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[
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en
t.
I
t
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
f
ath
er
s
to
g
et
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
in
ch
ild
ca
r
e
d
u
e
to
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
o
les
o
u
ts
id
e
h
o
m
e
[
1
6
]
.
A
f
ath
er
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
ac
tiv
ely
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
p
ar
en
tin
g
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
f
ath
e
r
’
s
s
p
er
m
h
as
co
n
tib
u
ted
a
n
a
ctiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
in
ce
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
e
m
b
r
io
g
r
o
wth
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
i
llio
n
s
o
f
s
p
er
m
s
an
d
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ac
tiv
e
s
p
e
r
m
t
h
at
p
en
etr
ates
th
e
f
allo
p
ian
t
u
b
e
an
d
ev
e
n
tu
ally
b
ec
o
m
es
a
f
etu
s
.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
f
at
h
er
s
in
r
aisi
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
ag
e
d
3
-
4
y
ea
r
s
will
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
F
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
ca
r
e
i
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
t
o
l
o
w
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
.
P
r
a
n
o
t
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
t
h
a
t
f
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
g
e
d
3
-
4
y
e
a
r
s
i
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
(
x
=
3
.
1
4
)
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
.
N
a
f
i
s
a
h
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
a
l
o
w
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
wi
t
h
a
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
3
6
%
i
n
P
e
k
a
n
b
a
r
u
.
N
a
f
i
s
a
h
a
n
d
P
r
a
n
o
t
o
[
2
1
]
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
a
l
o
w
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
w
it
h
a
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
5
3
%
i
n
K
e
n
d
a
l
,
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
J
a
v
a
.
N
a
f
is
ah
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
a
l
o
w
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
o
f
1
2
.
5
%
i
n
t
h
e
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
r
e
g
i
o
n
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
L
a
z
o
v
i
ć
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
d
u
l
t
m
e
n
w
h
o
s
t
a
r
t
e
d
t
h
e
i
r
r
o
le
s
as
f
at
h
e
r
s
at
th
e
a
g
e
o
f
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
2
7
y
e
a
r
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
r
el
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
t
o
g
e
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
c
h
il
d
c
a
r
e
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
it
y
o
f
2
1
.
9
%
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
f
ath
er
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
atr
ia
r
ch
al
cu
ltu
r
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
th
at
p
lace
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
en
o
n
ly
as
b
r
ea
d
win
n
er
s
.
A
m
an
as
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
th
e
f
a
m
ily
p
er
ce
iv
es
th
at
h
o
u
s
ewo
r
k
is
n
o
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
.
B
em
m
ele
n
[
2
4
]
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
“State
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
’
s
f
at
h
er
s
co
u
n
tr
y
r
ep
o
r
t:
I
n
d
o
n
esia
2
0
1
5
”
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
th
e
im
ag
e
o
f
f
ath
e
r
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
n
o
r
m
s
,
r
elig
io
n
,
tr
ad
i
tio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
a
s
cu
lin
ity
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
as
a
b
r
ea
d
win
n
er
is
th
e
m
ai
n
f
ac
to
r
th
at
h
as
led
t
o
th
e
lack
o
f
th
eir
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
as
th
ey
h
a
v
e
lim
ited
ti
m
e
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
eir
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
v
alu
e
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
liv
in
g
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
co
v
e
r
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
m
ee
tin
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
n
ee
d
s
,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
p
h
y
s
ical,
s
p
ir
itu
al
(
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical)
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
in
f
lu
ce
n
ce
o
f
f
ath
er
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
to
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
is
s
till
m
in
im
u
m
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
is
a
s
o
lid
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
en
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
a
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
f
ath
er
an
d
m
o
t
h
er
in
th
e
f
am
ily
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
u
r
g
en
t
to
co
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
p
atr
iar
ch
al
cu
ltu
r
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
wh
ich
is
s
u
s
p
ec
ted
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ath
er
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
u
r
g
e
n
cy
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
is
to
en
r
ich
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
r
eg
a
r
d
i
n
g
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
e
x
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
m
ad
e
b
y
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
f
ath
er
s
,
m
o
th
e
r
s
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
)
.
T
h
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
g
et
a
co
n
cr
ete,
v
alid
,
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
er
v
e
as
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
m
ater
ials
to
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
c
h
ild
r
en
b
y
elev
atin
g
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
(
SES)
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
th
e
g
e
n
d
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
P
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
s
is
t
e
d
o
f
f
at
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
h
a
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
g
e
d
3
-
4
y
e
a
r
s
,
i
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
(
E
C
E
)
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
g
e
d
t
h
r
e
e
y
e
a
r
s
wo
u
l
d
b
e
a
d
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
o
p
l
a
y
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
a
g
e
d
f
o
u
r
y
e
a
r
s
w
o
u
l
d
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
t
h
e
k
i
n
d
e
r
g
a
r
t
e
n
A
.
P
ar
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
th
e
r
e
w
e
r
e
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
s
h
o
u
l
d
s
p
e
a
k
o
n
b
e
h
a
l
f
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
i
l
d
n
a
m
e
d
A
,
f
r
o
m
s
c
h
o
o
l
A
,
a
n
d
c
i
t
y
A
.
I
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
i
z
e,
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
G
P
o
w
e
r
3
.
1
.
9
.
7
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
d
e
li
v
e
r
ed
b
y
1
3
8
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
i
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
a
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
c
a
l
cu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
i
z
e
o
f
0
.
1
9
,
a
l
p
h
a
(
α
)
0
.
0
5
,
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
i
s
ti
ca
l
p
o
w
e
r
0
.
9
5
[
2
9
]
.
P
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
o
t
a
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
ti
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
v
i
a
G
o
o
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436
r
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All r
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s
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ed
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ly
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alid
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[
3
0
]
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
ures
2
.
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
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An
o
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u
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m
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ltip
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el
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
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y
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test
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ltip
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eg
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s
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h
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i
)
test
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d
ep
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d
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t
v
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(
f
ath
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lv
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n
t)
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d
th
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d
e
p
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d
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le
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ex
ter
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p
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l
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atic
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eh
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s
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ag
ed
3
-
4
)
with
o
u
t
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n
tr
o
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(
SES
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f
f
at
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d
g
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d
er
o
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h
ild
r
en
)
,
an
d
ii
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test
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t
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d
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3
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2
.
3
.
2
.
Da
t
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ec
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iqu
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s
T
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tili
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ad
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3
2
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Sti
f
f
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et
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l
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[3
3]
c
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1
3
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tem
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Sti
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[
3
3
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p
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α
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f
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6
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1
6
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q
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air
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d
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6
6
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2
.
3
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3
.
Va
lid
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ests f
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rum
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s
T
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o
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ted
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ich
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t w
as r
e
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ized
to
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al
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ith
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is
s
tu
d
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s
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r
e
d
t
h
e
d
is
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im
in
ato
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o
wer
o
f
th
e
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s
in
ea
ch
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esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
r
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lt
s
o
f
th
e
item
d
is
cr
im
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atio
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est
o
n
th
e
f
at
h
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in
v
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e
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t
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en
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ated
th
e
th
e
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ig
h
est
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alu
e
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f
0
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4
1
7
*
*
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d
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e
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f
-
0
.
3
5
0
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*
.
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an
wh
ile,
th
e
r
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o
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th
e
item
d
is
cr
im
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atio
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test
o
n
th
e
ex
te
r
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
r
esu
lted
in
t
h
e
h
ig
h
es
t
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
6
5
*
*
an
d
th
e
lo
west
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alu
e
o
f
0
.
1
7
2
*
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
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test
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
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m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
a
n
d
th
e
r
eliab
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ef
f
icien
t w
as d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
e
α
an
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
th
e
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t v
a
r
iab
le
r
esu
lted
in
0
.
9
2
8
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
icien
t.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
r
esu
lted
in
0
.
7
0
1
,
m
ar
k
in
g
a
h
ig
h
r
eliab
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y
co
ef
f
icien
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
f
ath
er
s
,
m
o
th
e
r
s
,
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
.
On
ly
r
esp
o
n
s
es
g
iv
e
n
b
y
f
a
th
er
s
wer
e
s
u
b
m
itted
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
,
wh
ile
r
esp
o
n
s
es
g
iv
en
b
y
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
o
n
l
y
s
er
v
ed
as
v
alid
atio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
th
at
o
n
l
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
d
icato
r
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
M=
1
1
.
2
5
,
SD=
3
.
0
7
8
)
an
d
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
in
th
e
lo
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
M=
2
.
1
2
,
SD=0
.
6
9
9
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
a
g
o
o
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
as
all
v
alu
es
o
n
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
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n
ar
e
s
m
aller
t
h
an
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tica
l a
n
aly
s
is
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
N
M
i
n
M
a
x
M
SD
En
g
a
g
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m
e
n
t
1
3
8
3
21
1
1
.
2
5
3
.
0
7
8
A
c
c
e
ss
i
b
i
l
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t
y
1
3
8
0
12
4
.
9
5
2
.
7
0
0
H
y
p
e
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a
c
t
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v
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1
3
8
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7
.
8
1
2
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5
2
2
A
g
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v
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3
8
4
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2
1
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2
2
8
D
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st
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t
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1
3
8
4
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5
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6
1
2
.
0
2
7
F
a
t
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’
s i
n
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1
3
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1
3
2
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3
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0
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5
1
4
F
a
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1
4
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6
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9
F
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3
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1
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M
ultiple
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t
er
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a
t
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a
v
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rs
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n
a
g
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3
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T
a
b
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2
s
h
o
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h
e
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v
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o
f
f
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B
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=
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4
3
3
,
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o
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a
f
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h
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t
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,
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ar
s
m
o
s
t
in
th
e
lo
w
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
an
d
i
t
is
th
e
lea
s
t
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
f
ath
e
r
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t.
I
t
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
less
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
will
lead
to
th
e
m
o
r
e
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
3
7
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
d
estru
ctiv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
clu
d
es
t
h
e
ac
ts
o
f
h
itti
n
g
,
p
u
s
h
in
g
,
h
u
r
tin
g
o
th
er
p
eo
p
l
e,
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
f
ailu
r
e
in
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
g
i
v
en
task
s
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
s
o
f
d
is
o
b
ed
ien
ce
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
r
u
les.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
s
o
f
d
estru
ctiv
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
ap
p
ea
r
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
in
th
e
m
e
d
iu
m
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
p
p
e
ar
th
e
least
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
o
f
f
ath
e
r
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
Me
an
wh
ile,
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
n
ly
o
cc
u
p
ies
th
e
lo
w
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
I
t
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
lo
wer
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
f
at
h
er
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
will
lead
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
estru
ctiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
ch
ild
r
en
[
3
8
]
.
An
o
th
er
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
,
in
wh
ich
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
asp
ec
t
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
a
tic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
Fath
er
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
g
et
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
ch
il
d
p
ar
en
tin
g
b
esid
es
in
m
ater
ial
n
ee
d
s
f
u
lf
illme
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
is
,
th
e
lo
wer
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
3
-
4
y
ea
r
s
in
th
eir
p
r
e
-
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tag
e,
in
wh
ich
c
h
ild
r
en
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
s
tim
u
li
th
at
th
ey
witn
ess
f
r
o
m
th
eir
f
ath
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
in
p
ar
en
tin
g
.
T
h
e
s
tim
u
li
th
at
th
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
r
ec
ei
v
e
will
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
s
tim
u
lu
s
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
r
ec
eiv
e
f
r
o
m
th
eir
f
at
h
er
s
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
ex
te
r
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
c
h
ild
r
en
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
talk
in
g
to
ch
ild
r
en
,
ca
r
r
y
in
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
p
lay
in
g
with
ch
ild
r
en
,
s
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
tim
e
with
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
h
u
g
g
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
,
g
ettin
g
u
p
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
n
i
g
h
t
t
o
tak
e
ca
r
e
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
,
h
elp
i
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
wea
r
p
an
ts
,
p
u
ttin
g
ch
ild
r
en
to
s
leep
,
o
r
g
an
izin
g
to
ilet
t
r
ai
n
in
g
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
ac
c
o
m
p
an
y
in
g
ch
il
d
r
en
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
ea
l
tim
e,
h
elp
i
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
to
g
et
d
r
ess
ed
,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
r
ar
r
an
g
in
g
t
h
e
m
ed
ic
atio
n
,
an
d
ca
lm
in
g
d
o
wn
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
wh
e
n
th
ey
ar
e
an
x
io
u
s
an
d
cr
y
in
g
.
A
g
o
o
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
ath
er
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
a
g
o
o
d
im
p
ac
t
to
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
v
ic
e
v
er
s
a.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
f
at
h
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tact
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
war
m
th
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
ch
o
o
s
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
clo
th
es,
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
s
ch
o
o
l
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
m
ea
ls
,
wash
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
clo
th
es,
r
ea
d
in
g
b
o
o
k
s
o
n
p
ar
en
tin
g
o
r
ed
u
ca
tin
g
ch
ild
r
en
,
an
d
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
o
r
ex
p
e
n
s
es f
o
r
ch
il
d
r
en
(
s
ch
o
o
l e
q
u
ip
m
en
t,
cl
o
th
i
n
g
,
an
d
f
o
o
d
)
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
f
at
h
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t is
n
o
t a
p
r
e
d
icto
r
v
ar
iab
le
f
o
r
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
f
ath
er
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
to
war
d
s
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
lim
ited
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
p
atr
iar
c
h
al
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
h
as
le
d
to
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
in
wh
ich
f
ath
e
r
s
r
ar
ely
g
et
th
em
s
elv
es
d
ir
ec
tly
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
p
ar
e
n
tin
g
th
eir
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
Dir
ec
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
in
clu
d
es
th
e
atten
an
d
ce
to
th
e
e
v
en
ts
a
t
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Mo
t
h
er
s
o
f
ten
tim
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le
t
o
v
i
s
it
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
s
ch
o
o
l
ev
e
n
ts
.
Du
e
to
th
e
l
o
w
liter
ac
y
,
f
ath
er
s
also
h
av
e
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
in
d
ir
ec
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
ch
ild
ca
r
e,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
in
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
o
f
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
ar
en
tin
g
a
n
d
ch
i
ld
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
e
is
also
an
o
th
er
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
in
wh
ich
f
ath
e
r
s
h
av
e
n
o
d
esire
in
p
ar
en
tin
g
an
d
f
ee
l to
o
tire
d
af
ter
w
o
r
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
n
o
t
co
n
d
u
cted
in
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
p
at
r
iar
ch
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
wh
er
e
f
ath
er
s
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Fath
er
s
ar
e
d
ir
e
ctly
an
d
in
d
i
r
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
m
an
y
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
ac
tiv
ities
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le
atte
n
d
in
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
ev
e
n
ts
at
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
c
h
ild
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
o
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
o
f
f
e
r
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
s
th
at
s
er
v
e
as th
e
p
r
e
d
icto
r
v
ar
ia
b
les f
o
r
th
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
p
r
o
b
le
m
atic
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
am
e
ef
f
e
ct
as
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
test
w
ith
o
u
t
a
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
le,
y
et
with
a
h
ig
h
er
p
-
v
alu
e
an
d
a
l
o
wer
B
v
alu
e.
T
ab
le
4
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
SES
o
f
f
ath
er
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
f
ath
er
’
s
in
co
m
e
,
f
ath
er
’
s
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
s
tatu
s
,
f
ath
er
’
s
r
esi
d
en
ce
s
tatu
s
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
f
am
ily
m
e
m
b
er
s
at
h
o
m
e,
f
ath
er
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
f
ath
er
’
s
ag
e,
an
d
g
en
d
e
r
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
All
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
Fath
er
’
s
ag
e
is
th
e
o
n
ly
f
ac
to
r
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
av
io
r
in
c
h
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
o
ld
e
r
th
e
f
ath
e
r
is
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
is
.
B
ased
o
n
Dav
id
A.
Ko
lb
’
s
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
in
1
9
8
4
[
4
5
]
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
o
ld
er
th
e
f
ath
e
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
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T
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f
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Go
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F
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wh
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aid
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th
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ter
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[
1
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E.
K
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h
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[
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K
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J
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P
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,
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M
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Ex
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[
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[
1
7
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J.
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