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ap
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cr
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s
in
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[
1
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,
[
2
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Stu
d
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ts
n
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to
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ltiv
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s
p
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if
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co
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as
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4
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[
6
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I
n
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ag
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in
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tech
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cr
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[
7
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,
[
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g
task
s
,
wh
ic
h
in
tu
r
n
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
m
aster
y
o
f
c
o
n
c
ep
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
tellectu
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
1
5
]
.
E
n
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
as
well
as
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
tex
ts
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
th
ey
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
ce
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
i
n
g
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
R
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
ee
k
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
o
f
a
tex
t
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ea
d
b
y
th
e
r
ea
d
er
[
2
0
]
.
R
ea
d
in
g
allo
ws
u
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
v
er
i
f
ied
an
d
t
u
r
n
e
d
in
to
a
f
ac
t,
r
at
h
er
th
an
m
er
ely
a
n
u
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
v
iewp
o
in
t
[
2
1
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
cu
ltiv
ate
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
a
n
d
u
tili
ze
r
elev
an
t,
clea
r
,
an
d
all
-
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
f
a
ctu
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
o
f
f
er
alter
n
ate
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
o
r
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
t
o
an
y
g
iv
en
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
em
p
l
o
y
a
m
o
n
o
to
n
o
u
s
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
ely
in
g
o
n
lectu
r
in
g
,
wh
ich
o
f
ten
lead
s
to
s
tu
d
en
t
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
y
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
as
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
g
r
ea
t
m
ess
ag
e
-
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
f
lu
en
cy
n
o
n
eth
eless
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
2
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
wh
en
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
i
n
g
wo
r
d
s
an
d
id
ea
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
aim
s
to
g
a
th
er
d
etails
o
r
f
ac
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
tex
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
class
if
y
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
R
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
in
v
o
lv
e
wo
r
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
,
au
th
o
r
ial
tech
n
iq
u
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
wr
itin
g
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
,
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
an
s
wer
in
g
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
id
en
tifie
d
wer
e
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ad
eq
u
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
,
ev
id
en
t
in
th
eir
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
in
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
ex
h
ib
ited
l
o
w
d
esire
an
d
s
tr
u
g
g
led
t
o
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
m
ater
i
al.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
p
r
im
ar
ily
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
r
ev
e
aled
th
at
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
o
n
s
k
ills
s
co
r
ed
an
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
5
8
o
u
t o
f
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
m
in
im
u
m
co
m
p
leten
ess
cr
iter
ia
is
7
5
%.
T
ea
ch
er
s
f
r
e
q
u
en
tl
y
en
co
u
n
ter
c
h
allen
g
es
with
t
h
e
lear
n
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
ab
ilit
ies,
th
is
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
o
f
f
e
r
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
r
eso
lv
ed
lear
n
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
p
o
ten
tial iss
u
es.
So
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
led
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
in
to
r
ea
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
eir
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
r
in
g
ab
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
in
o
u
r
s
o
ciety
.
R
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
in
b
o
th
n
ativ
e
C
h
in
ese
(
L
1
)
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
E
n
g
lis
h
(
L
2
)
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
;
f
lu
en
cy
lik
ely
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
wr
itten
tex
t
in
an
y
lan
g
u
a
g
e
[
1
5
]
.
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
b
o
th
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
in
te
g
r
ated
lan
g
u
ag
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
t
h
at
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
a
c
u
s
to
m
ized
,
in
teg
r
ated
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
im
p
r
o
v
e
wh
en
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
s
tu
d
y
o
f
less
o
n
s
[
3
2
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
g
r
ea
ter
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
in
to
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
e
r
a.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
esear
ch
h
o
w
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
I
C
T
u
s
e
m
ig
h
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
liter
ac
y
a
m
o
n
g
elem
en
tar
y
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
in
tr
icac
ies
o
f
th
e
d
ig
itizatio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
u
p
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
t
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
em
p
lo
y
a
n
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
th
ey
alig
n
with
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
g
iv
e
n
b
y
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
liv
in
g
in
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ag
e,
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
te
g
r
ate
d
in
to
t
h
eir
d
aily
liv
es.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
f
am
iliar
with
I
C
T
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
it
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
I
C
T
lear
n
i
n
g
is
ad
ap
tab
le
to
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
th
at
im
p
ac
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
a
ctice
s
an
d
s
tay
s
cu
r
r
en
t
wit
h
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
u
tili
ze
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
t
en
g
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
atten
tio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
teac
h
r
ea
d
i
n
g
in
s
ch
o
o
l settin
g
s
as a
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
I
C
T
liter
a
cy
is
s
u
es
is
g
r
o
win
g
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
So
u
th
Su
l
awe
s
i.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
wh
e
n
ev
e
r
I
C
T
liter
ac
y
ca
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
e
d
u
ce
o
n
lin
e
d
an
g
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
a
m
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
tect
is
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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m
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2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
iv
e
a
pp
ro
a
ch
An
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
es
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
el
em
en
ts
in
to
a
u
n
if
ied
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
lear
n
in
g
is
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
lin
k
s
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
tiv
itie
s
with
r
ea
l
-
life
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
n
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
at
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
wo
r
d
lev
el
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
ev
er
al
ar
ea
s
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
tr
ain
in
g
.
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
q
u
alities
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
p
o
s
s
ess
to
p
r
ev
en
t
m
ater
ial
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
s
ep
ar
ated
.
T
ea
ch
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
is
a
u
n
it
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
an
ap
p
ea
lin
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Rea
din
g
co
m
prehens
io
n
E
ac
h
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
o
f
o
u
r
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
ciety
s
h
o
u
ld
p
o
s
s
es
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ea
d
.
I
t
is
a
cr
u
cial
s
k
ills
f
o
r
life
[
2
0
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
m
u
s
t
p
o
s
s
ess
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
v
ar
io
u
s
co
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ials
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
3
4
]
.
I
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
n
o
t
r
ea
d
,
th
ei
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
R
e
ad
in
g
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
2
5
]
,
g
ain
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
an
d
f
u
lf
ill
m
en
tal
n
ec
ess
ities
[
3
5
]
.
A
s
tu
d
en
t's
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ill
r
ef
er
s
to
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
s
o
u
n
d
s
,
wo
r
d
s
,
an
d
p
h
r
ases
in
wr
itten
f
o
r
m
,
wh
ic
h
is
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
to
g
ath
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
2
.
3
.
I
nfo
r
m
a
t
io
n
a
nd
co
mm
un
ica
t
io
n t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
us
e
I
C
T
r
ef
er
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
ile
s
h
ar
in
g
s
im
ilar
ities
wit
h
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
T
)
lar
g
ely
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
et,
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
wir
eless
ce
ll
p
h
o
n
es,
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
[
3
6
]
.
I
t
is
a
s
u
b
ject
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
s
cien
t
if
ic,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
asp
ec
ts
o
f
m
an
ag
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
it
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
s
o
cial,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
is
s
u
es
[
1
8
]
.
Un
ited
N
atio
n
s
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Scien
tific
,
a
n
d
C
u
ltu
r
al
Or
g
a
n
izatio
n
(
UNE
SC
O)
ass
er
ts
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
I
C
T
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
is
ess
en
tial in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
ca
n
en
g
ag
e
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
7
]
.
2
.
4
.
Student
s
’
lite
ra
cy
I
n
2
0
1
6
,
t
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
p
o
l
i
c
y
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
a
d
e
f
in
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
te
r
a
c
y
as
t
h
e
a
b
il
i
t
y
to
r
e
a
d
a
n
d
w
r
i
t
e
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
tl
y
,
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
t
o
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
d
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
u
t
i
li
z
e
w
r
i
tt
e
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
r
o
s
s
m
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
m
e
d
i
a
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
p
r
i
n
t
a
n
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
[
3
8
]
.
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
s
u
c
c
es
s
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
a
s
p
e
c
t
o
f
a
d
u
l
t
l
i
f
e
[
3
9
]
,
b
u
t
i
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
c
h
i
e
v
in
g
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
i
n
m
o
s
t
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
d
is
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
s
[
4
0
]
.
I
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
o
ci
a
l
ac
t
i
v
it
i
es
h
as
g
r
e
a
t
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
l
i
t
e
r
ac
y
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
w
ay
s
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
a
p
p
l
y
l
i
te
r
a
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
i
z
es
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
-
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
g
o
a
ls
f
o
r
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
t
a
ll
l
e
v
el
s
[
4
1
]
,
g
a
i
n
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
s
k
i
ll
s
i
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
[
4
2
]
.
2
.
5
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l f
r
a
m
ew
o
rk
Dav
is
et
a
l
.
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
th
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
to
elu
cid
ate
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
th
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
lin
k
s
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
'
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
th
eir
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
b
en
e
f
its
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
[
4
4
]
.
T
AM
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
e
n
tial
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
m
o
d
el
wid
ely
u
s
ed
i
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
IT
.
T
AM
th
eo
r
y
h
as
v
a
r
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
m
o
d
els
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
to
g
et
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
a
b
etter
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
a
cc
ep
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
h
ey
ex
am
i
n
ed
h
o
w
p
eo
p
le'
s
d
esire
s
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
wer
e
a
r
eliab
le
in
d
icato
r
o
f
th
eir
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
wer
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
lin
k
ed
to
th
ese
in
ten
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
th
at
was
attr
i
b
u
ted
to
an
ac
tio
n
was
lin
k
ed
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
t
h
o
s
e
m
an
n
er
s
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ai
m
s
to
en
h
an
ce
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
ex
p
en
s
es b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
4
5
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
n
an
aly
tical
in
v
esti
g
a
tio
n
u
tili
zin
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
es
co
llectin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
m
en
t
in
tim
e.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
with
o
u
t
ch
an
g
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
es
[
4
6
]
.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
s
am
p
le
at
a
s
in
g
le
tim
e
p
o
in
t,
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
test
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
was a
s
ce
r
tain
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tive
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
fo
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
mp
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
esp
o
u
s
in
g
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
co
mmu
n
ic
a
tio
n
…
(
A
s
d
a
r
)
4387
3
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
m
u
ltip
le
-
s
tep
clu
s
ter
s
am
p
lin
g
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le.
A
ter
r
ito
r
y
was
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
14
zo
n
es
(
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
)
in
to
w
h
ich
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
was
s
ep
ar
ated
.
T
h
e
ar
ea
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
T
am
alan
r
ea
,
B
ir
in
g
k
an
ay
a,
Ma
n
g
g
ala,
Pan
ak
k
u
k
a
n
g
,
Uju
n
g
T
an
ah
,
B
o
n
to
ala,
W
ajo
,
Uju
n
g
Pan
d
a
n
g
,
Ma
k
ass
ar
,
R
ap
p
o
cin
i,
T
a
m
alate
,
Ma
m
ajan
g
,
T
allo
,
an
d
Ma
r
is
o
Su
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
in
Ma
k
ass
ar
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
was
s
elec
ted
v
ia
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
th
e
14
s
u
b
-
d
is
tr
icts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
4
7
3
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ma
k
ass
ar
city
,
as
well
as
1
6
,
2
8
6
s
tu
d
en
ts
(8
,
4
7
6
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
7
,
8
1
0
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
4
0
0
c
h
il
d
r
en
s
am
p
led
f
r
o
m
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ma
k
ass
ar
c
ity
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
a
p
p
l
ied
was
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
Op
en
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
allo
w
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
t
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
b
ias
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
clo
s
in
g
th
e
f
in
is
h
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
clo
s
ed
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
estricts
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Op
en
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
h
av
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
clu
d
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
n
o
n
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ates,
co
m
p
lex
co
d
in
g
o
f
len
g
th
y
r
ep
lies
,
co
d
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
an
d
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
clo
s
e
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
in
q
u
ir
ies
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
m
o
r
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t r
esp
o
n
s
es f
r
o
m
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
.
Data
was
g
ath
er
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
is
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ex
am
i
n
in
g
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
with
a
m
eth
o
d
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
h
an
d
lin
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
tex
t
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
o
p
en
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
o
th
er
u
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
d
ata.
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was u
tili
ze
d
a
s
a
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
was a
cc
ess
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
lin
k
was
th
en
s
en
t
to
th
e
c
h
o
s
en
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
W
h
atsAp
p
b
y
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
icer
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t'
s
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
o
p
ti
o
n
al,
a
n
d
all
d
ata
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
eir
id
en
titi
es
was
s
ec
u
r
ely
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
ed
an
d
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
u
n
au
th
o
r
ize
d
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
wer
e
4
0
0
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lear
n
e
r
s
en
g
ag
ed
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
an
in
te
g
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
I
C
T
u
s
e,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
liter
ac
y
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
s
u
m
u
p
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
4
.
1
.
T
he
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
inte
g
r
a
t
iv
e
a
pp
ro
a
ch
o
n students
’
re
a
di
ng
co
m
prehens
io
n
T
o
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
in
t
eg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ea
c
h
f
ac
to
r
n
am
ely
g
o
o
d
an
d
p
o
o
r
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
a
2
×
2
cr
o
s
s
tab
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
co
u
ld
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
ad
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
g
o
o
d
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
o
o
r
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
6
7
in
f
o
r
m
an
ts
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
r
o
f
icien
t
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
with
an
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
ate
o
f
6
6
.
8
%.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
1
3
3
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
w
h
o
h
a
d
p
o
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
u
p
3
3
.
2
% o
f
th
e
t
o
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
cr
o
s
s
tab
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
test
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
To
t
a
l
G
o
o
d
P
o
o
r
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
G
o
o
d
C
o
u
n
t
1
3
4
1
0
3
2
3
7
Ex
p
e
c
t
e
d
c
o
u
n
t
1
5
8
.
2
7
8
.
8
2
3
7
.
0
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
5
6
.
5
%
4
3
.
5
%
1
0
0
.
0
%
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
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r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
5
0
.
2
%
7
7
.
4
%
5
9
.
2
%
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
o
t
a
l
3
3
.
5
%
2
5
.
8
%
5
9
.
2
%
P
o
o
r
C
o
u
n
t
1
3
3
30
1
6
3
Ex
p
e
c
t
e
d
c
o
u
n
t
1
0
8
.
8
5
4
.
2
1
6
3
.
0
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
8
1
.
6
%
1
8
.
4
%
1
0
0
.
0
%
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
4
9
.
8
%
2
2
.
6
%
4
0
.
8
%
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
o
t
a
l
3
3
.
2
%
7
.
5
%
4
0
.
8
%
To
t
a
l
C
o
u
n
t
2
6
7
1
3
3
4
0
0
Ex
p
e
c
t
e
d
c
o
u
n
t
2
6
7
.
0
1
3
3
.
0
4
0
0
.
0
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
6
6
.
8
%
3
3
.
2
%
1
0
0
.
0
%
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
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e
to
e
n
h
an
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
ab
ilit
ies
b
y
an
al
y
zin
g
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
ey
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
to
ac
h
iev
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
ast
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
s
p
e
n
t
tim
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
s
u
p
er
v
is
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
y
clo
s
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
en
g
ag
em
en
t in
th
e
r
e
ad
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
b
en
ef
icial
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
in
t
eg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
'
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
I
t
is
p
r
o
b
ab
le
th
at
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
is
s
u
es,
alb
eit
n
o
t
th
e
s
o
le
o
n
e,
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
wo
r
d
s
in
to
tex
t.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
2
0
]
.
Utilizin
g
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
e
ad
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
m
ig
h
t
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
u
b
ject
b
ein
g
t
au
g
h
t.
At
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
cy
cle,
ch
ild
r
en
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
wh
ic
h
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
eir
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
d
ed
icatio
n
,
an
d
b
r
a
v
er
y
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
liter
ac
y
class
s
e
ttin
g
en
h
an
ce
s
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
an
in
te
g
r
ated
s
tr
ateg
y
is
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
teac
h
er
'
s
en
th
u
s
ia
s
m
an
d
d
ed
icatio
n
in
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ea
s
y
to
in
clu
d
e
in
t
o
th
e
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
f
o
r
s
to
r
y
tim
e,
allo
win
g
teac
h
er
s
t
o
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
ch
il
d
r
en
'
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
r
ea
d
e
r
s
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
v
i
tal
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
an
d
in
s
p
ir
i
n
g
E
n
g
lis
h
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
E
FL
)
lear
n
er
s
to
lea
r
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
class
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
im
p
ac
t stu
d
e
n
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
liter
ac
y
an
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
L
iter
ac
y
in
d
ir
ec
tly
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
ch
ild
r
e
n
to
en
g
ag
e
in
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
f
o
s
te
r
s
th
eir
e
n
th
u
s
iasm
in
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
with
a
g
r
ea
ter
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
E
n
h
an
ce
d
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
u
p
ils
with
ad
v
an
tag
es
lik
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
r
ea
d
ab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
g
r
asp
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
liter
ac
y
m
o
v
em
en
t
to
en
h
a
n
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
R
ea
d
in
g
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
h
ab
it
f
o
r
k
id
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
liter
ac
y
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
L
iter
ac
y
ac
tiv
ities
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
r
ea
d
in
g
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
s
ev
er
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
liter
ac
y
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
two
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
test
s
was
d
ee
m
ed
m
in
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
teac
h
er
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
i
n
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
s
tag
es
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
4
8
]
.
L
iter
a
cy
s
k
ills
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
twen
ty
-
f
ir
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
as
th
ey
ca
n
im
p
a
ct
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
5
0
]
.
L
iter
ac
y
is
a
cr
u
cial
b
asis
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
life
.
Stro
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
en
ab
le
ch
ild
r
en
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
o
r
al,
wr
i
tten
,
an
d
v
is
u
al
tex
ts
[
5
1
]
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
b
u
ild
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
s
u
b
ject
-
m
atter
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
life
[
5
2
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
was
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
o
u
r
p
o
ten
tial
u
s
es
f
o
r
I
C
T
in
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
:
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
atten
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
u
itab
le
o
n
lin
e
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
ass
is
t
in
g
teac
h
er
s
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
b
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
lear
n
in
g
[
4
3
]
.
I
C
T
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
in
d
ig
itally
ev
alu
ated
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
a
b
ilit
ies
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
en
t’
s
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
in
I
C
T
a
n
d
E
n
g
lis
h
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
h
o
wed
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
ab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
E
ar
ly
r
ea
d
in
g
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
u
tili
zin
g
I
C
T
an
d
o
th
er
I
C
T
-
b
ased
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
Am
er
ican
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
ar
e
s
till
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
o
u
tlin
e
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
[
5
4
]
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
u
r
s
es.
Pre
s
en
tly
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
co
m
in
g
o
f
ag
e
in
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
er
a
m
ar
k
ed
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
h
as
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
d
aily
liv
es
[
5
5
]
.
C
h
ild
r
en
ar
e
f
am
iliar
with
I
C
T
,
th
u
s
it
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
I
C
T
lear
n
in
g
is
ad
ap
tab
le
to
v
ar
ied
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
an
d
is
r
eg
u
lar
ly
u
p
d
ated
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
w
ith
th
e
T
AM
co
n
ce
p
t.
T
AM
t
h
eo
r
y
is
t
h
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t,
an
d
m
o
s
t
u
tili
ze
d
m
o
d
el
in
IT
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
an
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
[
4
4
]
,
[
5
6
]
,
an
d
it
is
ex
er
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
f
lu
en
ce
i
n
teac
h
i
n
g
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
I
C
T
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
s
k
ills
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
m
o
tiv
atin
g
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
ca
n
also
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
,
as
well
as
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
o
r
g
a
n
ize
k
n
o
wled
g
e
.
Dev
elo
p
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
en
g
ag
in
g
in
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
r
e
ad
in
g
n
ews
an
d
s
ee
k
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Utilizin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
m
ay
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
5
7
]
.
Acc
ess
in
g
a
wea
lth
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
ca
n
ass
is
t
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
d
ig
ita
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
5
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
13
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
3
8
4
-
4
3
9
3
4390
T
ea
ch
er
s
,
s
ch
o
o
l
a
u
th
o
r
ities
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
n
ee
d
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
v
iewp
o
in
ts
o
n
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
r
ea
d
in
g
a
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
class
r
o
o
m
s
[
5
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
af
te
r
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
th
at
an
i
n
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
b
en
ef
it
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
ig
ital
liter
a
cy
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
o
p
tim
al
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
tex
ts
,
ex
p
an
d
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
d
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
I
C
T
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
n
in
teg
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
f
o
r
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
A
n
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
p
ac
ity
ca
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
4
.
4
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
ed
re
a
din
g
-
lite
r
a
cy
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
to
r
ea
d
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
s
o
ciety
,
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
p
r
io
r
itize
u
tili
zin
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
esp
ec
ially
teac
h
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
er
a.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
to
u
n
d
er
tak
e
th
is
task
in
r
ea
d
i
n
g
liter
ac
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
d
ail
y
s
ess
io
n
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies.
As
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
it
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
b
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
is
is
an
i
tem
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
in
teg
r
ated
r
ea
d
in
g
-
liter
ac
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
R
L
T
)
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
as
a
m
eth
o
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
5
9
]
.
E
n
h
an
cin
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
i
n
u
tili
zin
g
I
C
T
ca
n
f
ac
ilit
ate
lear
n
in
g
task
s
.
E
n
h
an
ci
n
g
I
C
T
-
b
a
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
m
ig
h
t
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
en
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
,
en
h
an
ce
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
I
C
T
u
s
e,
an
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
i
n
a
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
4
0
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Utilizin
g
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
with
I
C
T
h
e
lp
s
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
f
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Utilizin
g
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aid
s
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
g
r
asp
in
g
te
x
ts
,
ex
p
an
d
in
g
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
e
x
p
er
tis
e
an
d
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
h
elp
s
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
th
ei
r
I
C
T
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
th
er
eb
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
p
r
o
f
ic
ien
cy
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
g
a
n
iza
tio
n
.
T
h
is
o
f
f
er
s
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
q
u
ality
,
r
ele
v
an
c
e,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
i
n
teg
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
a
g
r
ea
ter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
ev
e
r
y
d
ay
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
ca
n
p
r
o
v
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
c
h
allen
g
in
g
in
th
o
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
tech
n
ical
in
itiativ
es
h
av
e
led
to
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
I
R
L
T
.
Fo
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
c
h
o
f
in
te
g
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
,
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
an
d
lis
ten
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
in
-
d
ep
th
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
with
s
am
p
les
f
r
o
m
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
t
o
in
cl
u
d
e
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
am
p
l
es
f
r
o
m
ac
r
o
s
s
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
lim
itatio
n
s
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
er
alize
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
a
ct
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
wa
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
wer
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
in
Ma
k
ass
ar
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
d
etailed
v
iewp
o
in
ts
o
n
E
FL
r
ea
d
in
g
wh
en
g
ath
er
i
n
g
d
ata
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
t
to
o
l
an
d
a
test
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
c
o
m
p
lete
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
T
h
ei
r
u
s
e
o
f
s
tr
ateg
y
m
ay
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
i
n
itial
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
F
.
L
.
K
o
z
i
n
a
a
n
d
M
.
M
e
t
l
j
a
k
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
o
f
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
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m
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d
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la@
u
n
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rz
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a
c
.
id
.
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