I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
26
~
1
36
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
h
s
.
v
1
4
i1
.
2
4
2
4
5
126
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
SEa
M
mo
bile car
d ga
me a
nd an
im
a
ted
v
ideo
f
o
r i
nc
reas
ing
kno
wledg
e and a
t
tit
udes
of early
m
a
rria
g
e preventio
n
Apria
ni Su
s
m
it
a
Sa
ri
1
,
H
ikm
a
h L
ia
B
a
s
un
i
1
,
Nura
n
nis
a
F
it
ria
Apria
nti
2
1
N
u
r
si
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
S
t
u
d
y
P
r
o
g
r
a
m,
S
TI
K
e
s
H
a
mz
a
r
E
a
st
Lo
mb
o
k
,
Lo
m
b
o
k
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
M
i
d
w
i
f
e
r
y
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
y
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
S
TI
K
e
s H
a
mz
a
r
Ea
s
t
L
o
m
b
o
k
,
L
o
m
b
o
k
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
2
1
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
y
2
5
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
5
,
2
0
2
4
An
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
ro
b
lem
t
h
a
t
m
i
g
h
t
jeo
p
a
rd
ize
t
h
e
li
v
e
s,
fu
tu
re
s,
a
n
d
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
is
e
a
rly
m
a
r
riag
e
.
A
c
o
u
p
le
wh
o
m
a
rries
b
e
fo
re
th
e
a
g
e
o
f
e
i
g
h
tee
n
is
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
a
n
e
a
rly
m
a
rriag
e
.
Kn
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
wa
rd
s
e
a
rly
m
a
rriag
e
a
re
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
v
a
riab
les
th
a
t
c
a
n
imp
a
c
t
it
s
i
n
c
id
e
n
c
e
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
ime
d
to
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
u
sin
g
th
e
S
EaM
M
o
b
il
e
C
a
rd
G
a
m
e
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
v
id
e
o
s
o
n
in
c
re
a
sin
g
t
h
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
tt
i
tu
d
e
s
o
f
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts
a
b
o
u
t
e
a
rly
m
a
rriag
e
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
d
e
sig
n
is
a
q
u
a
si
-
e
x
p
e
rime
n
t
with
a
n
o
n
-
e
q
u
i
v
a
len
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
(
p
re
-
tes
t
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
tes
t)
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
ro
u
p
d
e
sig
n
.
Th
e
sa
m
p
le am
o
u
n
ted
to
1
4
8
re
sp
o
n
d
e
n
ts.
Th
e
i
n
stru
m
e
n
ts u
se
d
i
n
th
is stu
d
y
we
re
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ires
o
n
e
a
rly
m
a
rriag
e
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
a
tt
it
u
d
e
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
o
n
e
a
rly
m
a
rriag
e
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
,
e
a
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
,
e
a
se
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
sa
t
i
s
fa
c
t
i
o
n
(
USE
)
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
.
T
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
d
a
ta
we
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
Wi
lco
x
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
n
Wh
it
n
e
y
wit
h
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
c
e
lev
e
l
o
f
p
<
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
o
f
th
is
stu
d
y
we
re
th
a
t
th
e
re
wa
s
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
iffere
n
c
e
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
t
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
e
a
rly
m
a
rriag
e
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
S
Ea
M
M
o
b
il
e
Ca
rd
G
a
m
e
g
ro
u
p
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
v
id
e
o
s
a
fter
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
p
=
0
.
0
1
3
)
a
n
d
th
e
re
wa
s
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
iffere
n
c
e
in
a
d
o
les
c
e
n
ts'
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
wa
rd
e
a
rly
m
a
rriag
e
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
in
t
h
e
S
EaM
M
o
b
il
e
Ca
rd
G
a
m
e
g
ro
u
p
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
v
id
e
o
s
a
fter
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ad
o
lescen
t
An
im
ated
v
id
eo
Attitu
d
e
E
ar
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
Kn
o
wled
g
e
SEa
M
m
o
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
am
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ap
r
ian
i Su
s
m
ita
Sar
i
Nu
r
s
in
g
Scien
ce
Stu
d
y
Pr
o
g
r
a
m
,
STI
Kes H
am
za
r
E
ast L
o
m
b
o
k
J
ln
T
GH
Z
ain
u
d
d
in
Ar
s
y
a
d
,
Ma
m
b
en
Day
a,
Kec
.
W
an
asab
a,
Kab
u
p
aten
L
o
m
b
o
k
T
im
u
r
,
Nu
s
a
T
en
g
g
ar
a
B
ar
at,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
8
3
6
5
8
E
m
ail:
ap
r
ian
is
u
s
m
ita4
4
2
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
ar
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
is
a
g
lo
b
al
is
s
u
e
th
at
ca
n
jeo
p
a
r
d
ize
th
e
liv
es,
well
-
b
ein
g
,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
An
n
u
ally
,
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
2
m
illi
o
n
g
ir
ls
g
et
m
ar
r
ied
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
c
h
in
g
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
8
.
T
h
is
eq
u
ates
to
2
3
g
ir
ls
g
ettin
g
m
a
r
r
ied
e
v
er
y
m
in
u
te,
an
d
n
ea
r
ly
1
g
ir
l
g
ettin
g
m
ar
r
ied
ev
er
y
th
r
ee
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
er
e
ar
e
ar
o
u
n
d
6
5
0
m
illi
o
n
wo
m
e
n
wh
o
a
r
e
p
o
te
n
tial b
r
id
es b
e
f
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
8
,
wit
h
s
o
m
e
ev
e
n
g
ettin
g
m
ar
r
ied
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
ag
e
o
f
1
0
.
Glo
b
ally
,
1
in
5
wo
m
e
n
m
ar
r
y
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
8
[
1
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
in
2
0
2
2
,
ab
o
u
t
1
9
.
2
4
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
g
et
m
ar
r
ied
f
o
r
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
tim
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
ag
es
o
f
1
6
a
n
d
1
8
.
Ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
2
.
2
6
%
o
f
a
d
o
lescen
ts
r
em
ain
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
m
ar
r
iag
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
a
g
e
o
f
1
6
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
2
1
.
5
0
%
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
d
o
n
o
t
ad
h
er
e
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
n
o
r
m
s
o
n
th
e
ag
e
a
t
wh
ich
th
ey
en
ter
th
eir
f
ir
s
t m
a
r
r
iag
e
[
2
]
.
W
est Nu
s
a
T
en
g
g
ar
a
h
as seen
a
s
tead
y
r
is
e
in
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
es,
p
lacin
g
it
f
o
u
r
t
h
a
m
o
n
g
r
eg
io
n
s
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
th
is
is
s
u
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
en
tr
al
Stati
s
tics
Ag
en
cy
,
in
2
0
1
9
,
1
6
.
0
9
%
o
f
wo
m
e
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
a
g
es
o
f
2
0
a
n
d
2
4
wer
e
m
ar
r
ied
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
8
.
I
n
2
0
2
0
,
th
e
r
ati
o
r
o
s
e
f
u
r
th
er
to
1
6
.
6
1
%
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
icts
with
th
e
g
r
ea
test
r
ates
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
in
E
ast L
o
m
b
o
k
R
eg
en
cy
in
2
0
2
2
ar
e
J
er
o
war
u
,
Selo
n
g
,
an
d
L
ab
u
h
an
Haji.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
E
a
M mo
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
a
me
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
vid
e
o
fo
r
in
crea
s
in
g
kn
o
w
led
g
e
…
(
A
p
r
ia
n
i S
u
s
mita
S
a
r
i)
127
E
ar
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
m
ar
r
iag
e
in
w
h
ich
eith
er
o
n
e
o
r
b
o
th
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
en
g
ag
e
d
ar
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
ag
e
o
f
1
8
[
3
]
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
ca
n
b
e
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
in
its
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
a
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Sam
s
i
[
4
]
,
th
er
e
is
a
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e.
A
d
o
lescen
ts
with
litt
le
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
ar
e
4
,
2
8
6
tim
es
m
o
r
e
in
clin
ed
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
o
s
e
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
f
ea
r
l
y
m
ar
r
iag
e
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
f
o
r
a
n
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
was
h
ig
h
er
a
m
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
[
6
]
.
Hig
h
e
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
with
h
ig
h
e
r
in
ten
ti
o
n
to
g
et
m
ar
r
ied
,
wh
ile
n
e
g
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
an
d
f
ea
r
/d
o
u
b
t to
war
d
s
m
ar
r
iag
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
with
lo
wer
in
te
n
tio
n
to
g
et
m
a
r
r
ied
[
7
]
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
is
th
e
f
am
iliar
ity
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
m
eo
n
e
o
r
s
o
m
eth
in
g
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ac
ts
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
,
o
r
ab
ilit
ies,
th
at
is
g
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
lear
n
in
g
,
o
r
d
is
co
v
er
y
[
8
]
.
Atti
tu
d
e
is
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t o
r
to
o
wn
b
o
d
y
.
As
an
attr
ib
u
te
o
f
m
in
d
,
th
e
attitu
d
e
was
d
ef
in
e
d
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
an
d
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
g
n
itiv
e
ce
n
ter
s
o
f
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
,
allo
win
g
a
f
in
e
tu
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
I
t
was
s
h
o
wn
th
at
attitu
d
e
is
m
ain
ly
ex
p
r
ess
ib
le
b
y
th
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
c
en
ter
s
u
g
g
esti
v
ely
d
e
f
in
ed
as
I
wan
t,
eith
er
if
th
e
attitu
d
e
is
m
an
if
ested
in
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
y
v
o
ca
l,
f
ac
ial
m
im
ic,
g
estu
r
e
o
r
c
o
r
p
o
r
al
p
o
s
tu
r
e
a
n
d
ac
tio
n
,
o
r
d
elib
er
ately
s
to
r
ed
in
m
em
o
r
y
i
n
a
tacit
way
f
o
r
latt
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
[
9
]
.
E
ar
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
ca
n
h
av
e
d
et
r
im
en
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
b
o
th
th
e
m
o
th
er
an
d
ch
ild
.
E
a
r
ly
m
a
r
r
iag
e
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
th
eir
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
e
co
n
o
m
ic
in
e
q
u
ality
[
1
0
]
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
d
ea
th
d
u
r
in
g
c
h
ild
b
ir
th
[
1
1
]
,
h
ig
h
er
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ci
n
g
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
s
ex
u
al
v
io
len
ce
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
s
o
cial
is
o
latio
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
h
ig
h
er
r
ates
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
ce
r
v
ical
ca
n
ce
r
[
1
1
]
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
s
u
s
ce
p
t
ib
ilit
y
to
s
ex
u
ally
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
is
ea
s
es
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
ec
lam
p
s
i
a
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
p
u
er
p
er
al
en
d
o
m
etr
itis
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ic
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
in
f
an
ts
in
clu
d
e
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
b
ei
n
g
b
o
r
n
with
lo
w
b
o
d
y
weig
h
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
p
r
em
atu
r
e
b
ir
th
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
d
s
ev
er
e
n
eo
n
atal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ich
ca
n
ev
e
n
lead
to
c
h
ild
m
o
r
tality
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
is
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
ch
ild
b
ea
r
in
g
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
tu
n
ted
g
r
o
wth
in
c
h
ild
r
en
.
A
f
ew
o
u
tco
m
es
Stu
d
ies
in
d
icate
a
n
o
tab
le
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
am
o
n
g
teen
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
ted
g
r
o
wth
in
ch
ild
r
en
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
He
n
ce
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
Gen
er
atio
n
b
o
r
n
b
etwe
en
1
9
9
5
an
d
2
0
1
0
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
as
Gen
er
atio
n
Z
.
Ge
n
er
atio
n
Z
p
o
s
s
ess
es
a
d
is
tin
ct
ad
v
an
tag
e
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
ey
p
o
s
s
ess
ex
ce
p
ti
o
n
al
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
in
u
tili
zin
g
t
h
e
in
ter
n
e
t
v
ia
r
estricte
d
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
o
th
er
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
ey
en
g
ag
e
i
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
en
g
ag
e
in
p
lay
,
an
d
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
v
ia
an
d
r
o
id
d
ev
ices,
g
ad
g
ets,
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
an
d
lap
to
p
s
[
2
1
]
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
ag
es
o
f
1
6
an
d
1
7
h
av
e
co
m
p
lete
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
,
7
3
%
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
u
til
ize
th
eir
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
to
e
n
g
ag
e
in
o
n
lin
e
g
a
m
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
2
]
.
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
h
av
e
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ized
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
l.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ed
ia
is
m
ed
ia
t
h
at
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
alig
n
with
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
q
u
alities
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
a
u
d
ien
ce
[
2
3
]
.
Gam
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
will
b
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
o
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
4
.
0
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
5
.
0
,
th
e
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
[
2
4
]
.
A
m
o
b
ile
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
g
am
e,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
Gam
e
B
a
s
ed
Mo
b
ile
L
ea
r
n
in
g
(
GB
ML
)
,
is
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lea
r
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
t
h
at
co
m
b
in
es
g
am
e
elem
en
ts
an
d
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
m
o
b
ilit
y
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
a
n
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
I
n
GB
ML
,
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ten
t
is
p
a
ck
ag
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
g
am
es
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
c
ess
ed
v
ia
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
o
r
tab
lets
.
Gam
if
ca
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
in
ter
est
,
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
lev
els
in
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ca
lly
in
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
g
a
m
e
ca
n
also
i
n
cr
e
ase
ac
ad
em
i
c
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
lev
el
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
m
ed
ia
u
s
ed
to
d
is
s
em
in
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
ar
e
SEa
M
Mo
b
ile
C
ar
d
Gam
e
an
d
A
n
im
ated
Vid
eo
s
.
T
h
e
SEa
M
Mo
b
i
le
C
ar
d
Gam
e
is
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
e
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
p
lay
a
g
am
e
b
ased
o
n
SEa
M
(
Sto
p
E
ar
ly
Ma
r
r
ia
g
e)
s
h
ap
e
d
ca
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
C
ar
d
Gam
e
is
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
g
am
e
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
ca
r
d
s
as
its
p
r
im
ar
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
[
2
6
]
.
An
im
ate
d
v
id
eo
s
ar
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
c
es
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
y
n
am
ic
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as m
o
v
in
g
g
r
a
p
h
ics r
esem
b
lin
g
r
ea
l lif
e
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
[
2
7
]
.
L
iter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iews
r
ev
ea
led
th
er
e
was
n
o
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
th
at
h
ad
u
tili
ze
d
m
o
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
am
e
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e.
Sev
er
al
r
esear
c
h
e
m
p
lo
y
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
g
a
m
es
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
to
p
ics
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
o
ke
[
2
8
]
,
d
iab
etes
m
ellitu
s
ty
p
e
2
[
2
9
]
,
c
h
ild
r
en
wit
h
Atten
tio
n
d
ef
icit
h
y
p
er
ac
tiv
ity
d
is
o
r
d
er
(
ADH
D)
[
3
0
]
,
c
h
ild
r
en
with
au
tis
m
[
3
1
]
,
a
n
d
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
a
d
ay
s
u
r
g
er
y
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
m
e
d
ia
u
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
a
d
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
is
o
n
l
y
v
id
eo
s
,
leaf
lets
,
an
d
web
a
p
p
l
icatio
n
m
ed
ia.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
p
r
ef
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ed
ia
th
at
is
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
ea
s
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
ef
f
o
r
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
1
26
-
1
36
128
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
ab
o
u
t
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
,
n
a
m
ely
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ed
ia
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
n
am
el
y
u
s
in
g
SEa
M
m
o
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
am
es
an
d
an
im
ated
v
id
e
o
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
ass
e
s
s
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
u
s
in
g
SEa
M
Mo
b
ile
C
ar
d
Gam
e
an
d
an
i
m
ated
v
id
e
o
o
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
ab
o
u
t
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
i
ag
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
.
B
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
at
titu
d
es
o
f
a
d
o
lescen
ts
ab
o
u
t
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
it
is
h
o
p
e
d
th
at
t
h
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
a
r
r
iag
e
ca
n
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
ch
d
es
i
g
n
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
a
q
u
a
s
i
-
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
n
o
n
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
(
p
r
e
-
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
t
es
t
)
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
e
s
i
g
n
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
ti
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
t
i
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
S
E
a
M
M
o
b
i
le
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
,
w
h
il
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
e
d
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
s
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
ts
i
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
s
is
te
d
o
f
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
ts
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
a
g
es
o
f
1
5
a
n
d
1
8
,
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
E
as
t
L
o
m
b
o
k
R
e
g
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
v
i
a
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
el
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
b
o
t
h
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
n
d
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
s
c
h
o
o
ls
i
n
t
h
e
E
a
s
t
L
o
m
b
o
k
a
r
e
a
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
iz
e
i
n
t
h
is
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
w
as
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
n
u
n
p
a
i
r
e
d
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
i
t
h
o
n
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
[
3
4
]
.
A
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
1
4
8
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
c
o
n
s
en
t
e
d
t
o
t
a
k
e
p
a
r
t
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
'
s
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
.
E
a
c
h
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
i
n
ea
c
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
e
n
t
a
s
a
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
.
A
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
1
4
8
s
u
b
j
e
ct
s
,
8
5
a
g
r
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
n
g
6
3
a
g
r
e
e
d
t
o
b
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
v
i
a
S
E
aM
M
o
b
i
l
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
,
w
h
e
r
e
as
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
d
v
i
d
eo
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
l
y
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
g
r
a
d
e
1
1
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
w
h
o
w
e
r
e
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
e
n
r
o
l
l
e
d
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
a
t
t
e
n
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
o
o
l
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
v
o
l
u
n
t
a
r
i
l
y
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
te
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
ia
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
s
s
p
u
p
i
ls
w
h
o
a
r
e
a
b
s
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
.
2
.
2
.
I
n
s
t
ru
me
n
t
2
.
2
.
1
.
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
ir
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
en
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
ma
r
r
i
a
g
e
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
i
l
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
th
e
m
s
e
l
v
es
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
-
c
h
o
i
c
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
al
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
i
s
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
s
1
5
.
T
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
o
n
t
h
is
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
ass
i
g
n
s
a
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
1
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
a
n
s
we
r
a
n
d
a
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
0
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
a
n
s
w
er
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
h
a
s
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
a
n
d
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
1
5
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
s
c
o
r
e
i
s
t
h
a
t
as
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
s
c
o
r
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
es
,
t
h
e
a
d
o
l
es
c
e
n
ts
'
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
.
P
r
i
o
r
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
i
s
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
a
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
n
a
i
r
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
a
n
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
q
u
es
t
io
n
n
a
i
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
w
e
r
e
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
te
r
e
d
t
o
3
0
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
at
W
a
n
as
a
b
a
1
Se
n
i
o
r
H
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
f
o
r
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
t
es
t
r
e
s
u
lt
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
o
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
al
l
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
i
t
e
m
s
w
e
r
e
d
e
e
m
e
d
v
a
l
id
(
r
c
o
u
n
t
=
0
.
3
6
6
-
0
.
7
7
0
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
r
t
a
b
l
e
=
0
.
3
6
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
t
e
s
t
,
u
s
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
'
s
al
p
h
a
,
s
h
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
1
5
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
it
e
m
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
lia
b
l
e
(
0
.
8
2
4
)
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
pr
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
t
h
e
m
s
e
l
v
e
s
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
es
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
.
T
h
i
s
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
i
s
es
1
5
s
t
ate
m
e
n
t
i
te
m
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
o
f
a
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
a
le
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
5
a
l
t
e
r
n
at
i
v
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
"
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
"
t
o
"
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
"
.
T
h
e
w
e
i
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
a
s
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
1
,
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
ass
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
5
.
T
h
e
f
a
v
o
r
ab
l
e
s
t
at
e
m
e
n
t
t
y
p
es
a
r
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
z
e
d
a
s
f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
=
1
,
n
o
t
a
g
r
e
e=
2
,
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
=
3
,
a
g
r
ee
=
4
,
a
n
d
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
=
5
.
T
h
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
c
al
e
f
o
r
u
n
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
l
e
r
em
a
r
k
s
is
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
=
5
,
n
o
t
a
g
r
e
e=
4
,
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
=
3
,
a
g
r
e
e
=
2
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
=
1
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
ti
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
h
a
s
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
1
5
a
n
d
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
7
5
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
a
t
ti
t
u
d
e
v
a
l
u
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
ia
g
e
is
as
f
o
l
l
o
ws
:
a
s
c
o
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
t
o
7
5
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
a
g
o
o
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
p
r
e
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
wh
i
l
s
t
a
s
c
o
r
e
c
l
o
s
e
r
t
o
1
5
s
u
g
g
es
ts
a
m
o
r
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
t
ti
t
u
d
e
.
T
h
i
s
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
h
as
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
n
e
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
t
e
s
ti
n
g
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
i
t
s
v
a
li
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
v
a
l
i
d
it
y
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
lt
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
t
t
it
u
d
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
e
a
r
s
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
-
m
o
m
e
n
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
t
h
at
a
l
l
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
it
e
m
s
w
e
r
e
d
e
e
m
e
d
v
al
i
d
(
w
it
h
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
ts
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
7
2
t
o
0
.
9
0
8
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
e
r
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
c
r
i
tic
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
0
.
3
6
1
)
.
T
h
e
r
el
i
a
b
i
li
t
y
t
es
t
,
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
'
s
a
l
p
h
a
,
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
1
5
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
it
e
m
s
w
e
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
,
wi
t
h
a
c
o
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
o
f
0
.
9
5
9
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
U
S
E
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
(
us
ef
u
l
n
ess
,
e
a
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
,
e
a
s
e
o
f
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
)
T
h
e
U
S
E
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
w
h
ich
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
t
h
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
f
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
,
e
a
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
,
e
as
e
o
f
lea
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
a
t
is
f
a
ct
i
o
n
,
w
as
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
S
a
s
o
n
g
k
o
'
s
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
i
n
2
0
2
2
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
i
s
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
s
u
ti
l
i
ze
d
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
E
a
M mo
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
a
me
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
vid
e
o
fo
r
in
crea
s
in
g
kn
o
w
led
g
e
…
(
A
p
r
ia
n
i S
u
s
mita
S
a
r
i)
129
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
u
s
a
b
i
l
it
y
,
u
s
e
r
-
f
r
i
en
d
l
i
n
e
s
s
,
l
e
a
r
n
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
p
l
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
d
i
u
m
S
E
a
M
M
o
b
il
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
US
E
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
w
as
i
n
it
i
a
ll
y
u
n
d
e
r
ta
k
e
n
b
y
A
r
n
o
l
d
M
.
L
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
U
S
E
q
u
e
s
ti
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
s
a
t
o
o
l
u
s
e
d
t
o
as
s
ess
t
h
e
u
s
a
b
i
li
t
y
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
a
n
d
s
e
r
v
i
c
es
a
r
e
o
b
j
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
3
0
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
z
e
d
i
n
t
o
4
d
im
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
:
u
s
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
s
i
m
p
l
ic
i
t
y
o
f
u
s
e
,
e
as
e
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
a
t
is
f
a
ct
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
t
h
e
u
t
i
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
7
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
a
le
.
S
tar
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
ei
n
g
t
o
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
i
n
g
.
R
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
m
u
s
t
c
h
ec
k
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
a
d
e
s
1
-
7
o
n
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
h
e
et
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
U
S
E
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
.
T
e
s
t
t
h
e
r
e
l
ia
b
i
l
it
y
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
'
s
A
l
p
h
a
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
te
s
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
v
a
l
i
d
i
ty
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
m
o
m
e
n
t
t
e
s
t
y
i
e
l
d
s
v
a
l
i
d
it
y
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
ts
(
r
c
o
u
n
t
=
0
.
7
0
5
-
0
.
8
5
4
>
r
t
a
b
l
e
=
0
.
1
9
7
)
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
i
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
v
a
l
i
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
li
t
y
t
es
t
,
as
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
ed
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
'
s
A
l
p
h
a
(
0
.
9
7
7
)
,
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
at
e
v
e
r
y
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
i
te
m
i
s
r
e
l
i
a
b
le
[
3
5
]
.
2
.
3
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
ch
p
r
o
c
ed
ur
e
T
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
o
n
t
h
e
S
e
A
M
M
o
b
il
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
an
d
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
s
c
o
v
e
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
a
s
p
e
c
ts
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
i
t
s
c
o
n
c
ep
t
,
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
g
i
es
,
c
a
u
s
es
,
i
m
p
a
c
t
,
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
t
,
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
r
a
te
g
i
es
,
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
r
a
i
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
d
o
i
n
g
s
o
.
T
h
e
g
o
a
l
i
s
t
o
p
r
es
e
n
t
a
cc
u
r
a
t
e
a
n
d
e
as
y
-
to
-
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
r
s
.
A
f
t
e
r
t
h
i
s
m
at
e
r
i
al
is
a
r
r
an
g
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
at
i
c
al
l
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
l
y
,
r
es
e
a
r
ch
e
r
s
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
a
t
e
d
wi
t
h
d
es
i
g
n
s
p
e
c
ia
l
is
ts
a
n
d
u
ti
l
i
ze
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
S
E
aM
M
o
b
i
l
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
a
n
d
a
n
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
v
i
d
e
o
.
T
h
e
S
E
a
M
M
o
b
i
l
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
i
s
a
c
a
r
d
g
a
m
e
t
h
a
t
f
a
ll
s
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
g
e
n
r
e
.
I
t
i
s
d
es
i
g
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
c
a
p
t
i
v
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
s
s
h
w
o
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
i
s
g
a
m
e
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
a
u
d
i
o
v
i
s
u
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
s
ta
t
is
t
ic
a
l
d
a
ta
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
g
a
m
e
p
l
a
y
,
a
n
d
a
v
i
s
i
b
l
e
s
c
o
r
e
d
i
s
p
l
ay
.
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
ts
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
t
h
e
p
r
e
t
es
t
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
g
a
m
e
s
t
a
g
e
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
ts
m
u
s
t
f
i
n
i
s
h
t
h
e
g
am
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
m
o
v
e
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
t
e
s
t
s
t
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
g
a
m
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
g
a
m
e
a
r
e
:
i
)
P
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
a
r
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
c
l
i
c
k
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
i
n
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
r
e
f
r
a
i
n
f
r
o
m
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
wi
t
h
it
u
n
t
i
l
t
h
e
r
o
u
n
d
c
o
m
e
s
t
o
a
h
a
l
t
.
ii
)
I
n
t
h
e
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
i
n
i
m
a
g
e
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
e
d
r
e
p
r
es
e
n
ts
a
s
ta
t
e
m
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
ic
i
p
a
n
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
s
e
l
e
ct
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
s
t
at
em
e
n
t
c
a
r
d
.
iii
)
U
p
o
n
s
e
l
e
ct
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
ta
t
e
m
e
n
t
c
a
r
d
,
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
e
d
.
iv
)
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
as
t
,
i
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
s
a
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
c
o
i
n
i
m
ag
e
,
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
w
il
l
r
es
p
o
n
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
b
y
a
s
k
i
n
g
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
.
v
)
E
a
c
h
a
c
cu
r
a
t
e
l
y
a
n
s
w
e
r
e
d
q
u
e
s
ti
o
n
w
a
s
a
s
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
1
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
a
n
i
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
n
s
w
e
r
e
d
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
s
c
o
r
e
o
f
0
.
vi
)
T
h
e
g
a
m
e
i
s
d
e
e
m
e
d
f
i
n
i
s
h
e
d
w
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
es
t
a
n
t
h
a
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
d
t
o
1
5
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
a
c
c
o
m
p
li
s
h
e
d
1
5
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
ts
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
A
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
an
d
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
P
r
i
o
r
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
wi
t
h
a
c
le
a
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
i
s
e
e
x
p
la
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
'
s
o
b
j
e
ct
i
v
es
a
n
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
ts
wh
o
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
t
h
ei
r
w
i
l
li
n
g
n
e
s
s
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
b
y
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
e
x
e
c
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
iz
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
w
o
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
s
,
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
ll
y
t
h
e
e
x
ec
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
1
26
-
1
36
130
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
x
e
c
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
w
o
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
h
e
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
:
i
)
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
li
n
k
t
o
t
h
e
S
E
a
M
M
o
b
il
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
l
es
c
e
n
ts
w
h
o
a
r
e
wi
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
at
e
a
s
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
u
b
j
e
ct
s
.
ii
)
U
s
e
r
s
s
ig
n
u
p
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
n
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
G
a
m
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
.
iii
)
R
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
y
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
e
d
u
s
e
r
n
a
m
e
a
n
d
p
a
s
s
w
o
r
d
.
iv
)
P
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
n
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
a
f
te
r
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
a
p
r
e
t
es
t
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
cl
u
d
e
s
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
es
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
.
v
)
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
ts
a
r
e
t
h
e
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
c
e
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
g
a
m
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
es
v
ia
t
h
e
S
E
a
M
M
o
b
i
l
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
vi
)
A
f
t
e
r
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
an
t
s
h
a
v
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
S
E
a
M
M
o
b
il
e
C
a
r
d
G
a
m
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
as
a
n
ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
,
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
a
p
o
s
t
-
t
e
s
t
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
.
T
h
i
s
q
u
e
s
ti
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
es
a
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
o
n
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
a
tt
i
t
u
d
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
e
a
r
ly
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
a
U
S
E
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
(
a
s
s
ess
i
n
g
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
,
e
as
e
o
f
u
s
e
,
e
a
s
e
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
a
t
is
f
ac
t
i
o
n
)
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
tio
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
;
i
)
P
a
r
tic
i
p
a
n
t
s
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
a
p
r
e
t
es
t
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
es
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
es
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
.
ii
)
P
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
a
c
q
u
i
r
e
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
.
iii
)
A
f
t
e
r
v
i
e
wi
n
g
t
h
e
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
a
p
o
s
t
-
t
e
s
t
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
a
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
q
u
i
z
o
n
t
h
e
ea
r
ly
m
a
r
r
iag
e
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
a
n
d
a
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
o
n
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
S
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
ic
i
p
a
n
ts
w
e
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
wi
t
h
p
o
u
c
h
e
s
a
s
t
o
k
e
n
s
o
f
a
p
p
r
e
c
i
at
i
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
i
r
w
i
ll
i
n
g
n
e
s
s
t
o
pa
r
t
a
k
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
2
.
4
.
D
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
Un
iv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
is
a
m
eth
o
d
o
f
an
aly
zin
g
d
ata
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
ex
am
in
in
g
an
d
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
e
ag
e,
g
en
d
e
r
,
r
elig
io
n
,
f
ath
er
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
ater
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
liv
in
g
to
g
eth
er
,
an
d
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
Ass
ess
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
test
d
ata
b
y
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
th
e
Ko
lm
o
g
o
r
o
v
-
Sm
ir
n
o
v
test
,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
(
p
-
v
alu
e)
g
r
ea
t
er
th
an
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
a
b
iv
a
r
iate
test
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
W
ilco
x
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
es
s
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
as
well
as
to
an
aly
ze
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
attitu
d
es
to
wa
r
d
s
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
t
h
e
Ma
n
n
W
h
itn
ey
test
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ea
r
l
y
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
2
.
5
.
E
t
h
i
cs
d
e
c
l
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
f
t
e
r
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
e
t
h
i
c
al
a
p
p
r
o
v
a
l
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
H
e
a
l
t
h
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
E
t
h
i
cs
C
o
m
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
M
a
t
a
r
a
m
o
n
J
u
n
e
1
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
:
2
4
9
/
U
N
1
8
.
F
8
/
E
T
I
K
/
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
i
s
e
t
h
i
ca
l
a
p
p
r
o
v
a
l
a
l
s
o
e
n
s
u
r
es
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
a
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
,
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
,
b
e
n
e
f
i
c
e
n
c
e
,
non
-
m
a
l
e
f
i
c
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
j
u
s
t
i
ce
.
P
r
i
o
r
t
o
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
ct
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
r
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
o
b
j
e
ct
i
v
i
es
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
re
s
e
a
rc
h r
esp
o
nd
ent
s
T
a
b
l
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ag
e,
s
ex
,
r
elig
io
n
,
f
at
h
er
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
o
th
er
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
ath
e
r
'
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
m
o
t
h
er
'
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
h
ab
itatio
n
,
wer
e
s
im
ilar
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
in
d
ica
ted
th
at
th
er
e
was
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
1
6
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
an
d
id
en
tifie
d
a
s
Mu
s
lim
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
f
ath
er
s
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
h
ad
co
m
p
leted
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
f
ath
e
r
s
wer
e
s
elf
-
em
p
lo
y
e
d
,
wh
ile
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
th
er
s
d
id
n
o
t h
av
e
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
esi
d
ed
with
th
eir
p
ar
en
ts
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n
o
f
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
es
o
f
a
do
les
ce
nts
a
bo
ut
ea
rly
m
a
rr
ia
g
e
prev
ent
io
n
bef
o
re
a
nd
a
f
t
er
educa
t
io
n in t
he
inte
rv
ent
io
n g
ro
up
a
nd
co
ntr
o
l g
ro
up
T
ab
le
2
d
ep
icts
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
tab
le
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
ad
o
lescen
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
SEa
M
Mo
b
ile
C
ar
d
Gam
e
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
ad
o
l
escen
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
b
etwe
en
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
n
im
ated
v
i
d
eo
s
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
b
ein
g
ed
u
ca
ted
with
th
e
SEa
M
Mo
b
ile
C
ar
d
Gam
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
E
a
M mo
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
a
me
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
vid
e
o
fo
r
in
crea
s
in
g
kn
o
w
led
g
e
…
(
A
p
r
ia
n
i S
u
s
mita
S
a
r
i)
131
(
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
L
astl
y
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
ad
o
les
ce
n
ts
'
atti
tu
d
es
to
war
d
s
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
b
etwe
en
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
e
d
u
c
atio
n
u
s
in
g
an
im
ate
d
v
id
e
o
s
(
p
=0
.
0
1
1
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics in
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
f
%
f
%
A
g
e
15
3
2
.
0
2
1
.
4
0
.
3
2
8
16
40
2
7
.
0
33
2
2
.
3
17
35
2
3
.
6
26
1
7
.
6
18
7
4
.
7
2
1
.
4
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
n
42
2
8
.
4
27
1
8
.
2
0
.
5
3
3
W
o
ma
n
43
2
9
.
1
36
2
4
.
3
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
I
sl
a
m
84
5
6
.
8
62
4
1
.
9
1
.
0
0
0
N
o
n
-
I
sl
a
m
1
0
.
7
1
0
.
7
F
a
t
h
e
r
's
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
i
mary
sc
h
o
o
l
11
7
.
4
7
4
.
7
0
.
8
2
9
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
52
3
5
.
1
37
2
5
.
0
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
22
1
4
.
9
19
1
2
.
8
M
o
t
h
e
r
's
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
r
i
mary
sc
h
o
o
l
15
1
0
.
1
9
6
.
1
0
.
7
4
8
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
51
3
4
.
5
37
2
5
.
0
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
19
1
2
.
8
17
1
1
.
5
F
a
t
h
e
r
's
w
o
r
k
N
o
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
1
0
.
7
1
0
.
7
0
.
8
5
7
S
e
l
f
-
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
33
2
2
.
3
23
1
5
.
5
F
a
r
mer
7
4
.
7
5
3
.
4
C
i
v
i
l
S
e
r
v
a
n
t
20
1
3
.
5
17
1
1
.
5
Et
c
.
24
1
6
.
2
17
1
1
.
5
M
o
t
h
e
r
's
w
o
r
k
N
o
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
29
1
9
.
6
21
1
4
.
2
0
.
9
1
2
S
e
l
f
-
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
22
1
4
.
9
16
1
0
.
8
F
a
r
mer
4
2
.
7
3
2
.
0
C
i
v
i
l
s
e
r
v
a
n
t
11
7
.
4
9
6
.
1
Et
c
.
19
1
2
.
8
14
9
.
5
Li
v
i
n
g
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
P
a
r
e
n
t
s
82
5
5
.
4
62
4
1
.
9
0
.
6
3
7
N
o
t
a
p
a
r
e
n
t
3
2
.
0
1
0
.
7
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es o
f
a
d
o
lescen
ts
ab
o
u
t e
ar
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
t
io
n
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
G
r
o
u
p
B
e
f
o
r
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
A
f
t
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
M
e
d
i
a
n
(
M
i
n
-
M
a
x
)
M
e
d
i
a
n
(
M
i
n
-
M
a
x
)
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
8
5
)
8
(
2
-
1
2
)
1
2
(
5
-
15)
0
.
0
0
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
n
=
6
3
)
9
(
2
-
1
3
)
1
1
(
4
-
15)
0
.
0
0
0
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
8
5
)
6
3
(
5
1
-
7
4
)
6
5
(
5
5
-
7
5
)
0
.
0
0
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
n
=
6
3
)
6
5
(
4
9
-
7
5
)
6
6
(
5
0
-
7
5
)
0
.
0
1
1
3
.
1
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n
o
f
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
es
o
f
a
do
le
s
ce
nts
a
bo
ut
ea
rly
ma
rr
ia
g
e
prev
ent
io
n
a
f
t
er
educa
t
io
n in t
he
inte
rv
ent
io
n g
ro
up
a
nd
co
ntr
o
l g
ro
up
s
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
er
e
is
s
tatis
tica
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
ea
r
ly
m
a
r
r
iag
e
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
=0
.
0
1
3
)
af
te
r
b
ein
g
g
iv
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Similar
to
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
asp
ec
t,
th
e
attitu
d
e
asp
ec
t
is
al
s
o
th
e
s
am
e,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
af
ter
b
ein
g
g
iv
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
k
n
o
wlad
g
e
an
d
ad
o
lescen
t
attitu
d
es to
war
d
s
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
ia
g
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
Descript
io
n o
f
us
ef
uln
ess
,
ea
s
e
o
f
us
e,
ea
s
e
o
f
lea
rn
ing
,
s
a
t
is
f
a
ct
io
n f
o
r
SE
a
M
M
o
bil
e
Ca
rd
G
a
m
e
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
u
s
a
b
ilit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
USE
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
u
tili
ty
is
9
2
%,
th
e
ea
s
e
-
of
-
u
s
e
v
alu
e
is
9
7
%,
th
e
ea
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
v
al
u
e
is
9
1
%,
an
d
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
v
alu
e
is
9
4
%.
9
3
%
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ate
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
e
d
ia
is
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
as h
ig
h
ly
u
s
ab
le
b
y
t
h
e
tar
g
e
t a
u
d
ien
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
1
26
-
1
36
132
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
ab
o
u
t e
ar
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
in
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
af
ter
ed
u
ca
tio
n
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
G
r
o
u
p
M
e
d
i
a
n
(
M
i
n
-
M
a
x
)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
8
5
)
4
(
-
1
-
11)
0
.
0
1
3
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
n
=
6
3
)
3
(
-
2
-
9)
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
8
5
)
3
(
-
4
-
12)
0
.
0
0
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
n
=
6
3
)
1
(
-
7
-
12)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
a
p
h
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
SEa
M
m
o
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
a
m
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SE
a
M
M
o
bil
e
Ca
rd
G
a
m
e
o
n
a
do
lesc
ent
s
’
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
a
t
t
it
ud
e
s
a
bo
ut
prev
ent
ing
ea
rly
ma
rr
ia
g
e
Ad
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
an
g
es
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
SEa
M
Mo
b
ile
C
ar
d
Gam
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Al
-
Mu
g
h
ee
d
et
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
Gam
e
-
b
ased
Vir
tu
al
R
ea
lity
Ph
o
n
e
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
On
lin
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
a
r
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
f
u
r
th
er
c
o
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
d
b
y
Mu
lid
ah
et
a
l
.
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ic
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
g
am
es
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
ca
n
ex
er
t
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
th
e
p
r
e
v
en
ti
o
n
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
[
3
8
]
.
Simil
ar
ly
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Mu
k
u
n
d
et
a
l.
[
3
9
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
Dig
ital
Gam
e
-
B
ased
C
o
u
r
s
es
h
av
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
o
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
em
p
ath
y
,
a
n
d
co
m
p
ass
io
n
i
n
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
3
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
y
u
s
a
et
a
l.
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
ch
em
is
tr
y
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
lear
n
a
n
d
h
av
e
f
u
n
wh
ile
m
a
k
in
g
s
en
s
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
ed
co
n
ten
t
[
4
0
]
.
Activ
ity
-
an
d
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
h
av
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
b
y
s
tim
u
latin
g
in
ter
est an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
atten
tio
n
s
p
an
an
d
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
lear
n
e
r
s
[
2
4
]
.
Utilizin
g
m
o
b
ile
g
am
e
-
b
ased
l
ea
r
n
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
h
a
v
e
a
g
o
o
d
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
t
iv
ati
on
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
2
0
2
1
,
C
r
io
llo
-
C
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
id
en
tifie
d
s
ev
er
al
b
en
ef
its
o
f
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
en
h
an
ce
d
r
eten
tio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
,
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
i
n
g
,
a
ctiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
o
f
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
o
r
tab
ilit
y
,
as
well
as
ea
s
y
an
d
e
n
g
ag
in
g
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
th
at
lead
to
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
e
n
jo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
al
u
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
m
o
b
ile
g
am
es
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
u
s
in
g
p
l
ay
to
m
o
tiv
ate
lea
r
n
in
g
.
I
t
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
m
e
r
e
p
la
y
f
u
l
elem
e
n
ts
an
d
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
p
lay
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
as
"g
am
es".
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
tr
ea
ts
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
lear
n
in
g
with
th
e
s
am
e
s
p
ir
it a
n
d
attitu
d
e
as p
lay
[
4
4
]
.
Mo
b
ile
g
am
es
h
av
e
g
am
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
es.
Gam
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
r
e
f
e
r
to
th
e
v
is
u
al
an
d
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
asp
ec
ts
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
v
id
eo
g
am
es.
I
n
th
e
r
e
alm
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
clo
s
el
y
r
esem
b
le
th
o
s
e
o
f
o
th
er
g
am
es,
with
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
is
tin
ctio
n
ly
in
g
in
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ial
th
ey
o
f
f
er
.
T
h
e
elem
en
t
s
er
v
es
as
a
v
is
u
al
s
tim
u
lu
s
in
th
e
g
am
e,
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
est
an
d
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
h
e
n
ce
m
ak
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
ca
p
tiv
atin
g
.
A
u
d
ito
r
y
an
d
v
is
u
al
s
tim
u
li
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
t
h
e
m
o
o
d
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
o
f
lear
n
er
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
SEa
M
Mo
b
ile
C
ar
d
Gam
e
in
clu
d
es
au
d
io
-
v
is
u
al
elem
en
ts
,
g
am
e
d
u
r
atio
n
d
ata,
g
am
e
p
lay
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
p
r
o
m
p
ts
,
an
d
s
co
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ex
p
r
ess
co
n
ten
tm
en
t
with
th
e
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
th
e
g
am
e
.
T
h
is
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
er
ical
v
alu
e
ass
ig
n
ed
t
o
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
USE
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
9
4
%,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
ten
t
with
th
e
g
am
e'
s
f
ea
tu
r
es,
as
th
ey
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
d
eliv
er
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
s
er
v
ices
o
n
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
E
a
M mo
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
a
me
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
vid
e
o
fo
r
in
crea
s
in
g
kn
o
w
led
g
e
…
(
A
p
r
ia
n
i S
u
s
mita
S
a
r
i)
133
3
.
2
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
Anim
a
t
ed
Video
s
o
n
a
do
lescent
s
'
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
a
t
t
i
t
ud
es
a
bo
ut
ea
rly
m
a
rr
i
a
g
e
prev
e
ntio
n
Ad
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
a
ttit
u
d
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
s
h
o
w
n
o
tab
le
d
is
p
ar
ities
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
im
ate
d
v
id
eo
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
S
u
d
ir
m
a
n
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
r
esear
c
h
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
im
ated
v
id
e
o
s
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ed
ia
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
E
SI
T
r
iag
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
B
ar
teit
et
a
l
.
[
4
7
]
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ic
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
an
im
ated
s
to
r
y
-
b
ased
(
SAS)
m
o
v
ies
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
v
ac
cin
e.
Sh
o
r
t
an
im
ated
v
id
e
o
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ed
ia
h
av
e
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
en
h
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
lth
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
m
o
d
if
y
attitu
d
es
an
d
b
elie
f
s
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
to
i
d
en
tify
an
d
c
o
u
n
s
el
p
atien
ts
at
r
is
k
,
r
eg
a
r
d
l
ess
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
le
v
el
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
,
o
r
in
itial
k
n
o
wled
g
e
le
v
el
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
B
ash
in
et
a
l
.
in
2
0
2
0
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
u
tili
zin
g
v
i
d
eo
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
m
ig
h
t
en
h
a
n
ce
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
atten
tio
n
d
ef
icit
h
y
p
e
r
ac
tiv
ity
d
is
o
r
d
er
(
ADHD
)
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
f
u
r
th
er
c
o
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
a
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Kar
im
ian
et
a
l.
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
id
e
o
-
b
ased
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
d
o
i
n
g
b
r
ea
s
t
s
e
lf
-
ex
am
in
atio
n
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Nag
ar
aja
n
et
a
l.
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
Vid
eo
-
ass
is
ted
T
ea
ch
in
g
Pro
g
r
am
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
elec
tr
o
co
n
v
u
ls
iv
e
th
e
r
ap
y
(
E
C
T
)
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
am
o
n
g
ca
r
etak
er
s
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
au
d
io
v
is
u
al
m
ed
ia
o
n
ad
o
lescen
ts
is
b
en
ef
icial
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
s
m
o
k
in
g
attitu
d
es
[
5
2
]
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
ca
n
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
n
ewb
o
r
n
ca
r
e
an
d
n
u
r
s
es c
an
u
tili
ze
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
id
eo
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
t
s
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
t
h
er
'
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ewb
o
r
n
s
u
b
jects c
an
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
co
n
cise m
o
v
ies
[
5
4
]
.
Hea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
e
f
f
icien
tly
u
tili
ze
s
au
d
io
-
v
is
u
al
to
o
ls
to
en
h
an
ce
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
o
s
teo
p
o
r
o
s
is
in
o
ld
e
r
wo
m
e
n
[
5
5
]
.
Vid
eo
co
u
ld
d
ep
ict
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t o
f
an
item
al
o
n
g
with
ac
co
m
p
an
y
in
g
s
o
u
n
d
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
o
r
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
i
n
tr
ig
u
e
in
th
e
v
id
eo
.
Stu
d
en
ts
e
x
h
ib
it
a
g
r
ea
ter
le
v
el
o
f
atten
tiv
en
ess
to
war
d
s
v
is
u
als
o
r
th
in
g
s
th
at
ar
e
in
m
o
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
th
at
ar
e
s
tatic
o
r
im
m
o
b
ile.
An
im
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
e
n
h
an
ce
s
en
s
o
r
y
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
wr
itten
co
n
ten
t,
s
o
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
atten
tio
n
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
r
ea
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
atten
tio
n
an
d
i
n
ter
est in
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
d
icate
s
th
eir
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
d
r
iv
e
[
5
6
]
.
Vid
eo
s
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
et
en
tio
n
b
y
allo
win
g
y
o
u
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
in
s
to
p
p
in
g
an
d
p
au
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
p
lay
b
ac
k
s
.
R
ec
o
r
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
lay
e
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
to
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
class
.
Vid
eo
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
co
u
r
s
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
th
at
in
v
o
l
v
e
in
tr
icate
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
n
ee
d
a
h
eig
h
ten
ed
lev
el
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
I
f
lear
n
er
s
ar
e
en
g
ag
e
d
with
th
e
v
id
eo
s
th
ey
s
ee
,
th
ey
m
ay
r
ea
d
ily
ad
j
u
s
t
an
d
r
etain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Vid
eo
s
ar
e
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
th
at
em
p
lo
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es.
Dig
ital
v
id
eo
en
ab
les r
em
o
te
lear
n
i
n
g
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
5
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
Usef
uln
ess
,
ea
s
e
o
f
us
e,
ea
s
e
o
f
lea
rning
,
s
a
t
is
f
a
ct
i
o
n
f
o
r
SE
a
M
M
o
bil
e
Ca
rd
G
a
m
e
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
s
f
o
r
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
ea
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
wer
e
6
.
4
,
6
.
8
,
6
.
4
,
an
d
6
.
6
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
av
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
o
n
a
s
ca
le
o
f
6
.
5
was c
alcu
lated
.
I
n
th
e
c
ateg
o
r
y
o
f
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
Gam
es
h
av
e
a
b
en
ef
it
v
alu
e
o
f
9
2
%.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
,
th
e
g
am
e
r
ec
eiv
es
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
9
7
%
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
it
ca
n
b
e
m
an
a
g
ed
with
g
r
ea
t
ea
s
e.
I
n
th
e
ea
s
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
p
ar
t,
I
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
9
1
%,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
g
a
m
e
d
i
s
p
lay
is
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
esig
n
ed
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
r
ea
d
i
ly
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
a
n
d
n
av
ig
ate
th
r
o
u
g
h
it.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
n
ten
tm
en
t
o
n
th
e
s
id
e
Ach
iev
in
g
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
9
4
%
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
g
am
e'
s
f
ea
tu
r
es,
wh
ich
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
g
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
er
v
ices
o
n
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
ea
r
l
y
m
ar
r
iag
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
o
v
er
all
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
9
3
%.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
t
h
at
th
e
SEa
M
M
o
b
ile
C
ar
d
Gam
e
is
h
ig
h
ly
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
u
tili
ze
as a
n
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
t
o
o
l to
d
eter
ea
r
ly
m
a
r
r
iag
e.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
J
an
n
ah
et
a
l
.
[
5
8
]
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ic
h
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
U
SE
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
i
n
d
icate
d
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
lev
el
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
an
d
a
h
ig
h
ly
f
ea
s
ib
le
le
v
el
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
f
u
r
th
er
c
o
r
r
o
b
o
r
ated
b
y
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Ar
if
in
a
n
d
Ma
h
ar
an
i
in
2
0
2
1
,
in
d
icati
n
g
th
at
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
Usef
u
ln
ess
m
etr
ic
is
8
5
%.
T
h
e
E
ase
o
f
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
is
r
ated
at
8
2
%,
th
e
E
ase
o
f
Use
at
8
0
%,
an
d
th
e
lo
west
r
atin
g
is
f
o
r
Satis
f
ac
tio
n
at
7
9
%.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
E
d
en
F
ar
m
'
s
ap
p
licatio
n
is
co
m
m
en
d
a
b
le.
T
h
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
E
d
en
Far
m
ap
p
licatio
n
w
as
ass
es
s
ed
an
d
class
if
ied
as
"
Ver
y
Feasib
le"
with
a
u
s
ab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
8
4
.
1
8
%
[
5
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
1
26
-
1
36
134
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
ea
r
ly
m
a
r
r
iag
e
f
o
llo
win
g
th
eir
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
SEa
M
M
o
b
i
le
C
ar
d
Gam
e
an
d
an
im
ated
v
id
e
o
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
co
n
tin
u
in
g
n
ee
d
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es a
b
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
ar
r
iag
e
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
On
e
way
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
ad
o
lesc
en
ts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
ea
r
ly
m
a
r
r
iag
e
i
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
e
d
ia.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
an
k
y
o
u
t
o
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
C
u
ltu
r
e,
R
esear
ch
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
r
esear
ch
ass
is
tan
ce
f
u
n
d
in
g
with
d
e
cisi
o
n
letter
n
u
m
b
er
:
0
5
5
7
/E5
.
5
/AL
.
0
4
/2
0
2
3
.
W
e
also
th
an
k
all
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
U
n
i
c
e
f
,
Ev
i
d
e
n
c
e
Re
v
i
e
w
:
C
h
i
l
d
M
a
rr
i
a
g
e
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
Re
se
a
rc
h
Fr
o
m
2
0
2
0
t
o
2
0
2
2
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
U
n
i
c
e
f
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
o
n
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
u
n
i
c
e
f
.
o
r
g
/
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
s/
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
-
r
e
v
i
e
w
-
c
h
i
l
d
-
marr
i
a
g
e
-
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
-
a
n
d
-
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
-
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
2
[
2
]
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
A
g
e
n
c
y
,
"
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Y
o
u
t
h
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
2
0
2
2
,
"
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
A
g
e
n
c
y
,
J
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
o
n
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
b
p
s.
g
o
.
i
d
/
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
/
2
0
2
2
/
1
2
/
2
7
/
6
7
9
1
d
2
0
b
0
b
4
c
a
d
a
e
9
d
e
7
0
a
4
d
/
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
k
-
p
e
mu
d
a
-
i
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
-
2
0
2
2
.
h
t
ml
[
3
]
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
W
o
m
e
n
's
Em
p
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
"
P
r
o
f
i
l
e
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
2
0
2
1
,
"
M
i
n
i
st
r
y
o
f
W
o
m
e
n
's
Emp
o
w
e
r
me
n
t
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
J
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
o
n
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
k
e
me
n
p
p
p
a
.
g
o
.
i
d
/
p
a
g
e
/
v
i
e
w
/
M
z
g
y
N
w
=
=
[
4
]
N
.
S
a
msi
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
marr
i
a
g
e
a
m
o
n
g
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
g
i
r
l
s
i
n
Le
m
b
a
h
M
e
l
i
n
t
a
n
g
D
i
st
r
i
c
t
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
K
e
se
h
a
t
an
G
l
o
b
al
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
5
5
–
6
1
,
M
e
i
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
0
8
5
/
j
k
g
.
v
3
i
2
.
4
6
2
4
.
[
5
]
W
.
A
n
g
r
a
i
n
i
,
B
.
A
.
P
r
a
t
i
w
i
,
H
.
F
e
b
r
i
a
w
a
t
i
,
R
.
Y
a
n
u
a
r
t
i
,
d
a
n
O
k
t
a
r
i
a
n
i
t
a
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
B
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
k
a
d
a
n
K
e
p
e
n
d
u
d
u
d
u
k
a
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
1
8
3
–
1
9
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
4
7
3
/
j
b
k
.
v
8
i
2
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
8
3
-
1
9
1
.
[
6
]
D
.
A
b
d
u
r
a
h
ma
n
,
N
.
A
ss
e
f
a
,
a
n
d
Y
.
B
e
r
h
a
n
e
,
“
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
g
i
r
l
s’
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
i
t
s
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
i
n
e
a
st
e
r
n
E
t
h
i
o
p
i
a
:
A
S
o
c
i
a
l
N
o
r
ms
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
S
AG
E
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
1
–
1
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
2
1
5
8
2
4
4
0
2
3
1
1
8
2
3
5
2
.
[
7
]
D
.
S
u
r
y
a
d
i
,
M
.
P
e
r
ma
t
a
S
a
r
i
,
a
n
d
R
.
M
i
c
h
i
k
o
,
“
T
h
e
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
marr
i
a
g
e
a
mo
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
s
i
n
G
r
e
a
t
e
r
J
a
k
a
r
t
a
:
a
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
S
t
u
d
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
pp
.
1
7
4
–
1
7
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
9
1
2
/
i
j
a
ss
h
.
v
1
i
4
.
2
8
9
6
1
.
[
8
]
N
.
S
f
e
t
c
u
,
“
Th
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
”
N
i
c
o
l
a
e
S
f
e
t
c
u
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
1
4
0
/
R
G
.
2
.
2
.
1
1
2
7
6
.
5
9
5
2
8
.
[
9
]
F
.
G
a
i
se
a
n
u
,
“
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
s
a
n
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
b
l
e
i
n
f
o
-
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
/
p
u
r
p
o
se
d
o
b
j
e
c
t
/
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
N
e
u
r
o
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s (I
J
N
B
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
2
–
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
1
6
2
6
/
i
j
n
b
s.
2
0
2
0
.
0
1
.
0
0
0
0
2
.
[
1
0
]
V
.
S
a
g
a
l
o
v
a
,
S
.
N
a
n
a
m
a
,
N
.
M
.
Z
a
g
r
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
V
o
l
l
mer,
“
L
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
ma
t
e
r
n
i
t
y
i
n
W
e
st
a
n
d
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
A
f
r
i
c
a
:
W
e
a
l
t
h
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
G
l
o
b
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
pp
.
1
–
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
7
1
8
9
/
j
o
g
h
.
1
1
.
1
3
0
0
4
.
[
1
1
]
M
.
I
r
a
n
i
a
n
d
R
.
L
.
R
o
u
d
sar
i
,
“
R
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
se
x
u
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Mi
d
w
i
f
e
ry
a
n
d
Re
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
4
9
1
–
1
4
9
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
0
3
8
/
j
mr
h
.
2
0
1
8
.
3
1
6
2
7
.
1
3
4
2
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
R
.
K
a
b
i
r
,
S
.
G
h
o
s
h
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
h
a
w
l
y
,
“
C
a
u
s
e
s
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
n
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
,
”
Am
e
r
i
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
pp
.
2
8
9
–
2
9
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
8
4
4
/
a
j
a
ss
p
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
8
9
.
2
9
7
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
M
o
y
a
z
z
e
m
H
o
ssai
n
,
F
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
,
R
.
B
a
n
i
k
,
S
.
Y
e
a
smi
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
“
C
h
i
l
d
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
sso
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
m
o
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
mo
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
-
5
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
,
”
PL
o
S
O
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,
pp
.
1
–
1
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
6
2
9
2
7
.
[
1
4
]
H
.
F
o
u
l
y
,
A
.
K
.
H
a
ssa
n
,
A
.
A
b
d
e
l
a
z
i
z
,
a
n
d
Y
.
E
.
Y
o
u
s
e
f
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
E
a
r
l
y
marr
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
n
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
r
o
m
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
m
o
t
h
e
r
s’
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
f
a
mi
l
i
e
s,”
L
u
p
i
n
e
O
n
l
i
n
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
N
u
rsi
n
g
&
H
e
a
l
t
h
C
a
r
e
,
pp
.
3
0
1
–
3
0
9
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
4
7
4
/
LO
JN
H
C
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
3
.
0
0
0
1
5
8
.
[
1
5
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
W
H
O
)
,
“
A
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
,
”
2
0
2
3
.
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
/
n
e
w
s
-
r
o
o
m/
f
a
c
t
-
s
h
e
e
t
s/
d
e
t
a
i
l
/
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
-
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
(
a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
8
,
2
0
2
3
)
.
[
1
6
]
M
.
A
z
i
n
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
marr
i
a
g
e
i
n
w
o
me
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
l
o
w
b
i
r
t
h
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
”
U
n
n
e
s
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
7
5
–
8
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
2
9
4
/
u
j
p
h
.
v
1
1
i
1
.
5
1
2
3
1
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
S
h
o
n
a
z
a
r
o
v
a
d
a
n
B
.
Esh
c
h
a
n
o
v
,
“
Th
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
marr
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
-
f
i
v
e
c
h
i
l
d
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
A
f
g
h
a
n
i
st
a
n
,
”
M
u
n
i
c
h
Pe
rso
n
a
l
Re
PEc
Arc
h
i
v
e
,
n
o
.
1
0
7
6
8
4
,
pp
.
1
–
2
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
1
4
0
/
R
G
.
2
.
2
.
2
9
9
0
2
.
1
8
2
4
9
.
[
1
8
]
O
.
D
a
d
r
a
s
,
M
.
H
a
z
r
a
t
z
a
i
,
a
n
d
F
.
D
a
d
r
a
s
,
“
T
h
e
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
m
a
r
r
i
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
m
o
r
b
i
d
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
a
m
o
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
5
y
e
a
r
s
i
n
A
f
g
h
a
n
i
s
t
a
n
:
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
”
B
M
C
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
–
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
9
-
0
2
3
-
1
4
9
7
7
-
5.
[
1
9
]
H
.
S
.
K
a
sj
o
n
o
,
A
.
W
i
j
a
n
a
r
k
o
,
R
.
A
mel
i
a
,
D
.
F
a
d
i
l
l
a
h
,
W
.
W
i
j
a
n
a
r
k
o
,
a
n
d
S
u
t
a
r
y
o
n
o
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
marr
i
a
g
e
o
n
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
st
u
n
t
i
n
g
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
st
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
o
S
H
EET
2
0
1
9
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
2
0
1
8
,
pp
.
1
7
2
–
1
7
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
9
1
/
a
h
sr
.
k
.
2
0
0
7
2
3
.
0
4
3
.
[
2
0
]
N
.
Y
.
S
u
si
l
a
w
a
t
i
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
e
a
r
l
y
marr
i
a
g
e
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
n
st
u
n
t
i
n
g
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
a
r
e
a
o
f
p
r
a
b
u
g
a
n
t
u
n
g
a
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
.
Vo
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
9
6
–
1
0
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
6
0
6
/
i
j
h
s.
v
3
i
1
.
1
2
1
1
.
[
2
1
]
A
.
B
a
su
k
i
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
Z
(
G
e
n
Z)
,
”
J
u
r
n
a
sl
L
i
n
g
k
ar
Wi
d
y
a
i
s
w
a
r
a
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
0
1
,
pp
.
4
3
–
5
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
2
]
O
f
c
o
m,
C
h
i
l
d
re
n
a
n
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
s:
m
e
d
i
a
u
s
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
r
e
p
o
rt
2
0
2
2
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
:
O
f
c
o
m,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
o
n
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
o
f
c
o
m
.
o
r
g
.
u
k
/
_
_
d
a
t
a
/
a
ss
e
t
s/
p
d
f
_
f
i
l
e
/
0
0
2
4
/
2
3
4
6
0
9
/
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
s
-
m
e
d
i
a
-
u
s
e
-
a
n
d
-
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
-
2
0
2
2
.
p
d
f
[
2
3
]
K
u
st
y
a
r
i
n
i
,
S
.
U
t
a
m
i
,
a
n
d
E.
K
o
e
s
mi
j
a
t
i
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
e
d
i
a
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
i
n
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
f
o
r
t
e
x
t
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
,
”
K
n
E
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
2
0
2
0
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
pp
.
5
6
5
–
5
7
5
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
5
0
2
/
k
ss.
v
4
i
1
2
.
7
6
3
1
.
[
2
4
]
A
.
Z.
B
h
a
t
,
I
.
A
h
me
d
,
L.
K
a
m
e
sw
a
r
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
K
h
a
n
,
“
A
g
a
m
e
b
a
se
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
men
t
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
S
H
S
We
b
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
6
,
pp
.
0
1
0
0
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
1
/
sh
s
c
o
n
f
/
2
0
2
3
1
5
6
0
1
0
0
1
.
[
2
5
]
O
.
S
.
K
a
y
a
a
n
d
E.
Er
c
a
g
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
g
a
mi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
mes
:
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
,
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
l
o
w
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
pp
.
1
0
0
5
3
–
1
0
0
7
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
6
3
9
-
0
2
3
-
1
1
5
8
5
-
z.
[
2
6
]
K
.
S
u
s
a
n
t
i
,
“
A
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
u
si
n
g
c
a
r
d
g
a
mes
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
)
,
E
l
Ba
n
a
r
:
J
u
r
n
a
l
Pe
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
d
a
n
Pe
n
g
a
j
a
r
a
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
3
6
–
4
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
4
1
2
5
/
e
l
b
a
n
a
r
.
v
4
i
1
.
7
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
S
E
a
M mo
b
ile
ca
r
d
g
a
me
a
n
d
a
n
ima
ted
vid
e
o
fo
r
in
crea
s
in
g
kn
o
w
led
g
e
…
(
A
p
r
ia
n
i S
u
s
mita
S
a
r
i)
135
[
2
7
]
J.
Ju
l
i
a
,
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
-
b
a
se
d
m
u
si
c
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
m
e
d
i
a
f
o
r
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ry
sch
o
o
l
.
Jawa
B
a
r
a
t
:
C
V
.
C
a
r
a
k
a
K
h
a
t
u
l
i
st
i
w
a
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
2
8
]
F
.
A
b
d
o
u
,
M
.
A
b
d
E
l
b
a
k
y
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
mes
o
n
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
a
c
u
t
e
st
r
o
k
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
si
v
e
c
a
r
e
u
n
i
t
,
”
Al
e
x
a
n
d
r
i
a
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
N
u
rs
i
n
g
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp
.
1
3
–
2
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
6
0
8
/
a
sa
l
e
x
u
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
1
8
3
5
2
.
[
2
9
]
C
.
H
ö
c
h
sma
n
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
sm
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
e
g
a
me
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
t
y
p
e
2
d
i
a
b
e
t
e
s
,
”
Am
e
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Pre
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
41
–
5
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
m
e
p
r
e
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
2
.
0
1
7
.
[
3
0
]
H
.
Ji
a
n
g
,
R
.
N
a
t
a
r
a
j
a
n
,
Y
.
K
.
S
h
u
y
,
L.
R
o
n
g
,
M
.
W
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
R
.
V
a
l
l
a
b
h
a
j
o
s
y
u
l
a
,
“
Th
e
u
se
o
f
mo
b
i
l
e
g
a
mes
i
n
t
h
e
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
a
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
h
y
p
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
:
a
s
c
o
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
F
ro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
Ps
y
c
h
i
a
t
ry
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
M
a
r
c
h
,
pp
.
1
–
1
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
s
y
t
.
2
0
2
2
.
7
9
2
4
0
2
.
[
3
1
]
Y
.
P
e
n
e
v
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
m
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
so
c
i
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
sm:
a
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
pp
.
1
0
3
0
–
1
0
4
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
5
/
s
-
0
0
4
1
-
1
7
3
6
6
2
6
.
[
3
2
]
A
.
R
a
n
t
a
l
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
g
a
mi
f
i
e
d
mo
b
i
l
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
d
a
y
s
u
r
g
e
r
y
c
a
r
e
:
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
a
r
a
n
d
o
mi
z
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
t
r
i
a
l
,
”
N
u
rsi
n
g
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
1
4
65
–
1
4
7
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
n
o
p
2
.
1
1
4
3
.
[
3
3
]
M
.
P
.
C
h
r
i
st
o
p
h
e
r
J.
M
i
l
l
e
r
,
S
h
a
w
n
a
N
.
S
mi
t
h
,
“
Ex
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
a
n
d
q
u
a
si
-
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
d
e
si
g
n
s
i
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
sea
r
c
h
,
”
Psy
c
h
i
a
t
r
y
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
pp
.
8
7
6
–
8
8
4
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
sy
c
h
r
e
s
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
6
.
0
2
7
.
[
3
4
]
M
.
S
.
D
a
h
l
a
n
,
S
a
m
p
l
e
S
i
z
e
i
n
Me
d
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
J
a
k
a
r
t
a
:
E
p
i
d
e
mi
o
l
o
g
i
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
3
5
]
A
.
S
a
s
o
n
g
k
o
,
W
.
E.
Ja
y
a
n
t
i
,
a
n
d
D
.
R
i
s
d
i
a
n
s
y
a
h
,
“
U
S
E
Q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
t
o
me
a
su
r
e
t
h
e
u
sa
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
e
-
t
a
d
k
z
i
r
a
h
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
sy
st
em
,”
(
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
)
,
J
u
r
n
a
l
K
h
a
t
u
l
i
st
i
w
a
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
8
0
–
8
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
2
9
4
/
j
k
i
.
v
8
i
2
.
9
1
3
5
.
[
3
6
]
R
.
M
e
l
é
n
d
e
z
,
R
.
G
i
r
a
l
d
o
,
a
n
d
V
.
L
e
i
v
a
,
“
S
i
g
n
,
w
i
l
c
o
x
o
n
a
n
d
ma
n
n
-
w
h
i
t
n
e
y
t
e
st
s
f
o
r
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
a
t
a
:
A
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
r
a
n
d
o
m
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
s,”
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
–
1
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
mat
h
9
0
1
0
0
4
4
.
[
3
7
]
K
.
A
L
-
M
u
g
h
e
e
d
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
g
a
m
e
-
b
a
se
d
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
p
h
o
n
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
n
d
c
o
mp
l
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
p
r
e
c
a
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
mo
n
g
n
u
r
si
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s,
”
PLo
S
O
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
1
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
,
pp
.
1
–
1
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
7
5
1
3
0
.
[
3
8
]
S
.
M
u
l
i
d
a
h
,
A
.
A
sr
i
n
,
A
.
F
i
t
r
i
y
a
n
i
,
W
.
S
u
b
a
g
y
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
n
j
a
y
a
,
“
T
h
e
g
e
m
a
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
a
r
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
i
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
s
t
u
n
t
i
n
g
o
f
t
e
e
n
a
g
e
r
s,
”
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
pp
.
7
0
–
7
5
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
3
9
]
V
.
M
u
k
u
n
d
,
M
.
S
h
a
r
ma
,
A
.
S
r
i
v
a
s
t
v
a
,
R
.
S
h
a
r
ma,
M
.
F
a
r
b
e
r
,
a
n
d
N
.
C
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s o
f
a
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
g
a
m
e
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
u
r
s
e
i
n
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
d
o
l
e
sce
n
t
s’
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
so
c
i
a
l
-
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s,
”
G
a
m
e
s
f
o
r
H
e
a
l
t
h
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
8
–
2
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
9
/
g
4
h
.
2
0
2
1
.
0
1
3
8
.
[
4
0
]
E.
B
y
u
s
a
,
E.
K
a
m
p
i
r
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
.
M
w
e
s
i
g
y
e
,
“
G
a
m
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
:
A
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
H
e
l
i
y
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
pp
.
1
–
1
0
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
l
i
y
o
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
e
0
9
5
4
1
.
[
4
1
]
B
.
T.
D
e
m
i
r
,
S
.
Eşm
e
,
D
.
P
a
t
a
t
,
a
n
d
B
.
B
i
l
e
c
e
n
o
ğ
l
u
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
a
n
a
t
o
m
y
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
su
c
c
e
ss
,
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
l
o
a
d
s
,
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
,
”
Me
d
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp
.
7
1
1
–
7
1
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s4
0
6
7
0
-
0
2
3
-
0
1
7
8
7
-
y.
[
4
2
]
R
.
C
a
mac
h
o
-
S
á
n
c
h
e
z
,
A
.
R
i
l
l
o
-
A
l
b
e
r
t
,
a
n
d
P
.
La
v
e
g
a
-
B
u
r
g
u
é
s,
“
G
a
mi
f
i
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
g
a
me
-
b
a
se
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
s
a
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
:
st
u
d
e
n
t
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
(
S
w
i
t
zerl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
pp
.
1
–
1
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
a
p
p
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
.
[
4
3
]
S
.
C
r
i
o
l
l
o
-
C
,
A
.
G
u
e
r
r
e
r
o
-
A
r
i
a
s,
Á
.
J
a
r
a
mi
l
l
o
-
A
l
c
á
z
a
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
L
u
j
á
n
-
M
o
r
a
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
B
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
a
n
d
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
i
ss
u
e
s
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
(
S
w
i
t
z
e
rl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
pp
.
1
–
1
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
a
p
p
1
1
0
9
4
1
1
1
.
[
4
4
]
Y
.
Li
,
Z
.
X
u
,
Y
.
H
a
o
,
P
.
X
i
a
o
,
a
n
d
J.
Li
u
,
“
P
sy
c
h
o
s
o
c
i
a
l
i
mp
a
c
t
s o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
m
e
o
n
K
1
2
st
u
d
e
n
t
s a
n
d
t
r
e
n
d
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
o
b
i
l
e
g
a
m
e
s,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
A
p
r
i
l
,
pp
.
1
–
1
0
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
e
d
u
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
8
4
3
0
9
0
.
[
4
5
]
S
.
A
.
I
sh
a
k
,
U
.
A
.
H
a
sr
a
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
D
i
n
,
“
M
e
d
i
a
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
g
a
mes:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
ces
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
1
–
2
0
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
d
u
c
sc
i
1
3
0
2
0
1
0
2
.
[
4
6
]
A
.
A
.
S
u
d
i
r
ma
n
,
K
u
m
b
o
y
o
n
o
,
a
n
d
S
u
r
y
a
n
t
o
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
a
n
i
ma
t
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
e
si
t
r
i
a
g
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
N
u
r
s
i
n
g
P
o
l
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
M
i
n
i
st
r
y
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
M
a
k
a
ss
a
r
,
”
J
u
r
n
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
a
i
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
pp
.
3
6
1
–
3
7
1
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
6
7
9
9
/
j
h
s.
v
5
i
6
.
1
2
9
2
.
[
4
7
]
S
.
B
a
r
t
e
i
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
a
s
h
o
r
t
,
a
n
i
ma
t
e
d
st
o
r
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
o
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
v
a
c
c
i
n
e
h
e
si
t
a
n
c
y
:
A
st
u
d
y
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
i
z
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
t
r
i
a
l
,
”
F
ro
n
t
i
e
r
s i
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
pp
.
1
–
1
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
u
b
h
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
3
9
2
2
7
.
[
4
8
]
B
.
M
.
D
o
h
e
n
y
,
J.
J
.
I
n
g
l
i
s,
K
.
A
.
B
o
l
l
,
S
.
L
u
n
o
s,
a
n
d
V
.
L.
S
u
r
a
p
a
n
e
n
i
,
“
S
h
o
r
t
a
n
i
ma
t
e
d
v
i
d
e
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
c
o
mf
o
r
t
i
n
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
c
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
o
n
i
n
e
q
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
f
a
i
r
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
mo
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
a
n
d
c
l
i
n
i
c
i
a
n
s,
”
BM
C
Me
d
i
c
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
pp
.
1
–
1
2
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
9
0
9
-
0
2
3
-
0
4
7
8
5
-
1.
[
4
9
]
V
.
B
h
a
s
i
n
,
P
.
S
r
i
n
i
v
a
sa
n
,
U
.
J.
D
e
a
v
e
r
,
a
n
d
J
.
S
a
r
i
n
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
v
i
d
e
o
b
a
s
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
A
D
H
D
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
mo
n
g
p
r
i
mar
y
sc
h
o
o
l
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s,”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
N
u
rs
i
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
pp
.
1
0
3
7
–
1
0
4
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
7
5
0
6
/
ml
u
.
v
2
0
i
3
.
1
4
2
7
.
[
5
0
]
Z.
K
a
r
i
mi
a
n
,
R
.
Z
a
r
e
,
N
.
Za
r
i
f
sa
n
a
i
e
y
,
a
n
d
N
.
S
a
l
e
h
i
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
v
i
d
e
o
-
b
a
s
e
d
mu
l
t
i
me
d
i
a
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
b
r
e
a
st
se
l
f
-
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
B
MC
W
o
m
e
n
s
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
–
1
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
9
0
5
-
0
2
2
-
0
1
8
7
7
-
w.
[5
1]
P
.
N
a
g
a
r
a
j
a
n
,
G
.
B
a
l
a
c
h
a
n
d
a
r
,
V
.
M
e
n
o
n
,
a
n
d
B
.
S
a
r
a
v
a
n
a
n
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
a
v
i
d
e
o
-
a
ss
i
st
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
a
b
o
u
t
e
c
t
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
c
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
r
s
o
f
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
ma
j
o
r
me
n
t
a
l
i
l
l
n
e
s
s,”
I
n
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
5
–
5
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
2
5
3
7
1
7
6
2
0
9
3
8
0
3
8
.
[
5
2
]
S
.
S
i
r
e
g
a
r
,
K
.
R
o
c
h
a
d
i
,
a
n
d
L.
T
.
M
a
a
s,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
a
u
d
i
o
-
v
i
s
u
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
o
n
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
s’
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
t
o
w
a
r
d
sm
o
k
i
n
g
d
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s
a
t
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
2
H
a
l
o
n
g
o
n
a
n
S
u
b
d
i
st
r
i
c
t
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
N
u
rs
i
n
g
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
e
rv
i
c
e
s
(
I
J
N
H
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp
.
1
6
4
–
1
7
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
5
6
5
4
/
i
j
n
h
s.
v
2
i
3
.
1
4
7
.
[
5
3
]
L.
B
.
d
e
S
o
u
sa
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
v
i
d
e
o
o
n
n
e
w
b
o
r
n
c
a
r
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
p
a
r
t
u
m
w
o
me
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
f
a
mi
l
i
e
s
,
”
Re
v
i
st
a
Bra
s
i
l
e
i
r
a
d
e
E
n
f
e
r
m
a
g
e
m
,
v
o
l
.
7
5
,
n
o
.
S
u
p
p
l
2
,
pp
.
1
–
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
9
0
/
0
0
3
4
-
7
1
6
7
-
2
0
2
0
-
1
3
7
1
.
[
5
4
]
R
.
A
r
i
n
i
t
w
e
,
A
.
W
i
l
l
s
o
n
,
S
.
B
a
t
e
n
h
o
r
s
t
,
P
.
T.
C
a
r
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
T.
C
a
r
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
“
U
si
n
g
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
me
d
i
a
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
v
i
d
e
o
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
o
f
a
d
mi
t
t
e
d
n
e
o
n
a
t
e
s
i
n
R
w
a
n
d
a
:
A
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
Pe
d
i
a
t
ri
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
h
a
l
.
1
3
6
–
1
4
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
t
r
o
p
e
j
/
f
mz
0
4
2
.
[
5
5
]
I
.
D
a
r
y
a
n
i
,
F
.
S
u
c
i
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
E
.
R
u
sm
i
n
g
si
h
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
a
u
d
i
o
v
i
su
a
l
o
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
o
s
t
e
o
p
o
r
o
s
i
s p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
i
n
e
l
d
e
r
l
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
ren
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
7
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
–
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
1
7
9
/
1
/
0
1
2
1
4
1
.
[
5
6
]
N
.
R
a
s
h
i
d
,
N
.
K
h
a
n
u
m,
a
n
d
F
.
R
.
K
h
a
n
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
a
n
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
–
a
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
Me
d
i
a
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
Ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
2
9
–
1
4
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
4
1
3
5
/
1
0
.
3
4
1
3
5
/
ml
a
r
-
24
-
01
-
07.
[
5
7
]
K
.
P
a
a
v
i
z
h
i
,
P
.
P
a
l
a
n
i
sa
my
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
a
r
a
v
a
n
a
k
u
m
a
r
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
v
i
d
e
o
a
ss
i
st
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
pp
.
2
6
8
–
2
7
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
5
8
]
S
.
N
.
Ja
n
n
a
h
,
A
.
S
o
b
a
n
d
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
w
a
t
n
o
,
“
T
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
u
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
u
s
i
n
g
U
S
E
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
E
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
M
e
d
i
a
(
A
C
a
se
st
u
d
y
:
S
M
K
N
e
g
e
r
i
1
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
)
,
”
T
e
k
n
o
d
i
k
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
9
4
–
1
0
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
9
6
1
/
t
e
k
n
o
d
i
k
a
.
v
1
8
i
2
.
4
2
4
8
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.