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.
6
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0
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4
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a
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d
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d
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.
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n
a
te
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ly
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re
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m
a
k
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d
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tatio
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.
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s
:
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x
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ar
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s
I
n
f
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m
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lo
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Me
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tal
well
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On
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ca
tio
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T
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p
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c
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CC B
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.
C
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p
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A
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o
r
:
Mo
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am
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No
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m
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Ma
s
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Sch
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m
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Scien
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C
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I
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f
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m
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th
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Un
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s
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AR
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Sh
ah
Alam
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Selan
g
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r
,
Ma
lay
s
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m
ail:
m
n
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r
m
an
@
u
itm
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
h
as
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tally
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
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way
s
o
cieties
ac
ce
s
s
,
s
h
ar
e,
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
]
.
W
ith
th
e
p
r
o
life
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
th
e
wo
r
l
d
h
as
b
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o
m
e
in
ter
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en
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s
s
to
v
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am
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u
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ts
o
f
in
f
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r
m
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.
Ho
wev
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ac
ce
s
s
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h
as
g
iv
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is
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to
a
p
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n
o
m
en
o
n
k
n
o
wn
as
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
a
g
e,
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ar
e
b
o
m
b
ar
d
ed
with
a
n
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
lead
i
n
g
to
c
h
allen
g
es
in
m
a
n
ag
in
g
th
is
in
f
lu
x
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
]
.
As
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
g
iv
e
way
to
v
i
r
tu
al
s
p
ac
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s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
alik
e
ar
e
n
av
i
g
atin
g
a
n
in
f
o
r
m
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n
-
r
ich
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fo
r
lear
n
e
r
s
,
s
if
tin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
d
elu
g
e
o
f
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
d
au
n
tin
g
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
eir
ab
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to
f
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s
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co
m
p
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d
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in
f
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m
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.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
er
a'
s
b
less
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s
o
f
ab
u
n
d
an
t
k
n
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wled
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co
m
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h
an
d
-
in
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h
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d
with
th
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c
u
r
s
e
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f
in
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r
m
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v
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o
ad
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
a
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
its
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f
ec
ts
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p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
4
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
i
n
f
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r
m
at
io
n
r
ev
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lu
tio
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,
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
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lan
d
s
ca
p
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as
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d
er
g
o
n
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a
r
ad
ical
tr
an
s
f
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r
m
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.
E
d
u
ca
tio
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al
in
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titu
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s
wo
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ld
wid
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a
r
e
em
b
r
ac
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tech
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m
ig
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atin
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to
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lin
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p
latf
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m
s
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
ag
e
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
to
war
d
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
s
ee
n
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
g
lo
b
al
s
u
r
g
e.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
a
cc
ess
ib
ilit
y
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
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n
lin
e
lear
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in
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p
latf
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m
s
h
av
e
o
p
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n
ew
av
en
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f
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lear
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s
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tr
an
s
ce
n
d
in
g
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
[
6
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
is
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
h
as
also
ex
p
o
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
in
f
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r
m
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n
o
v
er
lo
ad
.
As
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
m
ain
s
tr
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m
,
lear
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er
s
f
in
d
th
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s
elv
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am
id
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t
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v
e
r
wh
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s
ea
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f
d
ig
ital
r
eso
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r
ce
s
,
ass
ig
n
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
els
[
7
]
.
Nav
i
g
atin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
7
0
5
-
3
7
1
6
3706
th
is
d
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ital
lab
y
r
in
th
d
em
an
d
s
a
d
elica
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b
alan
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b
etwe
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th
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b
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f
th
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in
f
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r
m
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r
ev
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lu
tio
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m
itig
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th
e
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s
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f
ec
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f
in
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m
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v
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lo
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n
s
tu
d
en
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m
en
tal
well
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ein
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[
8
]
.
T
h
e
clo
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
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n
o
v
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lo
ad
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
s
tated
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
b
ar
r
ag
e
f
ac
e
d
b
y
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
ev
e
n
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
As
in
d
iv
id
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als
g
r
ap
p
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with
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e
co
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s
tan
t
in
f
l
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x
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f
in
f
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r
m
a
tio
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,
th
eir
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
b
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m
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v
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r
ab
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R
ec
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in
tr
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c
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ec
tio
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d
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ca
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ased
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th
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R
Q)
to
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tu
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Ma
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s
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x
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an
d
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;
an
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W
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an
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iety
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
?
(
R
Q2
).
2.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
AND
RE
SE
AR
CH
G
AP
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
life
r
at
io
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ized
th
e
way
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
with
Ma
lay
s
ia
b
ei
n
g
n
o
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
to
th
is
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
.
As
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
s
h
if
ted
to
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
M
alay
s
ian
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
ar
e
co
n
f
r
o
n
ted
with
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
et
o
f
ch
allen
g
es.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
is
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
,
a
n
x
iety
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
o
n
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
ted
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
b
u
t
it
h
as
also
led
to
a
n
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
in
f
lu
x
o
f
d
ata,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
itu
atio
n
wh
er
e
lear
n
e
r
s
m
ig
h
t
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
v
ast
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
av
ail
ab
le
to
th
em
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
,
c
o
u
p
led
with
th
e
s
tr
e
s
s
o
r
s
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tia
lly
lead
to
an
x
iety
an
d
,
in
s
ev
e
r
e
ca
s
es,
ev
en
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ex
te
n
t
o
f
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
th
ei
r
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
s
.
W
h
ile
th
er
e
is
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
,
an
x
iety
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
g
ap
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
Ma
lay
s
ian
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
,
an
d
th
er
e
is
a
s
c
ar
city
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
f
ac
e
d
b
y
o
n
li
n
e
lear
n
e
r
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
ality
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
,
a
n
x
iety
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
with
in
t
h
e
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
r
e
m
ain
s
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
th
eo
r
etica
lly
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
is
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
g
a
p
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
co
llectiv
ely
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
ei
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
m
en
tal
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
.
E
m
p
ir
ically
,
th
er
e
is
a
d
ea
r
th
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
an
x
iety
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
.
E
x
is
t
in
g
r
esear
ch
o
f
ten
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
o
n
e
o
r
two
o
f
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
is
o
latio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
r
a
g
m
en
ted
in
s
ig
h
ts
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
g
a
p
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
es
all
th
ese
v
a
r
iab
les
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
ca
n
g
u
id
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
a
n
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
tailo
r
in
g
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
Ma
lay
s
ian
o
n
lin
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ca
n
en
h
an
c
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
u
s
f
illi
n
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
em
p
ir
ical
g
ap
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e.
3.
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
CA
L
F
RAM
E
WO
RK
AND
H
YP
O
T
H
E
S
I
S DEV
E
L
O
P
M
E
N
T
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
d
elin
ea
tin
g
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
a
n
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
er
iv
es
its
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
r
i
o
r
r
esear
ch
,
d
etailed
ex
te
n
s
iv
ely
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t sectio
n
s
.
W
it
h
in
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
s
ix
h
y
p
o
th
eses
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
r
m
u
lated
,
ea
ch
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
em
p
h
asize
th
at
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
r
ath
er
th
a
n
ca
u
s
atio
n
.
3
.
1
.
I
nfo
r
m
a
t
io
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
h
as
s
p
ar
k
ed
d
iv
er
g
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
with
in
s
ch
o
lar
ly
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
r
eg
ar
d
it
as
a
p
r
ess
in
g
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ch
allen
g
e,
o
th
e
r
s
d
is
m
is
s
it
s
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
,
d
esp
ite
its
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
as
a
p
iv
o
tal
f
ac
to
r
in
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
s
u
ch
as
s
cien
ce
,
m
ed
icin
e
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
o
liti
cs,
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
,
b
u
s
in
ess
,
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
s
m
ar
t
city
p
lan
n
in
g
,
ac
c
ess
to
n
ews,
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
h
o
m
e
life
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
ag
e,
a
n
d
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
etr
im
e
n
tal
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
tate
wh
er
ein
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
p
e
r
ce
iv
e
th
em
s
elv
es
in
u
n
d
ated
with
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
h
in
d
er
in
g
th
eir
task
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
p
r
esen
ts
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
ch
allen
g
es,
o
f
ten
a
r
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
in
tr
in
s
ic
an
d
ex
tr
in
s
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
ttrib
u
tes,
ill
-
d
ef
in
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
,
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
,
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
ac
ities
,
an
d
task
co
m
p
le
x
ity
[
1
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
fo
r
ma
tio
n
o
ve
r
lo
a
d
,
a
n
xiety
,
s
tr
es
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f o
n
li
n
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
…
(
Mo
h
a
ma
d
N
o
o
r
ma
n
Ma
s
r
ek
)
3707
Fig
u
r
e
1.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
C
r
u
cially
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
m
er
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
o
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
ca
p
ac
ity
[
1
9
]
.
Hu
m
a
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
p
r
o
p
en
s
ity
to
s
ee
k
an
d
s
h
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
l
m
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
a
v
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y
im
p
ac
ts
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
in
o
n
lin
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
r
esear
c
h
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
lin
k
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
to
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ess
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
b
o
th
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als alik
e
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
2
.
Str
ess
Stre
s
s
,
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
co
n
ce
p
t,
v
ar
ies
wid
ely
am
o
n
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als
b
ased
o
n
d
is
tin
ct
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
o
f
s
tr
ess
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
Han
s
Sely
e,
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
alize
s
it
as
th
e
n
o
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
to
an
y
d
em
a
n
d
.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
,
s
tr
ess
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
th
e
“
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
r
ea
t,
lea
d
in
g
to
an
x
iety
,
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t,
em
o
tio
n
al
ten
s
io
n
,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
.
”
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
y
r
iad
f
ac
t
o
r
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
s
tr
ess
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
p
r
o
m
in
en
tly
.
S
tu
d
y
by
Gar
d
an
i
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
d
elv
ed
i
n
to
th
e
is
s
u
e
b
y
s
u
r
v
ey
in
g
1
0
,
0
0
0
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
a
m
ajo
r
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
(
US)
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
v
alid
ated
a
two
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
c
y
b
er
-
b
ased
an
d
p
lace
-
b
ased
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
s
tim
u
latio
n
.
No
tab
l
y
,
h
ig
h
er
le
v
els
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
cy
b
er
-
b
ased
o
v
er
lo
a
d
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lin
k
ed
to
elev
ated
s
tr
ess
lev
el
s
,
p
o
o
r
er
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
tim
e
s
p
en
t o
n
co
n
tem
p
lativ
e
a
ctiv
ities
.
Similar
p
atter
n
s
em
er
g
ed
i
n
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Nd
u
m
u
[
2
5
]
,
wh
o
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
B
lack
im
m
ig
r
a
n
t
s
in
th
e
U
n
ited
S
tates
.
Par
tici
p
an
ts
d
escr
ib
ed
f
ee
lin
g
o
v
er
wh
elm
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
v
ast,
d
is
p
er
s
ed
n
atu
r
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
in
tr
icate
US
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
R
esear
ch
by
Misra
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
ex
ten
d
e
d
th
is
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
to
em
er
g
en
cy
m
an
ag
er
s
,
f
in
d
i
n
g
a
d
ir
ec
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
e
n
p
er
ce
iv
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
f
r
o
m
d
i
g
ital
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
h
e
ig
h
ten
ed
s
tr
ess
lev
els.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
u
n
d
er
to
o
k
a
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
C
h
in
ese
ad
u
lts
[
2
7
]
,
s
p
ec
if
ica
lly
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
its
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
a
n
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
ttra
u
m
atic
s
tr
ess
d
is
o
r
d
er
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
co
m
p
ellin
g
ev
id
en
ce
:
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
h
ei
g
h
ten
ed
an
x
iety
,
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
p
o
s
ttra
u
m
atic
s
tr
ess
d
i
s
o
r
d
er
am
o
n
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
als.
B
u
ild
in
g
u
p
o
n
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esizes
: T
h
er
e
is
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
a
n
d
s
tr
ess
(
H1
)
.
3.
3
.
Anx
iet
y
An
x
iety
,
a
co
m
p
lex
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tate
in
ter
lin
k
ed
with
f
ea
r
,
m
an
if
ests
as
a
f
o
r
war
d
-
lo
o
k
in
g
m
o
o
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
i
n
tr
icate
co
g
n
itiv
e,
af
f
ec
tiv
e,
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
I
t
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
ticip
atio
n
o
f
t
h
r
ea
ten
in
g
ev
en
ts
o
r
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
2
8
]
.
R
ese
ar
ch
by
Xi
[
2
9
]
d
ef
in
ed
an
x
iety
as
a
d
is
co
n
ce
r
tin
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
s
en
s
atio
n
,
em
e
r
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
-
ad
a
p
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
en
tal
r
ea
ctio
n
s
tr
ig
g
er
e
d
b
y
in
tr
u
s
iv
e
th
o
u
g
h
ts
ab
o
u
t
an
u
n
ce
r
tain
f
u
tu
r
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
an
x
iety
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
.
M
atth
es
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
b
ed
m
o
b
ile
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
q
u
alitativ
e
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
al
in
q
u
ir
y
with
n
in
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
er
s
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
f
iv
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
v
ar
y
in
g
le
v
els
o
f
an
x
iety
d
u
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
an
x
iety
was
two
f
o
ld
:
o
n
e
f
ac
et
ar
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
an
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
in
v
o
lv
ed
an
x
io
u
s
waitin
g
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ex
p
ec
ted
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
Xu
a
n
d
Yan
[
2
3
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tate
an
x
iety
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
o
u
tin
e
e
p
id
em
ic
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
eir
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
l
v
ed
8
4
7
C
h
in
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
an
d
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
tate
an
x
iety
le
v
els.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
r
is
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
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t
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c
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Vo
l
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13
,
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6
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er
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p
er
ce
p
tio
n
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
p
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Hu
an
g
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
an
in
v
esti
g
a
tio
n
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
co
r
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elatio
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b
etwe
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v
id
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als
'
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ce
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tio
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o
f
in
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o
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m
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f
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x
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d
th
eir
ten
d
en
cy
t
o
s
h
ar
e
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n
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er
if
ie
d
i
n
f
o
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m
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n
o
n
th
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
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a
p
latf
o
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m
W
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at.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
eir
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
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ey
co
n
d
u
cted
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C
h
in
a,
wh
ich
h
ad
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
5
2
5
p
ar
ticip
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ts
,
in
d
icate
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
er
ce
iv
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
ten
d
en
c
y
to
s
h
ar
e
u
n
v
er
if
ied
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
an
x
iety
h
ad
a
p
ar
tly
m
ed
iatio
n
r
o
le
in
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
by
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
wo
r
k
p
lace
a
n
x
iety
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
en
ter
p
r
is
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
(
E
SM)
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
(
E
SM)
p
latf
o
r
m
s
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
'
lev
els
o
f
an
x
iety
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
o
r
-
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ate
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
lin
k
s
o
n
E
SM
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
t
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
wh
er
ea
s
ex
p
r
e
s
s
iv
e
ties
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
w
o
r
k
p
lace
a
n
x
iety
.
Dr
awin
g
f
r
o
m
th
ese
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
s
its
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
: T
h
er
e
is
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
a
n
d
an
x
iety
(
H2
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
n
za
r
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
,
h
i
g
h
lev
els
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
o
f
t
en
co
ex
is
t,
with
s
tr
ess
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
p
r
ec
e
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
x
iety
.
L
i
an
d
Hass
o
n
[
3
3
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
7
1
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alizin
g
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
o
ci
al
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
a
n
d
estab
lis
h
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
lev
els.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
ited
elev
ated
l
ev
els
o
f
b
o
th
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
,
with
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
v
ar
iab
les.
I
n
a
s
im
ilar
v
ei
n
,
Ah
m
ad
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
9
0
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
ar
ts
,
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
co
m
m
er
ce
s
tr
ea
m
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
i
ety
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
e
x
a
m
-
r
elate
d
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
o
f
a
n
x
iety
.
Xi
[
2
9
]
d
elv
ed
in
t
o
th
e
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
tr
ess
lev
els
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Me
d
icin
e,
ex
am
in
i
n
g
its
lin
k
s
to
an
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
d
h
e
alth
-
r
elate
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
(
Qo
L
)
am
o
n
g
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
5
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ed
ical
f
ield
s
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
h
eig
h
te
n
ed
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
s
tr
ess
lev
els
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
e
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
an
x
iety
an
d
lo
wer
o
v
er
all
Qo
L
.
On
iev
a
-
Z
af
r
a
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
an
x
iet
y
,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
clin
ical
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
9
0
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
C
iu
d
ad
R
ea
l
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
Sp
ain
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
a
m
o
d
er
ate
le
v
el
o
f
s
tr
ess
am
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
o
r
r
el
atio
n
with
an
x
iety
.
Ma
n
za
r
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
2
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
s
p
an
n
in
g
th
r
ee
m
o
n
th
s
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
4
7
5
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
i
g
h
er
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
s
tr
ess
lev
els,
alo
n
g
with
c
o
m
o
r
b
id
in
s
o
m
n
ia,
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
elev
ate
d
an
x
iety
le
v
els.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
in
s
o
m
n
ia
a
p
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
m
ed
iate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
i
n
th
is
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
.
Dr
awin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
llectiv
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
: T
h
er
e
is
an
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
(
H3
)
.
3.
4
.
Depre
s
s
io
n
T
h
e
ter
m
“
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
”
f
in
d
s
i
ts
o
r
ig
in
s
in
th
e
L
atin
wo
r
d
“
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
”
,
m
ea
n
in
g
s
in
k
in
g
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
a
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
ien
t
l
o
w
m
o
o
d
s
in
e
v
er
y
d
ay
life
to
a
clin
ical
s
y
n
d
r
o
m
e
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
e
an
d
en
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
d
is
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
al
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tates
[
3
6
]
.
E
m
er
g
in
g
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
a
co
m
p
ellin
g
lin
k
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
I
n
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
,
Ma
tth
e
s
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
m
o
b
ile
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
s
ite
(
SNS)
u
s
e,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ei
n
g
.
T
h
ei
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
b
ased
o
n
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
6
1
ad
u
lts
,
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
Yo
u
T
u
b
e
u
s
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ally
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
.
I
n
te
r
esti
n
g
ly
,
W
h
at
s
Ap
p
an
d
Sn
a
p
ch
at
u
s
e
le
d
t
o
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
s
p
ec
if
ically
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
wh
ile
Face
b
o
o
k
a
n
d
I
n
s
tag
r
am
u
s
ag
e
s
h
o
wed
n
o
s
u
ch
im
p
ac
t.
No
ta
b
ly
,
p
e
r
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
p
r
ed
ic
ted
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
Fan
an
d
Sm
ith
[
9
]
d
elv
ed
in
to
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
19
-
r
el
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
o
n
well
-
b
ein
g
in
C
h
in
a.
Su
r
v
e
y
in
g
1
,
3
4
9
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
it
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
th
at
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
a
d
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
p
an
ic
wer
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
n
eg
ativ
e
well
-
b
ein
g
in
d
icato
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
s
tr
e
s
s
,
n
eg
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
r
ese
ar
ch
in
v
esti
g
ate
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
in
a
ctiv
e
Face
b
o
o
k
u
s
er
s
a
g
ed
1
8
to
3
4
i
n
B
an
g
k
o
k
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
h
eig
h
ten
ed
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
u
n
d
atio
n
co
r
r
elate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
ten
d
en
cies.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
s
o
cial
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
th
eo
r
y
an
d
tech
n
o
s
tr
ess
lite
r
atu
r
e,
Ma
tth
es
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
a
n
d
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
in
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
o
n
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
A
n
aly
zin
g
1
9
1
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
estab
lis
h
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
p
r
esen
ted
life
s
ty
le
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
s
h
ed
d
i
n
g
li
g
h
t
o
n
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
o
n
lin
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
e
m
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
cy
b
er
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
,
d
ep
r
es
s
io
n
,
an
d
an
x
iety
.
T
h
eir
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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,
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5
5
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ev
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led
a
p
o
s
itiv
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co
r
r
elatio
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b
etwe
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C
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n
tly
,
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
a
n
x
iety
p
ar
tially
m
ed
iat
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
an
d
c
y
b
er
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
wea
lth
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies,
it
is
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
to
ex
ten
d
th
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
to
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
u
t f
o
r
war
d
:
T
h
er
e
is
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
(
H4
)
.
T
h
e
in
tr
icate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
is
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
an
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
d
iv
er
s
e
life
ev
en
ts
a
n
d
m
ed
ical
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
[
3
8
]
.
N
o
tab
ly
,
s
tr
ess
ca
n
s
tem
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
ev
en
ts
lik
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
s
o
r
m
ar
r
iag
es,
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
ev
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
f
in
a
n
cial
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
r
b
er
ea
v
em
en
t,
wh
er
ea
s
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
is
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
u
n
welc
o
m
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
[
3
8
]
.
Das
an
d
Sah
o
o
’
s
s
tu
d
y
[
3
8
]
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
5
1
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
ev
ea
led
a
clea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tr
ess
lev
el
s
an
d
escalatin
g
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
b
o
th
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
illu
m
in
atin
g
th
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
y
[
3
9
]
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
1
,
1
2
0
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
T
a
m
il
Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
ad
o
lescen
ts
f
ac
i
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
wer
e
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
r
is
k
o
f
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
cr
itical
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
tr
ess
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
y
ea
r
s
.
E
x
ten
d
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
to
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
1
,
2
4
5
v
eter
in
ar
y
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
No
r
th
A
m
er
ica
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
lev
els
am
o
n
g
v
eter
i
n
ar
y
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
u
t
also
r
ev
ea
le
d
a
d
is
tin
ct
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
with
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ex
p
er
i
en
cin
g
elev
ate
d
lev
els
o
f
b
o
t
h
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
em
a
n
d
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
f
ield
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic,
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
d
elv
ed
in
to
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
C
h
in
a.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
n
o
t
o
n
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lin
k
b
etwe
en
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
b
u
t
also
id
e
n
tifie
d
in
s
o
m
n
ia
as
a
cr
u
cial
m
ed
i
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
in
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
in
tr
icate
i
n
ter
p
l
ay
o
f
s
tr
ess
,
in
s
o
m
n
ia,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
e
n
ted
g
lo
b
al
ev
en
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
is
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
: T
h
er
e
is
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
(
H5
)
.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
p
s
y
ch
iatr
ic
illn
ess
es,
an
x
iety
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
iv
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
s
tan
d
as
p
r
ev
alen
t
an
d
in
ter
r
elate
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
f
ten
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
a
n
d
f
allin
g
with
i
n
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
in
te
r
n
alizin
g
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
s
,
as
ass
er
ted
b
y
Kalin
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
an
x
iety
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tiated
b
y
p
ast
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
was
a
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
at
elu
cid
atin
g
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
a
n
d
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
o
f
an
x
iety
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Kin
g
Ab
d
u
lazi
z
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
J
ed
d
ah
,
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
i
a
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
5
0
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
e
v
ea
led
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iety
.
N
o
tab
ly
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
em
er
g
ed
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
a
n
x
iety
,
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
in
tr
icate
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
th
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
a
s
tu
d
y
[
4
4
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
r
ec
ed
i
n
g
an
x
iety
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
av
o
id
an
ce
as
a
m
e
d
iato
r
an
d
tr
au
m
a
as
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
els,
th
eir
r
esear
ch
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
a
n
x
iety
p
r
ed
i
cted
later
d
e
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
with
av
o
id
an
ce
p
a
r
tially
m
ed
iatin
g
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
h
o
w
an
x
iety
m
ig
h
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
av
o
id
an
ce
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
u
n
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
tr
au
m
a.
E
x
am
in
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
Sh
ek
et
a
l
.
[
4
5
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
an
x
iety
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
ality
in
d
ex
ed
b
y
life
m
ea
n
in
g
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
af
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
an
x
iety
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
ed
icted
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
tim
e
p
o
in
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
eir
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es
in
d
icate
d
th
at
life
m
ea
n
in
g
s
er
v
e
d
as
a
m
o
d
er
ato
r
,
tem
p
er
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
an
x
iety
o
n
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
is
n
u
an
ce
d
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
u
n
d
er
l
in
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
p
ir
itu
ality
in
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
t o
f
a
n
x
ie
ty
o
n
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
W
en
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
d
elv
ed
i
n
to
t
h
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
s
o
f
s
leep
q
u
ality
an
d
Qo
L
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
an
x
iety
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
ese
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
eir
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
2
,
7
5
7
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
illu
m
in
ated
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
at
p
lay
.
An
x
iety
,
th
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
,
e
x
er
te
d
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
with
s
leep
q
u
ality
an
d
Qo
L
a
ctin
g
as
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
m
ed
iato
r
s
an
d
,
in
tr
ig
u
in
g
ly
,
as
ch
ain
m
e
d
iato
r
s
in
t
h
e
an
x
i
ety
-
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
Dr
awin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
r
ich
b
o
d
y
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
p
o
s
its
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
: T
h
er
e
is
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
an
x
iety
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
(
H6
)
.
4.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
4
.
1
.
P
a
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ased
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ef
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Sin
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ti
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h
e
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lo
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d
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l
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p
e
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f
o
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d
d
e
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ei
g
h
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item
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ad
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,
d
r
awn
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r
o
m
p
r
io
r
w
o
r
k
b
y
Ma
s
r
ek
et
a
l.
[
4
7
]
.
Prio
r
t
o
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
,
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
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er
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r
ig
o
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s
ev
alu
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.
I
n
itially
,
th
ey
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e
p
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test
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y
two
ex
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ien
ce
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ac
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cian
s
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h
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in
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th
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m
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th
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tu
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4
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3
.
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t
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tu
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ata
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co
n
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u
cted
u
s
in
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SP
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v
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2
4
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0
.
C
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ir
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ex
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is
ty
p
ically
r
elies
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n
ap
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m
eth
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s
[
4
8
]
.
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n
th
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Sm
ar
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3
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2
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9
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PLS
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esis
test
in
g
[
4
9
]
.
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h
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s
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f
PLS
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SEM
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r
ec
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m
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d
co
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ased
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latio
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s
[
5
0
]
.
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ize,
So
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ize
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r
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tili
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d
[
5
1
]
,
in
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ir
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2
8
8
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tly
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tu
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m
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ize
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ee
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f
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icien
t t
o
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n
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ct
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h
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en
tial a
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aly
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5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
5
.
1
.
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mm
o
n m
e
t
ho
d bia
s
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
to
s
ee
Har
m
a
n
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s
s
in
g
le
-
f
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to
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s
co
r
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ein
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s
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to
test
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m
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h
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b
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as
(
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MB
)
.
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m
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test
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f
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s
(
m
ea
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in
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ar
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les)
is
lo
a
d
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in
to
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m
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th
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g
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ests
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at
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r
th
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y
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m
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aly
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is
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tr
ain
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ly
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s
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e
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at
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o
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ly
3
1
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ess
th
an
th
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f
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th
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ce
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in
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th
at
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m
m
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n
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eth
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d
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iasn
ess
was n
o
t a
lik
ely
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n
tam
in
a
n
t o
f
th
e
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ch
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5
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2
.
De
m
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g
r
a
ph
ic
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f
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t
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2
4
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e
r
e
f
e
m
a
l
e
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t
h
e
r
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m
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r
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.
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r
g
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5
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6
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5
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,
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h
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1
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s
t
h
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m
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ll
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at
0
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5
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0
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o
R
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1
0
,
0
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0
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0
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.
T
h
e
c
a
t
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g
o
r
y
w
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t
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t
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l
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t
r
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p
r
e
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n
t
a
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t
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m
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a
m
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n
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o
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M
1
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0
0
0
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0
0
,
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
1
6
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
(
4
.
2
%
)
.
I
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
f
a
m
i
l
y
s
i
ze
,
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
d
o
f
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
s
w
i
t
h
f
o
u
r
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
,
t
o
t
al
in
g
2
4
1
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
(
6
2
.
8
%
)
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
e
l
y
,
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s
w
i
t
h
f
ew
e
r
t
h
a
n
f
o
u
r
m
e
m
b
er
s
c
o
n
s
ti
t
u
t
e
d
1
4
3
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
(
3
7
.
2
%
)
.
5
.
3
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
v
a
r
iab
le
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
in
d
icate
th
ei
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
2
.
8
6
o
u
t
o
f
5
.
0
p
o
in
ts
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
1
.
1
1
8
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
ly
c
o
n
cu
r
r
ed
with
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
a
n
ex
c
ess
iv
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
ex
is
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
em
to
d
is
ce
r
n
wh
at
c
o
n
s
titu
tes
ac
cu
r
ate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
fo
r
ma
tio
n
o
ve
r
lo
a
d
,
a
n
xiety
,
s
tr
es
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f o
n
li
n
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
…
(
Mo
h
a
ma
d
N
o
o
r
ma
n
Ma
s
r
ek
)
3711
an
d
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
an
x
iety
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
2
.
7
5
an
d
2
.
7
4
o
u
t
o
f
5
.
0
p
o
in
ts
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
f
1
.
1
0
8
an
d
1
.
3
0
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
s
o
m
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
h
ig
h
er
a
n
x
iety
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
lev
els
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
lo
wer
lev
els.
As
f
ar
as
s
tr
ess
is
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
,
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
m
ea
n
s
ar
e
2
.
5
8
.
R
esp
o
n
s
es
v
ar
ied
am
o
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
1
.
1
0
1
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
s
o
m
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
h
ig
h
er
s
tr
ess
lev
els
wh
i
le
o
th
er
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
lo
wer
lev
els.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
2
.
8
6
1
.
1
1
8
S
t
r
e
ss
2
.
5
8
1
.
1
0
1
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
2
.
7
5
1
.
1
0
8
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
2
.
7
4
1
.
3
0
7
5
.
4
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
ed
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
,
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
,
an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
.
Sar
s
ted
t
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
u
g
g
ested
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
8
o
r
g
r
ea
te
r
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
ass
ess
in
d
icato
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
5
3
]
–
[
5
5
]
,
l
o
ad
in
g
v
alu
es
m
o
r
e
th
an
0
.
7
,
0
.
6
,
0
.
5
,
an
d
0
.
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
ese
lo
ad
in
g
v
alu
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
ted
b
y
o
th
e
r
ite
m
s
th
at
ex
h
ib
it
h
i
g
h
lo
a
d
in
g
s
co
r
es,
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
AVE
an
d
C
R
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
e
C
R
an
d
AVE
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
ar
e
0
.
7
an
d
0
.
5
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ly
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
th
at
all
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
cr
iter
ia
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
atis
f
ied
,
h
en
ce
im
p
ly
in
g
th
a
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
h
a
s
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
ass
es
s
m
en
t is d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
ich
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
Sm
ar
t
PLS r
esu
lt.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
at,
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Hete
r
o
tr
ait
-
Mo
n
o
tr
ait
r
atio
o
f
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
(
HT
MT
)
,
as
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
y
Sar
s
ted
t
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
it
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
all
th
e
HT
MT
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
c
h
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
f
ell
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
es
o
f
0
.
9
0
[
5
6
]
an
d
0
.
8
5
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
t
h
e
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
alid
ity
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
o
f
ea
ch
cr
iter
io
n
,
as in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
3
,
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiates th
e
ass
er
tio
n
o
f
d
is
cr
im
in
atin
g
v
alid
ity
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
2
.
Facto
r
l
o
ad
in
g
,
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
av
e
r
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
I
t
e
m
I
t
e
ms
c
o
d
e
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
CR
AVE
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
0
.
7
7
7
0
.
7
6
3
0
.
8
1
0
0
.
7
4
8
0
.
8
3
7
0
.
8
1
7
0
.
9
1
0
0
.
6
2
9
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
0
.
7
0
7
0
.
6
8
0
0
.
8
2
1
0
.
8
6
6
0
.
8
2
7
0
.
8
1
4
0
.
9
0
7
0
.
6
2
2
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
I
O
1
I
O
2
I
O
3
I
O
4
I
O
5
I
O
6
I
O
7
I
O
8
0
.
7
2
3
0
.
7
5
3
0
.
7
7
0
0
.
7
6
8
0
.
6
7
3
0
.
7
3
8
0
.
6
7
8
0
.
7
2
0
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
5
3
1
S
t
r
e
ss
S3
S4
S5
0
.
8
7
9
0
.
8
5
5
0
.
8
6
1
0
.
8
9
9
0
.
7
4
9
T
ab
le
3.
HT
MT
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
S
t
r
e
ss
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
0
.
8
5
5
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
0
.
5
6
0
0
.
4
8
6
S
t
r
e
ss
0
.
8
8
3
0
.
8
3
1
0
.
5
9
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
7
0
5
-
3
7
1
6
3712
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Sm
ar
tPLS
o
u
t
p
u
t o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
5
.
5
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
ab
le
4
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
at
h
an
al
y
s
is
,
VI
F,
f
2
,
R2
,
an
d
Q2
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
was
ev
alu
ated
to
d
eter
m
in
e
if
th
er
e
is
a
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
is
s
u
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
m
u
s
t
b
e
at
a
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
v
alu
e
o
f
VI
F
<5
.
0
[
1
3
]
o
r
VI
F
<3
.
3
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
n
o
t
h
a
v
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
as
all
VI
F
v
alu
es
ar
e
well
b
elo
w
3
.
3
.
T
h
e
r
u
le
u
s
ed
t
o
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
r
esu
lts
is
:
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
wh
en
p
<0
.
0
0
1
(
t>1
.
6
4
5
)
o
r
p
<0
.
0
5
(
t>
1
.
9
6
)
o
r
p
<0
.
0
0
1
(
t>2
.
5
8
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
all
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t step
in
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
to
ass
ess
th
e
lev
el
o
f
R
2
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
5
8
]
also
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
e
o
f
R
2
,
wh
er
e
0
.
2
6
,
0
.
1
3
,
0
.
0
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
ar
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
as
s
u
b
s
tan
tial,
m
o
d
er
ate
,
an
d
wea
k
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
R
2
i
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
0
.
5
9
2
(
s
u
b
s
tan
tial)
,
0
.
6
1
6
(
s
u
b
s
tan
tia
l)
,
an
d
0
.
2
6
2
(
m
o
d
er
ate)
.
T
h
e
b
lin
d
f
o
ld
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
as
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
D
=
7
d
is
tan
ce
o
m
is
s
io
n
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
r
elev
an
ce
Q
2
f
o
r
s
tr
es
s
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
ar
e
0
.
2
3
8
,
0
.
1
7
6
an
d
0
.
2
5
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
Q
2
v
alu
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ab
o
v
e
ze
r
o
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
an
ce
b
ased
o
n
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
(
en
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct)
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
Sar
s
ted
t
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
to
ass
ess
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
ec
t size
(
f
2
)
u
s
in
g
ef
f
ec
t size
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
C
o
h
en
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
e
f
2
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
is
to
id
en
tify
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
o
f
p
r
e
d
ato
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
n
an
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
5
2
]
,
[
5
8
]
.
As
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
by
C
o
h
e
n
[
5
8
]
,
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
(
f
2
)
v
alu
es,
0
.
3
5
,
0
.
1
5
,
an
d
0
.
0
2
ar
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
lar
g
e,
m
ed
iu
m
,
an
d
s
m
all
with
r
eg
ar
d
t
o
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize.
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
is
eith
er
s
m
all,
m
ed
iu
m
,
o
r
l
ar
g
e
f
o
r
all
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ex
ce
p
t
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
wh
ich
h
as
n
o
ef
f
ec
t.
T
ab
le
4.
R
esu
lts
o
f
p
ath
a
n
aly
s
is
,
VI
F,
f
2
, R
2
,
an
d
Q
2
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
samp
l
e
(
O
)
S
a
mp
l
e
mea
n
(
M
)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
TD
EV
)
T
v
a
l
u
e
s
P
v
a
l
u
e
s
V
I
F
f
2
R
2
Q
2
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
-
>
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
0
.
4
9
3
0
.
4
9
5
0
.
0
5
2
9
.
4
8
8
0
.
0
0
0
2
.
4
5
3
0
.
2
5
8
0
.
5
9
2
0
.
2
3
8
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
-
>
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
0
.
1
4
7
0
.
1
4
9
0
.
0
4
6
3
.
1
8
8
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
3
5
5
0
.
0
3
9
0
.
6
1
6
0
.
1
7
6
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
-
>
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
0
.
0
1
3
0
.
0
1
3
0
.
0
4
2
0
.
3
0
4
0
.
7
6
1
1
.
4
0
8
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
2
6
2
0
.
2
5
4
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
-
>
S
t
r
e
ss
0
.
5
1
2
0
.
5
1
6
0
.
0
4
1
1
2
.
3
8
1
0
.
0
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
0
.
3
5
5
S
t
r
e
ss
-
>
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
0
.
6
8
4
0
.
6
8
2
0
.
0
3
8
1
8
.
0
1
3
0
.
0
0
0
1
.
3
5
5
0
.
8
4
6
S
t
r
e
ss
-
>
D
e
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
0
.
3
3
5
0
.
3
3
4
0
.
0
5
1
6
.
5
7
1
0
.
0
0
0
2
.
5
0
1
0
.
1
1
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
fo
r
ma
tio
n
o
ve
r
lo
a
d
,
a
n
xiety
,
s
tr
es
s
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f o
n
li
n
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
…
(
Mo
h
a
ma
d
N
o
o
r
ma
n
Ma
s
r
ek
)
3713
6.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
6
.
1
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n r
ela
t
ed
t
o
RQ
1
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
t
a
s
tr
ik
in
g
d
e
p
ar
tu
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
tr
e
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
to
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
p
as
t
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
4
4
]
–
[
4
6
]
,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
er
s
,
d
id
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
s
ig
n
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
o
r
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
is
d
ev
iatio
n
r
aises
in
tr
ig
u
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
a
d
ee
p
er
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
t
o
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
at
p
l
ay
.
On
e
p
o
ten
tial
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
is
d
ev
iatio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
p
u
r
s
u
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
U
n
lik
e
m
a
n
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
r
o
lled
i
n
m
ed
ical
o
r
h
ea
lt
h
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
n
o
n
-
m
ed
ical
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
i
n
h
er
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
m
ed
ical
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
wid
ely
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
f
o
r
t
h
eir
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
d
e
m
an
d
s
an
d
in
ten
s
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
it
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
b
le
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
u
ch
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
ten
g
r
ap
p
le
with
v
ar
y
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
l
o
ad
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
o
r
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
eir
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
s
tak
es in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
ir
s
tu
d
ies.
An
o
th
er
co
m
p
ellin
g
f
ac
to
r
to
co
n
s
id
er
is
th
e
tim
in
g
o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
th
e
cited
s
tu
d
ies.
Ma
n
y
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
g
ath
er
ed
d
ata
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic
wh
e
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
in
th
eir
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
U
n
d
e
r
s
u
c
h
c
i
r
c
u
m
s
t
a
n
c
es
,
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
w
it
h
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
k
el
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
o
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
,
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
to
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
d
l
e
v
e
ls
o
f
s
t
r
es
s
,
a
n
x
i
e
t
y
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
ess
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
l
l
e
ct
e
d
d
a
t
a
w
h
en
t
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
t
r
i
c
ti
o
n
s
h
a
d
e
a
s
e
d
,
a
ll
o
w
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
v
it
i
es
.
T
h
is
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
c
i
r
c
u
m
s
ta
n
c
e
s
m
i
g
h
t
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
w
h
y
o
u
r
p
a
r
t
ic
i
p
a
n
ts
d
i
d
n
o
t
e
x
h
i
b
i
t
s
i
g
n
s
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
,
s
t
r
e
s
s
,
a
n
x
i
et
y
,
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
ct
io
n
p
e
r
i
o
d
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
a
ct
o
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
-
r
e
l
at
e
d
r
e
s
t
r
i
ct
i
o
n
s
,
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
'
m
e
n
t
al
w
e
l
l
-
b
ei
n
g
,
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
zi
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
u
a
l
f
a
ct
o
r
s
i
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
6
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n r
ela
t
ed
t
o
RQ
2
I
n
tr
ig
u
in
g
ly
,
d
esp
ite
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
t
lear
n
e
r
s
,
u
n
v
eiled
in
tr
ig
u
i
n
g
ass
o
ci
atio
n
s
with
in
th
ese
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
d
o
m
ain
s
.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
s
tr
ess
,
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
an
x
iety
,
as
well
as
b
etwe
en
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
a
n
d
b
etwe
en
an
x
i
ety
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
.
R
em
ar
k
ab
ly
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ec
h
o
th
e
p
atter
n
s
id
e
n
tifie
d
in
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
ea
r
l
ier
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
ese
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
ev
iatin
g
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
estab
lis
h
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
t
lear
n
er
s
.
O
n
e
p
la
u
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
o
u
tco
m
e
co
u
l
d
lie
in
th
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
co
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
lea
r
n
er
s
.
I
t
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
t
lear
n
er
s
h
av
e
a
d
ep
tly
d
ev
is
ed
c
o
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
i
es
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
t
h
e
r
ea
l
m
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies,
wh
ich
m
ay
en
co
m
p
ass
s
elec
tiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
r
ef
i
n
ed
tim
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
s
ee
m
to
h
av
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
n
eu
tr
alize
d
th
e
d
etr
im
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
o
n
th
eir
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
r
esil
ien
ce
h
as
led
t
o
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
d
i
s
c
e
r
n
i
b
l
e
li
n
k
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
,
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
i
n
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
th
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
g
i
ta
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
l
a
n
d
s
ca
p
e
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
to
th
ese
co
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
th
eir
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
a
m
o
n
g
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
t le
ar
n
er
s
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
o
ld
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
ac
ad
em
ic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
u
n
c
o
v
e
r
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
i
n
ter
p
lay
b
et
wee
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
am
o
n
g
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
t
lear
n
er
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
en
r
ich
es
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
id
e
n
tifie
d
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
s
tr
ess
,
as
well
as
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
an
x
iety
,
o
f
f
er
v
a
lu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Un
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
p
i
v
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
s
tr
ess
an
d
an
x
iety
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
f
o
s
te
r
a
m
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
civ
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Ad
d
it
io
n
ally
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
lear
n
e
r
s
’
ad
ep
t
co
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
t
le
ar
n
er
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
ests
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
ad
a
p
tiv
e
s
k
ills
with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
ex
ten
d
to
th
e
p
o
licy
-
m
a
k
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
As
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
co
n
t
in
u
e
to
ex
p
a
n
d
g
lo
b
ally
,
p
r
i
o
r
i
tizin
g
th
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
t
lear
n
er
s
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
h
o
lis
tic
s
tu
d
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
er
v
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
B
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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an
d
a
n
x
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tr
ig
g
e
r
s
r
elate
d
t
o
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
er
lo
a
d
,
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
d
esig
n
o
n
lin
e
c
u
r
r
icu
la
th
at
p
r
o
m
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te
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alan
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in
f
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d
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ed
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elm
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ex
p
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f
o
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.
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tu
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ely
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p
tu
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m
ea
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u
r
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r
ass
ess
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e
n
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
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d
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v
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r
s
s
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ld
co
n
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id
er
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teg
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eth
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d
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o
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5
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