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Recov
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sti
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qua
lity o
f
li
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e,
a
nd
the
d
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m
ina
nts
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people wit
h schizo
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sy
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d
with
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o
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s
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se
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d
in
En
g
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s
h
.
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to
tal
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a
rti
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a
t
m
e
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th
e
in
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lu
sio
n
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ri
teria
we
re
su
b
jec
t
to
a
re
v
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p
ro
c
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ss
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
we
d
t
h
a
t
P
WS
re
c
o
v
e
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y
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s
in
flu
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n
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e
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w
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stig
m
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a
n
d
q
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Ho
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m
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t
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i
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th
e
re
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v
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ry
p
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th
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t
h
e
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sta
b
li
sh
m
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n
t
o
f
p
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i
p
s,
p
r
o
v
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n
o
f
c
o
p
i
n
g
sk
il
ls,
a
n
d
e
m
p
o
we
rm
e
n
t
o
f
p
a
ti
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Qu
ality
o
f
li
fe
R
ec
o
v
er
y
Sch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
Sp
ir
itu
ality
Sti
g
m
a
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sawab
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Nu
r
s
in
g
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
Nu
r
s
in
g
,
Air
lan
g
g
a
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
Mu
ly
o
r
ejo
,
M
u
ly
o
r
ej
o
,
Su
r
a
b
a
y
a,
E
ast J
av
a
6
0
1
1
5
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: sawa
b
-
2
0
2
2
@
f
k
p
.
u
n
a
ir
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ec
o
v
er
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
o
f
p
eo
p
le
with
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
i
a
(
PW
S)
i
s
s
t
ill
a
s
itu
atio
n
d
em
an
d
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
.
Me
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
e
n
ia,
r
an
k
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
e
v
alen
t
an
d
ch
r
o
n
ic
p
s
y
ch
iatr
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
i
n
g
a
lo
n
g
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
er
i
od
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
wo
r
l
d
wid
e
co
n
tin
u
es
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e,
af
f
ec
tin
g
2
4
m
illi
o
n
p
e
o
p
le,
with
0
.
4
5
%
b
ein
g
ad
u
lts
m
o
s
tly
id
en
tif
y
in
g
illn
ess
o
n
s
et
in
late
ad
o
lescen
ce
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
.
7
ca
s
es
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
er
1
0
0
0
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
m
em
b
er
s
[
5
]
.
Sch
izo
p
h
r
e
n
ia
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
ch
r
o
n
ic
m
en
tal
illn
ess
alo
n
g
with
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
in
s
o
cial,
co
g
n
itiv
e,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
q
u
ali
ty
o
f
life
a
n
d
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
1
2
%
to
1
8
%
o
f
PW
S
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
lo
w
to
v
e
r
y
lo
w
lev
els
o
f
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
1
3
.
5
%
an
d
5
0
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
0
]
.
F
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
in
P
W
S
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
h
o
p
e,
an
d
co
p
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
lead
to
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
wh
ich
ac
ts
as
a
b
ar
r
ier
to
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
T
h
i
s
h
in
d
r
an
ce
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
life
am
o
n
g
PW
S
to
l
o
w
lev
els
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
4
8
%
o
f
s
u
c
h
ca
s
es
ar
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
s
tig
m
a
[
1
7
]
.
Hig
h
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
in
itiates
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
wo
r
s
en
in
g
o
f
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
an
d
n
o
n
-
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
it
r
ed
u
ce
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Hea
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Sci
I
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N:
2252
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8
8
0
6
R
ec
o
ve
r
y,
s
elf
-
s
tig
ma
,
q
u
a
lity
o
f life,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
etermin
a
n
ts
a
mo
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
w
ith
…
(
S
a
w
a
b
S
a
w
a
b
)
65
in
te
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
d
im
in
is
h
es
h
o
p
e,
elev
ates
s
u
ici
d
e
r
is
k
,
h
in
d
e
r
s
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
im
p
o
s
es
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
ca
r
eg
i
v
in
g
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
o
n
f
am
ilies
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Sev
er
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
f
o
r
PW
S
r
ec
o
v
er
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
s
y
ch
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
as
well
as
co
g
n
itiv
e,
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
i
ca
l,
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
th
er
a
p
y
,
o
r
a
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
th
er
a
p
ie
s
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ested
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
p
h
ar
m
ac
o
l
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
eg
ativ
e
s
id
e
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
in
PW
S
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Ps
y
ch
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
o
r
co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
th
er
ap
y
f
ailed
to
g
en
er
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
te
g
r
ated
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
p
s
y
ch
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
th
er
ap
y
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
th
er
a
p
y
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
ef
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ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
[
2
8
]
.
B
o
th
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
a
n
d
h
o
p
e
-
b
u
ild
in
g
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
9
]
–
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
in
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
s
ev
e
r
e
m
e
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
s
u
ch
as
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
is
s
h
if
t
in
g
f
r
o
m
b
io
m
ed
ical
to
r
ec
o
v
er
y
m
eth
od
-
o
r
ien
te
d
s
er
v
ices
[
3
2
]
.
PW
S
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
is
a
lo
n
g
jo
u
r
n
ey
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
q
u
ality
o
f
l
if
e
am
id
s
t
ch
a
llen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
illn
ess
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
is
in
itially
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ile
tr
ea
tm
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
elf
-
ev
alu
a
tio
n
,
b
elief
s
,
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
as
well
as
p
h
y
s
ic
al
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
o
r
e
h
in
d
r
an
ce
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
4
]
.
Ach
iev
in
g
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
an
d
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
in
PW
S
n
ec
ess
itate
s
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
t
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
s
ec
to
r
s
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
d
et
er
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
PW
S
r
ec
o
v
er
y
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
h
o
lis
tic
ca
r
e,
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
r
ec
o
v
er
y
,
m
o
d
i
f
y
in
g
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
m
eth
o
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
id
en
tify
d
eter
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
q
u
ality
-
of
-
life
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
is
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
,
ev
alu
atin
g
,
a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
r
elev
a
n
t
r
ese
ar
ch
r
elate
d
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
to
p
ic,
o
r
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
in
ter
est
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
was
u
s
ed
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
s
y
n
th
es
is
o
f
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
r
ec
o
v
er
y
,
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a,
q
u
ality
o
f
lif
e,
an
d
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
PW
S.
C
r
iter
ia
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
en
tr
e
f
o
r
R
ev
iew
an
d
D
is
s
em
in
atio
n
an
d
th
e
J
o
an
n
a
B
r
ig
g
s
I
n
s
ti
tu
te,
as
well
as th
e
PR
I
SM
A
ch
ec
k
lis
t
,
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies.
2
.
1
.
Se
a
rc
h str
a
t
eg
y
a
nd
inclu
s
io
n c
rit
er
ia
f
o
r
s
y
s
t
ema
t
ic
re
v
i
ews
L
iter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
co
n
d
u
cte
d
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ix
d
atab
ases
,
in
clu
d
in
g
Sco
p
u
s
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
Pro
Qu
est,
Sp
r
in
g
er
L
in
k
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
c
e,
an
d
C
I
NAHL
,
id
en
tifie
d
a
r
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
,
n
am
ely
AND
an
d
OR
,
to
co
m
b
in
e
wo
r
d
s
wh
e
n
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
q
u
o
t
atio
n
s
o
r
q
u
o
tatio
n
m
a
r
k
s
(
"
)
wer
e
ap
p
lied
,
al
o
n
g
with
a
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
o
f
s
im
ilar
co
n
ce
p
ts
s
y
m
b
o
lized
b
y
(
)
.
T
h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
u
s
ed
wer
e
(
“Qu
ality
o
f
life
")
AND
(
“
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a"
)
AND
"r
ec
o
v
er
y
"
AND
“sch
izo
p
h
r
e
n
ia"
OR
"
s
ev
er
e
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
"
OR
"m
en
tal
illn
es
s
,
"
OR
"p
s
y
ch
o
tic".
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
co
m
p
r
is
ed
p
atien
ts
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
with
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
in
a
r
ec
o
v
er
y
s
tag
e,
jo
u
r
n
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
3
,
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
i
a
wer
e
r
esear
ch
u
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
to
p
ic,
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
s
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t d
ata,
an
d
d
u
p
licate
ar
ticles.
2
.
2
.
Scre
ening
o
f
a
rt
icles
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
tep
s
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
,
elig
i
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
PR
I
SMA
g
u
id
elin
es
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ase
s
ea
r
ch
es
id
en
tifie
d
6
9
5
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
an
d
af
ter
r
em
o
v
i
n
g
d
u
p
licates (
n
=1
4
8
)
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
was p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
o
cu
m
en
t title
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
(
n
=5
4
7
)
.
T
h
is
was
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
f
ilter
in
g
o
f
f
u
ll
te
x
ts
to
b
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
r
ev
iew,
with
4
9
8
r
ec
o
r
d
s
b
ein
g
ex
cl
u
d
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase,
an
d
2
2
ar
ticles
wer
e
d
ee
m
ed
elig
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
ex
t
r
a
ct
io
n
Data
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
all
r
ev
iewe
r
s
o
r
g
an
ized
th
e
d
a
ta
co
llected
f
r
o
m
2
2
s
elec
ted
ar
ticles
u
s
in
g
a
g
r
id
s
y
n
th
esis
f
o
r
m
at
.
T
h
e
aim
was
to
o
b
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
s
tu
d
ied
,
as
well
a
s
to
s
y
n
th
esi
ze
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
.
T
h
i
s
f
o
r
m
at
co
n
tain
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
clu
d
in
g
i
)
titl
e
an
d
a
u
th
o
r
s
,
ii
)
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
,
iii
)
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
,
iv
)
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
,
v
)
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
vi
)
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
an
d
v
ii
)
r
esu
l
t
s
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
64
-
76
66
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
o
f
in
clu
d
ed
r
esear
ch
2
.
4
.
Q
ua
lity
a
pp
ra
is
a
l
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
ar
ticles
was
ass
es
s
ed
with
th
e
J
o
an
n
a
B
r
ig
g
s
I
n
s
tit
u
te'
s
(
J
B
I
)
C
r
itical
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t
C
h
ec
k
lis
t
g
u
id
elin
es.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
co
m
p
r
is
ed
two
ty
p
es
ad
ju
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
th
e
J
B
I
C
r
itical
Ap
p
r
aisa
l
C
h
ec
k
lis
t
f
o
r
An
aly
tical
C
r
o
s
s
-
Sectio
n
al
Stu
d
ies
an
d
C
r
it
ical
Ap
p
r
aisal
C
h
ec
k
lis
t
f
o
r
Q
u
alitativ
e
R
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
8
a
n
d
1
0
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
l
e
2
an
d
3
.
T
ab
le
2.
Qu
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
C
h
e
c
k
l
i
st
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
f
o
r
c
r
o
ss
-
sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
sea
r
c
h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
S
a
i
z
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
2
1
)
C
a
n
Ö
z
& D
u
r
a
n
.
(
2
0
2
1
)
Ju
n
& Y
u
n
.
(
2
0
2
0
)
R
o
o
se
n
sc
h
o
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
1
9
)
Y
o
u
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
2
0
)
Ç
a
p
a
r
&
K
a
v
a
k
,
(
2
0
1
9
)
Zh
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
1
9
)
C
a
q
u
e
o
-
U
r
í
z
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
2
1
)
El
-
M
o
n
sh
e
d
& A
mr
,
(
2
0
2
0
)
Y
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
2
2
)
S
u
m
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
2
1
H
u
r
mu
z
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2
0
2
2
)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
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Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
=
y
e
s
;
N
=
n
o
;
U
=
u
n
c
l
e
a
r
.
1.
W
e
r
e
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
f
o
r
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n
c
l
u
si
o
n
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h
e
s
a
mp
l
e
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
?
2.
W
e
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e
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
u
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j
e
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n
g
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e
scri
b
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d
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n
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e
t
a
i
l
?
3.
W
a
s t
h
e
e
x
p
o
s
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r
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mea
s
u
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e
d
v
a
l
i
d
l
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
y
?
4.
W
e
r
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o
b
j
e
c
t
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v
e
,
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
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r
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t
e
r
i
a
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e
d
f
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r
me
a
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
?
5.
W
e
r
e
c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
?
6.
W
e
r
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
t
o
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e
a
l
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
f
o
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n
d
i
n
g
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
s
t
a
t
e
d
?
7.
W
e
r
e
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
mes
me
a
su
r
e
d
i
n
a
v
a
l
i
d
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
w
a
y
?
8.
W
a
s a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
u
s
e
d
?
R
e
c
o
r
d
s i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
(
n
=
6
9
5
)
-
S
c
o
p
u
s (n
=
1
9
6
)
-
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
D
i
r
e
c
t
(
n
=
1
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2
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r
o
Q
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e
s
t
(
n
=
1
3
4
)
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p
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n
g
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Li
n
k
(
n
=
7
9
)
W
e
b
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f
S
c
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e
n
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e
(
n
=
5
1
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(
n
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1
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)
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d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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-
8
8
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6
R
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q
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a
lity
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f life,
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d
etermin
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p
le
w
ith
…
(
S
a
w
a
b
S
a
w
a
b
)
67
T
ab
le
3
.
Qu
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t f
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
c
h
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
C
h
e
c
k
l
i
st
c
r
i
t
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r
i
a
f
o
r
q
u
a
l
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t
a
t
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v
e
r
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se
a
r
c
h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
I
r
a
w
a
t
i
e
t
a
l
.
(
2
0
2
3
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u
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2
0
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2
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2
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3
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
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Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
=
y
e
s
;
N
=
n
o
;
U
=
u
n
c
l
e
a
r
;
N
A
=
n
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
.
1.
I
s t
h
e
r
e
c
o
n
g
r
u
i
t
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
e
d
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
i
c
a
l
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
?
2.
I
s t
h
e
r
e
c
o
n
g
r
u
i
t
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
o
r
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s?
3.
I
s t
h
e
r
e
c
o
n
g
r
u
i
t
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
met
h
o
d
s
u
se
d
t
o
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
d
a
t
a
?
4.
I
s t
h
e
r
e
c
o
n
g
r
u
i
t
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
a
t
a
?
5.
I
s t
h
e
r
e
c
o
n
g
r
u
i
t
y
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
u
l
t
s?
6.
I
s t
h
e
r
e
a
s
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
l
o
c
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
sea
r
c
h
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
l
y
o
r
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
?
7.
I
s t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
sea
r
c
h
,
a
n
d
v
i
c
e
-
v
e
r
sa,
a
d
d
r
e
sse
d
?
8.
A
r
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
o
i
c
e
s
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
l
y
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
e
d
?
9.
I
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
o
r
,
f
o
r
r
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
sea
r
c
h
,
a
n
d
i
s
t
h
e
r
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
t
h
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
v
a
l
b
y
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
b
o
d
y
?
1
0
.
D
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
d
r
a
w
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
r
e
p
o
r
t
f
l
o
w
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
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n
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
?
3.
RE
SU
L
T
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
A
to
tal
o
f
2
2
a
r
ticles
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
u
s
in
g
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
1
3
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
a
n
d
th
r
ee
co
n
tin
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
i
n
g
Asi
a
(
5
4
.
5
%)
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
7
]
–
[4
6
]
,
E
u
r
o
p
e
(
3
6
.
4
%)
[
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
4
7
]
–
[
5
2
]
,
an
d
Am
er
ica
(
9
.
1
%)
[
2
4
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
Var
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
an
d
ass
is
tin
g
P
W
S
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
B
ased
o
n
a
s
y
s
t
em
atic
r
ev
iew,
PW
S
r
ec
o
v
er
y
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
co
m
p
lex
an
d
co
m
m
o
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ly
in
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d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
clu
d
in
g
co
p
in
g
s
k
ills
,
s
elf
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s
tig
m
a,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
tr
ea
tm
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t
co
m
p
lian
ce
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p
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th
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m
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ity
.
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e
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ec
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th
e
p
r
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ce
s
s
o
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elp
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PW
S
d
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t
h
e
p
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tia
l
p
o
s
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ess
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th
r
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g
h
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m
en
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e
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li
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en
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p
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ip
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r
r
elate
s
with
q
u
ality
o
f
life
.
3
.
1
.
Co
pin
g
C
o
p
in
g
is
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
n
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
ef
f
o
r
t
m
a
d
e
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
em
an
d
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
an
d
e
x
ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
tr
ess
[
5
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
s
k
ills
u
s
ed
i
n
r
ec
o
v
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
in
clu
d
e
d
p
r
ay
i
n
g
,
r
ec
itin
g
th
e
Qu
r
'
an
,
f
asti
n
g
,
a
n
d
zik
r
[
3
1
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
,
as
well
as
y
o
g
a,
m
ed
itatio
n
,
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
i
n
wo
r
s
h
ip
,
s
u
b
jectio
n
to
ca
lm
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
wo
r
k
in
g
,
m
a
k
in
g
ar
t,
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
b
o
o
k
s
[
5
5
]
.
C
o
p
in
g
is
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
t
o
r
in
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
r
ec
o
v
er
y
,
h
elp
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
s
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
4
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
Self
-
s
t
ig
m
a
Self
-
s
tig
m
a
is
a
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
er
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
b
eliev
es
i
n
b
ein
g
a
v
ictim
o
f
n
eg
ativ
e
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
5
6
]
.
I
n
PW
S,
s
elf
-
s
ti
g
m
a
is
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
d
is
ab
ilit
y
,
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
s
ec
u
r
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t,
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
lim
itatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
o
cial
s
tig
m
a.
T
h
is
co
n
d
iti
o
n
h
in
d
er
s
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
an
d
p
o
s
es
o
th
er
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
h
en
ce
,
n
u
r
s
es
o
r
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
ar
e
o
b
lig
ed
to
h
elp
PW
S
[
2
0
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a.
3
.
3
.
Sev
er
it
y
,
t
re
a
t
m
ent
c
o
m
pli
a
nce,
ho
pe,
a
nd
m
ea
nin
g
o
f
lif
e
T
h
e
s
tate
o
f
PW
S
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
is
r
elate
d
to
s
ev
e
r
ity
l
ev
els,
r
ec
u
r
r
en
ce
,
a
n
d
co
m
p
li
an
ce
with
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
Sev
er
ity
lev
els
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
,
h
o
p
e,
an
d
life
g
o
als.
Sch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
s
ev
er
ity
af
f
ec
ts
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
c
e
o
f
p
atien
ts
,
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
r
esear
ch
,
g
r
ea
te
r
s
ev
er
ity
lev
els lea
d
to
lo
wer
r
e
co
v
er
y
[
4
7
]
,
[
5
3
]
wh
ile
tr
ea
tm
en
t a
d
h
er
e
n
ce
f
ac
ilit
ates h
ig
h
e
r
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
[
4
7
]
.
3
.
4
.
Sp
irit
ua
lity
Sp
ir
itu
ality
is
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
r
elig
io
n
,
b
elief
,
i
n
tu
itio
n
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
,
wh
ile
k
e
y
s
p
ir
itu
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
co
m
m
o
n
ly
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
eo
p
le
in
clu
d
e
b
elief
,
h
o
p
e,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
life
[
5
7
]
.
I
n
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
PW
S
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
f
o
s
ter
s
h
o
p
e
an
d
o
p
tim
is
m
to
w
ar
d
th
e
d
is
ab
ilit
y
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
[
2
4
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
Sp
ir
itu
ality
h
elp
s
PW
S
f
in
d
p
ea
ce
[
4
9
]
,
h
ap
p
in
ess
,
g
r
atitu
d
e,
r
ed
u
ce
a
n
x
iety
[
4
5
]
,
co
n
tr
o
l
an
g
er
[
4
4
]
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
p
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
[
5
2
]
,
as we
ll
as p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
[
3
0
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
64
-
76
68
3
.
5
.
So
cia
l su
pp
o
rt
a
nd
pa
rt
ners
hip
re
la
t
io
ns
hi
ps
PW
S
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
to
h
elp
n
u
r
tu
r
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
en
t
h
u
s
iasm,
an
d
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
p
atien
ts
to
f
u
lf
ill
s
o
cial
r
o
les
an
d
d
er
iv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
life
[
9
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
So
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
estab
lis
h
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
n
u
r
s
es
an
d
p
atien
ts
th
at
p
r
io
r
itize
o
p
en
n
ess
,
eq
u
ality
,
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
s
p
ir
itu
ality
,
wh
ile
also
f
o
s
t
er
in
g
o
p
tim
is
m
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
i
p
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
n
u
r
s
es/h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
an
d
PW
S
i
s
b
ased
o
n
co
m
p
ass
io
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
t
h
er
a
p
eu
tic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
h
ich
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
o
p
tim
is
m
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
elf
-
esteem
a
m
o
n
g
PW
S
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
3
.
6
.
Q
ua
lity
o
f
life
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
.
4
%
an
d
1
2
.
8
%
o
f
PW
S
r
ep
o
r
ted
v
er
y
lo
w
an
d
l
o
w
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
F
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
f
am
ily
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
o
cial
s
k
ill
s
,
an
d
a
h
ig
h
r
ec
o
v
er
y
lev
el
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
with
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t in
q
u
ality
o
f
life
(
R
2
=
0
.
3
7
9
,
F (
9
,
6
8
)
=
2
.
6
1
6
,
an
d
p
=
0
.
0
1
2
)
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
s
er
v
ices
atten
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
p
atien
ts
,
em
p
o
we
r
in
g
PW
S
w
ith
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
ac
tiv
ely
to
war
d
s
q
u
ality
-
of
-
lif
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t a
r
e
cr
u
cia
l in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
o
v
e
r
all
well
-
b
ein
g
[
4
1
]
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
an
aly
ze
a
n
d
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
av
ailab
le
ev
i
d
en
ce
o
n
r
ec
o
v
er
y
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
p
r
ac
tices/s
er
v
ices
f
o
r
PW
S.
T
h
is
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
i
n
to
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
f
ac
t
o
r
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
er
v
ices
f
o
r
PW
S.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
r
g
an
ized
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
two
m
ajo
r
th
em
es
in
clu
d
in
g
i
)
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
-
o
r
ien
te
d
s
er
v
ices
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
o
f
PW
S a
n
d
i
)
r
ec
o
v
er
y
-
o
r
ien
te
d
s
er
v
ices f
o
r
PW
S.
4
.
2
.
B
a
rr
iers t
o
re
co
v
er
y
-
o
rient
ed
s
er
v
ices im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n a
nd
qu
a
l
it
y
o
f
life
o
f
P
WS
Hig
h
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
am
o
n
g
PW
S
h
in
d
er
s
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
lead
s
to
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
q
u
ality
o
f
life
o
f
af
f
ec
ted
p
atien
ts
.
T
h
is
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
ev
er
ity
,
tr
ea
tm
en
t
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
,
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
ality
[
9
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
s
p
ir
itu
ality
s
er
v
es
as
a
co
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
o
p
e
an
d
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
co
m
b
atin
g
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
d
u
r
in
g
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
6
0
]
,
[
6
1
]
,
wh
er
e
h
o
p
e
r
em
ain
s
an
ess
en
tial
elem
en
t f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
[
6
2
]
.
E
x
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
la
y
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
co
p
in
g
wit
h
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
a
n
d
h
o
p
e
-
b
u
ild
in
g
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
s
elf
-
esteem
[
6
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
an
d
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
lev
el
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
q
u
ality
o
f
life
o
f
PW
S.
Hig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
lo
wer
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
with
b
etter
r
ec
o
v
er
y
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
q
u
ality
o
f
l
if
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
n
u
r
s
es/h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
is
to
h
elp
PW
S
r
ed
u
ce
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
4
.
3
.
Rec
o
v
er
y
-
o
rient
ed
s
er
v
ices f
o
r
P
WS
R
ec
o
v
er
y
f
r
o
m
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
illn
ess
es
a
r
e
n
o
t
id
en
tical
b
ec
a
u
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
f
r
o
m
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l illn
ess
es
m
ea
n
s
b
ein
g
co
m
p
letely
cu
r
ed
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
r
ec
o
v
er
y
f
r
o
m
m
e
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
s
u
ch
as P
W
S
is
a
life
jo
u
r
n
e
y
to
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
g
ain
in
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
h
o
p
e,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
to
liv
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
[
3
1
]
,
[
6
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
co
p
in
g
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
en
g
th
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
h
o
p
e
-
b
u
ild
in
g
,
an
d
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t,
as
well
as
th
e
es
tab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
n
u
r
s
es/h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
an
d
p
atien
t
s
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
PW
S
r
ec
o
v
er
y
r
ev
o
lv
es
ar
o
u
n
d
a
p
atien
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
s
o
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
f
am
ily
,
f
r
ien
d
s
,
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ele
m
en
ts
s
tated
in
r
ec
o
v
er
y
th
e
o
r
y
in
clu
d
e
W
o
r
k
in
g
Allian
ce
,
C
o
p
in
g
,
an
d
Self
-
R
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
as p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
[
6
5
]
.
A
wo
r
k
in
g
allian
ce
is
a
p
ar
t
n
er
s
h
ip
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
estab
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
n
u
r
s
es,
p
ati
en
ts
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
e
r
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
g
o
als
f
o
r
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
T
h
i
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
ac
tiv
ities
in
clu
d
in
g
:
i
)
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
;
ii
)
p
r
ac
ticin
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l
a
n
d
p
l
an
n
ed
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
;
iii
)
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
er
a
p
eu
tic
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
p
atien
t
ab
ilit
ies;
an
d
iv
)
h
o
lis
tic
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
p
atien
t
ca
r
e
[
6
5
]
.
Similar
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
allian
ce
is
b
u
ilt
u
p
o
n
th
r
ee
elem
en
ts
:
i
)
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
n
u
r
s
e
an
d
p
atien
t
b
ased
o
n
lo
v
e,
f
ai
th
,
m
u
tu
al
r
esp
ec
t,
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
g
o
als;
ii
)
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
n
u
r
s
e
an
d
p
atien
t
o
n
th
e
g
o
als
to
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
;
an
d
iii
)
co
m
m
itm
en
t
b
etwe
en
n
u
r
s
e
an
d
p
atien
t
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
th
er
a
p
y
[
6
6
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
at,
it
illu
s
tr
at
es
th
at
th
e
th
er
ap
eu
tic
allia
n
ce
h
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t o
n
s
ettin
g
g
o
als,
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
n
task
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t.
C
o
p
in
g
is
an
ef
f
o
r
t
e
x
er
ted
b
y
PW
S
to
co
g
n
itiv
ely
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
ally
m
a
n
ag
e
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
,
with
a
ten
d
en
cy
to
war
d
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
ty
p
es.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
f
r
o
m
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
s
,
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
im
p
lem
en
t
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
[
6
5
]
.
Nu
r
s
es/h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
p
r
o
p
ellin
g
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
co
p
in
g
s
k
ills
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
h
er
e
to
h
u
m
an
is
tic
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
h
u
m
an
ity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
R
ec
o
ve
r
y,
s
elf
-
s
tig
ma
,
q
u
a
lity
o
f life,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
etermin
a
n
ts
a
mo
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
w
ith
…
(
S
a
w
a
b
S
a
w
a
b
)
69
s
h
ar
ed
wit
h
W
PS
.
Hu
m
an
is
tic
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
i
n
clu
d
es
v
iewin
g
PW
S
as
s
o
cial
cr
ea
tu
r
es
with
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
elf
-
awa
r
e
n
ess
.
PW
S
ca
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
life
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ab
ilit
ies
p
o
s
s
es
s
ed
.
S
ch
izo
p
h
r
en
ia
p
atien
ts
with
d
is
a
b
ilit
ies
h
av
e
o
th
er
ab
ilit
ies th
at
ca
n
b
e
n
u
r
tu
r
ed
,
s
u
ch
as th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it o
f
h
o
b
b
ies an
d
in
ter
ests
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
c
o
m
m
o
n
h
u
m
an
ity
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
u
tu
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
p
r
in
cip
les,
an
d
b
u
i
ld
in
g
o
p
e
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
PW
S
to
h
e
lp
id
en
tify
life
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
Nu
r
s
es/h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
m
u
s
t
r
ea
lize
th
at
ev
e
r
y
h
u
m
a
n
h
as
wea
k
n
ess
es,
p
leasu
r
es,
h
ap
p
in
ess
,
an
d
s
ad
n
ess
.
Sh
o
win
g
p
atien
ce
,
co
m
p
ass
io
n
,
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
es a
ch
iev
ed
,
an
d
em
p
ath
y
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
b
u
ild
i
n
g
tr
u
s
t w
ith
PW
S
[
6
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
eo
r
y
m
o
d
el
o
f
r
ec
o
v
er
y
[
6
5
]
Self
-
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
in
clu
d
es
e
m
p
o
wer
in
g
PW
S
to
tak
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
,
h
e
n
ce
,
n
u
r
s
es/h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
s
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
p
atien
t
s
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
P
W
S
g
ain
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
e
ab
il
ities
p
o
s
s
es
s
ed
an
d
cu
ltiv
a
t
e
s
k
ills
f
o
r
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
li
v
in
g
,
i
n
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
co
p
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
m
ee
t
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
[
6
5
]
.
T
h
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
n
u
r
s
e/h
ea
lth
wo
r
k
er
-
p
atien
t p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
h
o
p
e,
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
,
co
p
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
cu
s
,
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
h
elp
in
g
PW
S
attain
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
life
.
T
h
is
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
t
o
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
o
f
PW
S,
lead
in
g
to
s
elf
-
s
tig
m
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
n
eg
ativ
e
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
life
.
4
.
4
.
Str
eng
t
h a
nd
lim
it
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
i
n
clu
d
e
i
)
t
h
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
ess
en
tial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
p
s
y
ch
iatr
ic
n
u
r
s
es.
ii
)
I
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
a
p
p
lied
an
d
r
esear
c
h
q
u
ality
.
iii
)
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ep
u
tab
le
d
atab
ases
an
d
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
to
g
u
a
r
an
tee
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
n
ess
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
co
m
p
r
is
ed
r
estrictio
n
t
o
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
last
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
an
d
r
elian
ce
o
n
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
s
co
p
e
b
r
o
a
d
en
in
g
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
tim
ef
r
am
es
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
es to
ac
q
u
ir
e
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
g
lo
b
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
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ec
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tifie
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g
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ip
s
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an
d
em
p
o
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g
PW
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wer
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ess
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tial
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
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Nu
r
s
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h
o
u
ld
in
ter
v
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ild
in
g
o
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m
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d
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o
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to
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ed
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elf
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tig
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ased
o
n
th
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cip
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a
r
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er
s
h
i
p
r
elatio
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s
h
i
p
s
with
p
a
tien
ts
f
o
r
q
u
ality
-
of
-
life
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
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0
6
I
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t J Pu
b
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Sci
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l.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
64
-
76
70
AP
P
E
NDI
X
T
ab
le
1
.
Data
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
esear
ch
(
N=
2
2
)
Ti
t
l
e
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
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r
s
Y
e
a
r
P
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b
l
i
c
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n
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l
a
c
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o
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ch
R
e
se
a
r
c
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m
e
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d
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a
mp
l
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s
i
z
e
M
e
a
su
r
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R
e
s
u
l
t
s
De
ter
mi
na
n
ts
of
c
li
nica
l,
f
unc
ti
ona
l
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
o
r
pe
ople
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
a
nd
other
s
e
ve
r
e
menta
l
il
lnes
s
e
s
:
A
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
a
na
lys
is
[
46]
.
2019
Dutc
h
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
187
s
e
ve
r
e
a
nd
pe
r
s
is
tent
menta
l
il
lnes
s
(
S
M
I
)
I
S
,
C
E
S
,
M
S
P
S
S
,
S
E
S
,
ASI
,
B
S
I
,
S
F
S
,
M
HR
M
T
he
r
e
is
a
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
ins
ight
,
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
c
omp
li
a
nc
e
,
c
oping,
a
nd
s
oc
ial
s
uppor
t
in
c
li
nica
l,
pe
r
s
ona
l,
a
nd
f
unc
ti
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
om
s
c
hizophr
e
n
ia.
F
unc
ti
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
ha
s
a
s
tr
ong
r
e
lations
hip
wi
th
c
oping,
a
m
ode
r
a
te
r
e
lati
ons
hip
with
s
oc
ial
s
uppor
t,
a
nd
a
we
a
k
r
e
lations
hip
with
tr
e
a
tm
e
n
t
c
ompl
ianc
e
.
P
e
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
is
s
tr
ongly
r
e
late
d
to
c
oping,
moder
a
tel
y
to
s
oc
ial
s
uppor
t,
a
nd
we
a
kly
r
e
late
d
to
ins
ight
a
nd
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
a
dhe
r
e
nc
e
.
C
oping
is
a
de
ter
mi
na
n
t
of
th
r
e
e
r
e
c
ove
r
ies
,
na
mely
pe
r
s
ona
l,
f
unc
ti
o
na
l,
a
nd
c
li
nica
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y.
C
ult
ur
e
-
de
pe
nde
nt
a
nd
univer
s
a
l
c
ons
tr
uc
ts
a
nd
pr
omot
ing
f
a
c
tor
s
f
or
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
in
us
e
r
s
of
menta
l
he
a
lt
h
s
e
r
vice
s
:
qua
li
tative
f
indi
n
gs
f
r
om
J
a
pa
n
[
38]
.
2022
J
a
pa
n
Qua
li
tative
_
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
30
M
e
ntal
dis
or
de
r
s
(
50%
s
c
hizoph
r
e
nia)
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
P
e
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
o
m
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
r
e
qui
r
e
s
the
love
of
other
s
thr
oug
h
s
uppor
t.
S
c
hizoph
r
e
nia
r
e
c
ove
r
y
is
c
a
r
r
ied
out
by
r
e
buil
d
ing
s
e
lf
-
c
on
f
idenc
e
,
ove
r
c
omi
n
g
s
ti
gma
a
nd
s
uppor
t
f
r
om
g
r
oups
,
f
a
mi
ly,
a
nd
other
pe
ople
a
s
we
ll
a
s
e
s
tablis
hing
ther
a
pe
uti
c
c
om
muni
c
a
ti
o
n.
R
e
c
ove
r
y
e
xe
r
c
is
e
s
he
lp
give
hope
a
nd
opti
mi
s
m
to
a
s
c
hizophr
e
nic.
P
r
e
dicto
r
s
of
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
of
pe
ople
with
s
e
ve
r
e
menta
l
il
lnes
s
in
a
c
hines
e
s
oc
iety
:
A
c
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
s
tudy
with
a
r
a
ndom
s
a
mpl
e
[
39
]
.
2020
Hong
Kong
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
266
s
e
ve
r
e
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
(
62.
1
%
s
c
hizophr
e
nia)
R
AS,
I
S
M
I
,
R
S
E
S
R
e
s
ponde
nts
who
ha
ve
jobs
ha
ve
the
s
tr
onge
s
t
c
or
r
e
lati
on
with
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y.
S
e
lf
-
e
s
tee
m
ha
s
a
s
tr
ong
c
or
r
e
lation
to
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
a
nd
s
e
lf
-
s
ti
gma
ha
s
a
ne
ga
ti
ve
c
or
r
e
lation
to
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y.
S
e
lf
-
e
s
tee
m
is
the
s
tr
onge
s
t
pr
e
dicto
r
of
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
om
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
E
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
int
e
r
na
l
ize
d
s
ti
gma
on
f
unc
ti
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
in
pa
ti
e
nts
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
[
20]
.
2019
T
ur
ke
y
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
250
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
pa
ti
e
nts
F
R
O
G
S
,
I
S
M
I
S
R
e
s
ponde
nts
who
ha
d
high
int
e
r
na
li
z
e
d
s
e
lf
-
s
ti
gma
ha
d
low
f
unc
ti
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y.
Nur
s
e
s
ne
e
d
to
he
lp
s
c
hizophr
e
nic
pa
ti
e
nts
c
ope
with
the
int
e
r
na
li
z
a
ti
on
of
s
ti
gma
An
int
e
gr
a
ti
ve
mo
de
l
of
int
e
r
na
l
ize
d
s
ti
gma
a
nd
r
e
c
ove
r
y
-
r
e
late
d
outcome
s
a
mong
pe
ople
diagnos
e
d
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
in
r
u
r
a
l
C
hina
[
45]
.
2019
C
hina
P
r
os
pe
c
ti
ve
longi
tud
inal
s
tudy
232
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
pa
ti
e
nts
I
S
M
I
,
DSS
I
,
G
A
F
,
P
AN
S
S
T
he
int
e
r
na
li
z
e
d
s
ti
gma
of
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
is
ne
ga
ti
ve
ly
r
e
late
d
to
s
oc
ial
s
uppor
t
a
nd
s
oc
ial
int
e
r
a
c
ti
on
a
bil
i
ti
e
s
.
Highe
r
leve
ls
of
s
ti
gma
we
r
e
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
with
im
pa
i
r
e
d
s
oc
ial
f
unc
ti
on
ing,
a
nd
lowe
r
s
oc
ial
f
unc
ti
on
ing
wa
s
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
with
mor
e
s
e
ve
r
e
s
ympt
oms
.
S
ti
gma
a
s
a
ba
r
r
ier
to
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
r
e
c
ove
r
y
E
f
f
e
c
ts
of
a
dhe
r
e
nc
e
to
pha
r
mac
olo
gica
l
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
on
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
of
pa
ti
e
n
ts
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
[
52]
.
2021
C
hil
e
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
151
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
pa
ti
e
nts
DAI
-
10,
R
AS
-
24,
P
AN
S
S
15.
2%
of
s
c
hizophr
e
n
ic
r
e
s
ponde
nts
did
not
a
dhe
r
e
to
a
nti
ps
yc
hoti
c
medic
a
ti
on,
a
nd
mos
t
r
e
s
ponde
nts
we
r
e
in
the
moder
a
te
c
ompl
ianc
e
c
a
tegor
y.
T
he
higher
the
r
e
s
ponde
nt'
s
e
duc
a
ti
on,
the
higher
the
tende
nc
y
f
or
c
omp
li
a
nc
e
.
Ne
ga
ti
ve
s
ympt
oms
a
r
e
r
e
late
d
to
s
e
lf
-
c
onf
id
e
nc
e
,
hope
,
a
nd
r
e
c
ove
r
y
goa
ls
.
T
r
e
a
tm
e
nt
a
dhe
r
e
nc
e
ha
s
a
pos
it
ive
r
e
lations
hip
to
the
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
of
pa
ti
e
n
ts
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
R
ec
o
ve
r
y,
s
elf
-
s
tig
ma
,
q
u
a
lity
o
f life,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
etermin
a
n
ts
a
mo
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
w
ith
…
(
S
a
w
a
b
S
a
w
a
b
)
71
T
ab
le
1
.
Data
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
esear
ch
(
N=
2
2
)
(
C
o
n
tin
u
e
)
Ti
t
l
e
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
Y
e
a
r
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
l
a
c
e
s
o
f
r
e
sea
r
c
h
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
S
a
mp
l
e
s
i
z
e
M
e
a
su
r
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
As
s
oc
iation
be
twe
e
n
pe
r
c
e
ived
s
oc
ial
s
uppor
t
a
nd
r
e
c
ove
r
y
a
mong
pa
ti
e
nts
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
[
42
]
.
2021
E
gypt
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
176
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
pa
ti
e
nts
R
AS
-
DS,
M
S
P
S
S
S
oc
ial
s
uppor
t
ha
s
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
e
lations
hip
(
p≤0.
001)
wit
h
r
e
c
ove
r
y.
T
he
qua
li
ty
of
s
oc
ial
s
uppor
t
plays
a
n
im
por
tant
r
ole
in
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
of
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
pa
ti
e
nts
.
S
pir
i
tualit
y
a
nd
e
mpl
oymen
t
in
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
om
s
e
ve
r
e
a
nd
pe
r
s
is
tent
menta
l
il
lnes
s
a
nd
ps
yc
hologi
c
a
l
we
ll
-
be
ing
[
48]
.
2021
S
pa
nis
h
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
64
s
e
ve
r
e
a
nd
pe
r
s
is
tent
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
R
AS,
P
B
W
,
W
M
Q
DSE
S
F
AC
I
T
-
S
p12
S
pir
i
tualit
y
ha
s
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
e
lations
hip
wi
th
r
e
c
ove
r
y
a
nd
ps
yc
hologi
c
a
l
we
ll
-
be
ing.
A
powe
r
f
u
l
r
e
lations
hi
p
wa
s
f
ound
in
the
a
s
pe
c
t
of
mea
ning
or
pe
a
c
e
.
S
pir
i
tualit
y
pr
ovided
pa
t
ients
with
pe
a
c
e
a
nd
mea
ning
in
li
f
e
.
I
ntegr
a
t
ing
s
pir
it
ua
li
ty
int
o
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
r
e
c
ove
r
y
pr
ogr
a
ms
wa
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
ps
yc
holo
gica
l
we
ll
-
be
ing.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
s
pir
it
ua
li
ty
on
the
s
ubjec
ti
ve
r
e
c
ove
r
y
of
ps
yc
hiatr
ic
pa
ti
e
nts
[
41]
.
2021
T
ur
ke
y
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
96
pa
ti
e
nt'
s
ps
yc
hiatr
ic
dis
or
de
r
s
S
W
B
S
,
S
ubR
AS
S
pir
i
tualit
y
c
a
n
he
lp
pa
ti
e
nts
a
da
pt
to
thems
e
lves
,
a
da
pt
to
the
e
nvir
on
ment,
incr
e
a
s
e
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
c
ompl
ianc
e
,
a
nd
e
ve
n
he
lp
to
r
e
c
ove
r
f
r
o
m
dis
or
de
r
s
.
E
duc
a
ti
o
n,
ge
nde
r
,
a
nd
s
pir
it
ua
l
we
ll
-
be
ing
in
f
luenc
e
pa
ti
e
nt
pa
r
ti
c
ipati
on
in
r
e
c
ove
r
y.
S
pir
i
tual
we
ll
-
be
ing
wa
s
a
pr
e
dicto
r
of
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
or
pa
ti
e
nts
with
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s.
M
e
ntal
he
a
lt
h
r
e
c
ove
r
y
a
mong
hos
pit
a
li
z
e
d
pa
ti
e
nts
with
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
:
As
s
oc
iations
with
a
nge
r
e
xpr
e
s
s
ion
mode
a
nd
mea
ning
in
li
f
e
[
43
]
.
2020
Kor
e
a
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
141
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
(
45.
4%
s
c
hizophr
e
nia)
S
T
AX
I
-
K,
T
M
L
,
M
HR
M
-
K
P
r
e
dicto
r
s
of
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
r
e
c
ove
r
y
include
d
he
lpi
ng
to
f
in
d
mea
ning
in
li
f
e
a
nd
c
ontr
oll
in
g
a
nge
r
.
I
nter
ve
nti
ons
to
f
ind
mea
ning
in
li
f
e
a
nd
c
ontr
oll
in
g
a
nge
r
we
r
e
be
ne
f
icia
l
in
im
pr
o
ving
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
o
m
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
.
T
he
I
ndone
s
ian
S
ur
vi
vor
s
'
P
e
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
on
R
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
om
S
c
hizoph
r
e
nia:
An
E
xplo
r
a
tor
y
S
tudy
[
31]
.
2022
I
ndone
s
ia
Qua
li
tative
e
xplor
a
to
r
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
_
de
s
ign
7
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
s
ur
vivor
s
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
F
ive
theme
s
e
mer
ge
d
f
r
om
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
including
1)
be
ing
a
he
a
li
ng
a
ge
nt,
2)
a
c
c
e
pti
ng
your
s
e
lf
a
s
you
a
r
e
,
3)
ke
e
ping
a
s
mi
le
in
a
ll
s
it
ua
ti
ons
,
4)
s
e
e
king
G
od
'
s
he
lp
a
s
a
wa
y
to
he
a
l
,
a
nd
5)
be
ing
igno
r
e
d
by
the
gove
r
nmen
t.
I
n
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
,
s
ur
vivor
s
be
c
a
me
a
ge
nts
of
r
e
c
ove
r
y,
he
nc
e
,
pa
ti
e
nt
-
c
e
nter
e
d
c
a
r
e
wa
s
c
r
it
ica
l
in
pr
ovid
ing
nur
s
ing
c
a
r
e
.
P
os
tt
r
a
u
matic
gr
owt
h
in
menta
l
he
a
lt
h
r
e
c
ove
r
y:
a
qua
li
tati
ve
s
tudy
of
na
r
r
a
ti
ve
s
.
[
51]
.
2019
E
ngland
Qua
li
tative
_
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
19
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
ha
d
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
P
a
r
ti
c
ipa
nts
view
e
d
that
gr
owth
in
r
e
c
ove
r
y
c
a
me
f
r
o
m
one
s
e
lf
a
nd
li
ving
li
f
e
(
mea
ning
in
li
f
e
)
.
P
os
it
ive
va
lue
c
ha
nge
s
f
oc
us
ing
on
s
e
lf
-
mana
ge
men
t
(
we
ll
-
be
ing
)
thr
ough
r
e
lations
hips
a
nd
r
e
li
gious
invo
lveme
nt
(
s
pir
it
ua
li
ty
)
ha
d
oc
c
ur
r
e
d.
L
ived
E
x
pe
r
ienc
e
s
of
a
S
us
taine
d
M
e
ntal
He
a
lt
h
R
e
c
ove
r
y
P
r
oc
e
s
s
W
it
hout
going
M
e
dica
ti
on
Us
e
[
24]
.
2021
Ame
r
ica
Qua
li
tative
_
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
19
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
ha
d
menta
l
dis
or
de
r
s
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
P
a
r
ti
c
ipa
nt
s
'
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
of
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
wa
s
inf
luenc
e
d
by
two
f
a
c
tor
s
,
na
mely
int
e
r
na
l
a
nd
e
xter
na
l
f
a
c
tor
s
.
I
nter
na
l
f
a
c
tor
s
include
d
c
ha
nge
s
in
how
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
view
e
d
thems
e
lves
a
nd
the
s
ympt
oms
,
c
ognit
ive
c
ha
nge
s
,
e
mot
ional
pr
oc
e
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s
e
s
,
a
s
we
ll
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s
s
pir
it
ua
li
ty
a
nd
f
a
it
h.
E
xter
na
l
f
a
c
tor
s
include
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uppor
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c
e
ived
f
r
om
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r
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uc
h
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ional
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a
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oc
ial
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uppor
t
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ba
c
k
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c
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pti
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s
oc
ial
r
oles
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s
oc
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givi
ng,
a
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indi
n
g
mea
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S
pir
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tualit
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a
it
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r
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r
na
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a
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a
s
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hope
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opti
mi
s
m
in
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
om
dis
o
r
de
r
s
.
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pir
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r
oc
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s
s
of
M
e
ntal
He
a
lt
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a
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R
e
c
ove
r
y:
Us
e
r
s
a
nd
P
r
ovider
s
P
e
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
[
30]
.
2021
E
ngland
Qua
li
tative
_
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
22
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
s
e
r
vice
us
e
r
s
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
P
s
yc
hoti
c
ps
yc
hos
oc
ial
we
ll
-
be
ing
wa
s
inf
luenc
e
d
by
many
thi
ngs
.
S
pir
it
ua
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
li
gion
ha
ve
a
n
im
pa
c
t
on
the
we
ll
-
be
ing
of
ps
yc
hos
is
.
P
e
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
om
men
tal
dis
or
de
r
s
wa
s
ba
s
e
d
on
s
e
lf
-
c
onf
i
de
nc
e
,
na
mely
s
p
i
r
i
t
u
a
l
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x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
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n
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r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
.
F
a
c
il
it
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ti
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nd
hinder
in
g
f
a
c
tor
s
of
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
in
the
c
ontext
of
S
oter
ia
A
qua
li
tative
s
tudy
a
mong
pe
ople
with
(
e
a
r
ly
e
pis
ode
)
ps
yc
hos
is
[
47]
.
2023
Dutc
h
Qua
li
tative
_
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
T
e
n
ps
yc
hos
is
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
R
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
o
m
ps
yc
hos
is
r
e
quir
e
s
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r
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lations
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be
twe
e
n
nur
s
e
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pa
ti
e
nt
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pa
ys
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tt
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nti
on
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ope
nne
s
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qua
li
ty,
a
nd
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pir
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ua
li
ty
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nd
buil
ds
opti
mi
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m
f
or
the
f
utu
r
e
M
e
ntal
il
lnes
s
a
nd
r
e
c
ove
r
y:
An
int
e
r
p
r
e
tative
phe
nomenol
ogica
l
a
na
lys
is
of
the
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
of
B
lac
k
Af
r
ica
n
s
e
r
vice
us
e
r
s
in
E
ngland
[
49]
.
2019
E
ngland
Qua
li
tative
_
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
12
us
e
r
s
e
r
vice
s
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
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r
view
gui
de
R
e
c
o
v
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r
y
wa
s
a
p
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pir
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t
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pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
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mong
f
or
e
ns
ic
pa
ti
e
nts
[
50]
.
2019
E
ngland.
Qua
li
tative
_
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
13
pa
ti
e
nts
with
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l
dis
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de
r
s
Que
s
ti
onna
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e
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obs
e
r
va
ti
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he
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t,
int
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r
view
gui
de
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h
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r
e
w
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r
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r
g
a
n
i
z
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o
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ig
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c
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M
us
li
m
P
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r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
[
44]
.
2023
I
ndone
s
ia
Qua
li
tative
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
8
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
(
6
s
c
hizophr
e
nics
a
nd
two
nur
s
e
s
)
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
F
ive
theme
s
we
r
e
f
ound:
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
ti
me,
obs
tac
les
in
c
a
r
r
ying
out
r
e
li
gio
us
a
c
ti
vit
ies
,
im
pa
c
t
on
he
a
lt
h
s
tatus
,
a
nd
ne
ga
ti
ve
im
pa
c
ts
if
not
c
a
r
r
y
ing
out
r
e
li
gio
us
a
c
ti
vit
ies
.
R
e
li
gious
a
c
ti
vit
ies
we
r
e
c
a
r
r
ied
out
whe
n
ther
e
we
r
e
f
e
e
li
ngs
of
ir
r
it
a
ti
o
n,
a
nxiety,
ha
ppines
s
,
gr
a
ti
tude,
a
nd
los
s
of
f
a
mi
ly,
whic
h
we
r
e
the
r
e
a
s
ons
f
or
pa
ti
e
nts
c
a
r
r
yin
g
out
r
e
li
gious
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
.
R
e
li
gious
a
c
ti
vit
ies
s
uc
h
a
s
pr
a
ye
r
a
nd
z
ikr
ha
ve
a
pos
it
ive
im
pa
c
t
on
pa
ti
e
nts
'
phys
ica
l
a
nd
menta
l
he
a
lt
h
s
tatus
,
a
tt
e
nti
on,
a
nd
c
onc
e
ntr
a
ti
on.
P
r
a
ye
r
s
a
nd
z
ikr
that
we
r
e
done
on
ti
me
a
nd
r
e
gular
l
y
ha
ve
a
pos
it
ive
im
pa
c
t
on
the
phys
ica
l
a
nd
s
pir
it
ua
l
he
a
lt
h
of
s
c
hizophr
e
nic
pa
ti
e
n
ts
.
R
e
c
ove
r
y
jour
ne
y
of
pe
ople
with
a
li
ve
d
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
of
s
c
hizophr
e
nia:
a
qua
li
tative
s
tudy
of
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
[
36]
.
2023
C
hina
Qua
li
tative
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
11
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
s
c
hizophr
e
nics
Que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
,
obs
e
r
va
ti
on
s
he
e
t,
int
e
r
view
gui
de
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
th
e
m
e
s
th
a
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
s
c
h
i
z
o
ph
r
e
n
i
a
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
in
c
l
ud
e
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
of
tr
a
um
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
l
l
ne
s
s
,
f
a
m
il
y
i
nf
lu
e
n
c
e
,
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
f
or
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
,
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
t
r
a
um
a
ti
c
g
r
o
w
th
.
F
a
mi
ly
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
dr
iv
e
r
of
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
.
T
he
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
c
li
nica
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
a
nd
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
c
ove
r
y
a
mong
pe
ople
li
ving
wit
h
s
c
hizophr
e
nia:
A
s
e
r
ial
media
ti
on
mo
de
l
a
nd
the
r
ole
of
dis
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
[
37]
.
2022
C
hina
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
356
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
pa
ti
e
nts
W
HO
DA
S
2.
0,
W
HO
QO
L
-
B
R
E
F
,
B
P
R
S
-
18,
G
AF
S
c
h
i
z
o
p
hr
e
ni
a
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
d
i
s
a
b
i
li
t
y
i
s
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
ly
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
wi
t
h
c
l
i
ni
c
a
l
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
,
q
u
a
l
i
ty
o
f
l
if
e
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
ov
e
r
y
.
Q
u
a
l
it
y
of
l
i
f
e
i
s
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
l
y
c
or
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
th
c
l
i
ni
c
a
l
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
a
nd
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
.
C
li
n
i
c
a
l
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
w
a
s
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
wi
th
p
e
r
s
on
a
l
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
(
r
=
0
.
27
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1)
.
P
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
i
s
th
e
m
a
i
n
dr
i
vi
n
g
f
a
c
to
r
i
n
i
mp
r
o
v
in
g
t
he
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
li
f
e
of
s
c
h
i
z
o
ph
r
e
n
i
a
p
a
t
i
e
nt
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
e
e
d
f
or
p
hy
s
i
c
ia
n
s
a
n
d
c
li
n
ic
a
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
to
i
n
c
or
po
r
a
t
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
in
di
c
a
t
or
s
i
nt
o
m
o
ni
t
or
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
og
r
e
s
s
of
a
n
i
n
d
iv
i
du
a
l'
s
c
o
nd
i
ti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
R
ec
o
ve
r
y,
s
elf
-
s
tig
ma
,
q
u
a
lity
o
f life,
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
etermin
a
n
ts
a
mo
n
g
p
e
o
p
le
w
ith
…
(
S
a
w
a
b
S
a
w
a
b
)
73
T
ab
le
1
.
Data
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
esear
ch
(
N=
2
2
)
(
C
o
n
tin
u
e
)
Ti
t
l
e
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
Y
e
a
r
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
P
l
a
c
e
s
o
f
r
e
sea
r
c
h
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
S
a
mp
l
e
s
i
z
e
M
e
a
su
r
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
R
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
s
ubjec
ti
ve
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
a
nd
pe
r
c
e
pti
ons
of
r
e
c
ove
r
y
or
ien
tation
o
f
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
s
e
r
vice
s
in
pa
ti
e
nts
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
a
nd
major
de
pr
e
s
s
ive
dis
or
de
r
[
4
0]
.
2021
Hong
Kong
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
179
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
pa
ti
e
nts
W
HO
QO
L
-
B
R
E
F
,
R
S
A,
C
E
S
D
-
1
0,
C
G
I
T
he
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
f
or
s
c
hizophr
e
nia
is
inf
luenc
e
d
by
s
e
r
vice
s
that
pa
y
a
tt
e
nti
on
to
pa
ti
e
nt
ne
e
ds
,
e
mpowe
r
ment,
a
nd
s
e
ve
r
it
y.
R
e
c
ove
r
y
that
is
or
iente
d
to
the
pa
ti
e
nt
'
s
ne
e
ds
is
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
r
e
late
d
to
his
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
.
Qua
li
ty
of
L
if
e
in
P
a
ti
e
nts
with
C
hr
on
ic
P
s
yc
hoti
c
Dis
or
de
r
s
:
A
P
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
M
ode
l
f
o
r
I
nter
ve
n
ti
ons
in
R
omania
n
M
e
ntal
He
a
lt
h
C
e
nter
s
[
9]
.
2022
R
omania
C
r
os
s
-
s
e
c
ti
ona
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
ign
179
ps
yc
hoti
c
s
P
AN
S
S
,
G
AF
S
,
QO
L
I
R
e
s
ponde
nts
we
r
e
63%
of
pa
ti
e
nts
with
s
c
hizophr
e
nia.
T
he
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
of
67.
9%
of
r
e
s
ponde
nts
wa
s
in
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
r
a
nge
,
while
15.
4%
a
nd
12.
8%
ha
d
ve
r
y
low
a
nd
low
qua
li
ty.
Qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
is
not
inf
luenc
e
d
by
s
ympt
oms
,
ge
nde
r
,
a
nd
pa
ti
e
nt
e
duc
a
ti
on
leve
l.
F
a
mi
ly
s
uppo
r
t,
s
oc
ial
s
kil
ls
,
a
nd
a
high
leve
l
of
r
e
c
ove
r
y
c
or
r
e
late
with
im
p
r
ove
d
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
,
hier
a
r
c
hica
l
mul
ti
p
le
r
e
gr
e
s
s
ion
R
2=
0.
379,
F
(
9,
68)
=
2.
616,
a
nd
p=
0.
012.
Abbr
e
viati
ons
:
I
S:
I
ns
ight
S
c
a
le
,
C
S
E
S
:
C
oping
S
e
lf
-
e
f
f
ica
c
y
S
c
a
le,
M
S
P
S
S
M
ult
idi
mens
i
ona
l
S
c
a
le
of
P
e
r
c
e
ived
S
oc
ial
S
uppor
t,
S
E
S
:
S
e
r
vice
E
nga
ge
men
t
S
c
a
le,
ASI
:
Addic
t
ion
S
e
ve
r
it
y
I
nde
x,
B
S
I
:
B
r
ief
S
y
mpt
o
m
I
nve
nto
r
y,
S
F
S
:
S
oc
ial
F
unc
ti
onin
g
S
c
a
le,
R
S
E
S
:
R
os
e
nbe
r
g
S
e
lf
-
E
s
tee
m
S
c
a
le,
R
AS:
R
e
c
ove
r
y
As
s
e
s
s
ment
S
c
a
les
,
P
B
W
:
P
s
yc
hologi
c
a
l
we
ll
-
be
ing
s
c
a
le,
W
M
Q:
W
or
k
M
oti
va
ti
o
n
Que
s
ti
onna
i
r
e
,
DSE
S
:
Da
il
y
S
pir
it
ua
l
E
x
pe
r
ienc
e
S
c
a
le,
F
AC
I
T
-
S
p1
2:
F
unc
t
ional
As
s
e
s
s
ment
of
C
hr
on
ic
I
ll
ne
s
s
S
pir
it
ua
l
W
e
ll
-
B
e
ing,
S
W
B
S
:
S
pi
r
it
ua
l
W
e
ll
‑
B
e
ing
S
c
a
le,
S
ubR
AS
:
S
ubjec
ti
ve
R
e
c
ove
r
y
As
s
e
s
s
ment
S
c
a
le,
S
T
AX
I
-
K:
T
he
Kor
e
a
n
S
tate
-
T
r
a
it
An
ge
r
E
x
pr
e
s
s
ion
I
nve
n
tor
y,
T
M
L
:
T
ool
mea
ning
in
li
f
e
,
M
HR
M
-
K:
T
he
Kor
e
a
n
ve
r
s
ion
of
t
he
M
e
ntal
He
a
lt
h
R
e
c
ove
r
y
M
e
a
s
ur
e
,
I
S
M
I
:
I
nter
na
li
z
e
d
s
ti
gma
of
menta
l
dis
o
r
de
r
s
s
c
a
le,
P
E
S
W
B
S
:
P
a
lou
tzia
n
a
nd
E
ll
is
on
'
s
s
pir
it
ua
l
we
ll
-
be
ing
s
c
a
le,
T
AQ
:
T
he
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
a
dhe
r
e
nc
e
que
s
ti
onna
i
r
e
,
DR
I
:
Duke
Uni
ve
r
s
it
y
R
e
li
gion
I
nde
x,
R
C
OPE
b
r
ief
s
:
R
e
li
gious
C
opi
ng,
DA
S
S
-
21:
De
pr
e
s
s
ion
Anxie
ty
S
tr
e
s
s
S
c
a
le,
S
AI
:
S
pi
r
it
ua
l
Att
it
ude
I
nve
n
tor
y,
DU
R
E
L
:
Du
ke
R
e
li
gion
I
n
de
x,
E
W
B
S
:
E
xis
tential
W
e
ll
-
B
e
in
g
S
c
a
le
,
NR
C
OPE
:
Ne
ga
ti
ve
R
e
li
gious
C
oping,
M
HL
C
:
M
ult
ipl
e
He
a
lt
h
L
oc
us
of
C
ontr
o
l
S
c
a
le,
F
R
OG
S
:
F
unc
ti
ona
l
R
e
mi
s
s
ion
o
f
G
e
ne
r
a
l
S
c
hizoph
r
e
nia
,
DSS
I
:
Du
ke
S
oc
ial
S
uppo
r
t
I
nde
x,
G
AF:
G
l
oba
l
As
s
e
s
s
ment
of
F
unc
t
ioni
ng
,
P
AN
S
S
:
P
os
it
ive
a
nd
Ne
ga
ti
ve
S
yndr
ome
S
c
a
le
,
DAI
-
10:
Dr
ug
Atti
tude
I
nve
n
tor
y
,
R
AS
-
24:
R
e
c
ove
r
y
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