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[
1
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,
[
2
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w
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3
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.
Stu
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s
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n
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[
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T
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1
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cr
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[
5
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.
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,
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.
C
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I
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s
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b
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1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
,
it
lead
s
to
p
o
o
r
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
h
ea
lth
,
lear
n
in
g
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
lo
w
wo
r
k
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
3
]
.
Pro
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
n
ted
c
h
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
t
o
f
all
f
r
o
m
2
4
.
4
%
to
2
1
.
6
%
b
y
2
0
2
2
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
n
ted
ch
il
d
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
is
h
ig
h
est
in
W
est Su
lawe
s
i
a
t
3
5
%.
W
e
s
t
J
av
a
is
a
p
r
o
v
in
ce
th
at
h
as
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
n
ted
to
d
d
ler
s
b
elo
w
th
e
n
atio
n
al
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
2
0
.
2
%
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
B
an
d
u
n
g
C
ity
in
2
0
2
2
d
ec
r
e
ased
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
2
0
2
1
,
f
r
o
m
7
.
5
9
%
to
6
.
4
3
%
with
a
n
ab
s
o
l
u
te
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
7
,
5
6
8
to
d
d
ler
s
in
2
0
2
1
to
6
,
5
1
8
c
h
ild
r
en
i
n
2
0
2
2
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
tu
n
ted
to
d
d
ler
s
i
n
d
icate
s
a
d
o
w
n
war
d
tr
en
d
,
wh
en
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
7
,
it
s
till
s
h
o
ws
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
atter
n
o
f
6
.
5
0
%
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
ler
at
ed
s
tu
n
tin
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
is
a
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
io
r
ity
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
lau
n
c
h
ed
m
an
y
c
o
r
r
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
m
al
n
u
tr
itio
n
a
n
d
th
e
in
ci
d
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
.
G
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
g
o
als
(
SDGs
)
o
f
en
d
in
g
h
u
n
g
er
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
f
o
o
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
u
tr
iti
o
n
,
an
d
lau
n
ch
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
,
as
well
as
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
ac
ce
ler
ates
s
tu
n
tin
g
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
b
y
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
e
n
u
tr
itio
n
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
Stu
n
tin
g
is
a
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
le
m
as
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
ch
ild
u
n
d
er
n
u
tr
itio
n
,
m
ater
n
al
u
n
d
e
r
n
u
tr
itio
n
,
an
d
f
o
o
d
an
d
n
u
tr
it
io
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
s
t
u
n
tin
g
a
r
e
m
u
ltip
le
in
ter
r
elate
d
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
b
io
lo
g
ical,
s
o
cial
a
n
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
(
s
an
itatio
n
)
.
C
o
n
tam
i
n
ated
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
o
v
er
cr
o
wd
in
g
,
u
n
clea
n
wate
r
a
n
d
s
an
itatio
n
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ch
ild
s
ex
,
ag
e
,
b
ir
th
weig
h
t,
b
ir
th
o
r
d
er
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
ib
lin
g
s
,
wea
lth
in
d
ex
,
m
ater
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
ater
n
al
b
o
d
y
m
ass
in
d
ex
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
,
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
cr
ea
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
is
to
id
e
n
tify
p
r
ed
icto
r
in
d
ices
o
f
t
h
e
d
ete
r
m
i
n
an
ts
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
,
s
o
t
h
at
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
ca
n
b
e
r
elev
an
t
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
p
r
ev
al
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
id
en
tif
y
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
i
n
d
ices
an
d
a
n
aly
s
e
th
e
d
ete
r
m
in
an
ts
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
c
h
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
a
g
e
in
an
u
r
b
an
a
r
ea
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n a
nd
lo
ca
t
io
n
A
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
ca
s
e
-
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
B
an
d
u
n
g
C
ity
in
J
an
u
ar
y
-
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
4
.
B
an
d
u
n
g
C
ity
as th
e
ca
p
ital o
f
W
est J
av
a
Pro
v
in
ce
m
ak
es it th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t a
s
well
as th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
B
an
d
u
n
g
C
ity
is
th
e
th
ir
d
lar
g
e
s
t
city
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
h
as
an
ar
ea
o
f
1
6
7
.
3
1
KM
2
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
3
0
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
.
B
ased
o
n
p
o
p
u
latio
n
p
r
o
jecti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
en
tr
al
B
u
r
ea
u
o
f
Statis
tics
o
f
B
an
d
u
n
g
C
it
y
in
2
0
2
2
,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
ag
ed
l
ess
th
an
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
is
1
2
9
,
6
0
9
.
Hea
lth
s
er
v
ice
co
v
er
ag
e
f
o
r
ch
il
d
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
is
8
3
.
5
3
%,
th
er
e
ar
e
3
8
h
o
s
p
itals
an
d
8
0
h
ea
lth
ce
n
tr
es.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
t
ud
y
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
p
o
p
u
latio
n
was
all
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
ag
e
o
f
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
t
h
s
wh
o
liv
ed
f
o
r
at
least
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
r
ea
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
was
all
ch
ild
r
e
n
a
g
ed
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
in
B
an
d
u
n
g
C
ity
.
C
ases
ar
e
h
ild
r
en
b
etwe
en
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
ag
e
with
(
Z
-
s
co
r
e
<
-
2
.
0
SD)
;
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
as
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
ar
e
ch
ild
r
en
a
g
ed
b
etwe
en
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
with
Z
-
s
co
r
e≥
2
.
0
SD)
.
2
.
3
.
E
lig
ibi
l
it
y
−
I
n
clu
s
io
n
c
r
i
te
r
ia:
i
)
All
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
an
d
th
eir
m
o
th
e
r
s
liv
in
g
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
f
o
r
th
e
p
ast s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
,
ii
)
a
b
le
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
u
s
in
g
B
ah
asa
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
−
E
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia:
All
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
b
etwe
en
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
an
d
th
eir
m
o
th
e
r
s
wh
o
wer
e
cr
itica
lly
ill
an
d
u
n
ab
le
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
at
th
e
tim
e
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
2.
4
.
Sa
m
ple
s
ize
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
2
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
.
Dete
r
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
am
p
le
b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
o
d
d
s
r
at
io
(
OR
)
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Mo
d
elin
g
d
etermin
a
n
ts
o
f stu
n
tin
g
a
mo
n
g
ch
il
d
r
en
u
n
d
er five
ye
a
r
s
in
…
(
F
ib
r
ia
n
ti F
ib
r
ia
n
ti
)
29
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
c
h
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ca
lcu
latio
n
u
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
c
e
lev
el
(
)
o
f
5
%
(
Z
=1
,
9
6
0
)
,
p
o
wer
o
f
test
(
)
o
f
8
0
%
(
Z
=0
,
8
4
2
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les
is
2
1
0
,
u
s
in
g
a
r
atio
o
f
1
:1
s
o
th
at
th
e
to
t
al
s
am
p
le
is
4
2
0
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
1
0
ca
s
es
an
d
2
1
0
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was c
alcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e.
A
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
0
7
was o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
e
ac
h
g
r
o
u
p
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
2.
5
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
pro
ce
du
re
Fro
m
a
to
tal
o
f
3
0
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
,
1
0
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
wer
e
s
elec
te
d
u
s
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
A
ce
n
s
u
s
o
f
th
e
1
0
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
was
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
d
ete
r
m
in
e
a
lis
t
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
to
co
u
n
t
all
ch
ild
r
en
a
g
ed
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
.
A
ll
ch
ild
r
en
a
g
ed
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
l
iv
in
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
in
B
an
d
u
n
g
C
ity
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
elig
i
b
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
s
tr
ictly
s
am
p
led
af
ter
r
an
d
o
m
s
elec
tio
n
.
On
ly
h
o
m
es
th
at
m
et
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
a
m
p
les
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict,
a
s
id
e
-
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
s
am
p
les
was
m
ad
e
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
to
t
al
s
am
p
le
s
ize
allo
ca
ted
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
All
c
h
ild
r
en
ag
ed
6
-
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
wh
o
wer
e
s
elec
ted
as
s
am
p
les
wer
e
an
th
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ically
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
th
e
h
eig
h
t
Z
s
co
r
e
was
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
ag
e.
C
ateg
o
r
is
ed
as
a
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
(
s
tu
n
te
d
to
d
d
ler
s
)
,
if
th
e
a
n
th
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
r
es
u
lts
with
a
Z
s
co
r
e
<
-
2
SD.
C
ateg
o
r
i
s
ed
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
t
o
d
d
ler
s
n
o
t
s
tu
n
te
d
)
,
if
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
n
th
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
with
a
Z
s
co
r
e
o
f
-
2
SD.
E
v
e
n
tu
ally
,
m
o
th
er
s
a
n
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
ict
wer
e
s
elec
ted
an
d
en
r
o
lled
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
Ho
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
we
r
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
tter
y
m
eth
o
d
.
I
f
th
er
e
was
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
n
e
elig
i
b
le
ch
ild
in
a
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
,
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ch
ild
w
as selecte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
tter
y
m
eth
o
d
.
2.
6
.
Resea
rc
h
v
a
ria
bles
Dep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
tu
n
tin
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
n
tin
g
v
a
r
iab
le
is
clas
s
if
ie
d
in
to
s
tu
n
tin
g
(
ca
s
e)
an
d
non
-
s
tu
n
tin
g
(
co
n
tr
o
l)
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
(
m
ater
n
al
ag
e,
m
ater
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ater
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
m
ater
n
al
o
cc
u
p
at
io
n
,
p
ater
n
al
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
p
ar
ity
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
b
ir
th
s
p
ac
in
g
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
am
il
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
in
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
,
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
in
co
m
e
)
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
less
th
an
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
s
ex
,
ag
e,
ex
cl
u
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
h
is
to
r
y
,
b
asic
im
m
u
n
is
atio
n
h
is
to
r
y
,
b
ir
t
h
weig
h
t,
an
d
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
)
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
(
d
r
in
k
in
g
wa
t
er
s
o
u
r
ce
,
f
am
ily
to
ilet
f
ac
ilit
ies,
g
ar
b
ag
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
f
ac
ilit
ies,
waste
wa
ter
d
is
p
o
s
al
f
ac
ilit
ies).
Mo
th
er
'
s
ag
e
v
ar
iab
le
was c
lass
if
ied
in
to
<2
0
an
d
>3
5
y
ea
r
s
an
d
2
0
-
3
5
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
th
er
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
f
ath
er
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
v
ar
iab
l
es
wer
e
clas
s
if
ied
in
to
lo
w,
if
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
was
<sen
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
h
ig
h
,
if
th
e
m
o
th
er
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
was
s
en
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
m
o
th
er
'
s
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
an
d
f
ath
er
'
s
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
n
o
t
em
p
lo
y
ed
if
th
e
m
o
th
er
o
r
f
at
h
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
jo
b
,
an
d
p
er
m
an
en
t e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
if
th
e
f
ath
er
o
r
m
o
t
h
er
h
as a
p
e
r
m
an
en
t jo
b
.
T
h
e
Pre
g
n
an
cy
I
n
ter
v
al
v
ar
iab
le
was
class
if
ied
in
to
<2
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
an
d
≥
2
4
m
o
n
th
s
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
f
a
m
ily
m
em
b
er
s
is
class
if
ied
in
to
≥
5
an
d
2
-
4
.
T
h
e
in
co
m
e
v
ar
iab
le
is
class
if
ied
in
to
b
elo
w
m
in
im
u
m
wag
e,
if
th
e
f
am
ily
in
co
m
e
is
<Rp
.
4
,
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
an
d
ab
o
v
e
m
in
im
u
m
wag
e,
if
th
e
f
a
m
ily
i
n
co
m
e
is
≥
R
p
.
4
,
2
0
0
,
0
0
0
.
T
h
e
ch
ild
'
s
g
en
d
er
v
ar
iab
le
w
as
class
if
ied
in
to
m
ale
an
d
f
e
m
ale.
C
h
ild
ag
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
class
if
ied
in
to
2
4
m
o
n
th
s
an
d
<2
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
E
x
clu
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
h
i
s
to
r
y
was
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
No
,
if
th
e
ch
ild
was
n
o
t
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
b
r
ea
s
tf
ed
f
o
r
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
s
in
ce
b
ir
th
an
d
y
es
,
if
th
e
ch
ild
was
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
b
r
e
astfe
d
f
o
r
6
m
o
n
th
s
s
in
ce
b
ir
th
.
T
h
e
b
asic
im
m
u
n
iz
atio
n
h
is
to
r
y
v
ar
iab
le
was
class
if
ied
in
to
I
n
co
m
p
lete,
if
th
e
c
h
ild
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
co
m
p
lete
b
asic
im
m
u
n
izatio
n
an
d
C
o
m
p
lete,
if
th
e
ch
ild
r
ec
eiv
ed
co
m
p
lete
b
asic
im
m
u
n
iz
atio
n
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
b
ir
th
weig
h
t
was
class
if
ied
in
t
o
lo
w
b
ir
th
weig
h
t,
if
th
e
ch
il
d
'
s
weig
h
t
at
b
ir
th
was
<2
.
5
k
g
an
d
n
o
r
m
al,
if
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
weig
h
t a
t b
ir
t
h
was ≥
2
.
5
k
g
.
T
h
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
v
ar
iab
le
was c
l
ass
if
ied
as
y
es,
if
th
e
ch
ild
h
ad
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es,
s
u
ch
as d
iar
r
h
ea
an
d
u
p
p
e
r
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
tr
ac
t in
f
ec
tio
n
.
I
t w
as c
las
s
if
ied
as n
o
if
th
e
ch
ild
d
i
d
n
o
t
h
av
e
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es.
Dr
in
k
in
g
wate
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
No
t
q
u
alif
ied
,
if
th
e
d
r
in
k
in
g
wate
r
co
n
s
u
m
ed
co
n
tain
s
o
n
e
o
f
(
tast
e,
s
m
ell,
co
lo
r
,
an
d
c
o
n
tain
s
h
ar
m
f
u
l
m
ic
r
o
o
r
g
a
n
is
m
s
)
.
An
d
q
u
alif
ied
,
if
th
e
d
r
in
k
in
g
wate
r
co
n
s
u
m
ed
is
tast
eless
,
o
d
o
r
les
s
,
co
lo
r
less
,
an
d
d
o
es n
o
t c
o
n
tain
h
ar
m
f
u
l m
ic
r
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
Fam
il
y
to
ilet
f
ac
ilit
ie
s
is
clas
s
if
ied
in
t
o
No
t
q
u
alif
ied
,
if
th
ey
d
is
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
eir
waste
in
th
e
r
iv
er
o
r
s
ea
.
An
d
q
u
alif
ied
,
if
th
ey
d
is
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
eir
waste
in
a
s
p
ec
ial
f
ec
es’
s
to
r
a
g
e
o
r
s
ep
tic
tan
k
.
Gar
b
a
g
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
f
ac
ilit
ies
v
ar
iab
le
is
class
if
ied
i
n
to
No
t
q
u
alif
ied
,
i
f
th
er
e
is
n
o
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
g
ar
b
a
g
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
at
h
o
m
e.
An
d
q
u
a
lifie
d
,
if
th
er
e
is
a
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
g
a
r
b
ag
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
at
h
o
m
e.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
waste
wate
r
d
is
p
o
s
al
f
ac
ilit
ies
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
No
t
q
u
alif
ied
,
if
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
wa
s
tewa
ter
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
is
n
o
t
ce
n
tr
alize
d
(
e.
g
.
clo
g
g
e
d
,
n
o
t
f
lo
win
g
,
f
in
al
d
is
p
o
s
al
to
th
e
r
iv
er
)
.
Qu
alif
ied
,
if
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
wastewate
r
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
is
ce
n
tr
alize
d
,
f
lo
win
g
,
n
o
t
s
tag
n
an
t,
h
as f
in
al
d
is
p
o
s
al.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
27
-
36
30
2.
7
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
Data
wer
e
co
llected
b
y
f
iv
e
tr
ain
ed
m
id
wiv
es.
T
r
ain
in
g
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
o
r
o
n
e
an
d
a
h
alf
d
ay
s
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tar
tin
g
d
ata
co
llectio
n
o
n
an
th
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
s
,
in
ter
v
iews,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
o
u
s
e
-
to
-
h
o
u
s
e
v
is
its
.
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
ed
in
B
ah
asa
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
b
y
an
th
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
(
ch
ild
h
ei
g
h
t)
a
n
d
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
v
iews
with
elig
ib
le
s
u
b
jec
ts
u
s
in
g
p
r
e
-
test
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
q
u
es
tio
n
s
o
n
So
cio
-
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ics,
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
less
th
an
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Mo
th
er
s
wer
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
ch
ild
r
e
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
2.
8
.
Ant
hro
po
m
et
ric
m
ea
s
urem
e
nts
T
h
e
b
o
d
y
len
g
th
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
ag
ed
6
to
2
3
m
o
n
th
s
was
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
in
th
e
s
u
p
in
e
p
o
s
itio
n
with
an
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
0
.
1
cm
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
-
le
n
g
th
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
b
o
a
r
d
with
o
u
t
s
h
o
es.
Heig
h
t
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
a
g
e
d
2
4
to
5
9
m
o
n
th
s
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
p
laci
n
g
th
e
ch
ild
in
an
u
p
r
ig
h
t
p
o
s
it
io
n
i
n
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
ar
d
wea
r
in
g
lig
h
t
clo
t
h
in
g
with
o
u
t
s
h
o
es.
T
h
e
ch
ild
'
s
h
ea
d
,
s
h
o
u
ld
er
s
,
b
u
tto
ck
s
,
k
n
ee
s
,
an
d
h
ee
ls
wer
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
t
o
u
ch
th
e
b
o
ar
d
a
n
d
ea
ch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
was ta
k
en
t
wice
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
an
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
0
.
1
cm
.
Fo
r
m
o
th
e
r
s
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t k
n
o
w
th
e
ex
ac
t a
g
e
o
f
th
eir
ch
ild
,
th
ei
r
im
m
u
n
i
s
atio
n
ca
r
d
was u
s
ed
,
o
r
th
e
ag
e
was k
ep
t a
cc
u
r
ate
to
th
e
n
ea
r
est
m
o
n
th
.
Mo
th
er
s
'
weig
h
t
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
p
o
r
tab
le
weig
h
t
s
ca
le
to
th
e
n
ea
r
est
0
.
1
k
g
an
d
m
o
th
er
s
wer
e
n
o
t
allo
we
d
to
ca
r
r
y
an
y
th
in
g
th
at
a
d
d
ed
to
t
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
weig
h
t.
T
h
e
weig
h
tin
g
s
ca
le
was
ch
ec
k
ed
an
d
r
eset
at
ze
r
o
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
b
ject.
Ma
ter
n
al
h
eig
h
t
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
a
s
tan
d
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
tak
en
b
y
two
d
ata
co
llecto
r
s
h
o
ld
i
n
g
a
ta
p
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ee
l
to
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
th
e
n
ea
r
est 0
.
1
cm
.
2.
9
.
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
An
th
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ic
d
ata
wer
e
ca
l
cu
lated
u
s
in
g
W
HO
An
th
r
o
s
o
f
twar
e
v
er
s
io
n
3
.
1
.
0
,
an
d
h
ei
g
h
t
-
f
o
r
-
ag
e
Z
s
co
r
es
wer
e
also
g
e
n
er
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
2
0
0
6
W
HO
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
p
u
latio
n
m
e
d
ian
(
ch
ild
g
r
o
wth
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
)
.
Un
iv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
is
p
lay
ed
u
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
ata.
B
iv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
u
s
ed
th
e
ch
i
s
q
u
ar
e
(
X2
)
test
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les.
Simp
le
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
aim
s
to
s
elec
t
ca
n
d
id
ate
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
DHF
in
cid
en
ce
th
at
will
b
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
to
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
l
o
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
test
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
s
elec
tin
g
ca
n
d
id
ates,
if
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
im
p
le
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
s
h
o
we
d
p
v
al
u
e
<
0
.
2
5
,
t
h
en
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
co
u
l
d
b
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
to
b
e
an
aly
s
ed
s
im
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
ly
.
M
u
ltip
le
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
aim
s
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
in
d
ex
o
f
DHF
in
cid
en
ce
th
at
an
aly
s
es
v
ar
iab
les
to
g
eth
er
o
r
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
h
is
will r
esu
lt in
th
e
OR
v
alu
e
an
d
also
th
e
b
est in
d
ex
(
f
it).
R
ec
eiv
er
o
p
er
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
(
R
OC
)
an
aly
s
is
aim
s
to
test
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
(
s
en
s
itiv
ity
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
icity
)
o
f
a
test
with
in
a
ce
r
tain
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
R
OC
an
aly
s
is
will
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
wh
ich
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
cu
t
o
f
p
o
in
t
v
alu
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
.
2.
10
.
E
t
hica
l c
lea
ra
nce
I
s
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
by
th
e
Hea
lth
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
,
B
h
ak
ti
Ken
ca
n
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
d
ec
is
io
n
s
n
u
m
b
er
No
.
0
8
3
/0
9
.
KE
PK/U
B
K/VI
I
/2
0
2
3
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
,
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
n
d
i
n
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
am
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
A
to
tal
o
f
4
2
0
(
2
1
0
ca
s
es
an
d
2
1
0
co
n
tr
o
ls
)
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
c
h
ild
r
en
wer
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
with
a
1
0
0
%
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
m
o
t
h
er
s
(
5
7
.
6
%)
in
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
6
0
.
5
%
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
in
th
e
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
0
-
3
5
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
m
o
th
er
s
w
as h
ig
h
er
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
(
6
2
.
4
%)
th
a
n
in
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
(
4
7
.
6
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
ath
er
s
was
h
ig
h
er
in
6
5
.
2
%
an
d
7
0
.
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
it
y
o
f
m
o
t
h
er
s
wer
e
u
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
(
5
6
.
7
%)
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
6
0
.
5
%),
p
r
e
g
n
an
cy
r
an
g
e
was
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
4
m
o
n
th
s
(
5
5
.
7
%
an
d
7
4
.
3
%),
an
d
i
n
co
m
e
was
b
elo
w
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
wag
e
(
7
2
.
4
%
an
d
5
8
.
1
%).
So
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
c
h
ild
r
en
u
n
d
e
r
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
wer
e
m
o
th
er
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
OR
=1
.
8
2
4
,
9
5
%
C
I
=1
.
2
3
6
-
2
.
6
9
1
,
p
=0
.
0
0
3
)
,
f
at
h
er
'
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
(
OR
=1
.
7
1
0
,
9
5
%
C
I
=1
.
1
6
2
-
2
.
5
1
6
,
p
=0
.
0
0
8
)
,
p
r
eg
n
an
c
y
in
ter
v
al
(
OR
=2
.
2
9
6
,
9
5
%
C
I
=1
.
5
2
1
-
3
.
4
6
8
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
1
)
,
f
am
ily
s
ize
(
OR
=1
.
8
9
7
,
9
5
% C
I
=1
.
2
8
5
-
2
.
8
0
1
,
p
=0
.
0
0
2
)
,
an
d
in
co
m
e
(
OR
=1
.
8
9
0
,
9
5
% C
I
=1
.
2
5
7
-
2
8
4
3
,
p
=0
.
0
0
3
)
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
less
th
an
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
an
d
in
cid
e
n
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
t
in
g
am
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
C
h
ild
r
e
n
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
a
g
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
m
o
s
t
ly
ag
ed
<2
4
m
o
n
th
s
(
5
8
.
1
%)
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
(
6
3
.
8
%)
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
w
er
e
n
o
t
ex
clu
s
iv
el
y
b
r
ea
s
tf
ed
(
8
1
.
0
%)
in
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
5
6
.
2
%),
f
u
lly
im
m
u
n
is
ed
with
6
1
.
0
%
in
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J Pu
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lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Mo
d
elin
g
d
etermin
a
n
ts
o
f stu
n
tin
g
a
mo
n
g
ch
il
d
r
en
u
n
d
er five
ye
a
r
s
in
…
(
F
ib
r
ia
n
ti F
ib
r
ia
n
ti
)
31
an
d
8
4
.
3
%
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
Half
(
5
0
.
5
%)
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
lo
w
b
ir
th
weig
h
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
d
(
2
2
.
9
%)
in
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
h
ad
i
n
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
(
8
6
.
2
%)
in
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
(
6
3
.
3
%)
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
C
h
ild
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
ass
o
ci
ated
with
s
tu
n
tin
g
wer
e
e
x
cl
u
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
h
is
to
r
y
(
OR
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.
3
1
4
,
9
5
%
C
I
=2
.
1
3
6
-
5
.
1
4
1
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
1
)
,
im
m
u
n
is
atio
n
h
is
to
r
y
(
OR
=3
.
4
3
6
,
9
5
%
C
I
=2
.
1
6
1
-
5
.
4
6
3
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
1
)
,
b
ir
th
weig
h
t
(
OR
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.
4
4
0
,
9
5
%
C
I
=2
.
2
5
9
-
5
.
2
3
9
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
1
)
,
an
d
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
e
(
OR
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.
6
1
3
,
9
5
% C
I
=2
.
2
3
1
-
5
.
8
5
2
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
1
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
So
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ics,
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ics an
d
th
e
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
U
n
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
B
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
n
(
%)
C
a
ses
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
(
%)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
OR
9
5
%
C
I
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
s
a
ge
0
.
6
2
0
1
.
1
2
5
0
.
7
6
3
-
1
.
661
<
2
0
a
n
d
>
3
5
y
e
a
r
s
1
7
2
(
4
1
.
0)
8
9
(
4
2
.
4)
8
3
(
3
9
.
5)
20
-
3
5
y
e
a
r
s
2
4
8
(
5
9
.
0)
1
2
1
(
5
7
.
6)
1
2
7
(
6
0
.
5)
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
0
0
3
1
.
8
2
4
1
.
2
3
6
-
2
.
691
Lo
w
(
<
S
e
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
)
1
8
9
(
4
5
.
0)
1
1
0
(
5
2
.
4)
7
9
(
3
7
.
6)
H
i
g
h
(
s
e
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
)
2
3
1
(
5
5
.
0)
1
0
0
(
4
7
.
6)
1
3
1
(
6
2
.
4)
F
a
t
h
e
r
’
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
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o
n
0
.
2
9
6
1
.
2
7
2
0
.
8
4
4
-
1
.
918
Lo
w
1
3
5
(
3
2
.
1)
7
3
(
3
4
.
8)
6
2
(
2
9
.
5)
H
i
g
h
2
8
5
(
6
7
.
9)
1
3
7
(
6
5
.
2)
1
4
8
(
7
0
.
5)
M
o
t
h
e
r
’
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
4
8
8
0
.
8
5
5
0
.
5
7
9
-
1
.
261
N
o
t
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
2
4
6
(
5
8
.
6)
1
1
9
(
5
6
.
7)
1
2
7
(
6
0
.
5)
P
e
r
man
e
n
t
e
mp
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
1
7
4
(
4
1
.
4)
9
1
(
4
3
.
3)
8
3
(
3
9
.
5)
F
a
t
h
e
r
’
s
o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
0
0
8
1
.
7
1
0
1
.
1
6
2
-
2
.
516
N
o
t
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
2
0
8
(
4
9
.
5)
1
1
8
(
5
6
.
2)
9
0
(
4
2
.
9)
P
e
r
man
e
n
t
e
mp
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
2
1
2
(
5
0
.
5)
9
2
(
4
3
.
8)
1
2
0
(
5
7
.
1)
P
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
0
.
0
0
0
1
2
.
2
9
6
1
.
5
2
1
-
3
.
468
<
2
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
1
4
7
(
3
5
.
0)
9
3
(
4
4
.
3)
5
4
(
2
5
.
7)
≥
2
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
2
7
3
(
6
5
.
0)
1
1
7
(
5
5
.
7)
1
5
6
(
7
4
.
3)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
f
a
mi
l
y
me
mb
e
r
s
0
.
0
0
2
1
.
8
9
7
1
.
2
8
5
-
2
.
801
≥5
1
8
9
(
4
5
.
0)
1
1
1
(
5
2
.
9)
7
8
(
3
7
.
1)
2
–
4
2
3
1
(
5
5
.
0)
9
9
(
4
7
.
1)
1
3
2
(
6
2
.
9)
I
n
c
o
me
0
.
0
0
3
1
.
8
9
0
1
.
2
5
7
-
2
8
4
3
B
e
l
o
w
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m w
a
g
e
2
7
4
(
6
5
.
2)
1
5
2
(
7
2
.
4)
1
2
2
(
5
8
.
1)
A
b
o
v
e
mi
n
i
m
u
m
w
a
g
e
1
4
6
(
3
4
.
8)
5
8
(
2
7
.
6)
8
8
(
4
1
.
9)
T
ab
le
2
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ch
i
ld
r
en
less
th
an
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
a
n
d
in
cid
e
n
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
U
n
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
B
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
n
(
%)
C
a
ses
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
(
%)
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
OR
9
5
%
C
I
C
h
i
l
d
’
s
g
e
n
d
e
r
0
.
2
0
5
1
.
3
0
6
0
.
8
9
0
-
1
.
917
M
a
l
e
2
0
8
(
4
9
.
5)
1
1
1
(
5
2
.
9)
9
7
(
4
6
.
2)
F
e
mal
e
2
1
2
(
5
0
.
5)
9
9
(
4
7
.
1)
1
1
3
(
5
3
.
8)
C
h
i
l
d
’
s a
g
e
0
.
2
7
1
1
.
2
7
2
0
.
8
5
9
-
1
.
884
2
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
1
6
4
(
3
9
.
0)
8
8
(
4
1
.
9)
7
6
(
3
6
.
2)
<
2
4
m
o
n
t
h
s
2
5
6
(
6
1
.
0)
1
2
2
(
5
8
.
1)
1
3
4
(
6
3
.
8)
Ex
c
l
u
si
v
e
b
r
e
a
st
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
h
i
st
o
r
y
0
.
0
0
0
1
3
.
3
1
4
2
.
1
3
6
-
5
.
141
No
2
8
8
(
6
8
.
6)
1
7
0
(
8
1
.
0)
1
1
8
(
5
6
.
2)
Y
e
s
1
3
2
(
3
1
.
4)
4
0
(
1
9
.
0)
9
2
(
4
3
.
8)
I
mm
u
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
0
.
0
0
0
1
3
.
4
3
6
2
.
1
6
1
-
5
.
463
I
n
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
1
1
5
(
2
7
.
4)
8
2
(
3
9
.
0)
3
3
(
1
5
.
7)
C
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
3
0
5
(
7
2
.
6)
1
2
8
(
6
1
.
0)
1
7
7
(
8
4
.
3)
B
i
r
t
h
w
e
i
g
h
t
0
.
0
0
0
1
3
.
4
4
0
2
.
2
5
9
-
5
.
239
Lo
w
b
i
r
t
h
w
e
i
g
h
t
1
5
4
(
3
6
.
7)
1
0
6
(
5
0
.
5)
4
8
(
2
2
.
9)
N
o
r
mal
2
6
6
(
6
3
.
3)
1
0
4
(
4
9
.
5)
1
6
2
(
7
7
.
1)
H
i
st
o
r
y
o
f
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
d
i
se
a
se
0
.
0
0
0
1
3
.
6
1
3
2
.
2
3
1
-
5
.
852
Y
e
s
3
1
4
(
7
4
.
8)
1
8
1
(
8
6
.
2)
1
3
3
(
6
3
.
3)
No
1
0
6
(
2
5
.
2)
2
9
(
1
3
.
8)
7
7
(
3
6
.
7)
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
u
s
ed
elig
ib
le
d
r
i
n
k
in
g
wate
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
7
0
.
0
%)
an
d
(
8
1
.
4
%)
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
elig
ib
le
m
o
th
e
r
s
(
6
1
.
0
%)
in
th
e
ca
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
(
8
1
.
4
%)
in
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
f
am
ily
la
tr
in
es.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
wer
e
in
elig
ib
le
f
o
r
g
a
r
b
ag
e
d
is
p
o
s
al
f
ac
ilit
ies an
d
wastewate
r
d
is
p
o
s
al
f
ac
ilit
ies (
5
7
.
6
% o
f
ca
s
es a
n
d
5
8
.
6
% o
f
co
n
tr
o
ls
)
an
d
(
6
2
.
4
%
o
f
ca
s
es
an
d
5
8
.
6
%
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ls
)
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
wer
e
clea
n
wate
r
o
r
d
r
in
k
in
g
wate
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
OR
=1
.
8
7
9
,
9
5
%
C
I
=1
.
1
9
1
-
2
.
9
6
5
,
p
=0
.
0
0
9
)
a
n
d
f
am
ily
to
ilet f
ac
ilit
ies (
OR
=1
.
6
4
0
,
9
5
% C
I
=1
.
0
8
9
-
2
.
4
6
8
,
p
=
0
.
0
2
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
27
-
36
32
T
ab
le
3
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
in
cid
e
n
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
U
n
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
B
i
v
a
r
i
a
t
e
n
(
%)
C
a
ses
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
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l
s
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p
-
v
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l
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e
OR
9
5
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C
I
D
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i
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1
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8
7
9
1
.
1
9
1
-
2
.
965
N
o
t
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
e
d
1
0
2
(
2
4
.
3)
6
3
(
3
0
.
0)
3
9
(
1
8
.
6)
Q
u
a
l
i
f
i
e
d
3
1
8
(
7
5
.
7)
1
4
7
(
7
0
.
0)
1
7
1
(
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33
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o
n
w
i
t
h
s
t
u
n
t
i
n
g
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
i
n
l
i
n
e
wi
t
h
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
A
r
m
e
n
i
a
a
n
d
N
o
r
t
h
e
r
n
S
u
d
a
n
[
3
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
o
f
s
tu
n
te
d
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
p
o
in
ts
o
f
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icity
C
h
ild
r
en
b
o
r
n
to
f
am
ilies
wh
o
s
e
m
o
n
th
ly
in
c
o
m
e
is
b
elo
w
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
wag
e
a
r
e
1
.
7
t
im
es
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
s
tu
n
ted
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
o
th
er
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
win
g
a
h
ig
h
e
r
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
in
lo
w
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
t
r
ies
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
s
tated
th
at
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
in
co
m
e
p
e
r
ca
p
ita,
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
c
h
ild
r
en
u
n
d
er
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
[
1
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ch
ild
r
en
w
h
o
wer
e
n
o
t
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
b
r
ea
s
tf
ed
,
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
b
asic
im
m
u
n
is
atio
n
s
,
h
a
d
lo
w
b
ir
th
weig
h
t
at
b
ir
th
,
a
n
d
h
ad
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
s
tu
n
ted
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
wi
th
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
Z
im
b
ab
we,
an
d
E
th
io
p
ia
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
C
h
ild
r
en
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
d
is
ea
s
es
s
u
ch
as
d
iar
r
h
o
ea
an
d
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
d
is
ea
s
es
if
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
e
x
clu
s
iv
ely
b
r
ea
s
tf
ed
,
im
m
u
n
is
ed
,
a
n
d
b
o
r
n
with
lo
w
b
ir
th
weig
h
t.
R
ep
ea
ted
b
o
u
ts
o
f
(
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
)
d
is
ea
s
es h
av
e
a
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
ch
ild
g
r
o
wth
[
2
7
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tr
e
n
g
th
is
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
ca
s
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
,
s
o
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
estab
lis
h
a
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
r
ec
eiv
er
o
p
er
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic,
s
o
it c
an
p
r
ed
ict
to
d
d
l
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
r
ea
lly
s
tu
n
ted
an
d
n
o
t stu
n
ted
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
wea
k
n
ess
es
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
f
ir
s
tly
th
at
r
ec
all
b
ias
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
p
er
io
d
o
f
r
ec
all
is
r
ela
tiv
ely
lo
n
g
,
b
u
t
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
Me
tr
o
p
o
lita
n
C
ity
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
r
ep
r
ese
n
tativ
e
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
g
i
v
en
th
at
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
q
u
ite
s
m
all,
b
u
t
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
in
t
o
d
d
le
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
was
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
atio
n
o
f
a
n
th
r
o
p
o
m
etr
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
c
lo
s
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
f
ield
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
ir
d
,
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els
in
ea
ch
r
eg
i
o
n
ar
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
u
n
d
e
r
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
ar
e
m
o
th
er
s
with
lo
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
ath
e
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t
p
er
m
an
e
n
tly
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
in
ter
v
al
o
f
l
ess
th
an
2
4
m
o
n
th
s
,
f
am
ily
s
i
ze
o
f
f
iv
e
o
r
m
o
r
e,
in
co
m
e
b
elo
w
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
in
co
m
e,
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
b
r
ea
s
tf
ed
,
n
o
t
f
u
ll
y
im
m
u
n
is
ed
,
lo
w
b
ir
th
weig
h
t,
an
d
a
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
es
ar
e
aim
ed
at
ea
r
ly
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
awa
r
en
e
s
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
ch
an
g
e
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
ater
n
al
n
u
tr
itio
n
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
eg
n
an
c
y
,
ex
clu
s
iv
e
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
,
an
d
b
asic im
m
u
n
is
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Ma
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ch
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34
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
V
a
i
v
a
d
a
,
N
.
A
k
se
e
r
,
S
.
A
k
se
e
r
,
A
.
S
o
mas
k
a
n
d
a
n
,
M
.
S
t
e
f
o
p
u
l
o
s,
a
n
d
Z.
A
.
B
h
u
t
t
a
,
“
S
t
u
n
t
i
n
g
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
:
a
n
o
v
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v
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e
w
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f
g
l
o
b
a
l
b
u
r
d
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n
,
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r
e
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d
s
,
d
e
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mi
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s
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l
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,
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h
e
Am
e
r
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c
a
n
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o
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l
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c
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l
N
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t
r
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t
i
o
n
,
v
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l
.
1
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
7
7
S
-
7
9
1
S
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
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d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
9
3
/
a
j
c
n
/
n
q
a
a
1
5
9
.
[
2
]
D
.
J.
R
a
i
t
e
n
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
B
r
e
mer,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
c
o
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y
o
f
s
t
u
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g
:
N
e
w
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
t
o
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o
l
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m,”
N
u
t
ri
e
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t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
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n
o
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2
,
Ja
n
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2
0
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,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
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u
1
2
0
2
0
3
7
1
.
[
3
]
J.
L.
Le
r
o
y
a
n
d
E
.
A
.
F
r
o
n
g
i
l
l
o
,
“
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
:
w
h
a
t
d
o
e
s
s
t
u
n
t
i
n
g
r
e
a
l
l
y
m
e
a
n
?
A
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
N
u
t
ri
t
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o
n
,
v
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l
.
1
0
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o
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2
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
–
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9
,
d
o
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:
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1
0
9
3
/
a
d
v
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n
c
e
s
/
n
my
1
0
1
.
[
4
]
A
.
D
e
s
h
p
a
n
d
e
a
n
d
R
.
R
a
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
r
a
n
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
st
u
n
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
a
t
e
r
l
i
f
e
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s:
A
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
”
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
&
H
u
m
a
n
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
h
b
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
1
0
9
9
.
[
5
]
A
.
S
a
l
e
h
,
S
.
S
y
a
h
r
u
l
,
V
.
H
a
d
j
u
,
I
.
A
n
d
r
i
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
I
.
R
e
s
t
i
k
a
,
“
R
o
l
e
o
f
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
n
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
st
u
n
t
i
n
g
:
A
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
G
a
c
e
t
a
S
a
n
i
t
a
ri
a
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
p
p
.
S
5
7
6
–
S
5
8
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
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0
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6
/
j
.
g
a
c
e
t
a
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
.
0
8
7
.
[
6
]
T.
R
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
S
.
C
h
a
k
r
a
b
a
r
t
y
,
M
.
R
a
k
i
b
,
S
.
A
f
r
i
n
,
S
.
S
a
l
t
m
a
r
sh
,
a
n
d
S
.
W
i
n
n
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
t
u
n
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
a
st
i
n
g
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
2
y
e
a
r
s
i
n
B
a
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.
[
7
]
N
.
A
k
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.
,
“
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[
8
]
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.
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Te
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(
N
TT)
,
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a
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[
9
]
N
.
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1
1
]
A
.
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T.
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H
M
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S
3
4
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.
[
12]
M
.
K
a
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y
,
E.
W
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,
A
.
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.
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1
3
]
A
.
N
sh
i
my
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l
.
,
“
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1
4
]
K
e
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k
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R
I
,
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.
[
1
5
]
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t
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Jawa
B
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r
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t
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[
1
6
]
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.
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.
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.
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[
1
7
]
A
.
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l
i
,
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:
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.
[
1
8
]
R
.
P
.
A
d
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k
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r
i
,
M
.
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S
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st
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d
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.
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,
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–
5
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h
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BM
C
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[
1
9
]
K
.
B
e
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h
e
,
O
.
S
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d
,
Y
.
G
e
b
r
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a
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m
,
A
.
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e
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d
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.
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t
sa
y
,
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s
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[
2
0
]
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.
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n
,
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.
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.
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a
m,
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.
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.
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