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Acc
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M
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ly
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p
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late
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PM
2
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p
o
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n
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k
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k
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Th
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il
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n
d
.
PM
2
.
5
in
d
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d
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tely
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s,
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ss
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p
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y
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re
lativ
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se
a
rc
h
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s.
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2.
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c
t.
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irato
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ise
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se
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e
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a
in
c
o
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tri
b
u
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o
n
c
e
rn
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se
lf
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ig
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F
o
r
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COV
ID
-
1
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s
u
b
sa
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le,
fu
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s
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o
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t
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T
h
e
re
su
lt
s fo
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m
isp
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p
ti
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s we
re
si
m
il
a
r
to
t
h
o
se
fo
r
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
Me
n
tal
s
tr
ess
Mu
ltiv
ar
iate
m
ed
iatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
Per
ce
p
tio
n
PM
2.
5
p
o
llu
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
aa
b
k
wan
Kh
an
th
av
it
Gen
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al
an
d
Fam
ily
Pra
ctice
s
C
lu
s
ter
,
C
h
u
lab
h
o
r
n
Ho
s
p
ital
T
alat
B
an
g
Kh
en
,
L
ak
Si,
B
an
g
k
o
k
1
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1
0
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T
h
ailan
d
E
m
ail:
r
aa
b
k
wan
.
k
h
a@
cr
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ac
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th
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
th
r
ea
t
to
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
wo
r
ld
wid
e
is
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
E
ac
h
y
ea
r
,
p
o
llu
tio
n
ca
u
s
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
m
illi
o
n
p
r
em
atu
r
e
d
ea
th
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
Par
ticu
late
m
att
er
2
.
5
(
PM
2.
5
)
h
as
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
a
n
g
er
o
u
s
p
ar
ticle
[
1
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
alu
e,
it
was
esti
m
ated
,
f
o
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ex
a
m
p
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in
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to
co
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8
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a
n
d
8
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7
C
h
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d
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,
r
esp
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tiv
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[
2
]
.
PM
2.
5
r
e
f
er
s
t
o
tin
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a
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ticles
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r
d
r
o
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lets
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≤
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m
icr
o
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s
.
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h
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s
o
u
r
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s
o
f
PM
2.
5
p
o
llu
tio
n
ar
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
s
o
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r
ce
s
(
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g
.
,
elec
tr
ic
u
tili
ties
an
d
v
eh
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lar
ex
h
au
s
ts
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,
f
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g
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s
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g
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,
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r
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g
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,
win
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s
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n
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d
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alt
ae
r
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s
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ls
)
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
Dif
f
e
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t
s
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r
ce
s
co
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if
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t
PM
2.
5
co
m
p
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en
ts
,
wh
ic
h
in
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r
n
a
f
f
ec
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th
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lev
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o
f
to
x
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d
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ea
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im
p
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ts
.
Su
ch
co
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p
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t
s
in
clu
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e
s
u
lf
ate,
n
itra
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am
m
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ch
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elem
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d
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cr
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s
tal
m
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a
n
d
b
io
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g
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ca
l m
ater
ials
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
.
PM
2
.
5
h
a
s
b
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e
n
l
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n
k
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d
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[
6
]
‒
[
9
]
.
U
l
t
r
a
f
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n
e
PM
2
.
5
p
a
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[
1
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.
M
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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(
R
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293
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[
8
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[
9
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[
1
1
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PM
2
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5
c
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[
1
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[
1
3
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T
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[
1
4
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p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
R
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
r
ec
t
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
,
c
e
r
ta
i
n
PM
2
.
5
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
d
is
e
a
s
e
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
r
es
p
i
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
r
ca
r
d
io
v
a
s
c
u
l
a
r
d
is
e
as
es
,
l
o
w
e
r
w
o
r
k
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
l
a
b
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
[
1
7
]
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
w
o
r
k
s
t
r
es
s
,
f
ea
r
o
f
u
n
e
m
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
p
o
o
r
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
[
1
8
]
.
M
e
n
t
a
l
s
t
r
e
s
s
i
n
cr
e
a
s
es
i
f
t
h
e
PM
2
.
5
l
e
v
e
l
e
x
c
ee
d
s
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
-
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
a
p
ab
i
l
i
t
y
[
1
9
]
,
w
h
e
r
e
as
s
t
u
d
i
es
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
h
a
v
e
a
l
s
o
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
t
r
e
s
s
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
o
r
f
e
a
r
s
o
f
PM
2
.
5
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
d
is
e
as
e
s
.
Me
n
tal
h
ea
lth
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
le
ad
in
g
g
lo
b
al
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es
f
o
r
2
0
2
3
[
2
2
]
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
s
,
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
d
is
tr
ess
at
5
0
.
0
%,
is
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
a
t
3
6
.
5
%
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PM
2.
5
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
h
as
b
e
en
in
v
esti
g
ated
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PM
2.
5
an
d
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Stu
d
ies
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
an
d
[
2
6
]
in
C
h
in
a
an
d
th
e
U.
S.,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
PM
2.
5
lev
el.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
p
r
e
g
n
an
t
wo
m
en
in
Ko
r
e
a
[
2
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
B
an
g
k
o
k
r
esid
en
ts
th
at
PM
2.
5
was
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
r
esp
ir
at
o
r
y
d
is
ea
s
es
[
2
8
]
‒
[
3
0
]
;
a
n
eg
ativ
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
PM
2.
5
with
d
aily
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ca
s
es,
was
f
o
u
n
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
p
er
io
d
[
3
1
]
.
Fin
ally
,
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
2
9
]
li
n
k
ed
ca
r
d
i
o
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es
t
o
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
Stu
d
ies
r
elatin
g
PM
2.
5
with
m
en
tal
d
is
ea
s
es
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ea
s
es
o
th
er
th
an
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
c
ar
d
io
v
ascu
lar
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is
ea
s
es
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
B
an
g
k
o
k
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
PM
2.
5
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
ca
n
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
p
er
ce
iv
ed
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
o
r
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
els
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
PM
2.
5
lev
els
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
co
r
r
ec
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
(
o
r
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
l
ev
els)
an
d
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
t
o
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
e
th
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
a
n
d
u
s
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
y
wh
ich
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
a
n
d
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
af
f
ec
t
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
war
d
s
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
an
d
r
is
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
is
a
n
o
v
el
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Misp
er
ce
p
tio
n
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
esid
u
al
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
PM
2.
5
lev
el
o
n
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
els.
T
h
e
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
is
p
r
o
x
ied
b
y
th
e
Go
o
g
le
r
elativ
e
s
ea
r
ch
v
o
lu
m
e
in
d
ex
,
wh
ich
is
b
o
t
h
ea
s
y
an
d
in
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
to
co
llect.
E
n
d
o
g
en
eity
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
an
aly
s
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
lead
to
b
iased
an
d
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
esti
m
ates,
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
tal
-
v
ar
iab
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
o
del
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
o
f
PM
2.
5
lev
el
an
d
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
m
ed
iatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
was
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
co
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
PM
2.
5
in
d
u
ce
d
d
is
ea
s
es
an
d
u
n
wa
n
ted
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
1
to
N
s
er
v
ed
as
m
ed
iato
r
s
.
A
p
ath
d
iag
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Path
d
iag
r
am
o
f
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
m
ed
iatio
n
an
al
y
s
is
Per
ce
p
tio
n
was
th
e
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
v
a
r
iab
le
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
lef
t
p
an
el
,
wh
er
ea
s
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
wa
s
th
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o
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tco
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e
.
T
h
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
v
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le
s
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m
ea
s
u
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ed
b
y
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e
co
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t
.
T
h
e
d
ir
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t
r
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s
h
ip
b
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th
e
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p
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d
m
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m
th
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′
in
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ig
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T
h
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ated
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y
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tr
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m
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T
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s
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T
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r
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s
h
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r
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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I
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t J Pu
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Hea
lth
Sci
,
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l.
14
,
No
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1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
25
:
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2
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301
294
an
d
m
e
n
tal
s
tr
ess
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ted
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y
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e
f
f
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ts
1
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.
Per
ce
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tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
co
r
r
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t
an
d
m
is
p
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ce
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tio
n
s
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T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
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c
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in
Fig
u
r
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1
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ep
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t
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co
r
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m
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in
th
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aly
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is
.
T
h
e
to
tal
an
d
d
ir
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t
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ec
ts
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m
ea
s
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u
s
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g
th
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icien
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d
′
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r
esp
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wh
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co
n
tr
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to
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s
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t
h
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co
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ce
r
n
s
1
to
N.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
1
to
N
u
s
in
g
1
1
to
,
wh
er
e
1
1
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⋯
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[
3
3
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.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
co
n
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r
n
s
wer
e
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ited
to
N=
4
,
th
at
is
,
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es,
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
e
two
d
is
ea
s
es
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ea
lt
h
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
B
an
g
k
o
k
s
a
m
p
le
[
2
8
]
‒
[
3
0
]
.
R
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
es
ar
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
co
n
ce
r
n
to
B
an
g
k
o
k
r
esid
en
ts
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
ese
two
d
is
ea
s
es
wer
e
co
m
m
o
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
35
]
‒
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
t
o
x
icity
a
n
d
s
ev
er
ity
o
f
PM
2.
5
d
e
p
en
d
la
r
g
e
ly
o
n
its
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
two
f
a
cto
r
s
ar
e
s
im
ilar
in
T
h
ailan
d
[
3
]
,
[
38
]
‒
[
4
2
]
an
d
C
h
in
a
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
C
h
in
a,
a
s
tu
d
y
[
3
5
]
c
o
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
c
ar
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
PM
2.
5
in
d
u
ce
d
d
is
ea
s
es.
Hea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
PM
2.
5
in
d
u
ce
d
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
an
d
d
is
ea
s
es
o
th
er
th
an
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es
[
2
0
]
.
Un
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
is
a
non
-
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
.
I
t is in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
PM
2.
5
p
o
llu
tio
n
an
d
is
ab
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
en
N
i
s
4
,
th
e
to
tal,
d
ir
ec
t,
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
,
′
,
an
d
1
1
+
2
2
+
3
3
+
4
4
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
s
1
an
d
2
p
er
tain
t
o
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
3
co
n
ce
r
n
s
h
ea
lth
,
wh
er
ea
s
c
o
n
ce
r
n
4
co
n
ce
r
n
s
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
tim
e
-
s
er
i
es
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
r
esid
en
ts
o
f
B
an
g
k
o
k
,
T
h
ai
lan
d
.
T
h
e
PM
2.
5
lev
el
was
d
aily
.
B
an
g
k
o
k
’
s
air
q
u
ality
in
d
ex
(
AQI
)
wa
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Po
llu
tio
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
De
p
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Nat
u
r
al
R
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Daily
Go
o
g
le
r
elativ
e
s
ea
r
ch
v
o
lu
m
e
(
R
SV)
in
d
ices
p
r
o
x
y
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
u
ll
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
PM
2.
5
l
ev
el,
co
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
PM
2.
5
in
d
u
ce
d
d
is
ea
s
es,
an
d
lev
el
o
f
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
R
S
V
i
n
d
ices
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
in
m
ed
ical
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
r
esear
ch
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
R
SV
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
ee
p
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ac
tiv
ely
r
elay
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
id
en
titi
es,
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
wh
en
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
Go
o
g
le
[
4
6
]
;
th
e
y
s
ea
r
ch
Go
o
g
le
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
ey
p
r
e
f
er
[
4
7
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
h
o
r
t
a
n
d
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata,
R
SV
d
ata
ar
e
ea
s
y
a
n
d
in
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
t
o
co
llect.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
tim
e
-
s
er
ies
d
ata,
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
s
u
ch
as
d
aily
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ca
n
b
e
test
ed
,
wh
er
ea
s
it
is
h
ar
d
ly
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
to
u
s
e
c
o
h
o
r
t
o
r
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
ata
[
4
8
]
.
Air
q
u
ali
ty
a
n
d
R
SV
in
d
ices
ca
n
b
e
d
o
wn
lo
ad
e
d
f
r
o
m
ce
r
tain
we
b
s
ites
at
an
y
tim
e
f
r
ee
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
.
T
h
ailan
d
is
an
in
ter
esti
n
g
c
o
u
n
tr
y
to
s
tu
d
y
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
A
r
ec
en
t
s
u
r
v
e
y
[
4
9
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
eig
h
t
o
u
t
o
f
ten
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
h
a
d
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es
in
t
h
e
p
ast
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
,
with
m
e
n
tal
s
tr
ess
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
lar
g
est
s
h
ar
e
(
4
6
%).
B
an
g
k
o
k
,
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
ca
p
ital
o
f
1
,
5
6
9
s
q
u
a
r
e
k
ilo
m
eter
s
in
s
iz
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
4
m
illi
o
n
r
esid
en
ts
,
was
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
s
am
p
le
city
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
PM
2.
5
p
o
llu
ted
cities.
On
Ap
r
il
1
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
B
an
g
k
o
k
was
am
o
n
g
th
e
to
p
1
0
wo
r
s
t
cities
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
I
t
r
an
k
ed
7
th
[
5
0
]
,
w
h
er
ea
s
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
wr
itin
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
(
Octo
b
er
2
4
,
2
0
2
3
)
,
it
s
r
an
k
was
1
4
th
[
5
1
]
.
I
n
B
an
g
k
o
k
,
th
e
m
ain
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
PM
2.
5
ar
e
v
eh
icu
lar
ex
h
a
u
s
t
(
4
3
.
7
%
)
,
b
io
m
ass
b
u
r
n
in
g
(
2
4
.
0
%),
s
ea
s
alt
ae
r
o
s
o
l
s
(
1
0
.
5
%),
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
(
6
.
4
8
%),
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
em
is
s
io
n
s
(
4
.
4
6
%)
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
in
d
o
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
cig
ar
ette
s
m
o
k
in
g
an
d
ch
ar
c
o
al
s
to
v
e
co
o
k
in
g
.
I
n
d
o
o
r
a
n
d
o
u
td
o
o
r
PM
2.
5
lev
els
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
co
r
r
elate
d
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
PM
2.
5
ar
e
am
m
o
n
iu
m
,
b
lack
c
ar
b
o
n
,
ch
r
o
m
iu
m
,
ir
o
n
,
m
an
g
an
ese,
n
ick
el,
n
itra
te,
s
u
lf
ate,
an
d
zin
c
[
3
8
]
‒
[
4
2
]
.
A
s
u
r
v
ey
[
5
2
]
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
Dep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
Hea
lth
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
8
0
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
h
ea
lth
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
PM
2.
5
.
I
n
a
r
ec
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
[
3
4
]
b
y
B
an
g
k
o
k
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
ey
h
ad
c
o
u
g
h
an
d
th
r
o
at
ir
r
itatio
n
(
5
7
.
8
%),
s
n
ee
z
in
g
,
r
u
n
n
in
g
n
o
s
e,
a
n
d
n
o
s
eb
leed
(
5
1
.
6
%),
r
ed
e
y
e
an
d
e
y
e
ir
r
itatio
n
(
3
1
.
3
%),
aller
g
ies
(
2
9
.
1
%),
d
y
s
p
n
ea
an
d
p
n
e
u
m
o
n
ia
(
2
4
.
4
%),
an
d
b
o
d
y
r
ash
(
1
7
.
0
%).
T
h
ey
b
eliev
ed
PM
2.
5
was th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
b
eg
an
J
u
ly
3
0
,
2
0
1
6
,
an
d
en
d
e
d
Sep
tem
b
er
3
0
,
2
0
2
3
(
2
,
6
1
9
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
)
.
B
an
g
k
o
k
’
s
PM
2.
5
lev
el
was
d
o
wn
lo
ad
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
web
s
ite
o
f
Air
Qu
ality
His
to
r
ical
Data
Platfo
r
m
.
T
h
e
d
ate
J
u
ly
3
0
,
2
0
1
6
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
ay
th
e
PM
2.
5
lev
e
l
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
D
u
e
to
m
ac
h
i
n
e
f
ailu
r
e,
r
o
u
tin
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
s
itin
g
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
,
s
o
m
e
PM
2.
5
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
s
wer
e
m
is
s
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
im
p
u
ted
th
e
m
is
s
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
lin
ea
r
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
PM
2.
5
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
is
ea
s
es,
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
wer
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
B
an
g
k
o
k
.
Fo
llo
win
g
a
s
tu
d
y
[
5
4
]
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
was
“PM
2
.
5
”.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
r
esp
i
r
ato
r
y
an
d
ca
r
d
i
o
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es
an
d
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
u
s
ed
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
ies
“
โรคทาง
เ
ด
ิ
นหาย
ใ
จ
”
(
R
o
kh
th
ā
n
g
d
ein
h
̄
ā
yc
ı
,
m
ea
n
in
g
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
es)
[
5
5
]
,
“
โรคหลอดเ
ล
ื
อด
ห
ั
ว
ใ
จ
”
(
R
o
kh
h
̄
lxd
le
ụ
̄
xd
h
̄
ạ
w
cı
,
m
ea
n
in
g
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es)
[
5
6
]
,
an
d
“
เ
คร
ี
ยด
”
(
K
h
erīyd
,
m
ea
n
in
g
s
tr
ess
)
[
5
7
]
in
th
e
T
h
ai
lan
g
u
ag
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
q
u
er
y
f
o
r
th
e
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
was
“
สุข
ภา
พ
”
(
S
̄
u
k
̄
h
p
̣
h
ā
p
h
,
m
e
an
in
g
h
ea
lth
)
[
5
8
]
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
at
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
was
“
ต
กง
า
น
”
(
Tkn
g
ā
n
,
m
ea
n
in
g
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
ed
)
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
ices
wer
e
d
o
wn
lo
ad
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
Go
o
g
le
T
r
en
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
a
r
ticu
la
te
ma
tter
2
.
5
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
p
ercep
tio
n
,
a
n
d
men
ta
l str
ess
(
R
a
a
b
kwa
n
K
h
a
n
th
a
vit
)
295
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
PM
2.
5
lev
el
wer
e
8
1
.
6
9
3
an
d
1
.
1
9
5
AQI
p
o
in
ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
R
SV
in
d
ice
s
wer
e
r
elativ
e.
Af
ter
s
ca
lin
g
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
ll
s
am
p
le,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
lev
els
f
o
r
th
e
PM
2.
5
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
f
o
r
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es,
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t,
an
d
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
wer
e
8
3
.
0
0
0
,
1
.
8
0
0
,
1
.
2
0
0
,
1
0
0
.
0
0
0
,
8
.
0
0
0
,
an
d
1
5
.
0
0
0
p
o
in
ts
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
av
er
a
g
es
(
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
)
we
r
e
1
.
6
4
3
(
4
.
7
8
6
)
,
0
.
0
6
1
(
0
.
1
5
5
)
,
0
.
0
5
6
(
0
.
1
1
8
)
,
5
4
.
1
6
3
(
1
2
.
4
1
4
)
,
0
.
9
5
0
(
0
.
9
7
1
)
,
an
d
4
.
5
9
3
(
1
.
7
3
0
)
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
PM
2.
5
lev
el
,
a
n
d
R
SV
in
d
ices
ex
h
ib
it
tr
en
d
s
an
d
s
ea
s
o
n
al
p
atter
n
s
[
4
4
]
,
[
6
0
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
all
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
d
e
-
tr
en
d
e
d
an
d
d
e
-
s
ea
s
o
n
alize
d
b
y
th
e
lo
g
g
e
d
tim
e
tr
en
d
an
d
d
a
y
-
of
-
wee
k
an
d
m
o
n
th
-
of
-
y
ea
r
d
u
m
m
y
v
a
r
iab
les.
I
n
th
e
f
in
al
s
tep
,
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
we
r
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
b
y
th
eir
av
e
r
ag
es
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
izes o
f
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
an
d
ef
f
ec
ts
co
u
ld
b
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
.
C
o
r
r
ec
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
m
is
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
n
ee
d
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
was
th
e
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
el.
T
h
e
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
v
ar
ia
b
le
was
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
r
esid
u
al
o
f
th
e
“PM
2
.
5
”
R
SV
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
P
M
2.
5
v
ar
iab
le.
All
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
wer
e
s
tatio
n
ar
y
b
u
t
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al,
with
a
ze
r
o
av
er
a
g
e
an
d
u
n
it
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
H
u
m
an
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
T
h
am
m
asat U
n
iv
er
s
ity
(
C
er
tif
icate
o
f
Ap
p
r
o
v
al
No
.
0
0
9
/
2
5
6
6
)
.
2
.
3
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
ee
l
in
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
m
ed
iatio
n
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
an
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
th
e
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
v
ar
iab
le
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
to
tal
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
th
e
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
v
a
r
iab
les
with
th
e
c
o
n
ce
r
n
v
a
r
iab
les
f
o
r
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
ca
r
d
i
o
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es,
h
ea
lth
,
a
n
d
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
to
test
f
o
r
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
1
to
4
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
r
eg
r
ess
ed
th
e
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
v
ar
iab
le
o
n
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
v
a
r
iab
le
an
d
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
n
ce
r
n
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
1
to
4
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
in
d
icate
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
v
a
r
iab
les,
also
s
er
v
in
g
as
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
’
s
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
les
,
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
′
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
tr
ess
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
a
f
ter
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
r
tc
I
t
is
lik
ely
th
at
th
e
th
r
ee
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
en
d
o
g
en
e
ity
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
win
g
to
o
m
itte
d
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
[
6
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
awa
r
e
t
h
at
o
t
h
er
v
a
r
iab
les,
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
lth
s
tatu
s
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
co
u
l
d
h
elp
to
ex
p
lain
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
B
u
t
th
ey
ar
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
An
in
co
m
p
lete
s
et
o
f
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
ia
b
les
co
n
s
titu
tes
th
e
o
m
itted
-
v
ar
iab
le
p
r
o
b
lem
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
an
d
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
n
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
ese
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
p
r
o
x
ied
b
y
Go
o
lg
le
R
SV
s
.
Alter
n
ativ
e
p
r
o
x
ies,
e.
g
.
m
ed
ia
co
v
er
ag
e
[
6
2
]
a
n
d
twee
ts
[
6
3
]
,
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le;
th
ese
p
r
o
x
ies
m
ay
en
co
m
p
ass
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
a
war
en
ess
th
e
R
SV
s
ca
n
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
R
SVs
ar
e
p
r
o
x
ies
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
all
th
e
r
elev
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
R
SV
s
h
av
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
er
r
o
r
s
,
t
h
u
s
lead
in
g
to
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
-
in
-
v
atab
les p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
o
m
i
t
i
g
a
te
t
h
e
s
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
e
d
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
li
z
e
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
m
o
m
e
n
t
s
(
G
MM
)
r
e
g
r
es
s
i
o
n
[
6
4
]
.
T
h
e
G
M
M
is
a
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
ta
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
(
I
V
)
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
t
h
a
t
r
et
u
r
n
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
,
a
s
y
m
p
t
o
t
i
c
a
ll
y
n
o
r
m
a
l
,
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
es
t
i
m
at
e
s
e
v
e
n
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
p
e
ci
f
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
I
Vs
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
te
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
tw
o
-
s
t
ep
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
[
6
5
]
.
P
a
l
’
s
I
V
s
[
6
6
]
w
e
r
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tep
.
S
t
a
t
is
ti
c
a
l
t
e
s
t
s
w
e
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
h
e
t
e
r
o
s
c
e
d
as
t
ic
i
t
y
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
-
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
[
6
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
a
n
d
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
i
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
e
f
f
e
ct
s
w
e
r
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
[
3
3
]
.
A
l
l
es
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
es
ts
w
e
r
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
a
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
E
V
i
e
ws
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
9
.
5
(
I
H
S
Gl
o
b
a
l
,
I
n
c
.
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
esti
m
ated
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
m
e
d
iatio
n
m
o
d
el
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
a
n
d
u
s
ed
th
em
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
f
u
ll
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
,
co
r
r
ec
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
(
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
el)
,
a
n
d
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t is th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
an
d
ca
r
d
i
o
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es,
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
a
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
5
o
r
lo
wer
.
(
T
h
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
esti
m
ates
ar
e
n
o
t
s
h
o
wn
.
T
h
e
s
e
d
ata
a
r
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est.)
.
3
.
1
.
F
ull
s
a
m
ple
T
ab
le
1
p
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
en
tire
s
am
p
le.
C
o
lu
m
n
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
t
h
e
to
tal
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
f
u
ll
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
was
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
n
eg
ati
v
e
b
u
t
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
was
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
lar
g
er
th
an
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
to
tal
e
f
f
ec
t
was
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
in
d
ir
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
a
r
ticu
la
te
ma
tter
2
.
5
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
p
ercep
tio
n
,
a
n
d
men
ta
l str
ess
(
R
a
a
b
kwa
n
K
h
a
n
th
a
vit
)
297
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
an
d
ac
tu
al
lev
els
o
f
PM
2.
5
af
f
ec
t
m
en
tal
s
tr
es
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
0
]
b
ased
o
n
p
er
ce
iv
ed
PM
2.
5
le
v
els
d
i
d
n
o
t
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
was
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
ctu
al
lev
el
(
co
r
r
ec
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
)
o
r
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
On
e
s
tu
d
y
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
7
3
]
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
th
at
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
is
d
if
f
icu
lt;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
ab
le
to
u
n
b
u
n
d
le
th
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
lev
el
in
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
lev
el
an
d
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
es f
u
ll p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
to
co
r
r
ec
t p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
(
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
el)
an
d
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
el,
an
d
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
test
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
ed
as
m
ed
iato
r
s
,
wer
e
g
en
er
al.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
co
n
c
er
n
s
ab
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
PM
2.
5
in
d
u
c
ed
d
is
ea
s
es
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
to
g
eth
er
with
h
ea
lth
r
is
k
s
.
Un
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
was
in
clu
d
ed
as
a
m
ed
iatio
n
v
ar
ia
b
le.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
ab
o
u
t
u
n
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
d
u
e
t
o
PM
2.
5
p
o
llu
tio
n
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
s
t
ep
id
em
io
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PM
2.
5
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
h
a
v
e
ch
o
s
en
co
h
o
r
t
o
r
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
ata
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
O
b
tain
in
g
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
an
d
co
v
er
in
g
a
lo
n
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
a
co
h
o
r
t
o
r
s
u
r
v
ey
s
tu
d
y
is
co
s
tly
an
d
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
[
4
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
-
lev
el
d
ata
ar
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d
,
b
en
ef
its
r
elate
to
th
e
way
s
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
d
ata
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
an
aly
s
es [
7
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es ten
d
to
s
u
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
u
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t e
r
r
o
r
s
[
7
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
test
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
d
aily
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
th
at
th
ese
e
f
f
ec
ts
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ey
m
ater
ialize
o
n
th
e
d
a
y
o
f
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
im
m
ed
i
ate
ef
f
ec
ts
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
o
s
e
i
n
a
Par
is
s
tu
d
y
[
7
6
]
,
in
wh
ich
PM
2.
5
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
wer
e
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
te
r
m
,
with
in
o
n
e
d
ay
.
T
h
is
co
n
t
r
ad
icts
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
Nan
jin
g
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
ev
i
d
en
ce
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
PM
2.
5
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
e
Par
is
s
tu
d
y
[
7
6
]
f
r
o
m
th
e
Nan
jin
g
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
im
m
ed
iacy
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
s
am
p
le
u
s
ed
.
W
h
ile
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
u
s
ed
d
aily
tim
e
-
s
er
ies
d
ata,
th
e
latter
u
s
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata.
Fo
r
th
e
f
u
ll sam
p
le
an
d
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
u
b
s
am
p
le,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t e
f
f
ec
t f
o
r
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
0
]
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
f
o
r
co
r
r
ec
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
(
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
e
l)
is
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ep
o
r
t
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
(
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
el)
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
PM
2.
5
to
x
icity
,
an
d
h
u
m
an
r
esp
o
n
s
es
lin
k
ac
tu
al
PM
2.
5
lev
el
d
ir
ec
tly
with
m
etal
s
tr
ess
[
1
4
]
‒
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
,
wh
ic
h
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
an
y
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
th
e
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
wa
s
“su
b
jecte
d
to
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
h
ea
lth
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
attr
ib
u
tio
n
to
in
d
o
o
r
p
o
llu
tio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
”
T
h
e
r
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
n
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
.
I
ts
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
is
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
9
7
.
7
3
%
an
d
8
8
.
0
9
%
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
ll
s
am
p
le
an
d
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
s
u
b
s
am
p
le,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
7
7
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
PM
2.
5
lev
els
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ag
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
f
am
ily
in
co
m
e,
an
d
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
is
lik
e
ly
to
b
e
a
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
.
Misp
er
ce
p
tio
n
h
as
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
m
en
tal
s
tr
ess
[
1
4
]
‒
[
16
]
.
T
h
is
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
m
ed
iated
b
y
PM
2.
5
in
d
u
ce
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
PM
2.
5
i
n
d
u
ce
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
ll
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
m
is
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
e
s
ex
p
lain
ed
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
I
ts
s
h
ar
e
was
4
2
.
8
6
%,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
es,
h
ea
lth
,
a
n
d
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
wer
e
9
.
5
2
%,
2
3
.
8
1
%,
an
d
2
3
.
8
1
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
No
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
L
i
m
ited
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
PM
2.
5
an
d
o
th
e
r
p
o
llu
tan
ts
,
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
d
is
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s
es a
n
d
h
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o
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lem
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ls
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n
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i
n
an
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r
ly
s
tu
d
y
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th
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Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
[
7
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
co
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ce
r
n
s
lin
k
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n
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ir
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ce
d
f
o
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th
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-
19
s
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ican
t
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s
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r
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C
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PM
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r
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e
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ip
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OVI
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d
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o
llu
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g
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Dif
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PM
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s
o
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ce
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in
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n
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d
r
is
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p
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ce
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tio
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v
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o
n
g
cities
[
8
1
]
.
Per
ce
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tio
n
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ce
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b
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wh
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ch
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v
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h
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lo
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lized
[
8
3
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Fin
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,
p
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tio
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t
s
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lely
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e
p
en
d
en
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PM
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r
astru
ctu
r
e
also
p
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n
if
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t
r
o
les
[
8
4
]
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T
h
e
r
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r
e,
th
e
f
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d
in
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th
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s
ally
ap
p
licab
le
t
o
o
th
er
cities o
r
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies.
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6
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]
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[
6
4
]
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[
6
5
]
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[
6
7
]
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[
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[
6
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]
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[
7
0
]
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.
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[
7
1
]
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.
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o
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.
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[
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]
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[
7
3
]
S
.
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,
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.
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.
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.
[
7
4
]
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.
R
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.
A
.
C
.
,
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.
[
7
5
]
M
.
K
.
C
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0
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-
9.
[
7
6
]
B
.
P
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g
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t
a
l
.
,
“
PM
2.
5
a
n
d
P
M
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