468
462
I
n
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
elo
r
co
n
tex
t
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
er
e
wer
e
tw
o
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
’
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
ey
wer
e
b
y
Su
b
h
i a
n
d
C
h
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
b
o
th
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies f
o
u
n
d
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ian
tr
ain
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ello
r
s
ex
p
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ie
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d
s
tr
ess
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o
llo
win
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
in
d
icate
d
th
at
wh
en
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
i
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g
ex
p
e
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ien
ce
a
h
ig
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f
s
tr
ess
,
th
ey
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av
e
th
e
ten
d
en
cy
to
u
s
e
th
e
av
o
id
an
ce
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
ef
er
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
em
o
tio
n
s
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
s
ee
k
in
g
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
t a
lo
w
s
tr
ess
lev
el
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
is
is
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
esig
n
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
ty
p
e
a
n
d
lev
el
o
f
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
d
u
r
in
g
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
m
et
h
o
d
b
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
alo
n
g
with
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
F
o
r
m
to
th
e
r
esp
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n
d
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ts
.
R
esp
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ts
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e
esti
m
ated
to
tak
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ab
o
u
t 3
0
to
4
5
m
in
u
tes to
c
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m
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e
q
u
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n
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2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
a
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ticip
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ts
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t
h
e
f
in
al
y
ea
r
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
s
tu
d
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ts
at
f
r
o
m
all
s
tates
in
Ma
l
ay
s
ia
wh
o
s
tu
d
i
ed
at
Un
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s
ity
Ma
lay
s
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T
er
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u
(
UM
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)
.
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we
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co
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t
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a
t
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f
1
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co
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n
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s
tu
d
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in
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g
we
r
e
s
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ec
ted
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th
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All
p
ar
ticip
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n
ts
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n
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er
g
o
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g
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ter
n
s
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ip
s
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s
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ee
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th
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eq
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e
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ts
in
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
th
e
co
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n
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g
h
o
u
r
s
as
s
et
b
y
th
e
Ma
lay
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ian
B
o
ar
d
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f
C
o
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n
s
ello
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
ti
o
n
was
a
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
g
en
d
e
r
,
eth
n
icity
,
s
tate,
an
d
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
was
th
e
Ma
lay
B
r
ief
C
OPE
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
8
item
s
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
u
s
ed
to
c
o
p
e
with
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
i
n
life
.
T
h
is
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
h
ad
3
s
u
b
s
ca
les
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
(
p
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e
r
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-
in
te
r
p
r
et
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ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
h
u
m
o
r
,
r
el
ig
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,
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d
u
s
e
o
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em
o
tio
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al
s
u
p
p
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r
t)
;
p
r
o
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lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
(
ac
tiv
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co
p
in
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,
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t)
;
a
n
d
a
v
o
id
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t
(
s
elf
-
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
,
d
en
ial,
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
ab
u
s
e,
b
eh
a
v
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u
r
with
d
r
awa
l,
ex
p
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ess
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n
o
f
n
e
g
a
tiv
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f
ee
lin
g
s
,
an
d
s
elf
-
b
lam
e)
.
All
th
ese
ty
p
es
o
f
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p
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g
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tr
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ies
ad
o
p
t
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
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t
Scale
n
am
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n
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o
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2
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it)
,
3
(
d
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d
4
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d
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it
v
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y
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f
ten
)
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
Ma
lay
B
r
ief
C
OPE
h
as
h
ig
h
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
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’
s
α=
0
.
8
3
[
2
8
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
r
esear
ch
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h
as
r
e
-
test
ed
th
e
r
eliab
ili
ty
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
th
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y
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n
d
th
e
C
r
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n
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s
α
v
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0
.
8
4
.
B
ased
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n
th
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test
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lt,
th
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item
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f
t
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Ma
lay
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ief
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OPE
wer
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c
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n
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id
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ed
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av
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g
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ex
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eliab
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as th
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ted
was
m
o
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th
an
0
.
6
0
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2
.
4
.
E
t
hica
l
p
ro
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du
re
s
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
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o
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tai
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p
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d
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r
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ce
f
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m
th
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UM
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R
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E
th
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C
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m
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ittee.
T
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UM
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ch
E
th
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as
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ap
p
r
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th
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esear
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h
p
r
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ject
(
UM
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/J
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PM/2
0
2
2
/1
0
5
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
0
6
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
with
a
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
2
1
(
2
0
%)
m
ales
an
d
8
5
f
e
m
ales
(
8
0
%)
wer
e
r
ec
r
u
ited
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
ac
e,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
Ma
lay
9
9
(
9
3
.
4
%),
m
ea
n
wh
ile
th
e
lo
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r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
C
h
in
ese
1
(
0
.
9
%).
Acc
o
r
d
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g
to
r
esp
o
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d
en
ts
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tates,
m
ajo
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ity
r
esp
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ts
f
r
o
m
Kela
n
tan
3
7
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d
f
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llo
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y
T
e
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g
g
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n
u
1
9
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as
th
e
lo
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esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
f
r
o
m
Per
ak
,
1
(
0
.
9
%).
O
th
er
r
esp
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n
d
en
t
s
tates
ca
n
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
in
th
e
T
ab
le
1
.
Fo
r
th
e
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
ettin
g
,
th
er
e
wer
e
9
ca
teg
o
r
ies
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
:
i
)
s
tatu
to
r
y
ag
en
cy
1
(
.
0
9
%);
ii
)
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
te
1
(
.
0
9
%);
iii
)
n
o
n
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
1
1
(
1
0
.
4
%);
iv
)
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
4
8
(
4
5
.
3
%);
v
)
s
em
i
-
gove
r
n
m
en
t o
r
g
an
izatio
n
1
(
.
0
9
%);
vi
)
p
o
ly
tech
n
ic
1
(
.
0
9
%)
;
v
ii
)
s
ch
o
o
l 1
3
(
1
2
.
3
%);
v
iii
)
s
em
i
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
1
(
.
0
9
%);
a
n
d
x
)
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
2
9
(
2
7
.
4
%).
Fro
m
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
in
T
ab
le
2
,
it
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
ea
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
th
r
ee
m
ain
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
s
u
b
s
ca
les
n
am
ely
:
i
)
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
;
ii)
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
;
iii)
a
n
d
av
o
id
an
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
e
d
is
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
with
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
M=
2
8
.
9
6
an
d
SD=4
.
8
9
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
v
o
id
an
ce
with
M=
2
6
.
1
2
an
d
SD=5
.
3
4
,
a
n
d
th
e
least
u
s
ed
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
,
with
M=
1
8
.
0
8
an
d
SD=3
.
0
8
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
e
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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464
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Ou
r
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
co
u
n
s
e
llo
r
s
u
s
e
all
ty
p
es
o
f
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
b
y
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
wh
ich
in
d
icat
ed
th
at
th
e
em
o
tio
n
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
s
tr
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y
was
th
e
co
p
in
g
s
tr
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y
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
ly
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
o
th
s
tu
d
ie
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
em
o
tio
n
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f
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cu
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
was
ch
o
s
en
p
r
im
ar
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f
o
r
s
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m
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t.
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n
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ter
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if
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icu
lt
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
o
v
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c
o
u
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s
ello
r
s
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
by
J
o
h
ar
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et
a
l.
[
1
4
],
wh
er
e
it
in
d
icate
d
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
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d
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in
th
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s
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d
ies
u
s
ed
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elig
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u
s
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ch
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ay
er
,
p
o
s
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e
r
e
-
in
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r
p
r
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,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
as
well
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s
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k
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g
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t
m
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f
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tly
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C
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.
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m
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k
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r
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a
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r
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t
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a
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a
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p
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[
3
2
]
.
O
u
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s
t
u
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a
ls
o
f
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d
t
h
a
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t
h
J
o
h
a
r
i
[
1
4
]
a
n
d
P
u
t
r
i
[
3
3
]
w
h
o
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
g
ain
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
o
s
e
cl
o
s
es
t
t
o
t
h
e
m
s
u
ch
a
s
f
a
m
i
l
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
.
I
n
a
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
v
ei
n
,
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
is
a
ls
o
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
p
i
n
g
t
y
p
e
u
s
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
by
K
a
m
a
l
u
d
i
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
,
i
n
d
i
c
at
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
p
r
a
ct
i
c
e
d
m
o
r
e
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
c
o
p
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
l
o
c
k
d
o
w
n
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
p
r
es
e
n
ts
As
i
a
n
c
u
l
t
u
r
al
v
a
l
u
e
s
,
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
is
t
an
c
e
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
r
s
t
h
e
y
o
p
t
e
d
b
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
cc
o
m
m
o
d
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
r
ess
o
r
s
[
1
5
].
Me
an
wh
ile,
as
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
p
in
g
s
u
b
s
ca
les,
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
tr
ain
ee
s
u
s
ed
all
t
y
p
es
o
f
co
p
i
n
g
in
th
is
s
u
b
s
ca
le
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
p
lan
n
in
g
,
ac
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Similar
ly
,
Su
b
h
i
an
d
C
h
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
h
a
n
d
le
th
e
s
tr
ess
am
o
n
g
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
el
l
o
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
lo
c
k
d
o
wn
.
As
a
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
s
tu
d
en
t,
th
er
e
wer
e
a
lo
t
o
f
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
th
e
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
s
y
llab
u
s
lear
n
t
b
y
c
o
u
n
s
el
l
o
rs
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
[
1
3
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
k
n
o
wn
as
a
s
ee
k
in
g
s
o
cial
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
was
an
o
th
er
ty
p
e
o
f
co
p
in
g
th
at
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
u
b
s
ca
le
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
is
s
o
m
ewh
at
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
[
1
5
]
wh
e
r
e
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
ee
k
f
o
r
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
v
er
y
lo
w.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
as
f
o
r
av
o
id
an
t
co
p
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
elf
-
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
ty
p
es a
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
b
y
tr
ain
e
e
co
u
n
s
elo
r
.
Su
ar
ez
et
a
l.
[
5
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
a
t
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
el
l
o
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tu
r
n
in
g
to
wo
r
k
o
r
o
th
er
ac
tiv
ities
to
tak
e
th
eir
m
in
d
o
f
f
th
in
g
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
al
s
o
p
ar
allel
with
B
u
x
to
n
an
d
Scu
d
d
er
[
1
]
,
th
at
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
el
l
o
r
s
also
u
s
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
f
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
jo
u
r
n
e
y
in
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
p
h
ase.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at,
as
f
o
r
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
av
o
id
a
n
t
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
ty
p
es
s
u
ch
as
d
en
ial,
b
eh
av
io
r
al
wit
h
d
r
awa
l,
s
elf
-
b
lam
e,
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
u
s
e,
th
ey
wer
e
at
th
e
lo
wer
lev
el
o
f
u
s
e.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
tr
ad
ict
with
R
ath
ak
r
is
h
n
an
[
1
6
]
an
d
Pu
tr
i
[
3
3
]
s
h
o
win
g
t
h
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
ly
en
g
ag
e
in
av
o
i
d
an
t
co
p
in
g
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
en
ial,
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
u
s
e,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
l
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
if
f
er
ed
as
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
i
n
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lie
r
,
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
th
ey
h
a
d
lear
n
t
a
lo
t
o
f
s
k
ill
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
m
an
a
g
e
s
tr
ess
o
r
an
y
d
r
asti
c
ch
an
g
es
in
life
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
elp
clien
ts
[1
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
th
ey
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
d
u
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
ar
e
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
win
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
t
r
aits
,
as sh
o
wn
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
I
t
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
eir
tr
ai
n
in
g
a
n
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
as
t
r
ain
ed
c
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
e
n
ab
led
th
e
m
to
co
p
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
h
elp
s
th
em
id
en
tify
th
e
b
est
way
to
s
elf
-
ca
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
em
s
elv
es
[
5
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
ait
d
is
p
lay
ed
b
y
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
h
o
ws
th
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
q
u
alities
in
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
co
m
p
eten
t
co
u
n
s
ello
r
[
5
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
aits
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
,
th
e
co
u
n
s
ell
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
g
o
o
d
co
u
n
s
ello
r
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
q
u
alif
icatio
n
ag
en
cy
(
MQ
A)
an
d
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
B
o
ar
d
o
f
C
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
h
av
e
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ap
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
f
f
e
rs
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ce
r
tain
cr
ed
it
h
o
u
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
B
o
ar
d
o
f
C
o
u
n
s
ello
r
[
3
5
]
f
o
r
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
to
f
u
lf
il
th
eir
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
ca
n
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
ey
h
a
v
e
clea
r
r
eg
u
latio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
au
th
o
r
ize
d
b
o
d
y
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
ar
e
cr
u
ci
al
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
b
u
t
also
af
ter
,
as
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
as
af
f
ec
ted
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
life
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
C
OVI
D
-
19
im
p
ac
ts
p
eo
p
le
o
f
all
ag
es,
f
r
o
m
y
o
u
n
g
to
eld
er
ly
,
in
clu
d
in
g
wo
m
e
n
an
d
ch
i
ld
r
en
,
as
th
ey
ar
e
at
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
o
f
ab
u
s
e
[
3
6
]
.
T
r
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
th
o
s
e
i
n
n
ee
d
.
Un
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ec
ess
io
n
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
cr
is
is
ar
e
all
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
ee
co
u
n
s
ello
r
wh
o
s
u
r
v
i
v
ed
C
OVI
D
-
19
will
p
o
s
s
ess
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
th
o
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Th
e
ex
p
erien
ce
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
:
a
s
s
ess
in
g
th
e
Ma
la
ysia
n
co
u
n
s
elo
r
s
in
tr
a
in
in
g
…
(
S
iti S
a
li
ma
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
465
af
f
ec
ted
.
C
ar
ee
r
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
s
er
v
ices
will
b
e
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
t
h
em
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
eir
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
t
o
aid
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
as
al
s
o
ca
u
s
ed
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
lth
an
x
iety
,
p
an
ic
attac
k
s
,
p
o
s
t
-
tr
au
m
atic
s
tr
ess
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
3
9
]
.
Mo
r
e
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
a
r
e
b
ein
g
d
is
p
lay
ed
b
y
p
eo
p
le
th
a
n
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
[
4
0
]
.
Me
n
tal
s
tr
ain
in
th
e
g
en
er
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
ls
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
o
s
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
ep
id
e
m
ic
[
4
1
]
.
W
ith
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
th
ese
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
p
eo
p
le
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
a
s
s
is
tan
ce
to
h
e
lp
th
em
c
o
p
e
wi
th
th
e
p
o
s
t
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
[
6
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
4
.
1
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
n a
nd
s
ug
g
estio
ns
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
em
er
g
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
,
d
o
n
e
o
n
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
in
g
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
tr
ain
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
a
d
o
p
ts
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
d
esig
n
,
an
d
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
lim
ited
o
n
l
y
to
th
e
co
p
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
n
ee
d
t
o
u
s
e
a
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
c
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
tr
ain
in
g
.
I
t
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tr
ess
d
u
r
in
g
an
d
af
ter
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
an
d
it
is
ev
en
u
n
f
air
to
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
ak
e
n
to
g
eth
er
,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
an
d
p
o
s
t
p
an
d
em
ic
C
OVI
D
-
19
,
it
is
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
o
f
p
eo
p
le
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
.
Peo
p
le
p
er
s
o
n
ality
is
q
u
ite
s
tab
le
o
v
e
r
tim
e,
an
d
p
eo
p
le
d
o
h
a
v
e
h
a
b
itu
al
co
p
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
war
d
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
s
ed
in
th
e
er
a
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
o
r
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
is
q
u
ite
in
v
a
r
ian
t
d
u
e
to
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
.
A
n
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ce
n
tr
al
q
u
esti
o
n
i
s
:
d
o
es
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
im
p
ac
t
g
en
er
al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
eq
u
al
w
ay
s
?
T
h
er
e
is
a
v
ast
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
th
at
s
o
m
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
ap
p
ea
r
to
t
h
r
iv
e
ev
e
n
b
etter
d
u
r
in
g
p
an
d
e
m
ic
C
OVI
D
-
19
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
o
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
q
u
ite
h
eter
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
tr
aits
an
d
q
u
ality
to
ad
a
p
t
with
th
e
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
ar
e
id
en
tical
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
eo
p
le.
Giv
e
n
s
tab
le
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
co
p
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
am
o
n
g
c
o
u
n
s
ello
r
s
-
in
-
tr
ain
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
is
s
till
r
elev
an
t
an
d
ess
en
tial,
s
o
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
tailo
r
e
d
to
allev
iate
th
eir
well
-
b
ein
g
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
l
l
i
n
al
l
,
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
s
el
l
o
r
s
-
in
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
s
t
i
ll
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
o
m
e
s
o
r
t
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
at
i
o
n
wi
t
h
i
n
e
v
i
t
a
b
l
e
d
a
y
-
to
-
d
a
y
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
(
e
v
e
n
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
)
e
v
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
it
i
es
.
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
d
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
a
ls
o
s
e
em
s
c
o
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
s
o
m
a
n
y
p
e
o
p
l
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
C
OV
I
D
-
19
c
r
i
s
is
.
A
d
a
p
t
i
n
g
t
o
p
o
s
t
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
w
o
r
k
e
r
s
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n
e
e
c
o
u
n
s
el
l
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
ts
a
s
h
o
r
t
co
m
i
n
g
i
n
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
as
it
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
s
o
m
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
m
o
r
e
d
et
a
i
le
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
u
s
e
d
b
y
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
l
o
r
s
-
in
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
n
t
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
s
s
ess
e
d
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
s
u
b
s
c
al
e
s
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
n
a
m
e
l
y
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
-
f
o
cu
s
e
d
,
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
,
a
n
d
a
v
o
i
d
a
n
t
c
o
p
i
n
g
w
a
s
a
s
s
ess
e
d
.
Ov
e
r
a
l
l
,
i
t
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
e
e
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
l
o
r
s
u
s
ed
a
v
a
r
i
e
t
y
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
t
y
l
e
s
.
N
ev
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
d
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
,
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
r
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
tio
n
,
u
s
e
o
f
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
,
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
u
s
e
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
,
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
p
i
n
g
,
s
e
l
f
-
d
is
t
r
ac
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
f
e
e
l
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
ie
s
is
c
r
u
c
i
al
af
t
e
r
C
OV
I
D
-
19
,
e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
l
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
u
n
s
e
ll
o
r
s
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
p
o
s
it
i
v
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
t
i
cs
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
,
i
t
i
s
ass
u
m
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
ab
l
e
t
o
c
o
p
e
w
i
t
h
c
h
al
l
e
n
g
es
a
f
te
r
C
OV
I
D
-
19
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ma
lay
s
ia
T
er
en
g
g
an
u
(
UM
T
/TA
PE
-
R
G/2
0
2
1
/5
5
3
5
2
)
.
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
all
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
wh
o
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
B
u
x
t
o
n
a
n
d
R
.
S
c
u
d
d
e
r
,
“
Th
e
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
su
p
e
r
v
i
s
o
r
y
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
d
v
e
r
se
a
n
d
u
n
p
r
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
e
d
t
i
mes,
”
D
ra
m
a
t
h
e
ra
p
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
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