I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
2
~
3
3
2
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
h
s
.
v
1
4
i
1
.
2
4
0
3
4
322
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
“
Pineapple
e
y
es”
:
l
o
ca
l so
cia
l net
w
o
rks to prev
en
t
a
nd contro
l
epidemics
in
Tha
i
la
nd’s so
uthern
b
ea
ch t
o
urism
p
ro
v
inces
L
a
pa
s
ra
da
J
it
wa
rin
1
,
K
rit
t
a
bh
a
rt
Chin
a
bh
a
rk
2
,
T
a
wa
t
cha
i J
it
wa
rin
3
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
M
a
h
i
d
o
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
N
a
k
h
o
n
P
a
t
h
o
m
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
S
u
r
a
t
t
h
a
n
i
R
a
j
a
b
h
a
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
S
u
r
a
t
t
h
a
n
i
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
3
C
e
n
t
e
r
f
o
r
P
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
o
f
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
R
e
sea
r
c
h
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
P
h
a
n
g
n
g
a
C
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
P
h
a
n
g
n
g
a
,
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
7
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
n
2
3
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
l 3
0
,
2
0
2
4
Th
e
stu
d
y
a
ime
d
t
o
q
u
a
li
tati
v
e
ly
e
x
a
m
in
e
e
p
id
e
m
ic
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s
in
b
e
a
c
h
to
u
rism
p
ro
v
in
c
e
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
s
o
u
t
h
e
rn
re
g
i
o
n
o
f
Th
a
il
a
n
d
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
in
v
e
stig
a
te
n
e
two
r
k
s
re
late
d
t
o
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(P
HEM
)
d
u
rin
g
su
c
h
e
p
i
d
e
m
ics
.
Th
e
fin
d
in
g
s
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ted
k
e
y
e
lem
e
n
ts
o
f
P
HEM
f
o
r
e
m
e
rg
in
g
in
fe
c
ti
o
u
s
d
ise
a
se
s.
Th
is
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
it
ial
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
ts
o
f
e
p
id
e
m
ics
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
,
c
a
teg
o
rizi
n
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
b
y
ris
k
,
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
rm
in
g
p
r
o
g
n
o
si
s.
S
u
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
ly
,
o
p
e
ra
t
io
n
a
l
g
u
id
e
li
n
e
s
fo
r
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
d
ise
a
se
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
tr
e
a
tme
n
t
we
re
p
ro
p
o
se
d
a
n
d
o
f
ten
su
b
m
it
ted
fo
r
c
o
n
si
d
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
r
d
e
rs
to
th
e
p
ro
v
in
c
ial
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
b
le
d
ise
a
se
c
o
n
tro
l
c
o
m
m
it
tee
.
M
e
e
ti
n
g
s
we
re
h
e
ld
t
o
d
isse
m
in
a
te
c
o
m
m
it
tee
a
n
n
o
u
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
s
fo
r
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
b
y
r
e
lev
a
n
t
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
ts,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
g
u
i
d
e
li
n
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t.
S
u
c
c
e
ss
fu
l
l
o
c
a
l
n
e
two
rk
s
a
s
p
i
n
e
a
p
p
le
e
y
e
s
fo
r
P
HEM
i
n
re
sp
o
n
se
t
o
e
m
e
rg
in
g
in
fe
c
ti
o
u
s
d
ise
a
se
s
we
re
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
e
d
b
y
ro
b
u
st
so
c
ial
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
i
n
fo
r
m
a
l
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
t
v
i
ll
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
lev
e
ls,
se
rv
in
g
a
s
c
ru
c
ial
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
fo
r
d
ise
a
se
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
c
a
re
.
Ad
d
it
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
b
u
sin
e
ss
se
c
to
r
n
e
t
wo
rk
s
t
ra
n
sfo
rm
e
d
"
m
u
t
u
a
l
s
u
ffe
rin
g
"
i
n
t
o
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
wit
h
e
n
trep
re
n
e
u
rs
i
n
th
e
to
u
rism
in
d
u
str
y
tak
i
n
g
t
h
e
lea
d
.
Th
e
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
v
a
rio
u
s
we
b
sites
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
sta
g
e
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
rt
situ
a
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
p
ro
v
in
g
to
b
e
a
v
it
a
l
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
fo
r
a
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
re
sp
o
n
se
to
e
m
e
rg
in
g
in
fe
c
ti
o
u
s d
ise
a
se
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
E
p
id
em
ics
Hea
lth
L
o
ca
l so
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
Pin
ea
p
p
le
ey
es
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
awa
tch
ai
J
itwar
in
Ph
an
g
n
g
a
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
C
o
lleg
e
Ph
an
g
n
g
a,
T
h
alian
d
E
m
ail:
tawa
tch
ai.
jit@
p
n
g
cc
.
iccs.a
c.
th
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
ec
en
tly
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
:
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
a
p
an
d
em
ic
af
f
ec
tin
g
h
u
m
an
ity
.
Var
io
u
s
s
tr
ain
s
o
f
co
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
ca
u
s
e
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
co
ld
to
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e
o
n
es,
s
u
ch
as
m
id
d
le
ea
s
t
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
(
ME
R
S)
an
d
s
ev
er
e
ac
u
te
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
(
SAR
S).
On
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
,
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
d
ec
lar
ed
th
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
Vir
u
s
Dis
ea
s
es
2
0
1
9
(
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
)
a
g
lo
b
al
p
an
d
em
i
c
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
was d
ec
lar
ed
a
g
lo
b
al
p
an
d
em
ic
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
was f
o
u
n
d
in
T
h
ailan
d
Dec
em
b
er
3
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
ce
n
ter
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
itu
atio
n
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
(
C
C
SA)
r
ep
o
r
ted
1
9
4
n
ew
ca
s
es
an
d
1
8
1
ca
s
es
wer
e
d
o
m
esti
c
ca
s
es
an
d
1
3
ca
s
es
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
tate
q
u
ar
an
tin
e,
to
talin
g
6
,
8
8
4
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
ca
s
es.
Alto
g
eth
er
4
,
8
6
9
d
o
m
esti
ca
lly
ca
s
es
an
d
6
1
cu
m
u
lativ
e
d
ea
th
s
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
Un
til
2
0
2
2
,
in
T
h
ailan
d
,
2
,
4
4
1
,
7
2
6
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ca
s
es
an
d
1
1
,
0
7
3
d
ea
th
s
wer
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
n
o
t
en
d
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
is
a
f
ac
to
r
in
p
eo
p
le'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
m
p
ly
with
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
in
ea
p
p
le
ey
es”
:
l
o
c
a
l so
cia
l
n
etw
o
r
ks to
p
r
ev
en
t a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l e
p
id
emic
s
in
…
(
La
p
a
s
r
a
d
a
Jitw
a
r
in
)
323
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
b
eh
av
io
r
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
,
ar
e
d
u
e
to
lo
w
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
s
o
cial
is
o
lati
o
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
h
ad
s
ev
er
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
ts
wo
r
ld
wid
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
ch
an
g
es
in
way
s
o
f
d
o
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
as
g
r
ea
tly
af
f
ec
ted
T
h
ailan
d
'
s
ec
o
n
o
m
y
as
T
h
ailan
d
'
s
to
u
r
is
m
r
ev
en
u
e
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
ata
f
r
o
m
Un
ited
Natio
n
s
W
o
r
ld
T
o
u
r
is
m
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
UNWTO)
in
2
0
1
7
,
T
h
ailan
d
was
r
an
k
ed
4
th
am
o
n
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
eig
n
to
u
r
is
ts
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
8
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lated
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
to
u
r
is
ts
tr
av
elin
g
to
T
h
ailan
d
b
etwe
en
J
an
u
ar
y
an
d
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
was
6
.
7
m
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le.
I
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
in
2
0
1
9
,
wh
ich
was
ab
o
u
t
3
9
.
9
m
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le,
o
r
an
8
3
%
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as
well
as
d
o
m
esti
c
to
u
r
is
m
b
y
T
h
ais
(
th
e
p
r
o
ject
f
o
r
T
h
ais
to
tr
av
el
in
T
h
ailan
d
)
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
0
.
7
7
%,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
g
r
ea
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
r
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
eig
n
to
u
r
is
ts
.
Fro
m
J
an
u
ar
y
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
th
e
r
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
f
o
r
eig
n
to
u
r
is
ts
to
taled
3
3
2
,
0
1
3
m
illi
o
n
b
ah
t
.
I
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
in
2
0
1
9
,
wh
ich
was
1
,
9
1
1
,
8
0
8
m
illi
o
n
b
ah
t
b
y
8
2
.
6
%
[
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
,
esp
ec
ially
Ph
u
k
et,
Kr
ab
i a
n
d
Su
r
at
T
h
an
i a
s
th
e
to
p
ten
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
,
co
u
l
d
s
till
g
en
er
ate
th
e
h
ig
h
est to
u
r
is
m
r
ev
en
u
e
f
o
r
T
h
ailan
d
in
2
0
2
2
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
Hea
lth
Act
o
f
2
0
0
7
(
B
.
E
.
2
5
5
0
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
p
iv
o
tal
m
o
m
en
t
in
T
h
ailan
d
'
s
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
,
d
r
iv
in
g
it
to
war
d
s
its
g
o
als
b
y
ex
p
an
d
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
r
ea
lm
s
o
f
m
ed
icin
e
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
an
d
o
p
en
in
g
u
p
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
all
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
s
o
ciety
(
All
f
o
r
Hea
lth
)
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ea
lth
f
o
r
all.
T
o
d
ev
elo
p
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
p
o
licies ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
it r
elies o
n
a
d
iv
er
s
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
f
r
o
m
lo
ca
l c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
to
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
all
th
e
way
u
p
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
lev
el.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
n
etwo
r
k
s
p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
ea
lth
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
m
o
te,
d
ev
elo
p
,
an
d
u
p
g
r
ad
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
a
i
l
o
r
e
d
t
o
e
a
c
h
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
'
s
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
:
i
)
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
:
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
o
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
lo
ca
l
h
ea
lth
ac
tiv
ities
,
ii)
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
:
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
n
etwo
r
k
s
s
er
v
e
as
cr
itical
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
h
elp
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
s
tay
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
n
ew
h
ea
lth
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
an
d
m
ed
ical
s
er
v
ice
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ey
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
iii)
ad
v
o
ca
cy
f
o
r
r
ig
h
ts
an
d
eq
u
ality
:
th
ese
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
n
ass
is
t
in
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
r
ig
h
ts
an
d
eq
u
ality
in
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices
b
y
v
o
icin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
o
f
ce
r
tain
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
em
b
er
s
'
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t,
iv
)
em
er
g
en
cy
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
:
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
av
e
a
r
o
le
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
em
e
r
g
en
cies,
s
u
ch
as
d
is
ea
s
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
.
T
h
ey
h
elp
in
m
an
ag
in
g
em
er
g
en
cy
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
tr
ain
in
g
f
ir
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
er
s
,
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
cr
is
es,
an
d
v
)
b
u
ild
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
:
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
elp
estab
lis
h
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
in
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
ey
s
tr
en
g
th
en
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
r
esil
ien
ce
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
b
y
ef
f
icien
tly
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
h
ea
lth
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
ey
p
lay
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
o
n
g
o
in
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t b
ec
au
s
e
all
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
h
av
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
les
in
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
to
war
d
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
g
o
al
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ex
ch
an
g
e,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
d
iag
n
o
s
is
,
p
lan
n
in
g
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
.
E
v
er
y
o
n
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
ar
es
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
llectiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
aim
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
u
ild
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
n
etwo
r
k
s
is
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
'
s
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
a
lo
t
o
f
p
atien
ts
in
p
h
ase
1
o
f
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
ca
n
m
in
im
ize
th
e
lo
west
r
ate
o
f
p
atien
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
liv
es
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e.
As
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
'
s
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
wav
e,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ag
en
cies
at
th
e
lo
ca
l
lev
el
was
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
f
n
ew
em
er
g
in
g
d
is
ea
s
es
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wh
ich
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
o
cc
u
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
lear
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
wo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
m
ax
im
ize
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ep
id
em
ic
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
an
d
to
lear
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
n
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
s
itu
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ep
id
em
ic
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
team
ap
p
lied
s
y
s
tem
th
eo
r
y
[
1
1
]
as
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
s
itu
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
co
p
in
g
with
th
e
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
wh
ich
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
a
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
3
2
2
-
332
324
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
esear
ch
as d
escr
ib
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
q
u
alitativ
e
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
m
ix
ed
-
d
ata
co
llectio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
ce
r
tifie
d
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
eth
ics
b
y
th
e
Hu
m
an
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Me
d
ical
Scien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
co
m
p
lied
with
eth
ics co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es f
o
r
eth
ical
r
esear
ch
am
o
n
g
h
u
m
an
s
u
b
jects.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
wer
e
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
r
elate
d
to
ep
id
em
ic
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
in
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
s
o
u
th
er
n
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ch
o
s
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
Ph
u
k
et,
Kr
ab
i
,
an
d
Su
r
at
T
h
an
i
,
in
clu
d
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
,
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
at
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
cial,
d
is
tr
ict,
an
d
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
lev
els,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
wo
r
k
in
g
to
p
r
ev
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
d
is
ea
s
e
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
m
u
s
t
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
2
.
3
.
Are
a
o
f
s
t
ud
y
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
r
ee
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
in
clu
d
ed
Ph
u
k
et,
Kr
ab
i
,
an
d
Su
r
at
T
h
an
i
.
All
ar
ea
s
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
willin
g
co
n
s
en
t in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
4
.
Res
ea
rc
h
pa
rt
icipa
nts
Alto
g
eth
er
1
7
1
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
jo
in
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
s
ig
n
ed
an
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
in
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
i)
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iew:
th
e
team
o
f
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
an
d
m
an
ag
in
g
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cies
in
clu
d
es
p
r
o
v
in
cial
g
o
v
er
n
o
r
s
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es
wh
o
h
av
e
a
co
m
m
an
d
in
g
r
o
le.
T
h
e
6
p
er
s
o
n
s
in
to
tal,
2
p
er
p
r
o
v
in
ce
;
3
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ated
as
Pro
v
in
cial
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Me
d
ical
Do
cto
r
s
o
r
Pro
v
in
cial
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Of
f
ice
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es,
ii)
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
:
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
v
in
cial
-
lev
el
s
er
v
ice
u
n
its
an
d
h
o
s
p
itals
s
ev
en
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
3
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
,
2
1
p
eo
p
le
in
to
tal,
iii)
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
:
Staf
f
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ict
an
d
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
lev
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
as
well
as
s
taf
f
at
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
h
ea
lth
-
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
h
o
s
p
itals
an
d
d
is
tr
ict
h
o
s
p
itals
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
th
e
ep
id
em
ic
b
r
o
k
e
o
u
t,
with
4
0
p
eo
p
le
in
ea
ch
p
r
o
v
in
ce
an
d
1
2
0
p
eo
p
le
in
th
r
ee
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
,
iv
)
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
:
v
illa
g
e
h
ea
lth
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
I
n
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
d
is
ea
s
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
o
cc
u
r
,
th
er
e
ar
e
eig
h
t
p
eo
p
le
p
er
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
3
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
,
f
o
r
a
to
tal
o
f
2
4
p
eo
p
le.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
All
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
T
h
ai
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
wer
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
t
o
f
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
e
Qu
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
Data
C
o
llectio
n
Pro
ce
s
s
:
T
h
e
s
co
p
es
o
f
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
.
−
Op
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
clu
d
ed
d
ef
in
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es,
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es,
an
n
o
u
n
ci
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
r
p
o
licy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
g
u
id
elin
es,
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
r
p
o
licies,
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
in
ea
p
p
le
ey
es”
:
l
o
c
a
l so
cia
l
n
etw
o
r
ks to
p
r
ev
en
t a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l e
p
id
emic
s
in
…
(
La
p
a
s
r
a
d
a
Jitw
a
r
in
)
325
−
C
o
n
d
itio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
s
u
cc
ess
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
f
ailu
r
es.
−
Peo
p
le
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
r
o
les
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
tn
er
s
in
clu
d
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
−
I
m
p
ac
ts
in
clu
d
ed
th
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
o
p
er
atio
n
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t a
f
f
ec
tin
g
o
r
r
esu
lt r
esu
ltin
g
in
ch
an
g
es
in
co
m
m
u
n
ities
o
r
p
eo
p
le
−
Data
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws
d
escr
ib
ed
as
:
a)
In
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
am
o
n
g
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
o
r
ex
ec
u
tiv
es
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
c
y
s
itu
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
th
e
tar
g
et
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
v
in
cial
g
o
v
er
n
o
r
s
o
r
au
th
o
r
ized
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es,
p
r
o
v
in
cial
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
p
h
y
s
ician
s
o
r
au
th
o
r
ized
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tiv
es,
with
2
p
eo
p
le
p
er
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
to
talin
g
6
p
eo
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
b)
L
ess
o
n
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
ex
tr
ac
ted
o
n
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
v
in
cial
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
am
o
n
g
wo
r
k
er
s
in
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
wo
r
k
er
s
in
p
r
o
v
in
cial
s
er
v
ice
u
n
its
an
d
p
r
o
v
in
cial
h
o
s
p
itals
with
to
talin
g
7
7
p
eo
p
le
p
er
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
2
1
p
eo
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
c)
L
ess
o
n
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
ex
tr
ac
ted
o
n
f
r
o
m
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ic
t
an
d
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
lev
els
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
am
o
n
g
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
wo
r
k
er
s
an
d
wo
r
k
er
s
in
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
h
o
s
p
itals
,
d
is
tr
ict
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
u
n
its
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ict
h
o
s
p
itals
with
a
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
with
4
0
p
eo
p
le
p
er
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
to
talin
g
1
2
0
p
eo
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
d)
L
ess
o
n
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
am
o
n
g
v
illag
e
h
ea
lth
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
in
ar
ea
s
with
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
with
eig
h
t
p
eo
p
le
p
er
p
r
o
v
in
ce
,
to
talin
g
2
4
p
eo
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
2
.
6
.
Resea
rc
h
ins
t
rum
ent
R
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
.
−
Pro
ject
s
u
m
m
ar
y
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
in
clu
d
ed
m
ee
tin
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
p
h
o
to
s
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
to
r
ies
o
r
ev
id
en
ce
as
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
,
au
d
io
f
iles
,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
an
d
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
−
In
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iews
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
wer
e
ch
ec
k
ed
b
y
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
o
r
m
ed
icin
e,
I
OC
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
0
.
−
Fo
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
a
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
wer
e
ch
ec
k
ed
b
y
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
o
r
m
ed
icin
e,
I
OC
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
.
0
0
.
2
.
7
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Fo
r
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
cr
itical
th
eo
r
y
was
ap
p
lied
as
a
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
th
eo
r
y
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
p
u
b
lic
p
o
licy
m
o
d
el
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
as
a
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
a
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
Qu
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
b
ased
o
n
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
two
p
ar
ts
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatem
en
ts
f
r
o
m
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
an
aly
tical
p
r
in
cip
les,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
r
ee
ty
p
es:
an
aly
tic
in
d
u
ctio
n
,
ty
p
o
lo
g
ic
an
aly
s
is
with
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
n
o
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
eth
o
d
s
as
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t,
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
r
aw
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
As
f
o
r
co
n
ten
t a
n
aly
s
is
to
f
in
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
,
d
etailed
d
ata
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
co
llected
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
to
an
aly
ze
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
d
ata
in
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
p
atter
n
s
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ata
wer
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
d
r
awn
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
with
th
e
is
s
u
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
id
ea
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
d
ata
in
th
eo
r
etica
l c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
ub
lic
hea
lt
h
em
er
g
ency
s
it
ua
t
io
n
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
pro
ce
s
s
es
in
re
s
po
ns
e
t
o
epidem
ics
in
bea
ch
t
o
uris
m
pro
v
inces in t
he
up
per
s
o
uth
er
n r
eg
io
n
T
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
lated
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
atien
ts
was
o
n
ly
2
8
8
p
er
3
,
4
7
5
,
1
2
2
p
e
o
p
le,
o
r
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
p
a
tien
ts
was
0
.
0
0
0
0
8
3
in
b
ea
c
h
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
e
r
n
r
e
g
io
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
wav
e
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
3
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
to
Ma
r
ch
3
1
,
2
0
2
1
.
W
h
ile
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lated
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
in
T
h
ailan
d
was
1
,
9
2
0
,
1
8
9
o
u
t
o
f
7
1
.
6
m
illi
o
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
r
ate
o
f
p
atie
n
ts
was
0
.
0
2
6
8
1
8
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
was
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
T
h
ailan
d
o
v
er
all.
Pro
v
in
ce
'
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
icate
d
Dis
ea
s
e
C
o
n
tr
o
l
C
o
m
m
ittee,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
itu
at
io
n
ev
alu
atio
n
,
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
r
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
as th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
PHEM
)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
wer
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
an
o
v
er
v
iew
with
an
an
aly
s
is
b
ased
o
n
PHEM
with
f
o
u
r
m
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
3
2
2
-
332
326
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
co
m
m
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
2
P2
R
,
n
am
ely
,
P1
:
Pre
v
en
tio
n
an
d
Mitig
atio
n
,
P2
:
Pre
p
ar
ed
n
ess
,
R
1
:
R
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
R
2
: Reco
v
er
y
[
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pu
b
lic
h
e
alth
em
er
g
en
cy
s
itu
atio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
C
OVI
D
-
19
ep
i
d
em
ics in
Sea
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
s
in
th
e
Up
p
e
r
So
u
th
er
n
R
eg
io
n
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
P1
:
Pre
v
en
tio
n
:
Fo
r
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
,
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
,
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
t
h
er
n
r
eg
io
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
o
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
cr
ea
te
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
ea
lth
,
p
r
ac
tices,
in
f
ec
tio
n
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
g
u
id
elin
es,
an
d
h
o
w
to
d
ea
l
with
f
ak
e
n
ews
as
well
as
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
all
s
ec
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
cial
co
m
m
u
n
icab
l
e
d
is
ea
s
e
co
m
m
ittee,
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
v
ia
Face
b
o
o
k
L
iv
e,
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
with
th
e
p
u
b
lic
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ca
ll
ce
n
ter
s
an
d
th
e
Of
f
icial
L
in
e,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
lo
ca
l q
u
ar
an
tin
e
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
illn
ess
,
s
ettin
g
u
p
a
f
ield
h
o
s
p
ital,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
is
o
latio
n
,
a
h
o
s
p
ital a
n
d
h
o
m
e
is
o
latio
n
.
P2
:
Pre
p
ar
ed
n
ess
:
Fo
r
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
with
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
to
u
r
is
ts
co
n
s
tan
tly
en
ter
in
g
th
e
ar
ea
s
,
ca
s
es
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
s
h
o
r
tly
af
ter
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
in
C
h
in
a.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
d
y
in
s
o
m
e
asp
ec
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
as
a
wh
o
le,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
ep
id
em
ic,
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t;
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
an
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Su
r
v
iv
al
b
ag
s
wer
e
also
p
r
ep
ar
ed
as
well
as
v
eh
icles
f
o
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tin
g
p
atien
ts
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
ce
n
ter
s
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
ed
v
ac
cin
atio
n
in
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
d
ea
lin
g
with
p
o
ten
tial
d
is
ea
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
B
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
p
r
ep
ar
ed
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
alo
n
g
with
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
R
1
:
R
esp
o
n
s
e:
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
es to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
in
th
e
ar
ea
as d
etailed
f
o
llo
win
g
:
−
Dis
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
:
Dis
ea
s
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
m
ain
ly
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
co
m
m
u
n
icab
le
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
(
C
DC
U)
in
clu
d
in
g
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
,
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
an
d
d
is
ea
s
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
is
o
latio
n
,
q
u
ar
an
tin
e,
ar
ea
lo
ck
d
o
wn
,
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
.
Gu
id
elin
es
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
wer
e
u
s
ed
f
r
o
m
d
is
aster
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ap
p
lied
,
s
u
ch
as
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
ME
R
S
an
d
f
o
r
m
an
ag
i
n
g
ts
u
n
am
i
d
is
aster
s
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e,
is
o
latio
n
,
q
u
ar
an
tin
e,
ar
ea
lo
ck
d
o
wn
,
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
.
−
T
r
ea
tm
en
t:
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
atien
t
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
in
clu
d
ed
s
ettin
g
u
p
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ac
u
te
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
illn
ess
clin
ic
(
AR
I
)
,
th
e
em
er
g
en
cy
r
o
o
m
(
E
R
)
,
co
h
o
r
t
war
d
s
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l u
n
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
in
ea
p
p
le
ey
es”
:
l
o
c
a
l so
cia
l
n
etw
o
r
ks to
p
r
ev
en
t a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l e
p
id
emic
s
in
…
(
La
p
a
s
r
a
d
a
Jitw
a
r
in
)
327
(
C
U)
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
f
o
r
ca
r
e
an
d
th
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ice
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
m
ain
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
o
s
p
itals
,
f
ield
h
o
s
p
itals
,
th
e
h
o
tel
is
o
latio
n
(
HI
)
,
th
e
o
u
tp
atien
t
with
s
elf
is
o
latio
n
(
OPSI)
,
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
is
o
latio
n
(
C
I
)
,
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
y
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atio
n
is
o
latio
n
(
FAI
)
u
s
in
g
ca
s
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
ed
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
,
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
an
d
h
er
b
al
m
ed
icin
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
−
Ser
v
ice:
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
er
v
ices
in
clu
d
ed
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
m
ed
ical
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
l
th
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
ad
ju
s
tin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
er
v
ice
m
o
d
els,
s
u
ch
as
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
an
d
d
eten
tio
n
ce
n
ter
s
,
in
s
id
e
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
h
o
s
p
itals
u
n
d
er
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
ed
u
ca
tin
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
er
v
ices.
−
C
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
:
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
clu
d
ed
s
ettin
g
u
p
in
teg
r
ated
team
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
I
n
ter
io
r
an
d
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Me
d
icin
e
an
d
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
to
m
an
ag
e
d
is
ea
s
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
estab
lis
h
th
e
HI
,
th
e
OPSI,
th
e
C
I
an
d
th
e
FAI
.
R
2
:
R
ec
o
v
er
y
:
R
ec
o
v
er
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
clu
d
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ac
cin
ated
p
eo
p
le
s
o
th
at
a
b
u
s
in
ess
co
u
ld
b
e
o
p
en
ed
to
r
esto
r
e
an
d
s
tim
u
late
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
an
d
s
o
ciety
co
u
ld
r
etu
r
n
to
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
s
o
o
n
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
B
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
h
ad
v
ar
io
u
s
g
u
id
elin
es
in
clu
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
tin
g
,
ca
m
p
aig
n
in
g
an
d
o
r
g
an
izin
g
ac
tiv
ities
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
v
ac
cin
atio
n
.
T
o
s
u
m
u
p
,
th
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
s
itu
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
th
e
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
co
n
d
u
cted
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
as
d
escr
ib
ed
.
1)
Sit
u
atio
n
ass
ess
m
en
t:
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
ass
ess
m
en
t c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
two
s
tep
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
as
:
−
E
p
id
em
ic
s
itu
atio
n
an
aly
s
is
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
v
in
cia
l
co
m
m
u
n
icab
le
d
is
ea
s
e
co
m
m
ittee
u
s
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
itu
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
lo
b
al,
co
n
tin
en
tal
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
,
n
atio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
v
in
cial
lev
els,
an
d
n
ea
r
b
y
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
itu
atio
n
s
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
ep
id
em
ic
s
itu
atio
n
with
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
is
.
T
h
is
led
to
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
th
r
ee
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
i)
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
p
r
ev
en
t
d
is
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
em
er
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
ii)
m
ed
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
es
as
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
tr
ea
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
atien
ts
in
clu
d
i
n
g
asy
m
p
to
m
atic
p
atien
ts
an
d
p
atien
ts
with
m
ild
an
d
s
ev
er
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
iii)
s
o
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
all
p
eo
p
le
to
p
r
o
tect
th
em
s
elv
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e.
L
is
ted
b
elo
w
ar
e
g
u
id
elin
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
m
ea
s
u
r
es
with
all
p
ar
ties
'
ef
f
o
r
t
s
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
−
Hea
lth
s
itu
atio
n
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
an
aly
s
is
:
T
h
e
h
ea
lth
s
itu
atio
n
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
eo
p
le
in
th
e
ar
ea
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
th
e
lo
ca
l c
o
n
tex
t.
−
Gr
o
u
p
in
g
b
y
r
is
k
:
lo
ca
l
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
r
is
k
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tin
g
th
em
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
am
o
n
g
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
−
Pro
g
n
o
s
is
:
I
n
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
,
ep
id
em
io
lo
g
ic
d
ata
at
all
lev
els we
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
is
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
−
Pre
p
ar
ed
n
ess
:
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
o
f
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
,
p
eo
p
le
in
v
o
lv
e
d
wer
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
,
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
lab
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
d
ata
lo
g
is
tics
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
.
2)
Gu
id
elin
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t: th
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
u
id
elin
es f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t
to
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
cial
co
m
m
u
n
icab
le
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
m
ittee
to
im
p
lem
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
o
ar
d
m
ee
tin
g
with
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
cial
g
o
v
er
n
o
r
as c
o
m
m
an
d
er
.
3)
Me
etin
g
s
,
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
o
r
d
er
s
:
a
n
n
o
u
n
ce
m
en
ts
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
is
s
u
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
cial
co
m
m
u
n
icab
le
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
m
ittee
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
r
elev
an
t
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es.
4)
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
:
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
co
n
d
u
cted
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
.
−
So
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es:
s
o
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
lin
e
with
th
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
t
in
clu
d
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
h
ea
lth
liter
ac
y
(
HL
)
,
clea
n
lin
ess
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
ly
in
g
with
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
o
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es f
o
r
all
s
ec
to
r
s
an
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
o
th
er
s
o
cial
m
ea
s
u
r
es f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
ea
s
.
−
Pu
b
lic
h
ea
lth
m
ea
s
u
r
es:
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
o
p
er
ated
in
th
e
s
am
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
with
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
'
m
e
asu
r
es
v
ar
ied
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
o
f
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
q
u
ar
an
tin
e
s
y
s
tem
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
h
ea
lth
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
−
Ser
v
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e:
s
er
v
ice
r
esp
o
n
s
e
was
o
p
er
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
ea
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
p
o
ten
tial,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
er
v
ice
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
ev
alu
atin
g
,
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
r
esu
lts
.
−
Data
an
d
lo
g
is
tics
:
s
ea
r
ch
ed
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
in
clu
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
atic
lo
g
is
tics
p
lan
n
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
tr
ea
tm
en
t a
n
d
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
−
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
:
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
PHEM
in
two
f
o
r
m
s
:
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
em
er
g
en
c
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
all
s
ec
to
r
s
co
u
ld
r
ec
eiv
e
ad
eq
u
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
r
o
les.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
3
2
2
-
332
328
−
C
o
o
p
er
atio
n
in
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
s
id
e
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
:
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
b
etwe
en
ag
en
cies
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
o
p
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
in
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
r
ef
er
r
al
o
f
p
atien
ts
,
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
m
ed
i
ca
l su
p
p
lies
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
g
o
o
d
s
.
PHEM
is
an
em
er
g
en
t
f
ield
o
f
p
r
ac
tice
th
at
d
r
aws
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ets
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izin
g
p
r
in
cip
les
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
co
m
p
lex
h
ea
lth
ev
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
PHEM
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ep
id
em
ics
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
will
b
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
r
ec
o
v
er
y
cy
cle
an
d
d
is
aster
m
an
ag
em
en
t
cy
cle
an
d
C
OVI
D
-
19
-
B
r
ea
k
in
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
PHEM
Pro
ce
s
s
es
in
R
esp
o
n
s
e
to
E
p
id
em
ics
in
B
ea
ch
T
o
u
r
is
m
Pro
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
Up
p
er
So
u
th
er
n
R
eg
io
n
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
ar
e
also
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
co
n
tin
u
it
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t f
o
r
cr
is
es wh
ich
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t p
r
i
n
cip
le
in
m
an
ag
in
g
a
b
u
s
in
ess
in
a
cr
is
is
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
s
f
o
r
PHEM
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
as:
i)
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
im
p
ac
ts
,
th
er
e
is
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
in
th
e
ar
ea
with
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
is
o
latio
n
,
an
d
ar
ea
clo
s
u
r
e.
ii)
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
es
s
f
o
r
d
is
aster
s
b
y
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
iii)
em
er
g
en
cy
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
b
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ally
ch
an
g
in
g
d
is
ea
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
an
d
iv
)
p
o
s
t
-
d
is
aster
m
an
ag
em
en
t
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
tes
ca
r
ee
r
s
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
s
th
at
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
b
u
s
in
ess
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
of
[
1
7
]
.
An
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
an
d
it wa
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as d
esig
n
ed
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
h
ea
lth
cr
is
es
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
A
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
PHEM
is
at
in
ter
m
ed
iate
lev
el
(
e.
g
.
,
o
u
tr
ea
ch
ac
tiv
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t)
[
1
9
]
.
An
d
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
n
em
p
o
wer
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
3
.
2
.
Su
cc
ess
o
f
P
H
E
M
in
c
o
pin
g
wit
h e
m
er
g
ing
infe
ct
io
us
dis
ea
s
e
s
in B
ea
ch
T
o
uris
m
P
ro
v
inces in t
he
Upper
So
uther
n Re
g
io
n
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
es
o
f
PHEM
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
wer
e
s
y
n
th
esized
as
d
escr
i
b
ed
in
d
etail
as
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
inea
pp
le
ey
es:
Str
o
ng
lo
ca
l so
cia
l net
wo
rk
s
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
at
v
illag
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
els
was
a
co
r
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esian
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
ce
iv
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
en
tr
e
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
Sit
u
atio
n
Ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
(
C
C
SA)
s
et
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
itu
atio
n
,
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tex
t,
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
alter
ed
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
as
well
as
o
p
er
atio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
tex
t.
Actu
al
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
f
r
o
m
m
an
y
s
ec
to
r
s
wo
r
k
ed
clo
s
ely
with
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
ec
to
r
,
v
illag
e
h
ea
lth
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
o
f
f
icer
s
at
th
e
T
h
ailan
d
'
s
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
h
o
s
p
itals
(
SHPH).
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
C
an
ad
a
,
p
r
im
ar
y
ca
r
e
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t lin
e
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
i
c
at
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
el
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
ec
to
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
th
e
v
illag
e
h
ea
d
m
an
,
th
e
v
illag
e
h
ea
d
m
an
'
s
ass
is
tan
t
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
d
is
tr
ict
h
ea
d
m
an
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
g
u
id
elin
es
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
in
tim
ac
y
an
d
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
p
eo
p
le
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lted
in
s
wif
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
o
th
er
with
o
u
t g
ap
s
; th
u
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
etwo
r
k
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
in
g
ep
id
em
ics
at
th
e
v
illag
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
els
s
m
o
o
th
ly
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
.
C
o
n
f
o
r
m
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
B
r
az
il
ab
o
u
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
h
ea
lth
b
eh
av
io
u
r
with
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
u
les
[
2
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
iv
ate
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
ea
ch
s
ec
to
r
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
ec
to
r
an
d
th
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
s
ec
to
r
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
to
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
m
an
ag
in
g
ep
id
em
ics
in
th
e
v
illag
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
f
o
r
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e.
E
v
er
y
o
n
e
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
m
em
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Pin
ea
p
p
le
E
y
es
Netwo
r
k
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
lo
ca
l
r
es
id
en
ts
,
th
e
Pin
ea
p
p
le
E
y
es
Netwo
r
k
also
m
o
n
ito
r
s
an
d
tr
ac
k
s
,
in
v
esti
g
ates,
an
d
in
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
eig
n
er
s
o
r
to
u
r
is
ts
.
Sin
ce
to
u
r
is
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
u
ts
id
er
s
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
Pin
ea
p
p
le
E
y
es
Netwo
r
k
k
ee
p
a
watc
h
f
u
l
ey
e
an
d
r
ep
o
r
t a
n
y
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
o
f
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
,
n
o
m
atter
h
o
w
m
in
o
r
.
T
h
is
im
m
ed
iate
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
o
u
p
m
ess
ag
in
g
allo
ws
f
o
r
tim
ely
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
an
y
p
o
ten
tial
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
em
er
g
en
cy
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
th
er
n
co
astal
to
u
r
is
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
y
ield
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
in
Haw
aii,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
d
ig
ital
h
ea
lth
s
o
u
r
ce
s
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
p
eo
p
le
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
h
ea
lth
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
to
r
ea
ch
all
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
ar
ea
s
co
m
p
r
is
ed
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
with
m
an
y
h
o
u
s
in
g
estates
.
T
h
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
at
th
e
v
illag
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
els co
u
ld
n
o
t a
cc
ess
s
o
m
e
h
o
u
s
in
g
estates
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
in
ea
p
p
le
ey
es”
:
l
o
c
a
l so
cia
l
n
etw
o
r
ks to
p
r
ev
en
t a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l e
p
id
emic
s
in
…
(
La
p
a
s
r
a
d
a
Jitw
a
r
in
)
329
3
.
2
.
2
.
Ro
bu
s
t
co
lla
bo
ra
t
io
n f
ro
m
ent
re
preneurs
B
u
s
in
ess
es
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
to
u
r
is
m
an
d
co
m
m
er
ce
s
h
u
t d
o
wn
d
u
r
in
g
ep
id
em
ics,
wh
ich
h
ad
an
im
p
ac
t o
n
s
o
ciety
an
d
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
wh
ich
was
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
1
b
u
s
in
ess
in
T
h
ailan
d
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
in
co
m
e.
T
h
is
co
n
s
titu
tes
o
n
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
em
an
d
to
r
eso
lv
e
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
an
d
r
etu
r
n
to
o
p
en
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
T
h
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
'
s
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
h
elp
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
s
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
ey
f
u
n
d
all
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
an
d
im
p
er
ativ
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
s
wif
tly
p
u
t
an
en
d
to
th
e
ep
id
em
ics.
An
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
'
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
th
e
ar
ea
p
r
o
m
o
ted
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
PHEM
in
d
ea
l
in
g
with
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
with
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
b
ec
au
s
e
m
an
y
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
in
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
wer
e
well
p
r
ep
ar
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
n
el.
T
h
eir
p
o
ten
tial
is
p
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
web
s
ites
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
itu
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
m
an
y
s
tag
es a
s
a
cr
u
cial
m
ec
h
an
is
m
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
’
n
etwo
r
k
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ated
p
r
iv
ate
p
lace
s
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
v
ac
cin
e
in
jectio
n
s
with
o
u
t
in
cu
r
r
in
g
ex
p
en
s
es,
with
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
b
u
b
b
le
an
d
s
ea
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
lim
it
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
ey
r
eg
u
lar
ly
d
o
n
ated
co
n
s
u
m
er
g
o
o
d
s
to
th
e
u
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
an
d
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
en
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
s
’
n
etwo
r
k
s
also
s
u
b
s
id
ized
b
u
d
g
ets
to
ass
is
t
lo
ca
l
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
d
is
tr
ict
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
,
an
d
th
e
n
ativ
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
,
liv
in
g
,
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
in
g
.
"San
d
b
o
x
"
is
a
well
-
k
n
o
wn
m
eth
o
d
cr
ea
ted
b
y
b
u
s
in
ess
s
ec
to
r
s
th
at
h
elp
s
s
tr
ik
e
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
b
u
s
in
ess
.
I
t
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
wh
ich
af
f
ec
ted
m
en
tal
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tates,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
.
All
o
f
th
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t h
elp
s
th
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
taf
f
an
d
s
u
f
f
er
er
s
h
av
e
a
b
etter
s
p
ir
it
to
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
to
u
g
h
ep
id
em
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
ef
f
icien
t
PHEM
was th
e
b
ig
g
est ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
PHEM
in
co
p
in
g
with
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
i
o
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
en
t
o
f
f
iv
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
,
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
in
clu
d
e:
i)
em
er
g
en
c
y
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
;
ii)
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
;
iii)
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
tectio
n
;
iv
)
s
af
e
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
ca
r
e;
an
d
v
)
ac
ce
s
s
to
c
o
u
n
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
2
6
]
.
R
elev
an
t
to
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
i
n
Un
ited
States
.
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al/o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
ar
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
[
2
7
]
.
An
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
in
ca
s
e
o
f
a
lo
ca
l
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
,
as
well
as
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
ea
r
ly
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
r
ev
en
t
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
an
d
o
th
er
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
2
8
]
.
I
t
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
r
esid
en
tial
o
r
s
tay
-
at
-
h
o
m
e
s
ettin
g
s
was
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
s
p
r
ea
d
[
2
9
]
.
So
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
will
af
f
ec
t
cr
ed
ib
le,
tr
u
s
ted
,
r
elev
an
t,
tim
ely
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
ac
tio
n
ab
le
h
ea
lth
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
[
2
6
]
.
So
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
,
ar
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
ce
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ep
id
em
ic
s
itu
atio
n
f
o
r
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
i
s
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
id
en
tifie
d
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
an
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
r
ap
id
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
allian
ce
,
id
en
tifie
d
b
en
ef
icial
o
u
tco
m
es,
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
u
r
g
en
t
an
d
ch
r
o
n
i
c
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
n
ee
d
s
f
ac
in
g
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
s
tatewid
e
[
3
0
]
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
p
u
b
lic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
asp
ec
t
ass
ess
ed
is
th
e
d
is
e
ase
(
k
n
o
win
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic)
,
m
o
d
es
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
co
m
m
o
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Pre
v
en
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
is
an
ess
en
tial
asp
ec
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
c
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
Pre
v
en
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
is
also
r
elate
d
to
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
3
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
g
o
o
d
p
r
ac
tices
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
[
3
2
]
.
An
d
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
an
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
a
lo
w
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
an
d
a
lo
w
ev
alu
ated
co
s
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
h
av
e
p
o
o
r
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
[
3
3
]
.
F
in
an
cial
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
av
e
ad
d
ed
a
cr
itical
lay
er
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
m
ater
ial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
th
e
s
o
cial
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
em
b
o
d
ied
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
3
4
]
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
s
u
ally
p
r
o
v
id
e
ass
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
f
in
an
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
a
g
en
er
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
r
o
b
jectiv
e,
a
p
latf
o
r
m
to
s
h
ar
e
p
r
ac
tices,
to
o
ls
,
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
tech
n
ic
al
ass
is
tan
ce
an
d
m
en
to
r
in
g
b
y
b
o
t
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lead
er
s
,
an
d
an
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
o
th
er
s
tates,
civ
il so
ciety
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
p
o
wer
s
.
T
h
e
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
’
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
o
th
h
ar
n
ess
es
an
d
f
ee
d
s
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
co
llectiv
e
p
o
wer
em
b
ed
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
t a
llo
ws f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
r
elatio
n
s
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ics in
h
er
en
t in
th
e
s
o
cial
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es o
f
ca
r
e
an
d
s
o
lid
ar
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
n
etwo
r
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
s
y
s
tem
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
as
well
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
[
3
5
]
th
at
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
with
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
em
e
r
g
en
cy
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
s
y
s
tem
esp
ec
ially
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
em
er
g
en
cy
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
p
u
b
lic
s
af
ety
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
ec
to
r
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
an
d
o
th
er
s
ec
to
r
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
tr
e
atm
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
o
th
er
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
at
th
e
g
lo
b
al,
n
atio
n
al,
an
d
s
u
b
n
atio
n
al
lev
els ar
e
th
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cies f
o
r
h
ea
lth
em
er
g
en
cy
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
3
2
2
-
332
330
T
h
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
etwo
r
k
s
af
f
ec
ts
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
wh
ich
is
an
ess
en
tial
asp
ec
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
Pre
v
en
tiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
is
also
r
elate
d
to
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ea
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
o
f
[
3
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
th
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
e
latio
n
,
th
u
s
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ad
eq
u
ate
p
u
b
lic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
r
ev
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
to
war
d
s
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
v
ir
u
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
asp
ec
t
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
o
u
tp
u
t,
n
am
ely
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
er
io
d
o
f
tim
e
an
d
in
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
PHEM
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
r
eg
io
n
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
ea
lin
g
with
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
f
ac
eted
s
tr
ateg
y
,
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
f
o
u
r
k
ey
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
2
P2
R
(
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
,
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
ess
,
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
)
,
h
as
y
ield
ed
n
o
tab
le
s
u
cc
ess
in
m
an
ag
in
g
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
.
T
h
r
ee
p
iv
o
tal
s
u
cc
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
:
i)
.
Stro
n
g
lo
c
al
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
"Pin
ea
p
p
le
E
y
es")
:
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
at
th
e
v
illag
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
lev
els
p
lay
ed
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
C
lo
s
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
li
c
h
ea
lth
s
ec
to
r
,
v
illag
e
h
ea
lth
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
,
an
d
lo
ca
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
au
th
o
r
ities
,
f
ac
ilit
ated
s
wif
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
an
d
th
is
g
r
ass
r
o
o
ts
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
wed
f
o
r
im
m
ed
iate
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
an
d
tim
ely
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
ev
en
in
v
o
lv
in
g
to
u
r
is
ts
,
lead
in
g
to
ef
f
icien
t
ep
id
em
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
ii)
R
o
b
u
s
t
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
:
B
u
s
in
ess
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
ar
e
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
ed
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
t
an
d
th
e
d
esire
to
r
eo
p
en
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
n
etwo
r
k
s
lev
er
ag
ed
th
eir
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
PHEM
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
web
s
ites
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
E
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
p
r
iv
ate
s
p
ac
es
f
o
r
v
ac
cin
atio
n
s
,
d
o
n
ated
ess
en
tial
g
o
o
d
s
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
id
ized
b
u
d
g
ets
f
o
r
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
an
d
th
e
"San
d
b
o
x
"
m
eth
o
d
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
b
u
s
in
ess
s
ec
to
r
,
s
tr
u
ck
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
d
is
ea
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
.
iii)
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
u
b
lic
-
p
r
iv
ate
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
:
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
au
th
o
r
ities
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
,
was
a
h
allm
ar
k
o
f
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
PHEM
an
d
th
is
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
led
to
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ap
id
r
esp
o
n
s
es to
em
er
g
in
g
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
PHEM
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
o
u
th
er
n
b
ea
ch
to
u
r
is
m
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
s
er
v
es
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
em
er
g
en
cy
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
d
r
iv
en
in
itiativ
es,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t p
u
b
lic
-
p
r
iv
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
h
as
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
ed
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
to
u
r
is
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e,
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ec
eiv
ed
r
esear
c
h
f
u
n
d
in
g
:
MO
PH
0
2
1
9
/2
6
6
f
r
o
m
th
e
Hea
lth
Sy
s
tem
R
esear
c
h
I
n
s
titu
te
T
h
ailan
d
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
“
W
H
O
C
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
(
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
)
G
l
o
b
a
l
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
D
e
c
.
1
7
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
.
]
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
c
o
v
i
d
1
9
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
.
[
2
]
D
.
C
u
c
i
n
o
t
t
a
a
n
d
M
.
V
a
n
e
l
l
i
,
“
W
H
O
d
e
c
l
a
r
e
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
a
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
,
”
A
c
t
a
B
i
o
-
M
e
d
i
c
a
:
A
t
e
n
e
i
P
a
r
m
e
n
s
i
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
6
0
,
M
a
r
.
2020.
[
3
]
N
.
Z
h
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
2
0
1
9
(
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
)
P
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
o
n
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
z
a
S
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
H
o
n
g
K
o
n
g
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
2
0
1
9
(
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
)
P
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
o
n
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
z
a
S
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
H
o
n
g
K
o
n
g
,
”
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
e
1
1
4
2
–
e
1
1
5
0
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
c
i
d
/
c
i
a
a
1
8
1
8
.
[
4
]
Q
.
A
i
n
i
,
“
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
,
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
&
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
5
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
5
]
A
.
C
.
V
.
B
e
z
e
r
r
a
,
C
.
E
.
M
.
d
a
S
i
l
v
a
,
F
.
R
.
G
.
S
o
a
r
e
s
,
a
n
d
J
.
A
.
M
.
d
a
S
i
l
v
a
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
p
e
o
p
l
e
’
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
(
f
a
t
o
r
e
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
d
o
s
a
o
c
o
m
p
o
r
t
a
m
e
n
t
o
d
a
p
o
p
u
l
a
ç
ã
o
d
u
r
a
n
t
e
o
i
s
o
l
a
m
e
n
t
o
s
o
c
i
a
l
n
a
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
a
d
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
)
,
”
C
i
ê
n
c
i
a
&
S
a
ú
d
e
C
o
l
e
t
i
v
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
s
u
p
p
l
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
1
–
2
4
2
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
9
0
/
1
4
1
3
-
8
1
2
3
2
0
2
0
2
5
6
.
1
.
1
0
7
9
2
0
2
0
.
[
6
]
H
.
S
e
a
l
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
s
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
:
E
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
p
u
b
l
i
c
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
i
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
t
h
i
s
e
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
,
”
P
L
O
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
3
5
1
1
2
.
[
7
]
A
.
M
a
r
g
h
e
r
i
t
a
a
n
d
M
.
H
e
i
k
k
i
l
ä
,
“
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
:
A
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
a
k
e
n
b
y
w
o
r
l
d
-
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
,
”
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
8
3
–
6
9
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
b
u
s
h
o
r
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
2
.
0
2
0
.
[
8
]
T
h
e
W
o
r
l
d
T
o
u
r
i
s
m
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
“
U
N
W
T
O
A
n
n
u
a
l
R
e
p
o
r
t
2
0
1
7
,
”
2
0
1
8
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
u
n
w
t
o
.
o
r
g
/
g
l
o
b
a
l
/
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
in
ea
p
p
le
ey
es”
:
l
o
c
a
l so
cia
l
n
etw
o
r
ks to
p
r
ev
en
t a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l e
p
id
emic
s
in
…
(
La
p
a
s
r
a
d
a
Jitw
a
r
in
)
331
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
/
u
n
w
t
o
-
a
n
n
u
a
l
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
-
2
0
1
7
(
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
J
a
n
1
5
,
2
0
2
3
)
.
[
9
]
O
f
f
i
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
S
e
c
r
e
t
a
r
y
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
T
o
u
r
i
s
m
a
n
d
S
p
o
r
t
s
,
“
T
o
u
r
i
s
m
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
r
e
p
o
r
t
:
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
o
n
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
’
s
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
,
”
2
0
2
0
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
o
t
s
.
g
o
.
t
h
/
d
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
/
T
o
u
r
i
s
m
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
R
e
p
o
r
t
/
4
-
1
T
o
u
r
i
s
m
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
V
o
l
4
.
p
d
f
(
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
J
a
n
.
1
5
,
2
0
2
3
)
.
[
1
0
]
T
h
a
i
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
,
“
T
o
p
1
0
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
i
n
c
o
m
e
.
”
t
h
a
i
g
o
v
.
g
o
.
t
h
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
D
e
c
.
1
7
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
t
h
a
i
g
o
v
.
g
o
.
t
h
/
i
n
f
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
/
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
/
d
e
t
a
i
l
s
/
6
4
9
1
[
1
1
]
L
.
V
o
n
B
e
r
t
a
l
a
n
f
f
y
,
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
h
e
o
r
y
:
F
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
N
Y
,
U
S
A
:
G
e
o
r
g
e
B
r
a
z
i
l
l
e
r
,
1
9
6
8
.
[
1
2
]
R
.
K
i
t
p
h
a
t
i
,
J
.
K
r
a
t
e
s
,
W
.
R
u
a
n
g
r
a
t
t
a
n
a
t
r
a
i
,
W
.
N
a
k
-
A
i
,
a
n
d
K
.
M
u
a
n
g
y
i
m
,
“
P
u
b
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
l
i
c
y
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
8
-
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
i
n
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
,
”
(
i
n
T
h
a
i
)
,
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
7
5
–
9
9
7
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
1
3
]
D
.
A
.
R
o
s
e
,
S
.
M
u
r
t
h
y
,
J
.
B
r
o
o
k
s
,
a
n
d
J
.
B
r
y
a
n
t
,
“
T
h
e
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
s
a
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
”
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
7
,
n
o
.
S
2
,
p
p
.
S
1
2
6
–
S
1
3
3
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
0
5
/
A
J
P
H
.
2
0
1
7
.
3
0
3
9
4
7
.
[
1
4
]
T
h
e
M
i
c
h
i
g
a
n
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
.
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
s
s
,
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
&
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
c
y
c
l
e
.
”
m
i
c
h
i
g
a
n
.
g
o
v
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
J
a
n
.
1
5
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
.
]
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
i
c
h
i
g
a
n
.
g
o
v
/
-
/
m
e
d
i
a
/
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
/
W
e
b
s
i
t
e
s
/
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
s
/
F
o
l
d
e
r
2
/
%
0
A
R
e
a
d
i
n
e
s
s
_
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
_
R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
_
C
y
c
l
e
_
0
3
0
2
2
2
.
p
d
f
?
r
e
v
=
5
7
1
b
d
d
3
b
7
1
b
7
4
a
4
3
8
8
8
1
3
f
6
e
7
8
4
d
7
1
4
d
[
1
5
]
M
.
O
s
a
m
a
A
l
i
,
“
D
i
s
a
s
t
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
c
y
c
l
e
a
n
d
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
-
B
r
e
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
l
o
s
,
”
A
r
c
h
i
v
e
s
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
–
2
0
4
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
3
5
2
/
2
4
5
5
-
5
4
7
9
.
0
0
0
1
6
2
.
[
1
6
]
S
.
E
.
G
a
l
a
i
t
s
i
,
E
.
P
i
n
i
g
i
n
a
,
J
.
M
.
K
e
i
s
l
e
r
,
G
.
P
e
s
c
a
r
o
l
i
,
J
.
M
.
K
e
e
n
a
n
,
a
n
d
I
.
L
i
n
k
o
v
,
“
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
:
C
o
m
m
o
n
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
i
s
a
s
t
e
r
R
i
s
k
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
1
3
–
7
2
1
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
3
7
5
3
-
0
2
3
-
0
0
4
9
4
-
x.
[
1
7
]
E
.
S
w
a
r
t
z
a
n
d
D
.
E
l
l
i
o
t
t
,
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
o
f
r
i
s
k
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
.
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
1
8
]
T
.
U
n
g
s
u
c
h
a
v
a
l
a
n
d
C
.
K
u
m
l
u
n
g
p
a
t
,
“
P
u
b
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
g
o
v
e
r
n
a
n
c
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
o
f
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
i
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
”
(
i
n
T
h
a
i
)
,
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
N
a
r
e
s
u
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
7
–
7
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
1
9
]
A
.
R
a
m
s
b
o
t
t
o
m
,
E
.
O
’
B
r
i
e
n
,
L
.
C
i
o
t
t
i
,
a
n
d
J
.
T
a
k
a
c
s
,
“
E
n
a
b
l
e
r
s
a
n
d
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
p
u
b
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
:
A
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
2
–
4
2
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
9
0
0
-
0
1
7
-
0
4
1
5
-
7.
[
2
0
]
L
.
B
a
i
l
l
i
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
:
T
o
o
m
u
c
h
t
o
e
x
p
e
c
t
?
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
P
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
7
–
2
2
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
j
c
o
p
.
1
0
0
8
4
.
[
2
1
]
V
.
H
a
l
d
a
n
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
:
A
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t
,
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
,
”
P
L
O
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
1
6
1
1
2
.
[
2
2
]
P
.
P
r
i
b
a
d
i
,
L
.
L
o
l
i
t
a
,
R
.
C
.
A
.
P
a
n
g
e
s
t
u
t
i
,
H
.
L
u
t
f
i
y
a
t
i
,
S
.
M
a
r
e
t
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
I
k
h
s
a
n
u
d
i
n
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
l
i
f
e
a
m
o
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
P
H
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
5
1
–
4
5
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
h
s
.
v
1
0
i
2
.
2
0
8
1
9
.
[
2
3
]
J
.
K
e
a
r
o
n
a
n
d
C
.
R
i
s
d
o
n
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
c
a
r
e
i
n
a
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
:
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
i
n
C
a
n
a
d
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
C
a
r
e
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
2
1
5
0
1
3
2
7
2
0
9
6
2
8
7
1
.
[
2
4
]
V
.
C
.
P
e
r
e
i
r
a
,
S
.
N
.
S
i
l
v
a
,
V
.
K
.
S
.
C
a
r
v
a
l
h
o
,
F
.
Z
a
n
g
h
e
l
i
n
i
,
a
n
d
J
.
O
.
M
.
B
a
r
r
e
t
o
,
“
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
i
n
p
u
b
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
:
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
”
H
e
a
l
t
h
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
P
o
l
i
c
y
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
9
6
1
-
0
2
2
-
0
0
8
1
5
-
4.
[
2
5
]
M
.
P
h
i
l
l
i
p
s
,
R
.
W
e
l
d
o
n
,
a
n
d
U
.
P
a
t
i
l
,
“
S
o
c
i
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
i
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
,
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
S
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
_
3
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
e
u
r
p
u
b
/
c
k
a
c
1
3
1
.
1
8
3
.
[
2
6
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
“
F
r
o
m
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
:
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
g
a
i
n
s
m
a
d
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
.
”
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
M
a
y
1
9
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
/
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
/
i
/
i
t
e
m
/
W
H
O
-
W
H
E
-
SPP
-
2
0
2
3
.
1
%
0
A
[
2
7
]
E
.
W
a
c
h
i
r
a
,
K
.
L
a
k
i
,
B
.
C
h
a
v
a
n
,
G
.
A
i
d
o
o
-
F
r
i
m
p
o
n
g
a
n
d
C
.
K
i
n
g
o
r
i
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
–
5
2
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
9
3
5
-
0
2
2
-
0
0
7
1
9
-
7.
[
2
8
]
S
.
K
h
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
i
s
k
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
i
a
s
t
e
r
R
i
s
k
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
3
,
M
a
y
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
d
r
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
2
9
0
3
.
[
2
9
]
H
.
S
.
B
a
d
r
,
H
.
D
u
,
M
.
M
a
r
s
h
a
l
l
,
E
.
D
o
n
g
,
M
.
M
.
S
q
u
i
r
e
a
n
d
L
.
M
.
G
a
r
d
n
e
r
,
“
A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
a
n
d
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
U
S
A
:
a
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
y
.
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
7
–
1
2
5
4
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
1
4
7
3
-
3
0
9
9
(
2
0
)
3
0
5
5
3
-
3.
[
3
0
]
A
.
C
a
s
i
l
l
a
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
T
O
P
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
C
A
:
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
d
i
s
p
a
r
a
t
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
i
n
C
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
a
,
”
F
r
o
n
t
i
e
r
s
i
n
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
A
r
t
.
n
o
.
9
3
5
2
9
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
r
h
s
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
3
5
2
9
7
.
[
3
1
]
I
.
D
a
l
a
w
i
,
M
.
R
.
I
s
a
,
X
.
C
h
e
n
,
Z
.
A
z
h
a
r
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
i
m
r
a
n
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
:
A
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
N
u
r
s
i
n
g
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
C
a
r
e
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
-
18
5
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
7
9
0
/
j
c
n
r
c
1
1
0
0
1
8
2
[
3
2
]
S
.
K
u
n
d
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
:
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
a
m
o
n
g
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
i
r
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
Z
G
e
s
u
n
d
h
W
i
s
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
1
–
1
1
3
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
3
8
9
-
0
2
1
-
0
1
6
3
6
-
5.
[
3
3
]
L
.
K
o
j
a
n
,
L
.
B
u
r
b
a
c
h
,
M
.
Z
i
e
f
l
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
C
.
V
a
l
d
e
z
,
“
P
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
,
n
o
t
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
r
e
a
t
,
a
r
e
d
r
i
v
e
r
s
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
i
n
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
”
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
97
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
7
/
s
4
1
5
9
9
-
0
2
2
-
0
1
0
9
8
-
4.
[
3
4
]
S
.
B
o
o
n
y
a
b
a
n
c
h
a
a
n
d
T
.
K
e
r
r
,
“
L
e
s
s
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
C
O
D
I
o
n
c
o
-
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
U
r
b
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
4
4
–
4
6
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
9
5
6
2
4
7
8
1
8
7
9
1
2
3
9
.
[
3
5
]
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
C
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
R
e
p
o
r
t
:
P
u
b
l
i
c
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
c
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
f
o
r
E
U
M
e
m
b
e
r
S
t
a
t
e
,
”
2
0
1
7
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
e
c
d
c
.
e
u
r
o
p
a
.
e
u
/
s
i
t
e
s
/
d
e
f
a
u
l
t
/
f
i
l
e
s
/
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
/
p
u
b
l
i
c
-
h
e
a
l
t
h
-
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
-
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
-
c
o
r
e
-
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
-
eu
-
m
e
m
b
e
r
-
s
t
a
t
e
s
.
p
d
f
(
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
M
a
y
1
9
,
2
0
2
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.