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Dete
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ter
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a
n
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d
p
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n
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.
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su
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o
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term
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ter
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.
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p
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p
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p
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d
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ts
.
K
ey
w
o
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d
s
:
A
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
Dete
r
m
in
an
ts
E
ar
ly
liter
ac
y
Fam
ily
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
Par
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
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se
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C
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p
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A
uth
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:
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r
Ain
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Far
d
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Dep
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t o
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Ps
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Fa
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lty
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f
Ps
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ch
o
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o
g
y
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Un
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s
itas
Air
lan
g
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a
4
-
6
Air
lan
g
g
a
R
o
ad
,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
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esia
E
m
ail:
n
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r
ain
y
.
f
ar
d
a
n
a@
p
s
ik
o
lo
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i.u
n
air
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
esea
r
c
h
h
as
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
t
h
e
p
i
v
o
t
al
r
o
l
e
o
f
l
ite
r
a
c
y
s
k
ills
i
n
c
h
il
d
r
e
n
'
s
s
o
c
ial
an
d
ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
etti
n
g
s
[
1
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
este
d
t
h
a
t
a
l
ite
r
a
te
p
o
p
u
l
ati
o
n
f
o
s
t
e
r
s
a
p
o
o
l
o
f
p
o
te
n
ti
al
a
n
d
s
k
ill
e
d
h
u
m
an
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
[
2
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
e
ar
ly
r
ea
d
i
n
g
an
d
wr
it
in
g
s
k
il
ls
ar
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
d
ic
at
o
r
s
o
f
ch
il
d
r
en
'
s
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
em
p
h
asi
z
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
ea
r
l
y
in
t
er
v
e
n
t
io
n
[
3
]
.
E
ar
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
ar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
r
o
m
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
wh
ic
h
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
ch
ild
r
en
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
c
h
ild
’
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
etwe
en
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
,
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
p
ar
e
n
ts
'
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
ese
ab
ilit
ies
'
g
r
o
wth
[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
f
am
ilies
wh
o
s
tim
u
late
th
eir
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e
ten
d
to
h
a
v
e
ch
ild
r
en
with
h
ig
h
er
r
ea
d
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
[
8
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
ar
e
n
ts
ca
n
s
elec
t
tex
ts
o
r
wo
r
d
s
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
c
h
ild
r
en
,
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
wr
itin
g
with
in
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
s
ettin
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,
an
d
g
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id
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ch
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r
en
'
s
in
v
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lv
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in
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s
ess
io
n
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
to
r
y
b
o
o
k
s
[
9
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
ar
e
n
tal
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
ea
r
l
y
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
s
in
g
in
g
,
p
o
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-
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,
s
to
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d
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p
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to
g
eth
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ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
en
h
an
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r
ly
liter
ac
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
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6
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f p
a
r
en
ta
l in
vo
lvem
en
t in
ea
r
ly
liter
a
cy
d
ev
elo
p
men
t:
a
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
(
N
o
via
S
o
lich
a
h
)
417
s
k
ills
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Stro
n
g
ev
id
en
ce
ex
is
ts
lin
k
in
g
p
ar
en
tal
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
a
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
o
m
e
liter
ac
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
[
1
3
]
.
Stro
n
g
ev
id
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
g
u
i
d
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
g
am
es
ca
n
also
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
ar
en
ts
to
also
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n
s
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t
h
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awa
r
en
ess
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f
s
cien
ce
,
tech
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lo
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n
g
in
ee
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g
,
an
d
m
a
th
em
atics
(
STE
M)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
k
i
n
d
er
g
a
r
ten
to
elem
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n
tar
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s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
is
awa
r
e
n
ess
ca
n
h
el
p
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
n
u
r
tu
r
e
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
im
ag
in
atio
n
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
th
eir
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
in
th
e
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
i
lls
[
1
7
]
.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
p
a
r
en
tal
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
ar
e
n
ts
an
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
8
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
ar
e
n
tal
attr
ib
u
tes
s
u
ch
as
lev
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
tatu
s
,
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
,
an
d
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tan
d
in
g
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as si
g
n
if
ican
t c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
d
icato
r
s
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
a
r
en
ts
i
n
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
b
e
f
o
s
ter
ed
b
y
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
s
h
ar
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
,
teac
h
in
g
lit
er
ac
y
-
r
elate
d
s
k
ills
,
en
g
ag
in
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
lay
,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
a
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
r
ic
h
in
b
o
o
k
s
[
2
4
]
.
Kala
y
ci
an
d
E
r
g
ü
l
[
2
5
]
also
ex
p
lain
t
h
at
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
r
ef
er
s
to
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
r
elate
d
to
liter
ac
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t e
n
co
m
p
ass
es v
ar
io
u
s
s
k
ill ar
ea
s
,
s
u
ch
as sp
o
k
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
p
h
o
n
o
l
o
g
ical
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
l
etter
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Hem
m
er
ec
h
ts
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
d
es
cr
ib
e
th
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
a
r
en
ts
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
as
th
e
lev
el
o
f
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
p
ar
en
ts
h
av
e
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
t
h
e
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
en
,
wh
ich
in
cl
u
d
es
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
r
ea
d
in
g
to
ch
ild
r
en
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
aid
i
n
g
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
n
ew
wo
r
d
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
He
m
m
e
r
e
ch
ts
[
2
7
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
d
d
t
h
at
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
c
o
u
ld
ex
t
en
d
to
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
,
b
ein
g
awa
r
e
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
liter
ar
y
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
wh
ile
g
u
id
in
g
th
em
.
Hem
m
er
ec
h
ts
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
at
h
o
m
e,
r
ec
e
p
tiv
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
b
ilit
ies,
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
,
a
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
1
6
8
m
id
d
le
-
a
n
d
u
p
p
er
-
class
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
ter
ac
t
in
co
m
p
lex
way
s
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
-
en
h
an
cin
g
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
lis
ten
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
r
ea
d
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
in
g
r
ad
e
3
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
ed
icted
r
ea
d
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
f
ir
s
t
g
r
ad
e
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
e
d
icted
r
ea
d
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
th
ir
d
g
r
ad
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
at
h
o
m
e
an
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
to
e
n
h
an
ce
p
ar
en
tal
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
As
ch
ild
r
en
d
ev
elo
p
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
ag
e,
th
eir
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
th
eir
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
liter
ac
y
m
ater
ials
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
p
ar
en
ts
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
ese
m
ater
ials
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
h
o
m
e
liter
ac
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
m
ed
iates
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
[
2
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
its
p
o
ten
tial
t
o
h
elp
ch
ild
r
e
n
d
ev
elo
p
ea
r
l
y
liter
ac
y
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
lim
ited
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
m
o
d
els o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t a
n
d
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
2
3
]
–
[
3
0
]
.
Mu
ltip
le
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
e
m
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
i
n
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
t
h
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
l
iter
ac
y
s
k
ills
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
1
]
–
[
4
0
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
[
4
1
]
an
d
liter
ac
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
f
o
ca
l
p
o
in
t
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
2
]
.
Sev
er
al
r
esear
c
h
s
tu
d
ies,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
[
4
3
]
–
[
4
6
]
,
h
av
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
ted
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
o
n
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
r
ed
icts
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
an
d
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
f
ir
s
t
-
g
r
a
d
e
an
d
ea
r
ly
-
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
u
c
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es
s
h
ap
es
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
f
u
tu
r
e
lear
n
in
g
t
r
ajec
to
r
ies
an
d
th
eir
attitu
d
e
t
o
war
d
s
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t.
He
n
ce
,
t
h
e
s
o
o
n
er
p
ar
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
[
3
7
]
–
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
7
]
th
e
b
ett
er
it
will
b
e.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
at,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
th
at
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
ese
ar
ch
ex
p
lain
in
g
t
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t;
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
c
in
g
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
p
a
r
en
tal
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
wh
ich
th
e
au
th
o
r
h
as
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
a
d
ec
ad
e,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
o
n
ly
o
n
e
li
ter
ac
y
talk
in
g
a
b
o
u
t
f
am
ily
liter
ac
y
.
A
cr
itical
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
ab
o
u
t
f
am
ily
l
iter
ac
y
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
ip
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
2
0
1
2
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
d
ata
d
is
co
v
er
ed
a
r
esea
r
ch
s
tu
d
y
b
y
C
o
m
p
to
n
-
L
illy
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
6
]
aim
ed
to
r
ev
iew
f
am
ily
liter
ac
y
an
d
ex
p
lain
th
e
e
p
is
tem
o
lo
g
y
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
f
am
ily
a
n
d
f
a
m
ily
liter
ac
y
s
tu
d
ies.
I
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ep
is
tem
o
lo
g
ical
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
cu
ltu
r
e,
class
,
r
ac
e,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tics
s
er
v
ed
b
y
f
am
ily
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
f
ailed
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
ar
en
tal
liter
ac
y
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
at
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
in
ten
d
to
co
n
d
u
ct
r
ese
ar
ch
u
s
in
g
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iews
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
4
1
6
-
424
418
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
co
p
in
g
r
e
v
iew
an
aly
s
is
in
th
is
ar
ticle
ad
h
er
es
to
th
e
PR
I
SMA
g
u
id
elin
e
[
4
8
]
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
q
u
ality
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
we
also
f
o
llo
wed
Ar
s
k
ey
an
d
O'
Ma
lley
’
s
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tag
es:
i)
id
en
tify
in
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
ii)
id
e
n
tify
in
g
r
elev
a
n
t
ar
ticles,
ii
i)
s
elec
tin
g
ar
ticles,
iv
)
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
ch
ar
tin
g
,
v
)
a
n
aly
zin
g
,
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
,
an
d
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
r
e
s
u
lts
,
an
d
v
i)
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
wit
h
r
elev
an
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
ield
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
s
tag
es
was
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ex
ec
u
ted
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
PR
I
SMA
g
u
id
elin
es
with
Ar
s
k
ey
an
d
O'
Ma
lley
’
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
we
aim
ed
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
aly
s
is
th
at
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
th
e
f
ield
.
2
.
1
.
St
a
g
e
I
:
i
dentif
y
re
s
ea
rc
h ques
t
io
n
s
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
d
et
er
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
h
o
ws
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
liter
ac
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
er
e
is
s
till
n
o
t
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
in
p
r
ac
tice
th
at
ex
p
licitly
aim
s
at
p
ar
en
ts
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
ev
er
al
s
h
o
r
tc
o
m
in
g
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
s
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
,
"Wh
at
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
ea
r
ly
lite
r
ac
y
?
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
o
u
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
d
is
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
k
ey
elem
e
n
ts
th
at
s
h
ap
e
p
ar
en
tal
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
.
2
.
2
.
St
a
g
e
I
I
:
i
dentif
y
re
lev
a
nt
a
rt
icles
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
f
in
d
ar
ticles
r
e
lev
an
t
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
d
a
tab
ases
an
d
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews.
Scien
tific
ar
ticle
s
ea
r
ch
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
etwe
en
2
0
0
0
an
d
2
0
2
3
th
r
o
u
g
h
eig
h
t
d
ata
b
ases
.
Nam
ely
SAGE
(
jo
u
r
n
als.s
ag
ep
u
b
.
co
m
)
,
Sco
p
u
s
(
s
co
p
u
s
.
co
m
)
,
R
esear
ch
G
ate
(
r
esear
ch
g
ate.
n
et)
,
C
r
o
s
s
r
ef
(
cr
o
s
s
r
ef
.
o
r
g
)
,
Pu
b
Me
d
(
p
u
b
m
e
d
.
n
cb
i.
n
lm
.
n
i
h
.
g
o
v
)
,
Op
e
n
Alex
(
o
p
en
alex
.
o
r
g
)
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t
(
s
cien
ce
d
ir
ec
t.c
o
m
)
,
Sem
an
tic
Sch
o
lar
(
s
em
aticsch
o
lar
.
o
r
g
)
,
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
(
s
ch
o
la
r
.
g
o
o
g
le.
co
m
)
,
an
d
GARUDA.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
u
s
ed
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
'
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t a
n
d
ea
r
l
y
liter
ac
y
'
.
−
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
:
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
esen
t
an
d
r
elev
an
t
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
th
e
ar
ticl
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
an
d
r
ev
iewe
d
.
Ar
ticles
wer
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e:
i
)
o
r
ig
i
n
al
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles,
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
o
r
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
ar
e
n
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
ii
)
d
is
cu
s
s
es
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
(
0
-
6
y
ea
r
s
)
o
r
p
r
esch
o
o
l
a
n
d
p
ar
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
c
h
o
s
en
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
co
n
ce
p
t,
an
d
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
ev
iew:
p
o
p
u
latio
n
:
e
ar
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
ag
es
(
0
-
6
y
ea
r
s
)
,
Pre
s
ch
o
o
ler
s
(
3
-
7
y
ea
r
s
)
p
ar
en
ts
.
C
o
n
ce
p
t:
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ea
r
l
y
liter
ac
y
.
C
o
n
tex
t:
f
am
ily
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
h
o
m
e,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
.
−
E
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
:
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
ar
ticle
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
as
a
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
i
)
p
a
p
er
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
in
v
esti
g
ate
p
ar
en
t
al
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
,
ii
)
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
s
ix
y
ea
r
s
ag
o
,
an
d
iii
)
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
tr
ea
tin
g
d
y
s
lex
ia,
ch
il
d
r
en
with
r
ea
d
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
an
im
als,
d
ea
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
at
-
r
is
k
ch
ild
r
en
,
im
p
air
ed
ch
ild
r
en
,
a
n
d
in
tellectu
al
d
is
ab
ili
ties
.
2
.
3
.
St
a
g
e
I
I
I
:
p
er
f
o
rm
da
t
a
f
ilte
ring
Data
f
ilter
in
g
was
d
o
n
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
e
x
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
two
s
tag
es:
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
an
d
titl
es
an
d
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
r
ev
iewin
g
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
ea
r
ch
ed
f
o
r
ar
ticles
with
titl
es
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
ts
r
elev
an
t
to
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
is
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
r
ev
iew
if
its
titl
e
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t a
r
e
r
elev
an
t
.
Fu
ll a
r
ticles w
er
e
th
en
f
ilter
ed
b
ased
o
n
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
tin
u
e
d
u
n
til
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ar
ticl
es
we
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
,
a
n
d
n
o
n
ew
ar
ticles
th
at
m
et
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
we
r
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
a
n
d
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
4
.
St
a
g
e
I
V:
c
ha
rt
ing
da
t
a
Pre
d
ef
in
ed
ch
ar
tin
g
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
.
T
h
e
l
ea
d
au
th
o
r
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
e
ch
ar
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
r
ev
iewe
d
it
with
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
t
o
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
e
x
tr
ac
t
its
p
er
tin
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
r
esear
ch
d
ata,
e
n
co
m
p
a
s
s
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
cr
iter
ia
o
u
tlin
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
r
em
ain
s
s
u
b
ject
to
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
to
s
u
it
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle.
An
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
wer
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
,
with
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
a
th
ir
d
r
e
v
iewe
r
if
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
b
ef
o
r
e
g
en
e
r
atin
g
a
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
co
n
tain
i
n
g
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
d
ata.
Data
ch
ar
tin
g
s
er
v
e
d
as
a
m
ea
n
s
t
o
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
e
s
s
en
tial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
5
.
St
a
g
e
V:
a
na
ly
zing
,
s
um
m
a
rizing
,
a
nd
re
po
rt
ing
re
s
ults
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
th
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
d
ata
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
g
ath
er
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
tab
les
,
d
iag
r
a
m
s
,
o
r
im
ag
es
t
o
f
ac
il
itate
an
aly
s
is
an
d
e
n
ab
le
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
all
id
en
tifie
d
c
r
iter
ia.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
,
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
n
a
r
r
ativ
e
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
elib
er
ated
o
n
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
p
r
ac
t
ices
an
d
p
o
licies.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
P
R
I
SMA
-
Sc
R
ch
ec
k
lis
t ser
v
ed
as a
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f p
a
r
en
ta
l in
vo
lvem
en
t in
ea
r
ly
liter
a
cy
d
ev
elo
p
men
t:
a
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
(
N
o
via
S
o
lich
a
h
)
419
2
.
6
.
St
a
g
e
VI:
c
o
ns
ulta
t
io
n
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
o
f
r
esu
lts
,
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
ex
p
er
ts
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
i
n
ea
r
ly
l
iter
ac
y
an
d
lite
r
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
f
r
o
m
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
at
Air
lan
g
g
a
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
.
T
h
ese
c
o
n
s
u
ltatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
t
h
at
co
m
p
lem
e
n
ted
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
ed
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ay
y
an
.
ai
ap
p
l
icatio
n
,
ad
h
e
r
en
ce
to
th
e
2
0
2
0
PR
I
SMA
ch
ec
k
lis
t
an
d
f
lo
wch
ar
t,
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
in
clu
s
io
n
-
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
em
p
h
asis
o
n
ch
a
r
tin
g
,
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
g
ap
s
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
ies,
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
r
esu
lts
,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
e
n
t o
f
li
m
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
am
f
r
o
m
r
ay
y
an
.
ai
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
Facto
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
1
3
in
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies,
th
er
e
wer
e
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lan
d
,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Un
ited
States
,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
Gh
an
a,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
Neth
er
lan
d
s
,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
So
u
t
h
Af
r
ica,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
Qata
r
,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
Ar
ab
ia,
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
No
r
way
,
an
d
t
h
r
ee
f
r
o
m
C
h
in
a
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
h
as
n
o
t
co
v
er
e
d
m
an
y
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
wo
r
l
d
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t
th
is
to
p
ic
h
as b
ec
o
m
e
a
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
m
a
n
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
two
m
ain
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
in
ter
n
al
an
d
e
x
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
ter
n
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
co
m
p
r
is
e
p
ar
en
t
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
[
3
1
]
,
p
ar
en
t
f
id
elity
[
3
3
]
,
p
ar
en
tal
g
e
n
etics
[
3
6
]
,
p
ar
en
t
’
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
[
3
7
]
,
p
a
r
en
t’
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
3
7
]
;
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
elief
s
o
f
p
ar
en
ts
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
8
]
;
p
a
r
en
tal
esti
m
atio
n
[
3
2
]
,
p
a
r
e
n
t
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
4
9
]
.
E
x
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
(
SES)
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
9
]
;
p
ar
en
t
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
5
0
]
;
p
ar
en
tal
liter
ac
y
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
; a
n
d
em
er
g
en
t
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
a
lack
o
f
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
,
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
3
8
]
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
to
p
ic.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
9
]
–
[
5
1
]
.
I
n
d
icatin
g
a
g
a
p
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
q
u
alitativ
e,
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal,
an
d
m
o
d
ellin
g
r
esear
ch
to
d
elv
e
d
ee
p
er
i
n
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject.
Facto
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
co
n
tin
u
e
to
em
er
g
e,
with
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
d
atin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
4
1
6
-
424
420
b
ac
k
to
1
9
8
0
.
W
h
ile
in
itial
s
t
u
d
ies
b
y
Mo
h
an
a
n
d
T
iwar
i
[
5
2
]
an
d
L
e
u
n
g
a
n
d
Sh
ek
[
5
3
]
s
tated
th
at
p
ar
en
ts
'
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
d
id
n
o
t
af
f
e
ct
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
esear
c
h
r
e
v
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
with
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as r
ac
e,
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t statu
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el,
a
n
d
SES [
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
Szen
cz
i
et
a
l
.
[
3
1
]
f
o
u
n
d
SES
an
d
s
in
g
le
-
p
a
r
en
t
s
tatu
s
as
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
Hig
h
SES
m
o
th
er
s
ty
p
ically
e
x
h
ib
it
g
r
ea
ter
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
u
s
e,
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
s
p
ee
ch
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
m
ed
iu
m
SES
m
o
th
er
s
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
y
en
g
a
g
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
h
o
m
e
liter
ac
y
ac
ti
v
ities
s
u
ch
as
b
o
o
k
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
,
r
ea
d
in
g
,
lib
r
ar
y
v
is
its
,
p
u
p
p
et
s
h
o
ws,
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
[
5
5
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
SES'
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t,
alo
n
g
with
p
a
r
e
n
tal
b
elief
s
an
d
esti
m
atio
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
5
6
]
.
Par
en
ts
'
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
b
elief
s
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
in
v
itatio
n
s
f
o
r
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
an
d
life
c
o
n
tex
t
also
p
r
ed
ict
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
[
5
3
]
,
[
5
7
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
a
r
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
im
p
ac
ts
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
7
]
,
with
h
ig
h
er
-
ed
u
ca
ted
p
ar
en
ts
s
h
o
win
g
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t
in
te
ac
h
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
[
5
9
]
.
Oth
er
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
tim
e,
en
er
g
y
,
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
ar
e
n
tal
r
o
le,
s
ch
o
o
l/teach
er
in
v
itatio
n
,
ch
ild
in
v
itatio
n
[
6
0
]
,
p
a
r
en
tal
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
[
3
6
]
,
p
ar
en
t
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
[
3
7
]
,
p
ar
en
tal
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
elief
s
[
3
8
]
,
a
n
d
p
ar
en
tal
liter
ac
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
4
0
]
.
Ho
m
e
liter
a
cy
ac
tiv
ity
also
p
r
e
d
icts
p
ar
en
t
al
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
a
t
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
a
ce
,
e
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
s
t
a
t
u
s
,
p
a
r
e
n
t
al
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
,
a
n
d
S
E
S
p
l
a
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
o
l
e
s
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
lly
,
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
el
h
as
b
e
e
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
a
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
[
3
3
]
.
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
a
l
s
o
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
t
h
a
t
a
t
t
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
p
l
a
y
,
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
a
g
e
,
f
a
t
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
a
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
e
v
el
o
f
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
i
n
g
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
7
]
,
[6
3]
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
t
h
a
t
f
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
t
h
n
i
c
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
w
it
h
f
a
t
h
e
r
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
e
t
h
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
i
n
g
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
w
i
l
li
n
g
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
c
a
r
e
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
u
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
i
n
g
s
t
y
l
es
b
e
tw
e
e
n
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
-
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
a
n
d
A
f
r
i
ca
n
-
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
f
a
t
h
e
r
s
o
f
m
i
x
e
d
d
e
s
c
e
n
t
[
6
4
]
,
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
f
at
h
er
'
s
eth
n
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
f
ath
er
'
s
p
ar
en
tin
g
s
ty
le
to
war
d
s
ch
ild
r
en
.
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
-
Am
e
r
ican
f
ath
e
r
s
wer
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
clin
ed
t
o
teac
h
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
to
r
ea
d
b
o
o
k
s
,
wh
ile
Af
r
ica
n
-
Am
er
ican
f
ath
er
s
wer
e
lik
elie
r
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
p
lay
ac
tiv
ities
.
Fam
ily
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
to
b
e
lin
k
ed
to
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
[
6
6
]
,
[
6
7
]
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
th
e
f
a
m
ily
'
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
it
is
f
o
r
p
a
r
en
ts
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
c
h
i
ld
r
en
'
s
s
k
ill
s
[
6
8
]
,
[
6
9
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
d
icate
d
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
SES
o
n
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
Par
en
t
s
with
h
ig
h
in
co
m
es
ten
d
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
an
th
o
s
e
with
lo
w
in
co
m
es
[
2
2
]
,
[
7
0
]
,
[
7
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
c
h
ild
b
ir
th
o
r
d
er
,
t
h
e
r
esu
l
t
f
r
o
m
Sep
tian
i a
n
d
Sy
ao
d
i
h
s
tu
d
y
[
6
3
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
f
at
h
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t w
as h
ig
h
est am
o
n
g
o
n
ly
c
h
ild
r
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ch
ild
r
en
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t,
s
ec
o
n
d
,
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
est b
ir
th
o
r
d
er
.
Pro
g
r
am
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
p
ar
e
n
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
v
a
r
io
u
s
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
m
an
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
g
r
ea
ter
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
ea
r
ly
liter
a
cy
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
th
e
R
ea
ch
Ou
t
an
d
R
ea
d
in
itiativ
e
u
tili
ze
s
r
o
u
tin
e
h
ea
lth
ch
ec
k
-
u
p
s
f
r
o
m
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
to
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
p
ar
en
t
s
to
b
o
ls
ter
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
.
Me
d
ic
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
ar
e
ed
u
ca
ted
to
g
u
id
e
p
a
r
en
ts
o
n
th
eir
in
f
an
t
’
s
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
ca
n
f
a
cilitate
th
is
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
eg
u
lar
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
[
7
2
]
,
[
7
3
]
.
I
s
r
ae
l
also
h
as
a
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
g
r
am
to
au
g
m
en
t
p
ar
e
n
tal
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
a
cy
.
Ho
m
e
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
p
a
r
en
ts
o
f
p
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
y
o
u
n
g
s
ter
s
(
HI
PP
Y)
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
g
ea
r
ed
to
wa
r
d
s
p
ar
en
ts
with
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
3
-
5
;
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
e
n
tails
wee
k
ly
h
o
m
e
v
is
its
,
m
o
n
th
ly
p
ar
en
t
-
g
r
o
u
p
m
ee
tin
g
s
,
an
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
D
u
r
in
g
th
e
h
o
m
e
v
is
its
,
p
ar
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
m
ater
ials
f
r
o
m
th
e
HI
PP
Y
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
b
o
o
k
s
to
aid
i
n
less
o
n
p
lan
n
in
g
,
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
u
p
p
lies
f
o
r
ac
ti
v
ities
,
an
d
s
to
r
y
b
o
o
k
s
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
with
th
ei
r
ch
ild
r
en
.
Desp
ite
r
ef
in
em
en
t
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
'
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
ad
o
p
te
d
in
f
i
f
teen
co
u
n
tr
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
in
co
m
e
lev
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
u
r
k
ey
,
wh
e
r
e
it
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
ea
r
ly
en
r
ich
m
e
n
t p
r
o
j
ec
t (
T
E
E
P)
[
7
4
]
.
Similar
ly
,
Par
is
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
n
am
e
d
Ma
llette
d
es
Par
en
ts
,
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
o
o
s
t
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
ter
m
“M
allette”
tr
an
s
lates
to
“b
r
ief
ca
s
e”
an
d
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
m
ate
r
ials
to
ass
is
t
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
in
o
r
g
an
izin
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
with
p
ar
en
t
s
[
7
5
]
,
[
7
6
]
.
T
h
ese
m
ater
ials
in
clu
d
e
g
u
id
es
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
ar
en
t
-
s
ch
o
o
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
g
u
id
es
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
to
p
ics,
DVD
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
illu
s
tr
atio
n
s
to
p
r
o
m
p
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
th
em
es.
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t y
ea
r
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l h
as r
ev
ea
led
in
cr
ea
s
ed
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t in
s
ch
o
o
l a
ctiv
ities
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
b
en
ef
icial
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
e
m
ical
ly
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
7
7
]
.
A
f
ath
er
n
ee
d
s
to
in
v
o
lv
e
h
im
s
elf
in
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t in
a
f
am
ily
[
7
8
]
,
[
7
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t o
f
p
ar
en
ts
is
also
n
ee
d
e
d
to
in
v
o
lv
e
th
em
s
elv
es
in
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
en
[
8
0
]
.
No
t
o
n
ly
th
at,
a
m
o
th
er
s
h
o
u
l
d
also
b
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
8
1
]
.
W
h
en
p
a
r
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
e
t
h
em
s
elv
es
with
th
ei
r
c
h
ild
r
en
,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
k
n
o
w
ab
o
u
t e
ar
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
[
8
2
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
cu
r
r
en
t
ly
lack
s
a
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
er
e
is
a
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
to
d
e
v
elo
p
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
s
u
ch
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Dete
r
min
a
n
ts
o
f p
a
r
en
ta
l in
vo
lvem
en
t in
ea
r
ly
liter
a
cy
d
ev
elo
p
men
t:
a
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
(
N
o
via
S
o
lich
a
h
)
421
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
its
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ca
n
d
r
aw
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
with
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
h
o
m
e
liter
ac
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
y
p
ar
en
ts
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
th
is
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
h
as
lim
ita
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew’
s
s
tr
en
g
t
h
is
s
til
l
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
with
lim
ited
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
liter
atu
r
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ec
en
t
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
to
p
ic
o
f
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
8
3
]
,
[
8
4
]
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
aim
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
l
y
liter
ac
y
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
o
d
els
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
h
as
o
f
f
er
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
ch
r
esear
ch
o
n
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
th
e
h
o
m
e
co
n
tex
t
[
8
5
]
–
[
8
7
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
is
s
till
lim
ited
an
d
lack
s
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
8
8
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
id
ea
th
at
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
b
est
p
ar
e
n
tal
an
d
c
h
ild
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
b
u
ild
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
m
o
d
el
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
ca
n
ex
p
lain
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
s
co
p
in
g
r
ev
iew
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
elp
f
u
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
p
ar
en
ts
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
ee
k
in
g
to
en
g
ag
e
in
ea
r
ly
lite
r
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
co
p
i
n
g
r
e
v
iew
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ea
r
l
y
liter
ac
y
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ally
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
n
am
ely
i
n
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
clu
d
e
p
a
r
en
t
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
p
ar
e
n
t
f
id
elity
,
p
ar
e
n
tal
g
e
n
etics,
p
ar
en
t'
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
p
ar
en
t'
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
p
ar
en
tal
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
b
elief
,
p
ar
en
tal
esti
m
atio
n
,
an
d
p
ar
en
t
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
SES,
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
en
tal
liter
ac
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
f
am
ily
r
is
k
h
o
m
e
l
iter
ac
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
e
m
er
g
en
t
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
f
ac
t
o
r
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
tar
g
eted
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
e
ar
ly
liter
ac
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
i
v
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
tar
g
ete
d
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
on
p
ar
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t i
n
ea
r
ly
l
iter
ac
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
t
u
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
D
u
ma
n
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
n
e
m
o
t
o
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
e
a
r
l
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
s
k
i
l
l
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
p
r
e
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
,
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
Ad
m
i
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
v
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
7
,
p
p
.
6
5
2
–
6
5
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
5
8
9
/
j
o
sh
a
s.
1
4
8
.
[
2
]
E.
M
u
r
y
a
n
t
i
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
k
i
n
d
e
r
g
a
r
t
e
n
s
i
n
W
e
st
S
u
ma
t
r
a
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
6
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
Ea
r
l
y
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
C
EC
E
-
6
2
0
2
1
)
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
8
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
–
2
3
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
9
1
/
a
sse
h
r
.
k
.
2
2
0
6
0
2
.
0
4
6
.
[
3
]
S
.
C
a
mp
b
e
l
l
,
“
P
h
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
p
l
a
y
-
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
a
n
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
r
o
g
r
a
m,”
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
L
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
0
–
7
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
b
f
0
3
6
5
2
0
8
1
.
[
4
]
E.
N
a
v
a
,
M
.
G
i
r
a
u
d
,
a
n
d
N
.
B
o
l
o
g
n
i
n
i
,
“
Th
e
e
merg
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
mu
l
t
i
se
n
s
o
r
y
b
r
a
i
n
:
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
o
m
b
t
o
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
st
e
p
s,
”
i
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
0
8
7
5
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
sc
i
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
8
7
5
8
.
[
5
]
B
.
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
a
n
d
Y
.
P
r
a
t
t
-
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
h
o
me
,
sc
h
o
o
l
,
n
e
i
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
,
”
i
n
G
e
n
e
s
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
3
3
–
5
0
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
S
2
0
4
8
-
0
4
5
8
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
4
.
[
6
]
E.
Y
e
h
,
“
P
a
r
e
n
t
ma
t
t
e
r
s:
t
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
me
n
t
o
n
n
o
n
-
n
a
t
i
v
e
E
n
g
l
i
sh
sp
e
a
k
e
r
s’
p
o
st
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
r
o
l
l
me
n
t
,
”
S
c
h
o
o
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
–
6
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
7
]
M
.
C
.
P
e
t
r
e
sc
u
a
n
d
R
.
H
e
l
ms
-
P
a
r
k
,
“
Tr
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
i
sm
a
n
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
i
n
a
t
h
i
r
d
(
sc
h
o
o
l
)
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
:
a
c
a
se
st
u
d
y
o
f
a
n
a
t
-
r
i
s
k
c
h
i
l
d
i
n
F
r
e
n
c
h
i
mm
e
r
si
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ea
r
l
y
C
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
L
i
t
e
ra
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
–
4
3
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
1
4
6
8
7
9
8
4
2
1
1
0
4
1
3
8
9
.
[
8
]
E.
M
i
d
d
a
u
g
h
,
S
.
B
e
l
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
K
o
r
n
b
l
u
h
,
“
T
h
i
n
k
b
e
f
o
r
e
y
o
u
s
h
a
r
e
:
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
c
i
v
i
c
me
d
i
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
3
,
n
o
.
7
–
8
,
p
p
.
4
2
1
–
4
4
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
LS
-
03
-
2
0
2
2
-
0
0
3
0
.
[
9
]
Y
.
A
l
r
a
m
a
mn
e
h
,
S
.
S
a
q
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
r
e
e
p
a
t
t
a
ma
n
n
i
l
,
“
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
,
e
a
r
l
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
i
n
A
r
a
b
i
c
a
mo
n
g
Emi
r
a
t
i
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
L
a
rg
e
-
sca
l
e
A
ssessm
e
n
t
s
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
3
6
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
4
0
5
3
6
-
0
2
3
-
0
0
1
8
7
-
3.
[
1
0
]
J.
K
u
mar
S
h
a
n
mu
g
a
m,
K
.
K
a
l
i
m
u
t
h
u
,
L.
P
r
a
n
e
e
,
a
n
d
C
.
Ji
u
n
Y
i
n
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
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2
3
]
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[
2
4
]
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2
5
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2
6
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2
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[
2
8
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9
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0]
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.