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&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
9
2
3
-
3
9
3
4
3924
e
s
p
e
c
i
al
l
y
f
o
r
D
Ps
.
S
wa
i
n
[
1
3
]
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
s
t
h
a
t
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
ls
’
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
h
a
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
i
m
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
D
P
s
’
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
R
e
t
el
l
e
[
1
4
]
h
a
s
a
r
g
u
e
d
t
h
a
t
i
t
i
s
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
D
P
s
wi
t
h
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
s
k
i
l
ls
,
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
ls
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
e
d
t
o
s
e
r
v
e
a
s
a
c
o
a
c
h
a
n
d
m
e
n
t
o
r
s
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
D
Ps
’
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
n
s
e
,
i
t
i
s
i
n
i
t
i
al
l
y
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
d
t
h
at
,
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
,
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
ls
h
a
v
e
a
d
i
r
e
c
t
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
n
f
l
u
en
c
e
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
D
P
s
’
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
d
e
p
u
t
i
es
,
a
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
w
i
l
l
b
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
p
i
n
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
I
n
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
b
o
t
h
p
a
r
ti
e
s
(
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
ls
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
D
Ps
)
,
a
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
e
n
a
c
t
m
en
t
t
h
e
o
r
y
(
M
E
T
)
is
w
i
d
e
l
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
y
i
ts
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
n
a
t
u
r
e
.
A
s
i
n
i
t
i
al
ly
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
,
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
i
s
a
h
e
l
p
in
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
w
o
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
to
a
s
s
is
t
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
,
an
d
s
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
i
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
i
l
ls
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
b
y
K
al
b
f
l
e
i
s
c
h
[
1
9
]
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
u
s
e
d
b
y
m
e
n
t
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
r
m
e
n
t
e
e
s
.
B
y
d
e
f
i
n
it
io
n
,
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
l
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
h
o
w
a
m
e
n
t
o
r
(
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
b
e
i
n
g
a
s
k
ill
f
u
l
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
wi
t
h
s
u
c
c
es
s
f
u
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
)
p
r
o
v
e
s
h
i
s
/
h
e
r
w
il
l
i
n
g
n
e
s
s
t
o
s
h
a
r
e
o
r
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
w
it
h
t
h
o
s
e
wi
t
h
l
e
s
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
t
o
t
r
a
i
n
t
h
e
m
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
m
e
n
te
e
o
r
p
r
o
t
é
g
é
i
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
l
es
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
b
u
t
w
i
l
l
i
n
g
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
a
n
d
t
o
b
e
m
e
n
t
o
r
e
d
b
y
o
t
h
e
r
p
a
r
t
i
e
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
s
u
c
c
es
s
f
u
l
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
i
t
w
as
as
s
u
m
e
d
t
h
at
th
e
m
e
n
t
o
r
a
n
d
m
e
n
t
e
e
h
a
v
e
a
c
l
o
s
e
r
e
la
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
o
r
f
o
r
m
a
l
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
d
e
p
i
c
t
s
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
l
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
M
E
T
’
s
m
o
d
e
l
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
m
e
n
t
o
r
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
h
r
e
e
m
a
j
o
r
a
s
p
e
c
ts
:
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
,
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
,
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
ti
t
u
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
m
e
n
t
o
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
g
ap
in
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
h
o
w
DPs
wer
e
in
itially
g
u
id
ed
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ally
m
en
to
r
e
d
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
DPs
'
in
itial
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
lack
o
f
s
u
itab
le
item
s
o
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
t
h
at
ex
a
m
in
e
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
h
o
w
p
r
in
cip
als
g
u
id
e
t
h
eir
DPs
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
l
ay
er
lead
e
r
an
d
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
(
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
a
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
v
er
s
io
n
)
is
cr
itically
d
eb
ate
d
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
ad
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
r
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
p
r
in
ci
p
als
an
d
DPs
ar
e
m
o
s
tly
b
ased
o
n
a
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
with
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
an
y
s
tan
d
a
r
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
en
t
o
r
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
d
ate,
w
e
s
till
lack
item
s
o
r
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
th
at
can
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
m
en
to
r
i
n
g
b
etwe
en
p
r
in
cip
als
an
d
th
eir
d
ep
u
ties
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
in
ten
d
in
g
to
f
ill
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
ap
in
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
a
n
ce
an
d
m
en
t
o
r
in
g
with
th
eir
DPs
o
r
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
en
to
r
in
g
b
etwe
en
p
r
i
n
cip
als
an
d
th
eir
DPs
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
d
v
alid
ate
an
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
f
o
r
p
r
in
cip
al
-
d
ep
u
ty
p
r
in
cip
als'
in
f
o
r
m
al
m
en
to
r
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
tex
t.
Un
d
o
u
b
te
d
ly
,
th
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
m
an
y
ess
en
tial
p
o
in
ts
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
First,
n
o
t
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
d
e
p
u
ty
p
r
in
cip
als
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
Ma
n
y
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
es
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
p
r
in
cip
als
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
Seco
n
d
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
o
lv
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
en
to
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ch
o
o
l
lea
d
er
s
:
th
u
s
,
m
an
y
h
av
e
n
e
g
lec
ted
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
tr
u
s
t
b
etwe
en
p
r
in
ci
p
als
with
th
eir
s
ec
o
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
h
ier
ar
ch
y
wh
ich
is
th
e
d
ep
u
ty
p
r
in
cip
als.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
h
o
w
d
ep
u
t
y
p
r
in
cip
als we
r
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
a
n
d
n
u
r
tu
r
ed
b
y
th
eir
p
r
in
cip
als
as
p
ar
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
al
co
n
tin
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ies
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al
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ip
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o
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o
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th
e
p
r
in
cip
alsh
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itio
n
wh
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i
n
s
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k
n
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g
e
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d
s
k
ills
in
lead
in
g
t
h
eir
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
I
n
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
d
e
p
u
t
i
e
s
’
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
e
d
i
t
e
m
s
,
a
t
o
ta
l
o
f
318
D
P
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
w
e
r
e
a
s
k
e
d
t
o
c
o
m
p
l
et
e
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
O
f
t
h
e
s
e
,
1
2
6
(
3
9
.
6
%
)
d
e
p
u
t
i
es
w
e
r
e
m
a
l
e
a
n
d
1
9
2
f
e
m
a
l
es
(
6
0
.
4
%
)
.
I
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
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r
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x
p
e
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e
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t
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l
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e
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r
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(
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t
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r
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r
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t
(
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%
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D
Ps
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
t
h
e
D
P
f
o
r
e
v
e
n
i
n
g
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
a
t
io
n
Af
ter
d
ep
u
ties
g
av
e
th
eir
c
o
n
s
en
t
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
ey
wer
e
ask
ed
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
eir
g
en
d
e
r
,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
o
f
b
ein
g
d
ep
u
t
y
p
r
in
cip
al
,
an
d
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
e.
g
.
d
ep
u
t
y
p
r
in
cip
al
o
f
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
t
af
f
air
s
,
ex
tr
a
-
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
ac
tiv
ities
,
o
r
ev
en
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
tain
e
d
t
h
e
d
e
p
u
ty
p
r
in
cip
al
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
en
to
r
in
g
(
DPMGQ
)
item
s
,
d
e
p
u
ties
we
r
e
g
iv
en
a
to
tal
o
f
2
5
item
s
o
f
DPMGQ
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
ca
lin
g
f
o
r
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
was
b
ased
o
n
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
)
.
All
item
s
in
th
e
DPMGQ
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
th
e
Ma
lay
L
an
g
u
ag
e
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
clea
r
an
d
ea
s
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
f
o
r
d
ep
u
ties
wh
o
a
r
e
f
am
iliar
wit
h
an
d
co
m
p
eten
t
i
n
Ma
lay
.
I
tem
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
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ed
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ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
d
ep
u
ties
-
p
r
i
n
cip
als’
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
to
id
en
tify
d
ep
u
ties
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
in
lead
in
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
All
item
s
wer
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
ch
ec
k
e
d
b
y
two
d
ep
u
ties
wh
o
wer
e
tr
ain
e
d
as
Ma
lay
L
an
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
er
s
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
to
r
eso
lv
e
all
m
is
tak
es
with
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
item
s
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Co
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
A
ll
item
s
wer
e
also
a
s
s
es
s
ed
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
in
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
r
etir
ed
d
ep
u
ty
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
in
cip
als
,
an
d
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
i
n
cip
als,
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
eir
c
o
m
m
en
ts
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
item
s
wh
ich
wer
e
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
e
aso
n
f
o
r
r
e
q
u
esti
n
g
co
m
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
etir
e
d
d
ep
u
ty
p
r
in
cip
als
was
to
o
b
ta
in
an
ac
cu
r
ate,
clea
r
,
an
d
ex
ac
t
p
ictu
r
e
of
th
e
g
u
id
an
ce
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
eir
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
r
in
cip
als f
o
r
t
h
eir
d
e
p
u
t
ies.
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
ilo
t
s
t
ud
y
A
s
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
,
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
ec
is
io
n
of
2
0
d
ep
u
ties
wh
o
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
ely
s
elec
ted
as th
e
p
ilo
t sam
p
le
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
th
e
p
ilo
t stu
d
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
v
alu
es
o
f
0
.
9
6
6
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
DPMGQ
’
s
2
5
ite
m
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
9
6
4
to
0
.
9
7
1
.
Af
ter
th
e
p
ilo
t
test
,
s
o
m
e
f
u
r
th
er
ch
an
g
es
wer
e
m
ad
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ep
u
ties
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
4
item
s
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
s
t
a
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
pro
ce
d
ure
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
was
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
.
I
n
p
h
ase
o
n
e,
d
ata
a
r
e
ch
ec
k
ed
an
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
ar
e
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
.
To
b
e
ac
ce
p
ted
,
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
0
o
r
m
o
r
e
is
u
s
u
ally
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
I
n
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
p
h
ase,
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
all
item
s
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
s
k
ewn
e
s
s
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es a
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
(
E
F
A)
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
r
es
e
ar
c
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3.
RE
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3
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1
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Descript
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2
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6
6
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ize
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4
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B
9
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v
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1
4
.
I
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m
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4
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0
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at
DPs
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h
ly
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T
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4
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1
0
wh
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ch
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item
B
2
5
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“
g
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”
T
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n
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th
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m
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3
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ei
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p
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c
i
p
a
ls
.
T
h
e
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ly
s
i
s
.
I
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
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g
w
h
e
t
h
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d
a
t
a
w
a
s
t
a
b
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l
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te
d
n
o
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m
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l
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y
,
i
t
w
as
s
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g
g
es
t
e
d
t
h
at
th
e
n
o
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m
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d
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t
a
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i
s
t
r
i
b
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t
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b
e
t
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n
-
2
.
0
0
t
o
+
2
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0
0
f
o
r
t
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e
s
k
e
w
n
e
s
s
v
a
l
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e
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
a
n
d
b
e
t
w
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n
-
7
.
0
0
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n
d
+
7
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0
0
f
o
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k
u
r
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s
v
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l
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e
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
t
h
e
s
k
e
w
n
ess
a
n
d
k
u
r
t
o
s
i
s
v
a
l
u
es
f
o
r
a
ll
2
5
i
te
m
s
s
h
o
wi
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
li
t
y
o
f
d
a
t
a
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
f
o
r
k
u
r
t
o
s
is
f
o
r
a
l
l
2
5
it
e
m
s
w
e
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e
b
e
t
w
ee
n
0
.
3
3
9
t
o
4
.
8
1
5
w
h
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l
e
t
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e
s
k
e
w
n
es
s
v
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lu
e
s
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n
g
e
d
b
et
w
e
en
0
.
2
8
0
t
o
1
.
2
9
9
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
al
s
o
c
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e
c
k
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
d
is
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m
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n
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n
t
v
al
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d
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y
o
f
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ll
2
5
i
t
em
s
s
t
u
d
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e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
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c
t
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o
n
a
l
m
at
r
i
x
as
p
r
es
e
n
t
ed
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
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n
t
e
r
-
c
o
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e
l
at
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o
n
v
a
l
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s
,
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
s
t
v
a
l
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e
f
o
r
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
r
=
0
.
4
1
5
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
v
a
l
u
e
is
r
=
0
.
7
5
6
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
f
o
r
a
l
l
2
4
i
t
e
m
s
t
h
a
t
we
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
i
t
e
m
B
9
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
d
t
h
e
l
o
w
es
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
at
i
o
n
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
o
ry
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
l
y
s
is
(
E
F
A)
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
h
ase
in
in
s
p
ec
tin
g
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
DPMGQ
item
s
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
in
ci
p
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
with
t
h
e
v
ar
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
.
B
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
with
th
e
E
FA
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
K
MO
test
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
am
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
ad
eq
u
ate
an
d
ac
ce
p
ted
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
E
FA
[
3
8
]
.
I
t
was
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
KM
O
v
al
u
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
0
.
9
0
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
ex
ce
llen
t,
0
.
8
0
wo
r
th
y
,
0
.
7
0
av
er
a
g
e,
0
.
6
0
m
e
d
io
cr
e
,
a
n
d
less
th
an
0
.
5
0
m
is
er
ab
le
a
n
d
u
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
KM
O
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
9
6
1
w
ith
h
ig
h
v
alu
es
o
n
B
ar
tlett
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s
test
o
f
s
p
h
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icity
(
Ap
p
r
o
x
.
X
2
=6
.
8
2
8
E
3
;
d
f
=3
0
0
;
ρ
=
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0
0
0
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
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‘
to
tal
v
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ce
ex
p
lain
ed
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also
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e
p
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ted
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e
o
f
6
7
.
8
0
1
%
wh
ich
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
v
alu
e
o
f
6
0
%
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
E
FA
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
cr
ee
p
lo
t
was
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xa
min
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e
p
s
yc
h
o
metric p
r
o
p
erti
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f th
e
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ep
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ty
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p
r
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cip
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l m
en
to
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(
R
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Ha
s
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3927
s
cr
ee
p
lo
t
h
as
s
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g
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ested
a
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
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u
ctu
r
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b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
v
e
’
s
elb
o
w
[
2
5
]
wh
ich
h
as
ex
p
lain
ed
6
7
.
8
0
% o
f
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
v
a
r
ian
ce
.
I
n
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
two
m
ajo
r
f
a
cto
r
s
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
.
Alo
n
g
with
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
item
9
was
o
m
itted
d
u
e
to
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
lo
ad
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g
b
ein
g
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o
h
ig
h
e
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th
a
n
0
.
3
0
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Hair
et
a
l
.
[
3
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
E
FA
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
cr
ee
p
l
o
t
test
s
h
o
wed
a
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
:
i)
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
a
n
ce
to
DPs
;
ii
)
p
r
in
cip
al
s
’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
in
ass
is
tin
g
DP
s
;
an
d
iii
)
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
in
m
ee
tin
g
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
tated
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
m
atr
ix
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
E
FA
r
esu
lts
,
a
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
em
er
g
ed
:
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
elin
es,
p
r
in
cip
als’
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
,
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
in
cip
als.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
3
item
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
5
8
.
2
0
%,
5
.
0
7
9
%
f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ac
to
r
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
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in
e
item
s
,
an
d
4
.
5
1
9
%
f
o
r
th
e
th
ir
d
f
ac
to
r
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
o
n
ly
a
s
in
g
le
item
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
was d
ec
id
ed
to
o
m
it th
e
last
f
ac
to
r
leav
in
g
o
n
ly
two
f
ac
to
r
s
: p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
elin
es a
n
d
p
r
in
cip
als' ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
h
ase
of
th
e
E
FA
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
AVE
an
d
C
R
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
A
VE
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
an
ce
was
ca
lc
u
lated
as
0
.
4
5
7
wh
ile
t
h
e
C
R
v
alu
e
was
ca
lcu
lated
as
0
.
9
2
0
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ac
to
r
–
th
e
p
r
in
cip
als’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
-
th
e
AVE
v
alu
e
was 0
.
4
8
3
an
d
th
e
C
R
I
v
alu
e
0
.
9
3
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
all
i
tem
s
in
th
e
DPMGQ
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
I
t
e
ms
α
M
e
a
n
sco
r
e
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
K
u
r
t
o
si
s
B1
I
w
a
s me
n
t
o
r
e
d
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
m
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s.
.
7
0
4
.
2
5
0
.
6
2
1
.
0
2
4
3
.
6
5
6
B2
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
t
a
u
g
h
t
m
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
w
a
y
s t
o
l
e
a
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
s.
.
7
4
4
.
2
4
0
.
5
8
0
.
5
7
7
1
.
9
2
0
B3
I
a
l
w
a
y
s r
e
f
e
r
t
o
m
y
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
w
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
ma
k
i
n
g
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s.
.
6
3
4
.
4
8
0
.
5
7
0
.
8
8
2
1
.
4
3
0
B4
M
y
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s
h
a
r
e
s
t
h
e
sc
h
o
o
l
’
s
v
a
l
u
e
s,
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s,
a
n
d
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
.
6
8
4
.
1
3
0
.
6
2
0
.
2
8
0
0
.
1
4
6
B5
B
e
i
n
g
a
me
mb
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
t
e
a
m.
.
6
9
4
.
4
6
0
.
5
3
0
.
2
9
6
0
.
3
3
9
B6
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s
sh
a
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
i
e
s i
n
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
sc
h
o
o
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2
5
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es
b
et
we
en
th
e
two
m
ajo
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
an
d
p
r
in
ci
p
als’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
s
tr
o
n
g
(
r
=0
.
9
5
;
Sig
=0
.
0
0
0
)
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
ce
p
ted
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
all
2
4
item
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ese
item
s
wer
e
in
ter
n
ally
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
T
a
b
le
2
in
d
icate
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
DPMGQ
item
s
’
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
esti
m
ates,
cr
itical
r
atio
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
p
at
h
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
AM
OS
r
esu
lts
,
1
3
item
s
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
an
c
e
ar
e
well
ab
o
v
e
th
e
0
.
5
0
v
alu
es
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
ac
ce
p
te
d
v
alu
es
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
s
tated
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
a
n
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
b
etwe
en
0
.
3
3
to
0
.
8
7
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
all
it
em
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
r
ep
r
esen
ted
with
in
th
e
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
an
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
As
f
o
r
p
r
i
n
cip
als’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
e
d
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
tab
le
d
e
p
icts
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
elate
d
to
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
elate
d
to
p
r
in
cip
als’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Similar
ly
,
all
1
0
item
s
h
ad
a
lo
ad
in
g
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
th
e
0
.
5
0
v
alu
e
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
ac
ce
p
te
d
v
alu
e
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
5
]
w
h
ich
i
n
d
icate
d
p
r
in
cip
als’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ass
is
tin
g
th
eir
DPs
.
Af
ter
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
t
h
e
DPM
GQ
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
C
FA
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
d
i
s
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
also
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
u
b
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
g
u
id
a
n
ce
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
.
T
a
b
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
u
b
-
co
n
s
tr
u
cts s
tu
d
ie
d
.
T
ab
le
3
d
e
p
i
c
t
s
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
tio
n
a
l
m
a
t
r
i
x
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
at
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
t
o
f
‘
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
’
i
s
co
r
r
elat
ed
with
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
‘
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
to
in
s
p
ec
t
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ct’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
,
an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
(
AVE
)
.
As
s
u
g
g
ested
,
th
e
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
C
R
cu
t
-
o
f
f
v
alu
e
was
s
e
t
at
0
.
7
0
[
4
0
]
an
d
th
e
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
v
alu
e
f
o
r
AVE
was set a
t 0
.
5
0
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
o
tated
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
m
atr
ix
o
f
DPMGQ
’
s
item
s
I
t
e
ms
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
1
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s’
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
2
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s’
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
3
S
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s
B
1
.
.
8
3
7
B
2
.
.
7
7
0
B
3
.
.
7
4
3
B
4
.
.
7
2
0
B
5
.
.
6
8
8
B
6
.
.
6
6
4
B
7
.
.
6
5
6
B
8
.
.
6
5
1
B
9
.
.
6
5
5
B
1
0
.
.
6
2
9
B
1
1
.
.
6
2
9
B
1
2
.
.
6
1
4
B
1
3
.
.
5
9
6
B
1
4
.
.
5
6
9
B
1
5
.
.
8
2
3
B
1
6
.
.
8
0
6
B
1
7
.
.
7
3
9
B
1
8
.
.
7
3
8
B
1
9
.
.
6
6
6
B
2
0
.
.
6
5
8
B
2
1
.
.
6
1
6
B
2
2
.
.
5
8
6
B
2
3
.
.
5
8
2
B
2
4
.
.
6
4
7
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
5
8
.
2
0
3
5
.
0
7
9
4
.
5
1
9
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
0
.
4
5
7
0
.
4
8
3
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
0
.
9
2
0
0
.
9
3
2
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
m
at
r
ix
f
o
r
DPMGQ
’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
MS
SD
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
4
.
2
5
0
.
4
6
1
0
.
9
5
1
*
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
4
.
1
9
0
.
5
1
0
.
9
5
1
*
1
**
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
0
.
0
1
;
*
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
0
.
0
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
3
9
2
3
-
3
9
3
4
3930
T
ab
le
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
ased
o
n
C
FA
r
esu
lts
in
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
i
ty
f
o
r
th
e
DPMGQ
item
s
.
Af
ter
item
B
9
was
d
elete
d
,
o
n
ly
1
4
item
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
wh
ich
is
th
e
p
r
in
cip
als’
g
u
id
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ite
m
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
2
t
o
0
.
8
5
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
was
r
e
p
o
r
ted
at
0
.
9
1
.
T
h
e
C
R
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
g
u
id
an
ce
(
GD)
was
s
tated
at
0
.
7
3
1
an
d
th
e
AVE
v
alu
e
was
in
d
icate
d
at
0
.
5
7
1
.
As
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
p
r
in
ci
p
als’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
AP)
,
o
n
ly
1
0
item
s
we
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
al
p
h
a
v
alu
e
was
r
ep
o
r
ted
at
0
.
8
8
,
w
h
ile
th
e
C
R
was
n
o
ted
at
0
.
9
4
9
an
d
t
h
e
AV
E
v
al
u
e
was
in
d
icate
d
at
0
.
6
5
2
w
h
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
ac
ce
p
ted
v
al
u
e
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
DPMGQ
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
as
o
n
ly
2
4
item
s
th
at
a
r
e
ac
ce
p
ted
an
d
test
ed
its
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
in
itial
to
tal
o
f
th
e
item
s
w
h
ich
was
2
5
item
s
.
T
h
e
test
ed
DPMGQ
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
two
m
ajo
r
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
al
m
en
to
r
in
g
with
th
eir
p
r
in
cip
als:
g
u
id
an
ce
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
O
n
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
d
elete
d
wh
ich
was
r
ep
lacin
g
o
r
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
p
r
in
cip
als
in
o
f
f
icial
m
ee
tin
g
s
.
An
item
wh
ich
d
elete
d
was item
B
9
.
T
ab
le
4
.
E
s
tim
atio
n
o
f
DPMGQ
’
s
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t v
alid
ity
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
t
e
m
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
AVE
G
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
(
G
D
)
B1
0
.
7
4
0
.
9
1
0
.
7
3
1
0
.
5
7
1
B2
0
.
7
8
B3
0
.
6
5
B4
0
.
7
1
B5
0
.
7
1
B6
0
.
7
8
B7
0
.
7
2
B8
0
.
7
4
B
1
0
0
.
6
2
B
1
1
0
.
8
2
B
1
2
0
.
8
0
B
1
3
0
.
8
0
B
1
4
0
.
7
9
B
1
5
0
.
8
5
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s (A
P
)
B
1
6
0
.
8
3
0
.
8
8
0
.
9
4
9
0
.
6
5
2
B
1
7
0
.
8
7
B
1
8
0
.
8
1
B
1
9
0
.
8
1
B
2
0
0
.
7
6
B
2
1
0
.
7
7
B
2
2
0
.
7
6
B
2
3
0
.
8
1
B
2
4
B
2
5
0
.
8
0
0
.
8
5
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
i
s
ar
ti
cl
e
s
et
o
u
t
to
in
s
p
e
ct
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
a
n
d
t
o
v
a
li
d
a
te
an
d
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
th
e
in
t
er
n
a
l
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
cy
o
f
th
e
s
elf
-
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
i
te
m
s
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
DP
MG
Q
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
n
air
e
wh
i
c
h
wa
s
in
th
e
M
al
ay
lan
g
u
ag
e
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
b
a
s
ed
o
n
f
e
ed
b
a
ck
f
r
o
m
M
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Ps
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ich
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o
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tr
a
te
g
o
o
d
in
t
er
n
a
l
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
cy
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
a
l
l
v
alu
e
f
o
r
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
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lp
h
a
wa
s
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ep
o
r
t
ed
at
0
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9
6
6
wh
ic
h
in
d
ica
te
d
a
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
a
l
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
cy
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
3
1
8
D
P
s
,
a
m
ajo
r
i
ty
o
f
i
tem
s
in
d
ic
at
ed
h
ig
h
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
s
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
DP
s
m
o
s
tl
y
ag
r
ee
d
th
a
t
t
h
eir
p
r
in
c
ip
al
s
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
em
wi
th
in
f
o
r
m
al
m
en
to
r
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
D
P
s
’
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
e
l
f
-
ef
f
ica
cy
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
em
to
b
e
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
in
c
ip
a
l
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
co
r
r
el
at
i
o
n
al
v
a
lu
e
s
,
we
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
b
el
i
ev
ed
th
at
al
l
2
5
i
tem
s
f
o
r
o
u
r
Ma
l
ay
l
an
g
u
ag
e
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
D
P
MG
Q
q
u
e
s
t
io
n
n
air
e
s
h
o
w
ed
g
o
o
d
r
el
ia
b
il
ity
an
d
v
al
id
i
ty
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
ela
t
io
n
s
in
d
ic
at
e
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
d
i
s
cr
im
in
an
t
v
a
l
id
i
ty
f
o
r
al
l
2
5
i
tem
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
ca
le
s
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
,
it
i
s
a
l
s
o
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
ed
th
a
t D
P
s
h
av
e
th
e
i
n
c
lin
at
io
n
t
o
ch
o
o
s
e
th
eir
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
s
wh
en
a
s
k
ed
to
l
ea
d
th
e
ir
s
ch
o
o
l
s
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
F
A
an
aly
s
i
s
,
th
r
ee
m
a
jo
r
f
ac
to
r
s
em
e
r
g
ed
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
s
cr
ee
p
lo
t:
th
e
p
r
in
c
ip
al
s
’
g
u
id
an
ce
,
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
t
in
g
f
o
r
p
r
i
n
ci
p
a
ls
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
’
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
t
o
g
u
id
in
g
D
Ps
.
Nev
er
th
el
e
s
s
,
th
e
th
ir
d
f
a
cto
r
wa
s
e
lim
in
a
te
d
a
s
i
t
co
n
ta
in
ed
o
n
ly
1
it
em
.
Ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
th
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
id
en
t
if
ied
s
ev
er
a
l
s
u
b
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
th
a
t
en
co
m
p
a
s
s
e
d
th
e
p
r
i
n
c
ip
a
ls
’
g
u
id
an
ce
to
th
e
ir
D
P
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
1
3
i
tem
s
th
a
t
ad
d
r
e
s
s
g
u
id
an
ce
el
em
en
ts
o
n
h
o
w
to
m
ak
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
,
le
ar
n
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l’
s
p
r
io
r
it
ie
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
w
ith
te
ac
h
er
s
an
d
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
a
l
lea
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h
ip
,
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
r
ef
er
en
c
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d
u
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co
m
p
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s
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p
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k
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k
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l
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d
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d
er
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t
an
d
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th
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ch
o
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v
a
lu
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s
,
p
r
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d
u
r
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an
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d
ir
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io
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.
I
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th
i
s
s
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th
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f
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d
in
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r
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a
ls
o
ca
p
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P
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s
c
h
o
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l
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h
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s
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n
s
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u
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a
s
te
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i
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ch
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c
h
o
o
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p
r
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s
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ch
an
g
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s
in
DP
s
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lead
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s
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ip
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ty
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th
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t
o
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co
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tiv
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m
b
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th
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ch
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s
h
ip
t
ea
m
.
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h
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AV
E
an
d
C
R
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
l
s
o
s
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p
ted
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alu
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wh
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e
p
r
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p
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tio
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th
a
t
th
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D
PM
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Q
q
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e
s
t
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a
ir
e
w
a
s
in
te
r
n
a
lly
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
t
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
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m
ea
s
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r
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m
en
t
m
o
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C
F
A
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a
ly
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th
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e
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f
it
in
d
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e
lo
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th
an
0
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9
0
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
C
MI
N
/D
F
v
alu
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s
ex
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th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
ed
v
alu
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o
f
0
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5
0
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
a
l
l
it
em
s
r
ep
o
r
t
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ab
o
v
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e
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e
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f
0
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2
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wh
ich
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d
i
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o
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a
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o
r
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in
t
h
e
m
ea
s
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r
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en
t
m
o
d
el
ar
e
a
cc
ep
tab
le
.
T
h
e
f
a
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6
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8
3
wh
i
ch
a
r
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v
a
lu
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s
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o
r
a
l
l
it
e
m
s
w
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th
in
th
e
D
P
MG
Q
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
.
Al
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
it
s
ta
t
is
t
ic
in
d
ice
s
w
er
e
b
e
lo
w
t
h
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ac
ce
p
tab
le
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al
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o
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t
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ig
h
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alu
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p
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a
lu
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n
a
d
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tio
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,
T
h
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MS
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A
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i
ch
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c
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s
t
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f
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8
s
u
g
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e
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t
ed
b
y
H
ai
r
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
i
t
io
n
,
t
h
e
co
r
r
e
la
tio
n
v
alu
es
b
et
we
en
t
h
e
two
m
a
jo
r
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
s
-
th
e
p
r
in
c
ip
al
s
’
g
u
id
an
ce
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
-
in
d
ic
at
ed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
el
at
io
n
v
alu
e
(
r
=0
.
9
5
;
S
ig
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
ela
t
io
n
b
e
t
wee
n
th
e
two
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
in
d
i
ca
te
s
t
h
e
d
i
s
cr
im
i
n
an
t
v
a
lid
ity
f
o
r
th
e
DP
MG
Q
it
em
s
wh
ich
is
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
in
it
s
in
t
er
n
a
l
co
n
s
i
s
t
en
cy
.
Fro
m
th
e
C
F
A
m
o
d
e
l,
b
o
th
d
i
s
cr
im
in
an
t
a
n
d
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
al
id
i
ti
e
s
in
d
i
ca
t
ed
th
e
ac
ce
p
te
d
v
alu
es
b
a
s
ed
o
n
s
u
g
g
es
t
io
n
s
[
3
4
]
,
[
4
0
]
r
el
ate
d
to
th
e
c
o
r
r
el
at
io
n
al,
co
m
p
o
s
it
e
r
el
ia
b
il
ity
,
an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
i
an
c
e
ex
tr
a
ct
ed
v
alu
e
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ics
test
in
g
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
DPMGQ
item
s
’
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
m
en
to
r
in
g
with
th
ei
r
s
en
io
r
s
o
r
em
p
lo
y
er
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
item
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ju
s
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ec
to
r
s
b
u
t
also
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
iv
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ased
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